how to write an artists name in an essay

How should I style the name of an artwork with an ascribed title?

Note: This post relates to content in the eighth edition of the MLA Handbook . For up-to-date guidance, see the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook .

Many works of art, especially older ones, were not given formal titles by their creators or were given one that is no longer known and thus have an ascribed title—that is, a title assigned by others, often scholars or curators.

How you style an ascribed title for a work depends on the period in which the work was created. Ascribed titles of ancient works of art are conventionally styled roman, as shown in the following example, from Tobin Siebers’s “Disability Aesthetics”:

Would the Venus de Milo still be considered one of the great examples of aesthetic and human beauty if she had both her arms? (543)

Ascribed titles of works of art from other periods are styled in italics.

Siebers, Tobin. “Disability Aesthetics.” PMLA , vol. 120, no. 2, Mar. 2005, pp. 542–46.

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Mastering the art of naming: strategies for creating clever and compelling art titles.

Choosing the perfect title for an artwork can be a challenging task for many artists.

Title your art thoughtfully: connect personally, draw from subject matter, favorite words, colors, music, conversations, and memories. Create meaning, allow interpretation, make an impression. Follow formatting standards, include essential info.

While some artists opt for simple and descriptive titles, others explore various creative approaches to engage viewers and add depth to their work. In this article, we will delve into the significance of art titles, explore different strategies for naming artwork, and discuss the importance of effective labeling and formatting. Whether you're an emerging artist or an established one, these tips will help you create clever and compelling art titles that captivate your audience.

Section 1: Understanding the Importance of Art Titles

1.1 Unveiling the Meaning: Exploring the Significance of Art Titles

• Art titles play a crucial role in providing insight into the meaning and intention behind an artwork. They offer viewers a glimpse into the artist's perspective, guiding their interpretation and enhancing their understanding of the piece.

1.2 Enhancing Accessibility: The Role of Art Titles in Viewer Interpretation

• Art titles make artworks more accessible to viewers by providing contextual information and guiding their interpretation. They act as a bridge between the artist's vision and the viewer's understanding, facilitating a deeper engagement with the artwork.

1.3 To Title or Not to Title: The Choice and Impact of 'Untitled' Artworks

• Choosing to leave an artwork untitled can be a deliberate artistic decision. 'Untitled' artworks encourage open interpretation and allow viewers to engage with the piece on a personal level. However, they can also pose challenges in terms of accessibility and providing a clear context.

Section 2: Strategies for Creating Art Titles

2.1 Something Personal: Infusing Personal Connections into Art Titles

• Artists can infuse personal connections into art titles by drawing inspiration from their own experiences, emotions, or memories. This personal touch adds depth and authenticity to the artwork and creates a stronger connection between the artist, the artwork, and the viewer.

2.2 Subject Matter Inspiration: Art Titles Based on the Content of the Artwork

• Art titles can be derived directly from the subject matter depicted in the artwork. By describing or referencing the content, artists can create titles that provide immediate visual cues and establish a connection between the artwork and its title.

2.3 Favorite Words: Leveraging Interesting Vocabulary in Art Titles

• Artists can leverage interesting vocabulary by incorporating their favorite words into art titles. Unique or evocative language can capture the essence of the artwork and pique the viewer's curiosity, making the title memorable and intriguing.

2.4 Color-centric Titles: Highlighting Prominent Colors in Artwork

2.5 Musical Inspiration: Utilizing Song Lyrics as Art Titles

• Artists can find inspiration in song lyrics and utilize them as art titles. Song lyrics often evoke emotions, tell stories, or convey certain themes, which can enhance the viewer's connection to the artwork and add another layer of meaning.

2.6 Conversations and Overheard Dialogues: Drawing from Personal Interactions

• Artists can draw inspiration from personal conversations or overheard dialogues to create art titles. These titles can capture snippets of real-life conversations, adding a sense of authenticity and inviting viewers to interpret the artwork within the context of human interaction.

2.7 Memories as Muse: Using Personal and Autobiographical Experiences in Art Titles

• Artists can draw from personal and autobiographical experiences to create art titles that evoke specific memories or emotional associations. By tapping into their own memories, artists can create titles that resonate with viewers on a deeper, more personal level.

Section 3: The Art of Labeling: Proper Formatting and Layout

3.1 Formatting Art Titles and Labels: Industry Standards for Professional Presentation

• Formatting art titles and labels should follow industry standards for professional presentation. This typically includes using a consistent font and size, placing the title in a prominent location, and ensuring clear legibility and readability.

3.2 Essential Information: Including Artist Name, Date, Medium, and Dimensions

• Along with the art title, labeling should include essential information such as the artist's name, the date of creation, the medium used, and the dimensions of the artwork. This information provides vital context and documentation for the artwork.

Section 4: Crafting Effective Art Titles:

Key Considerations 4.1 Conveying Additional Meaning: Sparking Thought and Analysis through Titles

• Effective art titles can spark thought and analysis by conveying additional layers of meaning beyond the visual elements of the artwork. They can pose questions, suggest interpretations, or provide subtle hints that encourage viewers to explore the artwork further.

4.2 Allowing for Interpretation: The Role of 'Untitled' Artworks

• 'Untitled' artworks allow for open interpretation, inviting viewers to engage with the artwork on their own terms. By omitting a title, artists create space for personal connections and diverse interpretations, allowing the artwork to speak to each viewer uniquely.

4.3 Making a Lasting Impression: The Impact of Clever and Compelling Titles

• Clever and compelling titles have the power to make a lasting impression on viewers. They capture attention, create intrigue, and establish an emotional or intellectual connection that lingers in the viewer's mind even after experiencing the artwork.

Explore our  curated selections  of  contemporary artists  from around the world.

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Naming artwork is an art form in itself. The title holds the power to shape viewers' interpretations, evoke emotions, and add depth to the artistic experience. Whether you choose a simple and descriptive title or opt for a more creative approach, the goal is to engage your audience and leave a lasting impression. By following the strategies outlined in this article, you'll be able to create art titles that not only capture the essence of your work but also entice viewers to delve deeper into its meaning. Remember, your art speaks for itself, and a well-crafted title serves as a guide into its captivating world.

You may also find the following articles helpful:

How to Sell Art Online and Make Money

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / How to Cite Sources / How to Cite a Painting or Artwork in APA, MLA, or Chicago

How to Cite a Painting or Artwork in APA, MLA, or Chicago

When writing a research paper it is important to properly cite your sources. But what if the source you want to cite isn’t a book or website, but a painting? And does it make a difference if you see the painting in person at a museum, or through a secondary source like a webpage? This article will tell you how to cite a painting you see in person or online in MLA, APA, and Chicago styles. In the spirit of Independence Day, the painting Washington Crossing the Delaware is used for examples.

What you will need

Citing a painting typically requires a bit more information than citing a book. The information you will need is:

• Current location of the piece
• Size dimensions
• The medium (e.g., sculpture, painting, etc.)
• Artist’s name
• Title of the piece
• Date the painting was created

If you’re citing a painting you viewed online, you’ll also need:

• Website URL
• Name of the website
• Date the page was published
• Date you accessed the page (if needed)

Citing a painting you see online in MLA

MLA citation format :

Artist’s Last Name, Artist’s First Name. Title of Artwork OR description. Year of creation. Name of Website , URL.

Leutze, Emmanuel. Washington Crossing the Delaware. 1851. The Met , www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/11417.

In-text citation:

Here’s how the above example would be cited in an in-text citation:

(Artist Last Name)

Formatting notes

Artist’s name: 

Write the artist’s name with their last name first followed by a comma and then their first name, just as you would the author of a book. If they have a middle initial or name list it after the first name. Put a period after the first name or middle name/initial if one is given. If the artist is listed or described as “Anonymous,” put Anonymous. If no artist is credited for the work, just start with the next step, the title of the work.

Title of the piece: 

After the author’s name, put the title in italics, followed by a period. Capitalize nouns, verbs, pronouns, and adverbs. If there is no title given, provide a short and un-italicized description with regular sentence capitalization. For example, you could write “Untitled portrait of King Henry VIII” or “Red rose on yellow background.”

Year and location: 

Next you will need to write the year the painting was made followed by a comma. Then put the piece’s current location by writing the name of the website where you accessed the painting in italics. And finally, include the URL of the artwork’s webpage, starting with “www.” Add a period at the end of the citation.

Citing a painting you see online in APA

APA citation format: 

Artist’s Last Name, Artist’s First Initial. (Year). Title of painting [Description of material]. Museum, City, State Abbreviation/Country. URL

Leutze, E. (1851). Washington crossing the Delaware [Painting]. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, United States. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/11417

(Artist Last Name, Year)

(Leutze, 1851)

Artist’s name:

Write the last name of the artist followed by a comma and then the first initial and middle initial if one is given followed by a period. If the artist is unknown, then skip this step and start the citation with the title of the work as described in the next step. If the artist is listed as anonymous/unknown, use that as the name.

Year and title of the piece:

After the artist’s name put the year the painting was created in parentheses followed by a period. Then put the title of the painting in italics using sentence case. Then put the medium or materials used in brackets, followed by a period.

After the medium put the name of the museum where the piece is currently on display followed by a comma. Then put the city where the museum is located followed by a comma. Next, if the museum is in the United States, put the abbreviation for the state followed by a comma, and then put United Staes followed by a period. For all other countries, put the name of the country instead of the state followed by a period.

Next add the direct URL for the webpage where you viewed the painting, including https://www. You should not put a period after the URL.

Citing a painting you see online in Chicago (notes-bibliography style)

Artist’s Last Name, Artist’s First Name. Title of Painting. Year painting was created. Description of materials. Dimensions if available. Museum, City. URL.

Leutze, Emmanuel. Washington Crossing the Delaware. 1851. Oil on canvas. 149 x 255 in. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/11417.

Here’s how the above example would be cited in the note:

1. Artist’s First Name Last Name, Title of Painting , Year painting was created, description of materials, dimensions, Museum, City, URL.

1. Emmanuel Leutze, Washington Crossing the Delaware , 1851, oil on canvas, 149 x 255 in, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/11417.

Start with the last name of the artist followed by a comma and then the first name and a period. If the author is listed as Anonymous, use that as the name. If no artist is credited simply skip this step and begin the citation with the title from the next step.

Title of the piece:

After the name and a period, write the title of the painting in italics followed by a period. Use title case, so capitalize all nouns, verbs, pronouns, and adverbs.  If no title is given, you may simply skip this step. You do not need to provide a description or write “Untitled.”

Next list the year the painting was completed followed by a period. If no date is provided, put “n.d.”

Medium and size:

List the materials used to make the artwork in sentence case followed by a period. Then put the dimensions followed by a period. You may use metric or imperial measurements, just be sure to keep it consistent throughout your paper. If this information is not available, simply leave it out.

Put the name of the museum where the piece is currently housed followed by a comma and the city where the museum is located.

Website and access date:

Lastly, put the URL (including https://www) at the end of the citation followed by a period. Note that Chicago style does not require an access date unless there is no listed publication date for the source. If you do need to include an access date, it should be formatted as follows: Accessed Month Day, Year.

Citing a painting you see in person in MLA

To cite a painting you see in person in MLA style, simply follow the same format as online, but replace the name of the website with the name of the gallery/museum (not italicized) followed by a comma and the city where the museum is located.

Artist’s Last Name, Artist’s First Name. Title of Artwork OR description. Year of creation, Museum, City.

MLA example :

Leutze, Emmanuel. Washington Crossing the Delaware. 1851, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.

Citing a painting you see in person in APA

Follow the format for citing a painting viewed online, but end the citation after the city and state/country information of the museum. However, even if you saw the painting in person, if it is available online, you should still include the URL, and the citation will be the same as the citation for viewing a painting online in APA.

Artist’s Last Name, Artist’s First Initial. (Year). Title of painting [Description of material]. Museum, City, State Abbreviation/Country. URL (if available)

APA example:

Citing a painting you see in person in Chicago (notes-bibliography style)

Follow the same format as for a painting viewed online, but omit the URL.

Chicago style citation format: 

Artist’s Last Name, Artist’s First Name. Title of Painting. Year painting was created. Description of materials. Dimensions if available. Museum, City.

Leutze, Emmanuel. Washington Crossing the Delaware. 1851. Oil on canvas. 149 x 255 in. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

1. Artist’s First Name Last Name, Title of Painting , Year painting was created, description of materials, dimensions, Museum, City.

1. Emmanuel Leutze, Washington Crossing the Delaware , 1851, oil on canvas, 149 x 255 in, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

For your next essay, get a free grammar check with up to 5 free suggestions at EasyBib.com! In addition, you can also read the EasyBib grammar guides and learn how to properly use possessive nouns , linking verbs , an adverb clause , and other parts of speech. 

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To cite a painting in APA style, it is important that you know some basic information such as the name of the artist, title, name of the museum, place, and URL (uniform resource locator). The templates for in-text citation and reference list entry of a painting, along with examples, are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

Artist Surname (Publication Year)

Thomas (1921)

Parenthetical:

(Artist Surname, Publication Year)

(Thomas, 1921)

Reference list entry template and example:

Artist Surname, F. M. (Year of Publication). Title of the painting. Name of the museum or gallery, place of the museum or gallery. URL

Thomas, A. H. (1921). Formes et couleurs: vingt planches en couleurs contenant soixante-sept motifs decoratifs [Painting]. The Met Museum, New York, NY, United States. https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/591870?searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&high=on&ft=Art+Deco&offset=0&rpp=20&pos=3

Note that the first name and middle name, following the author’s surname, are abbreviated and separated by a space. The title of the painting is set in italics, followed by the word “[Painting]” in brackets.

To cite a painting in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the artist, title, and museum name and location. The templates for in-text citations and works cited list entries of a painting along with examples are given below.

In-text citation templates and examples

For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the artist in the first occurrence. In subsequent citations, use only the surname of the artist. In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the artist.

Citation in prose examples:

First mention: François Boucher …

Subsequent occurrences: Boucher…

Parenthetical template:

Parenthetical example:

Works cited list templates and examples

Viewed online

Artist Surname, First Name. Title of the Painting. Year of creation, Name of the Museum or Gallery, City of the museum or gallery. Title of Website , URL.

Boucher, François . Virgin and Child with the Young Saint John the Baptist and Angels . 1765, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. The Met , www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435744?searchField=All&sortBy=Relevance&ao=on&od=on&ft=painting&offset=0&rpp=80&pos=29.

Viewed in person

Artist Surname, First Name. Title of the painting. Year of creation, Name of the Museum or Gallery, City of the museum or gallery.

Matisse, Henri . Femme au chapeau (Woman with a Hat). 1905, Museum of Modern Art, New York City.

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Visual Analysis: How to Analyze a Painting and Write an Essay

A visual analysis essay is an entry-level essay sometimes taught in high school and early university courses. Both communications and art history students use visual analysis to understand art and other visual messages. In our article, we will define the term and give an in-depth guide on how to look at a piece of art and write a visual analysis essay. Stay tuned until the end for a handy visual analysis essay example from our graduate paper writing service .

What Is Visual Analysis?

Visual analysis is the process of looking at a piece of visual art (painting, photography, film, etc.) and dissecting it for the artist’s intended meaning and means of execution. In some cases, works are also analyzed for historical significance and their impact on culture, art, politics, and the social consciousness of the time. This article will teach you how to perform a formal analysis of art.

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A visual analysis essay is a type of essay written mostly by students majoring in Art History and Communications. The process of visual analysis can be applied to painting, visual art, journalism, photo-journalism, photography, film, and writing. Works in these mediums are often meant to be consumed for entertainment or informative purposes. Visual analysis goes beyond that, focusing on form, themes, execution, and the compositional elements that make up the work.

Classical paintings are a common topic for a visual analysis essay because of their depth and historical significance. Take the famous Raphael painting Transfiguration. At first glance, it is an attractive image showing a famous scene from the Bible. But a more in-depth look reveals practical painting techniques, relationships between figures, heavy symbolism, and a remarkable choice of colors by the talented Raphael. This deeper look at a painting, a photograph, visual or written art is the process of visual analysis.

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Formal Analysis of Art: Who Does It?

Most people who face visual analysis essays are Communication, English, and Art History students. Communications students explore mediums such as theater, print media, news, films, photos — basically anything. Comm is basically a giant, all-encompassing major where visual analysis is synonymous with Tuesday.

Art History students study the world of art to understand how it developed. They do visual analysis with every painting they look it at and discuss it in class.

English Literature students perform visual analysis too. Every writer paints an image in the head of their reader. This image, like a painting, can be clear, or purposefully unclear. It can be factual, to the point, or emotional and abstract like Ulysses, challenging you to search your emotions rather than facts and realities.

How to Conduct Visual Analysis: What to Look For

Whether you study journalism or art, writing a visual analysis essay will be a frequent challenge on your academic journey. The primary principles can be learned and applied to any medium, regardless of whether it’s photography or painting.

For the sake of clarity, we’ve chosen to talk about painting, the most common medium for the formal analysis of art.

In analyzing a painting, there are a few essential points that the writer must know.

• Who is the painter, and what era of art did they belong to? Classical painters depict scenes from the Bible, literature, or historical events (like the burning of Rome or the death of Socrates). Modernists, on the other hand, tend to subvert classical themes and offer a different approach to art. Modernism was born as a reaction to classical painting, therefore analyzing modernist art by the standards of classical art would not work.
• What was the painter’s purpose? Classical painters like Michelangelo were usually hired by the Vatican or by noble families. Michelangelo didn’t paint the Sistine Chapel just for fun; he was paid to do it.
• Who is the audience? Artists like Andy Warhol tried to appeal to the masses. Others like Marcel Duchamp made art for art people, aiming to evolve the art form.
• What is the historical context? Research your artist/painting thoroughly before you write. The points of analysis that can be applied to a Renaissance painter cannot be applied to a Surrealist painter. Surrealism is an artistic movement, and understanding its essence is the key to analyzing any surrealist painting.

Familiarizing yourself with these essential points will give you all the information and context, you need to write a good visual analysis essay.

But visual analysis can go deeper than that — especially when dealing with historic pieces of visual art. Students explore different angles of interpretation, the interplay of colors and themes, how the piece was made and various reactions, and critiques of it. Let’s dig deeper.

A Detailed Process of Analyzing Visual Art

Performing a formal analysis of art is a fundamental skill taught at entry-level art history classes. Students who study art or communications further develop this skill through the years. Not all types of analysis apply to every work of art; every art piece is unique. When performing visual analysis, it’s essential to keep in mind why this particular work of art is important in its own way.

Step 1: General Info

To begin, identify the following necessary information on the work of art and the artist.

• Subject — who or what does this work represent?
• Artist — who is the author of this piece? Refer to them by their last name.
• Date and Provenance — when and where this work of art was made. Is it typical to its historical period or geographical location?
• Past and Current Locations — where was this work was displayed initially, and where is it now?
• Medium and Creation Techniques — what medium was this piece made for and why is it important to that medium? Note which materials were used in its execution and its size.

Step 2: Describe the Painting

Next, describe what the painting depicts or represents. This section will be like an abstract, summarizing all the visible aspects of the piece, painting the image in the reader’s mind. Here are the dominant features to look for in a painting:

• Characters or Figures: who they are and what they represent.
• If this is a classical painting, identify the story or theme depicted.
• If this is an abstract painting, pay attention to shapes and colors.
• Lighting and overall mood of the painting.
• Identify the setting.

Step 3: Detailed Analysis

The largest chunk of your paper will focus on a detailed visual analysis of the work. This is where you go past the basics and look at the art elements and the principles of design of the work.

Art elements deal mostly with the artist’s intricate painting techniques and basics of composition.

• Lines — painters use a variety of lines ranging from straight and horizontal to thick, curved, even implied lines.
• Shapes — shapes can be distinct or hidden in plain sight; note all the geometrical patterns of the painting.
• Use of Light — identify the source of light, or whether the lighting is flat; see whether the painter chooses contrasting or even colors and explain the significance of their choice in relation to the painting.
• Colors — identify how the painter uses color; which colors are primary, which are secondary; what is the tone of the painting (warm or cool?)
• Patterns — are there repeating patterns in the painting? These could be figures as well as hidden textural patterns.
• Use of Space — what kind of perspective is used in the painting; how does the artist show depth (if they do).
• Passage of Time and Motion

Design principles look at the painting from a broader perspective; how the art elements are used to create a rounded experience from an artistic and a thematic perspective.

• Variety and Unity - explore how rich and varied the artists’ techniques are and whether they create a sense of unity or chaos.
• Symmetry or Asymmetry - identify points of balance in the painting, whether it’s patterns, shapes, or use of colors.
• Emphasis - identify the points of focus, both from a thematic and artistic perspective. Does the painter emphasize a particular color or element of architecture?
• Proportions - explain how objects and figures work together to provide a sense of scale, mass, and volume to the overall painting.
• Use of Rhythm - identify how the artist implies a particular rhythm through their techniques and figures.

Seeing as each work of art is unique, be thoughtful in which art elements and design principles you wish to discuss in your essay. Visual analysis does not limit itself to painting and can also be applied to mediums like photography.

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The Structure: How to Write a Visual Analysis Paper

It’s safe to use the five-paragraph essay structure for your visual analysis essay. If you are looking at a painting, take the most important aspects of it that stand out to you and discuss them in relation to your thesis. Structure it with the simple essay structure:

Introduction: An introduction to a visual analysis essay serves to give basic information on the work of art and briefly summarize the points of discussion.

• Give a brief description of the painting: name of artist, year, artistic movement (if necessary), and the artist’s purpose in creating this work.
• Briefly describe what is in the painting.
• Add interesting facts about the artist, painting, or historical period to give your reader some context.
• As in all introductions, don’t forget to include an attention-grabber to get your audience interested in reading your work.

Thesis: In your thesis, state the points of analysis on this work of art which you will discuss in your essay.

Body: Explore the work of art and all of its aspects in detail. Refer to the section above titled “A Detailed Process of Analyzing Visual Art,” which will comprise most of your essay’s body.

Conclusion: After you’ve thoroughly analyzed the painting and the artist’s techniques, give your thoughts and opinions on the work. Your observations should be based on the points of analysis in your essay. Discuss how the art elements and design principles of the artist give the painting meaning and support your observations with facts from your essay.

Citation: Standard citation rules apply to these essays. Use in-text citations when quoting a book, website, journal, or a movie, and include a sources cited page listing your sources. And there’s no need to worry about how to cite a piece of art throughout the text. Explain thoroughly what work of art you’re analyzing in your introduction, and refer to it by name in the body of your essay like this — Transfiguration by Raphael.

If you want a more in-depth look at the classic essay structure, feel free to visit our 5 PARAGRAPH ESSAY blog

Learn From a Visual Analysis Example

Many YouTube videos are analyzing famous paintings like the Death of Socrates, which can be a great art analysis example to go by. But the best way to understand the format and presentation is by looking at a painting analysis essay example done by a scholarly writer. One of our writers has penned an outstanding piece on Leonardo Da Vinci’s La Belle Ferronnière, which you may find below. Use it as a reference point for your visual analysis essay, and you can’t go wrong!

Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian artist born in April 1452 and died in May 1519who lived in the Renaissance era. His fame and popularity were based on his painting sand contribution to the Italian artwork. Leonardo was also an active inventor, a vibrant musician, writer, and scientist as well as a talented sculptor amongst other fields. His various career fields proved that he wanted to know everything about nature. In the book “Leonardo Da Vinci: The Mind of the Renaissance” by Alessandro Vezzosi, it is argued that Leonardo was one of the most successful and versatile artists and anatomists of the Italian renaissance based on his unique artwork and paintings (Vezzosi, p1454). Some of his groundbreaking research in medicine, metal-casting, natural science, architecture, and weaponry amongst other fields have been explored in the book. He was doing all these in the renaissance period in Italy from the 1470s till his death.

Visual analysis essays will appear early in your communications and art history degrees. Learning how to formally analyze art is an essential skill, whether you intend to pursue a career in art or communications.

Before diving into analysis, get a solid historical background on the painter and their life. Analyzing a painting isn’t mere entertainment; one must pay attention to intricate details which the painter might have hidden from plain sight.

We live in an environment saturated by digital media. By gaining the skill of visual analysis, you will not only heighten your appreciation of the arts but be able to thoroughly analyze the media messages you face in your daily life.

Also, don't forget to read summary of Lord of the Flies , and the article about Beowulf characters .

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is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

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Proper Formatting of Song Titles in Written Documents

Learn when to use italics and quotation marks to write clearly

• Animation & Video

What to Know

• Refer to the style guide specified by your employer, client, or teacher.
• In the absence of a style guide, the general rule is to use quotation marks for song titles and italicize CD or album titles.
• Don't use underlining in place of italics unless you are using a typewriter or writing titles by hand.

This article explains the proper formatting of song titles in written documents and includes examples.

How to Format Song Titles in Written Documents

For matters of style when punctuating and formatting titles of any kind, turn first to the style guide prescribed by your employer, client, or teacher. In the absence of a style guide, use the following guidelines:

• Put quotation marks around song titles : For best appearance in professionally typeset material, use proper typographical quote marks and apostrophes ( curly quotes ).
• Set CD/album titles in italics : In typeset material, watch out for fake italics . That's not a grammar rule but it is a good design and printing rule.
• Do not use underlining (in place of italics) unless you're using a typewriter or writing titles by hand.

In desktop publishing and word processing software, create character styles to quickly format song titles and other types of titles used throughout a document.

Example References to Song Titles and Albums

Here are two examples of text that includes song titles and album titles:

• Trace Adkins' first #1 single “(This Ain’t) No Thinkin’ Thing” is from his 1997 CD  Dreamin’ Out Loud . 
• The title cut from Toby Keith’s How Do You Like Me Now? was the most-played country song of 2000. Other favorites from the same album include “You Shouldn’t Kiss Me Like That” and “Country Comes to Town.”

When the song/album is the same : In the second example, although “ How Do You Like Me Now? ” is the song title, it is also the album title and in that context is treated as the album title, using italics. It would be just as correct to write: My favorite song on the How Do You Like Me Now? album is “How Do You Like Me Now?”

Punctuation in titles : When a song title ends in a question mark, exclamation point, or other punctuation, that punctuation goes inside the quotation marks because it's part of the song title. The beginning portion of the Adkins song title in parentheses is contained in the quotation marks the same as the other part of the song title.

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Crafting Song Titles and Artist Names: A Guide for Writers

When writing about music, accurately presenting song titles and artist names is essential for clarity and professionalism.

Table of Contents

Formatting Song Titles

Capitalization rules.

Song titles should follow specific capitalization rules, typically capitalizing the principal words. Learn how to format song titles correctly to maintain consistency and readability.

Quotation Marks or Italics?

Discover when to use quotation marks and when to italicize song titles in your writing, depending on the citation style or context.

Artist Names

Handling individual artists.

Learn how to write the names of solo artists correctly, including their stage names and real names, and when to include additional information.

Collaborative Artists

Understand how to credit multiple artists in songwriting collaborations and feature songs accurately.

Song Titles in Text

Incorporating song titles.

Explore methods for seamlessly incorporating song titles into your writing, ensuring they fit within the flow of your content.

Citing Song Titles

Citation styles.

Get an overview of common citation styles like APA, MLA, and Chicago and how they differ in citing song titles in academic or professional writing.

Real-World Examples

Analyzing song references.

Analyze real-world examples of how song titles and artist names are written in various contexts, from articles to essays.

Summarize the key takeaways from this guide, emphasizing the importance of accurate song title and artist name presentation.

Frequently Asked Questions: Writing Song Titles and Artist Names

The choice between italics and quotation marks depends on the citation style you're using or the context of your writing. In general, italics are often used for longer works (albums, movies), while quotation marks are suitable for shorter works (songs, articles). Always check the specific guidelines of the style you're following.

Song titles within a sentence should typically be enclosed in quotation marks and follow capitalization rules (e.g., "Bohemian Rhapsody" by Queen is a classic rock anthem). Ensure the title seamlessly integrates into the sentence's structure.

When including song titles in titles or headings, use appropriate capitalization and formatting based on your style guide. It's common to use title case (capitalizing principal words) for titles and headings.

Individual artists' names, including stage names and real names, should be written following standard capitalization rules. If an artist has a stage name, it can be presented as "Stage Name (Real Name)" on the first mention.

When crediting multiple artists or songwriters, ensure that each contributor is acknowledged. List their names as per the standard format, separating them with commas and using "and" before the final contributor's name (e.g., "Song Title" by Artist A, Artist B, and Artist C).

Citing song titles in academic or professional writing depends on the citation style you're using (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago). Each style has specific guidelines for formatting citations. Refer to the relevant style guide for detailed instructions on citing songs.

While it's generally best to use the full song title on the first mention, subsequent mentions can use abbreviations or shortened versions as long as it doesn't compromise clarity. Ensure that readers can easily identify the song being referred to.

Some song titles may intentionally use unconventional capitalization or formatting for artistic or branding reasons. In such cases, follow the artist's intended presentation while maintaining consistency within your writing.

Including song lyrics in your writing may require permission from the copyright holder. If you have permission, format song lyrics as block quotes with appropriate citation, following the guidelines of your chosen citation style.

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How to Cite a Song or Album in MLA Referencing

3-minute read

• 7th April 2021

If you write about music in your work, you might have to cite a recording. But how do you cite a song or album in MLA referencing ? This post will explain the basics.

To cite a song or album in MLA referencing , simply give the artist’s last name or the band’s name in brackets in the relevant part of the text:

Her latest album has a strong environmental theme (Sturgeon).

“Wildlife in America” (Shearwater) comments on US culture.

And to cite a specific part of a song, you can add a timestamp :

The middle eight in “Air and Light” (Sturgeon 2:14–2:29) is truly haunting.

In the above citation, for example, we are citing a section that runs from 2 minutes 14 seconds to 2 minutes 29 seconds into the song.

Musical Recordings in an MLA Works Cited List

All references contain certain core elements in MLA style. And for a musical recording, each entry should include some or all of the following:

• Artist or band name – For individual artists, give their surname first, followed by their first name (e.g., Young, Neil). For artists who don’t follow this naming convention (e.g., U2 or Lady Gaga), just use the full name they are known by.
• Song title – If you are citing a specific song, give the title in quotation marks.
• Album title – Give the name of the album you are citing (or that the song you are citing comes from) in italics.
• Version – If relevant, include information on the version of the song next (e.g., if there are different versions of a song on different albums).
• Publication details – The name of the publisher (i.e., the record label that released the album or song) and the year the recording was released.
• URL – If you accessed the recording online, include the URL. For songs accessed via a streaming platform, give the platform name in italics.
• Format – If it is relevant to your work, you can optionally add the format of the recording at the end of your reference (e.g., CD, vinyl, MP3).

You won’t always need all of this! For many references, the artist’s name, song and/or album title, the publisher, and the year of publication will be enough. But whatever you cite, make sure to include enough information in the Works Cited list to guide readers to the exact version of the recording you have used.

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Example References

Below, you can see example references for an album, a song on an album, an album accessed via a streaming platform, and a single song accessed online:

Talk Talk. The Colour of Spring , EMI, 1986.

Song on an Album

Shearwater. “Animals in America.” Jet Plane and Oxbow , Subpop, 2016.

Album on a Streaming Service

Sturgeon, Jenny. The Living Mountain , Hudson Records, 2020. Spotify , https://open.spotify.com/album/7Kt6kaJ8dGIo6cngVA7dcB

Single Song Online

Benin City. “Freaking You Out.” Bandcamp , https://benincity.bandcamp.com/track/freaking-you-out

Make sure to add a hanging indent for each line after the first in all references.

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How to Write an Artist Statement - All you Need to Know

Your artist's statement is your chance to talk not just through your art but about your art. You can use your artist's statement to reveal the concepts, philosophy, themes and ideas behind your artwork and this useful guide will tell you how!

What is an Artist Statement? 

 An artist's statement is as important as an artist's work. Simply put, the artist statement is a brief description of your artworks that shapes the viewers' perspective when they are looking at your art.

Think of it as your substitute when you are not present to answer questions related to your art. Art is subjective. People will look at your craft and evaluate it. So, it helps if you communicate your story to the viewer. Viewers often have questions about the art they are looking at. An effective artist statement answers those questions while you are not there.

Writing an artist statement should ideally be natural and free flowing because essentially, you are expressing your own story. However, it can seem challenging to put one together. 

Creative professionals write artist statements as part of their online portfolio. An online portfolio acts as your professional address and launchpad to find work opportunities and recognition. Artist statements go hand-in-hand with a online portfolio website . A website helps you gain credibility and legitimacy. Take a look at some great examples of artist portfolio websites .

Create your artist portfolio website  on Pixpa within minutes without any coding. Start your free trial. No credit card required .

Given below are a few valuable tips from professional essay writers that will help you to write a clear, concise, and compelling artist statement.   Here are stunning  great tattoo artist portfolio website examples  designed for your use. 

How to write an artist statement – The structure

Your artist statement is about YOU. So you must make it personal. Writing an artist statement is also an exercise for you to clarify your ideas about your work. 

• What is the intent and purpose of your art?
• What does it say about you as an artist?
• What keeps you motivated every day?
• What is your artist story?
• What questions are you often asked about your work?
• Who is your audience

You must establish the connection between what you are creating as an artist, and why are you doing it. How are you expressing your ideas with the medium of your choice?

Your artist statement is an introduction to your work and should be no more than 100 -150 words. The opening sentence should be distinct and captivating and draw the readers in. Begin with a short paragraph about the basic premise behind your work, artistic style, and vision. What do you want to say with your art? What is it that makes your work unique? What inspires you? What makes you stand out from the rest of the artists working in your space? 

Be honest about your work. Avoid repetition of words. Use simple language and short sentences that draw attention to, and illustrate your ideas to your audience 

The next paragraph should be a concise expression of the type of work presented and the artistic process. Describe your job, your favorite colors, and your technique as an. As a photographer, explain your work from a creative and technical standpoint.

An artist statement can be a full-page statement or a short statement, only focusing on your current project.

In a full-page artist statement, do remember to include the following:

• The reason behind creating your work and its history
• Overall vision
• The context of your work -Medium, artistic process, technique, and influences. Highlight what materials you work with and your sources and inspiration
• The expectations of your audience and how they perceive your work
• Your current work’s relation to your previous projects
• How your work fits with current contemporary art practice

Tip: While writing, do remember that you should avoid exaggerated statements and avoid pretentiously grand terms like 'the only one' or the 'best.'

Where is an artist statement used?

Remember, an artist statement complements your bio or resume.  It is an opportunity to help the reader envision your work before actually seeing it, and present a picture of who you are as an artist. 

Here are a few places where you may need to submit your artist statement:

• To a gallery owner or curator who needs details about your work.
• To a competitive event or an artist collective.
• When applying to graduate school
• When applying for grants or art scholarships
• When applying for a teaching position.
• To a reviewer who is writing about your work for a magazine or catalog.
• As an introduction to your creative work for potential buyers.

Along with your portfolio of works, you must have an artist statement ready at all times. It is the first point of communication between you as an artist and the viewer.

Examples of famous artist statements

Here are some artist statement examples that you can get inspired from:

Andy Warhol, Marilyn Monroe, silkscreen print

"I long for the old days of Marilyn Monroe and Audrey Hepburn, stars who had real glamour and mystique. We only knew so much about their lives; the rest was a mystery… My fascination with letting images repeat and repeat – or in a film's case 'run on' – manifests my belief is that we spend much of our lives seeing without observing."

Leonardo da Vinci, Salvator Mundi. Wikipedia

"The beginnings and ends of shadow lie between the light and darkness and may be infinitely diminished and infinitely increased. Shadow is the means by which bodies display their form. The forms of bodies could not be understood in detail but for shadow."

Painting by Berthe Morisot

"It is important to express oneself… provided the feelings are real and are taken from your own experience… My ambition is limited to capturing something transient, and yet, this ambition is excessive."

From any of the sample artist statements above, you can understand that conveying the purpose of your art and your philosophy towards it is important.

Check out these great examples of  artist portfolio websites  for your inspiration and further examples of artist statements.

Tips for writing a compelling artist statement:

1. share the inspiration behind your art.

One of the best ways to introduce your art to the viewers is to write about the inspiration behind it. This lays a foundation before you begin to explain your artwork to your viewers. Inspiration can be a daily phenomenon or a particular incident. Regardless, explain it in as simple words as you can. This act accomplishes the principal goal of connecting with the viewer. Not doing so leaves a viewer unconnected, especially if it's abstract art. Without it, your art is a splash of multiple colors on canvas with nothing to make of it.

2. Shape the viewer's perspective

The next important thing to do when you write an artist statement is to explain your art in words that would shape the perspective of viewers. Your art is your viewpoint, and one can easily misunderstand it. To ensure that you and the viewer are on the same page, add a line or two to explain your art. But, restrain from divulging all the details about your work. Try to leave a little room for curiosity such that the viewer is bound to further inquire about your art.

3. Keep the artist statement as small as possible

If you are wondering how long should your artist statement be, then you should know that lengthy biographies drain viewers, especially when they are out to see beautiful art. A lot of fancy words make a statement boring and challenging to comprehend. A long-winded explanation makes the work appear insecure.

Some of the best artist statements are under 100 words. A rule of thumb that you can follow here is - the shorter, the better. Find an example of an artist statement that you can relate to and get inspired by ideas from it.

Consider this as the most critical point in your lessons on how to write an artist statement. An effective artist statement is anywhere from a hundred words to one-page-long. To bring your statement in this range, cut down on technical details and fancy words that you may have included in your artist statement.

4. Use an active voice

Write your artist statement in an active voice. It makes the tone more conversational as if you are speaking to your viewer in person. It establishes an instant connection with the viewer. Use online editing tools like  the Hemingway  App to ensure that your artist statement appears in the active voice. 

5. Avoid spelling and grammatical mistakes

One of the primary purposes of an artist statement is to draw the audience into your artworks and lead them to explore your art further. A sloppy artist statement puts a reader off, departing them with less interest or no interest in art at all. Inconsistency in writing, typos, and spelling errors might turn a viewer away.

You can use tools like  Grammarly  to avoid small grammatical mistakes. A well-punctuated, typo-free, artist statement is a joy to read.

Here's a simple list of do's and don'ts to sum everything up. You can use this as your artist statement format:

Do’s - Best practices to create a successful artist statement

• Keep your artist statement short
• Be specific and on the point
• Bring clarity, confidence and focus on your statement
• Write about 'Why' you created the artwork
• Use precise details such as where you are from, where you live, your medium and style of work
• Use active voice
• Always write in the first person. Use "I" instead of "you" in your sentences. This helps in writing a statement that is easily readable by the viewer. Do remember to keep your bio updated

A few DONT’S to remember while writing your artist statement:

• Don't be pompous. It shouldn't just highlight your accomplishments.
• Do not generalize or romanticize
• It should not be too long 
• Avoid grammatical errors
• Don't use unnecessary references or things unrelated to your work
• Do not use passive voice
• It should not read like a cliched vision statement
• Do not summarize your biographical information or CV in your artist statement

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Do get feedback about your artist statement from your friends, peers, and mentors, before you start using it. Make sure that you get at least three people to proofread it for you. A good practice is to have a friend read the artist statement aloud to you. Hearing it out loud can help you identify mistakes and assess the statement objectively.

Make sure that your artist statement converses in a simple language that everyone understands.

Remember, your artist statement will not just represent your work on your artist portfolio. It will also serve as an example of your professionalism and expertise. An effective artist statement will draw more people to your work, enhance their experience, and help them appreciate it.

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How to Cite an Artwork in Harvard Referencing

3-minute read

• 8th January 2021

If you’re writing about art in an essay, you’ll need to know how to cite and reference works of art correctly. In this post, we’ll look at how to cite an artwork from a museum or online collection using the Harvard referencing system.

Citing a Visual Artwork in Harvard Referencing

Harvard referencing uses author–date citations. For an artwork, this means giving the name of the artist and the year of production. For instance:

Turner (1839) depicts the warship in all her prior glory.

Irony is used to comment on society’s consumerism (Banksy, 2008).

Here, we’re citing The Fighting Temeraire by J. M. W. Turner and Very Little Helps by Banksy. You would then provide the full details of the works cited in a reference list.

Referencing an Artwork from a Museum

Any artworks you cite in your work should be added to your reference list. But the exact format for this will depend on how you viewed the artwork. For a work of art you viewed in person (e.g. at a museum), the basic format is:

Surname, Initial(s). (Year of production) Title of Image [Medium]. Collection or institution in which the work is held, Location.

The ‘medium’ here refers to the type of artwork or the materials used in its creation. For instance, for the work by Turner cited above, the reference would be:

Turner, J. M. W. (1839) The Fighting Temeraire [Oil on canvas]. The National Gallery, London.

Sometimes, you may not have all the information above. For example, if you do not know the name of the artist, you can start the entry with the title of the work instead:

John Whitgift (1883) [Watercolour]. Pembroke College, Cambridge.

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And if an artwork has no title, you can give a description in italics:

Portrait of a young lady in a yellow dress (c.1830) [Oil on canvas]. Beecroft Art Gallery, Southend-on-Sea.

The key is providing enough information for the reader to find the artworks you cite. Thus, if an artwork has no title, make sure the description is distinctive enough to differentiate it from other works in the same collection.

Citing an Artwork from an Online Collection

If you view an artwork online rather than in person, add details of the website to your reference entry. The basic format for an online artwork is therefore:

Surname, Initial(s). (Year of production) Title of Image [Medium]. Name of collection [Online]. Available at URL (Accessed date).

A reference the Banksy artwork we cited earlier, for example, would look like this:

Banksy (2008) Very Little Helps [Stencil on concrete]. [Online]. Available at www.artofthestate.co.uk/london-street-art-2/banksy-street-art/banksy-street-work/banksy-very-little-helps-aka-tesco-kids (Accessed 9 December 2020).

The rules for works where the artist or title is not known also apply to artworks viewed online, so you can simply adapt the format here accordingly.

Harvard Variations and Proofreading

There are many versions of Harvard referencing , all of which vary in some ways. If you’re at university, it’s therefore a good idea to check your school’s website or course materials for a style guide. This will tell you the exact citation style to use.

If you need a little extra help to make sure your writing is error free and your referencing is correct, moreover, we have expert editors on hand! Why not upload a 500-word document for a free proofreading trial today?

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How to Format Song Titles in Writing: Expert Advice

My name is Debbie, and I am passionate about developing a love for the written word and planting a seed that will grow into a powerful voice that can inspire many.

Capitalizing the Title Case: The Basics of Formatting Song Titles

Italicizing or using quotation marks: determining the correct style, handling punctuation in song titles: a guide for writers, formatting song titles within sentences: maintaining consistency and clarity, special cases: remixes, covers, and featured artists in song titles, abbreviations and acronyms in song titles: to use or not to use, formatting song titles in different writing styles: mla, apa, and beyond, additional tips for perfectly formatting song titles in writing, frequently asked questions, future outlook.

One of the essential aspects of formatting song titles is capitalizing them in title case. This style not only enhances the overall appearance of the title but also follows conventional rules for capitalization in English language. Here are some key guidelines to keep in mind when formatting your song titles:

– Start with capitalizing the first and last words of the title. – Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, and subordinate conjunctions (e.g., “and” or “but”). – Articles (e.g., “a,” “an,” or “the”), coordinating conjunctions (e.g., “and,” “but,” or “or”), and prepositions (e.g., “in,” “on,” or “at”) should not be capitalized unless they are the first or last word of the title. – Indicate the title of a song by placing it in quotation marks, using the appropriate punctuation such as single quotes or double quotes.

To further illustrate these guidelines, let’s consider the title of an iconic song by The Beatles: “Hey Jude.” Following proper capitalization rules for title case, the correctly formatted version would be “Hey Jude.” Notice that both the first and last words are capitalized, while the article “a” is not capitalized. By adhering to these formatting basics, your song titles will appear polished and professional, adding to the overall aesthetic of your work.

When it comes to emphasizing words or phrases in your writing, it’s important to use the correct style to effectively convey your intended meaning. Two common options for highlighting text are italicizing and using quotation marks. While both can be used to add emphasis, each style has its own specific purpose.

Italicizing words or phrases is a great way to indicate emphasis in a subtle and visually appealing manner . Italicized text is often used for titles of books, movies, or TV shows, foreign words, scientific names, or to introduce a new term or concept. By slanting the text, you draw attention to specific words without interrupting the flow of your writing. For instance, in an academic paper about psychology, you might italicize the terms “cognitive dissonance” or “self-actualization” to make them stand out in the text.

On the other hand, quotation marks are commonly used to indicate direct quotes from a source or when referring to specific words or phrases. They can also be used to imply irony, sarcasm, or to denote an unusual meaning or definition for a word. For example, you might write, “The word ‘awesome’ has become so overused in today’s language that it has lost its true meaning.” By enclosing the word “awesome” in quotation marks, you convey a sense of skepticism or disbelief towards its contemporary usage. Remember that quotation marks should be used sparingly to avoid cluttering your writing or confusing your reader.

When it comes to song titles, punctuation can play a crucial role in conveying the intended message and style. Here are some tips to help you navigate the often-confusing world of punctuating song titles:

1. Apostrophes: If a word is contracted in the song title, such as “can’t” or “won’t,” use an apostrophe to indicate the omitted letters. For example, “Can’t Stop the Music” or “Won’t Back Down.”

2. Quotation Marks: Quotation marks are commonly used to enclose the title of a song within a larger work. For instance, in the song “Waterloo” by ABBA from the album “ABBA Gold: Greatest Hits,” both of these titles are enclosed in quotation marks.

3. Hyphens: Hyphens are useful when combining words in a song title. They can help clarify the meaning and prevent ambiguity. For instance, “Love-Struck” or “Dance-Off.”

4. Italicization: Consider using italics to showcase song titles when formatting a piece of written work. It not only helps differentiate the titles from the regular text but also adds a visual appeal. For example, “Bohemian Rhapsody” or “Hotel California.”

When incorporating song titles within sentences, it is essential to maintain consistency and clarity to ensure a seamless reading experience. By following a few simple formatting guidelines, you can effectively punctuate and emphasize song titles, allowing them to stand out from the surrounding text.

One common convention is to use quotation marks when referring to song titles within sentences. For example, if you are discussing a specific song in your writing, enclose the title within double quotation marks. This visually sets it apart from the rest of the sentence and makes it clear that you are referring to a song title. Alternatively, if you are mentioning a song without any specific reference, you can simply capitalize the title without using quotation marks. Consistency is key here; choose one format and stick to it throughout your writing to avoid confusion.

Remixes, Covers, and Featured Artists in Song Titles often add a touch of excitement and uniqueness to our favorite tunes. In the world of music, these special cases allow artists to collaborate, experiment, and bring a fresh perspective to well-loved melodies. Whether it’s a remixed version of a chart-topper, a cover that transforms a classic, or a featured artist lending their distinctive vocals to a track, these creative adaptations provide a delightful twist for our ears.

Remixes are a popular way to give a song a fresh new sound. With the help of electronic beats and additional production elements, remixes breathe life into existing melodies and offer listeners a chance to experience their favorite songs in a different light. They often feature extended dance breaks, altered vocal arrangements, or reimagined instrumentals, making them perfect for energizing parties or adding excitement to playlists. Some notable remixes have even gained more popularity than the original tracks themselves, igniting new trends and musical styles along the way. So next time you stumble upon a remix of your favorite song, don’t hesitate to hit play and let the infectious beats take you on a thrilling sonic journey.

Choosing the perfect title for a song is crucial, as it can catch the attention of listeners and convey the essence of the composition. One common dilemma that often arises during this creative process is whether to incorporate abbreviations or acronyms into the title. While these condensed forms can add a touch of intrigue and uniqueness, it’s essential to consider their potential impact on the overall message and understand their relevance to the theme or lyrics.

Using abbreviations and acronyms can be an effective way to create catchy and memorable song titles. They can inject a sense of modernity and excitement, instantly capturing the curiosity of an audience. Moreover, abbreviations and acronyms can help convey a specific meaning within a compact space, making the title clear while leaving enough room for interpretation. However, it is important to strike the right balance. Overuse or excessive reliance on abbreviations may confuse or alienate some listeners who may not be familiar with the referenced phrase.

In the vast and diverse world of writing styles, even the titles of songs are subjected to specific formatting rules. Whether you are a student, a researcher, or simply a lover of music, it is essential to know how to correctly format song titles in different writing styles such as MLA, APA, and beyond. Here, we will guide you through the key elements and nuances of each style, ensuring that your song titles are formatted with finesse.

In the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, song titles are italicized within the body of your work. When referencing songs in your bibliography or works cited page , you should follow this format:

– Last Name, First Name. “Song Title.” Album Title, Record Label, Year.

For example: – Jackson, Michael. “Thriller.” Thriller, Epic Records, 1982.

In the American Psychological Association (APA) style, song titles are not italicized but rather presented in sentence case. This means that only the first letter of the first word and proper nouns are capitalized. When including song titles in your references list, follow this format:

– Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., & Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Song Title. Album Title. Record Label.

For example: – Jackson, M., & Landis, J. (1982). Thriller. Thriller. Epic Records.

Formatting song titles correctly is essential for creating professional and visually appealing written content. By following a few additional tips, you can ensure that your song titles stand out and grab the reader’s attention. Here are some creative suggestions to help you achieve the perfect formatting:

1. Capitalize the main words: When writing song titles, it is common to capitalize the principal words in the title. This includes nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns. For instance, consider the song title “Dancing in the Moonlight.” By capitalizing the main words, the title appears more polished and visually appealing.

2. Use italics or quotation marks: To add emphasis and differentiate the song title from regular text, it is advisable to use italics or quotation marks. For example, “Hotel California” or “Bohemian Rhapsody” can be placed in italics or within quotation marks to make them stand out. This not only makes the title more noticeable but also aids in enhancing the readability of your content.

3. Exclude articles and prepositions: To maintain a clean and concise format for song titles, it is recommended to exclude articles (such as “the” or “a/an”) and prepositions (like “in” or “of”) unless they are the first word in the title. Doing so ensures that the focus remains on the essential elements of the song’s title, making it more visually appealing and reader-friendly.

4. Be consistent: Consistency is key when formatting song titles. Whether you choose to italicize, enclose in quotation marks, or simply capitalize the key words, be sure to apply the same formatting style consistently throughout your content. This helps maintain a professional and cohesive look, making your writing more polished and aesthetically pleasing.

Remember, properly formatting song titles not only enhances the visual appeal of your content but also demonstrates your attention to detail. By following these additional tips, you’ll be well on your way to creating perfectly formatted song titles that captivate your readers.

Q: Why is it important to format song titles correctly in writing? A: Properly formatting song titles is essential for displaying professionalism and avoiding confusion in any written piece. It helps readers identify specific songs and also respects the original artist’s work.

Q: How do I format a song title when it is the title of an article, essay, or book? A: When using a song title as the title of an article, essay, or book, it should be enclosed in quotation marks, just like any other shorter work. For example, “Imagine” would be appropriately formatted as the title of an essay discussing John Lennon’s iconic song.

Q: What if I want to refer to a song title within the text of my writing? A: If you are mentioning a song title within the text of your writing, it should also be enclosed in quotation marks. For instance, you could write, “The lyrics of “Bohemian Rhapsody” have captivated audiences for decades.”

Q: How should I format a song title in a formal research paper or academic writing? A: In formal research papers or academic writing, it is generally recommended to use italics instead of quotation marks around song titles. This convention enhances clarity and readability in scholarly work.

Q: Are there any exceptions to using italics or quotation marks? A: Yes, when referring to classical music compositions or opera titles, these should be written in italics, while individual movements or songs within them should be enclosed in quotation marks. For instance, Mozart’s Symphony No. 40 would be italicized, but its third movement, “Menuetto,” would be placed in quotation marks.

Q: How should I format song titles on social media or informal platforms? A: When writing song titles on social media or any other informal platform, it is common to use quotation marks. Italicizing may not be possible in all digital spaces, so quotation marks serve as a suitable alternative and still convey the intended meaning.

Q: What if the song title includes punctuation or special characters? A: Punctuation and special characters within song titles should be retained as they appear in the original. This includes exclamation marks, question marks, commas, and even unconventional symbols as intended by the artist. Remember to always prioritize accuracy and maintain the integrity of the original title.

Q: Can I capitalize all words in a song title? A: In general, only capitalize significant words in song titles. Articles, conjunctions, and short prepositions should be lowercase, unless they are the first or last word of the title. However, it is always a good idea to follow established style guides or the specific preferences of the artist, if known.

Q: Is it acceptable to abbreviate a song title when writing it? A: Abbreviating a song title should generally be avoided, unless the artist or publishing company officially presents it that way. Stick to the original title as closely as possible to convey proper meaning and avoid ambiguity.

Q: What additional resources can I consult for proper formatting of song titles when writing? A: The Chicago Manual of Style, the Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook, and the American Psychological Association (APA) Style Guide each provide comprehensive guidelines for formatting song titles. Leveraging these resources can ensure accuracy and consistency in your writing.

In conclusion, correctly formatting song titles is essential for clear and consistent writing. Follow these tips to ensure accuracy and professionalism in your work.

Do You Underline Titles of Movies When Writing? Correct Approach

Are Job Titles Capitalized in Writing? Get it Right

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How to write an art essay best ideas for students.

April 10, 2020

Do you need to write an art essay? Perhaps this is the first time you have been tasked by your professor with such an assignment. Don’t worry though; writing an art essay is not as difficult as you may think. Even though many students don’t know much about art, they still manage to write excellent papers. How do they do it? Simple: they read guides and learn the best tips and tricks from industry experts. Alternatively, they get some help from qualified assignment writers . If you want to write the paper all by yourself, we have all the tips and tricks you need right here. Read on!

The Importance of Art Education Essay Samples

So, what is art essay writing? Why is it important? Truth be told, writing about art can be fun and captivating. However, we realize art is not something everyone is fond of writing about. The main reason why art essay writing is important is because your professor wants to get an interesting, original essay from you. Your final grade depends on your ability to write an excellent paper. What is more important is the art history essay example. Here is why:

By reading some art essay examples, you get an idea of how the final version of your paper should look like. Reading works written by seasoned writers can teach you a thing or two about writing in academic format. You can “steal” some ideas from the samples. However, make sure you don’t copy and paste any content from samples you find online.

An excellent way to get an art analysis essay example that is 100% original (i.e. you can’t find it anywhere on the Internet) is to have an academic writer compose it from scratch for you.

Finding Some Great Art Essay Topics

Do you need to write an essay about art? Or perhaps your professor asked you to write an art analysis essay. In any case, the topic you choose for your paper is very important. As long as you manage to find an intriguing topic, you stand a very good chance of getting bonus points. Let’s face it: professors want original, interesting papers. They are most certainly bored of reading the same art history essay written on the same old topics time and time again. You can even write a “compare and contrast two works of art essay” and stand out from the rest of your class. Here are the three best ways to get some topics for a college essay about art:

Search online but don’t pick the obvious topics. Dig deeper and try to find something none of your classmates thought of. Don’t be afraid to ask for ideas on art blogs and forums. There are plenty of experts who will gladly give you some topic ideas for free. Simply contact an academic writing company and ask them to send you a list of original topics. It won’t take them long to send you a comprehensive list of exceptional ideas.

Quick Guide on How to Write an Art Essay

Do you need to write an “is graffiti art essay” (or an “is graffiti art or vandalism essay”)? Regardless of the topic you choose, there are just a couple of steps you need to follow to write a great essay on art. Let’s show you how to write an art analysis essay in just 5 easy steps:

• Find a couple of interesting art essay topics and pick the most interesting one. Then, come up with the best thesis statement possible. What does your short essay about art aim to demonstrate?
• Write the introduction. You need to learn how to write a good intro if you want to learn how to write an art essay. In the intro, you need to present the thesis statement and a bit of background information about the topic.
• Write three body paragraphs, each one dealing with just one important idea. This works for anything from an art comparison essay to an art appreciation essay. Make sure you use each body paragraph to present just one idea that supports your thesis statement.
• Craft a catchy conclusion. You need to summarize everything you’re discussed and – optionally – write a call to action. This is the way to end every essay from a compare and contrast art essay to an art critique example essay.
• Edit everything and proofread it twice. Make sure your paper is well organized and your writing flows well. Also, there should be no typos in the text.

That’s it! Follow the guide above and create college essay art that will earn you a top grade every time. As a tip, you should consider writing an importance of art education essay. Your professor will be flattered for sure. But of course, you can write anything including an art critique essay and still get a top grade. You just need to be careful about which topic you choose and how you support your thesis statement. Very few professors expect works of art from students. However, they want to see that you’ve really invested some time and effort into writing the best paper possible. Finally, we advise you to steer clear of the renaissance art essay. Writing one is usually more difficult than you think.

Take a break from writing.

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How to Write an Artwork Essay

Mining Your Artwork for Meaning and Methods

I was recently in a funk with my artwork from so much sheltering in place and the repetition of my schedule, my meals, etc. I am not complaining; I have it pretty easy compared to many others. But the funk is still the funk! So I listened to the audio version of the New Yorker art critic, Jerry Saltz’s, How to Be an Artist . It worked. And led me to write an artwork essay about my current photo series.

One of his points that stuck with me was about placing one’s art in the current moment and not try to fit it into art standards or methods of the past. He inspired me to embrace my tools, my methods, and my results as being part of my creative commentary on today, for today.

This led me to decide to write an essay about my work. I’ve received a fair amount of praise for my self-portrait photo series, I AM: For the Love of Nature . Still, I felt there was more to it than either I or others had fully grokked.

I developed a process for how to write an artwork essay that uncovered all sorts of delightful gems and it helped me situate my work in the context of other artists who seem to have inspired me, unconsciously, while strengthening my unique statement. Since I’m the sharing type, I’m writing it up here for you to use as you wish for your own work.

Before We Begin the Artwork Essay

Last year I came across (sorry, I don’t know where or from whom!) two questions to ask while looking at your work: 1. What is it trying to say? 2. Who is it for?

This almost instantly unlocked a flood of words for me. Some took the form of titles for each image; others fed directly into the poems I’m writing for each image. If you believe that much art is channeled in a way, that inspirations come from the creative brain as much or more than the structural brain, then these two questions can be a gold mine. Even if we plan the shape and size and color and place of a piece of art, there is “always more to the story” in my opinion. Hence — we have many employed art critics!

I have actually asked a few people to write an essay about my series; this has come up when they are talking to me about it and they SO CLEARLY GET IT. Alas, people are busy and life happens, but my essay did not, so I decided to write this artwork essay — myself. One, I would have the end product and two, I expected I would learn even more about what I have made. Spoiler Alert: it worked so well that I am here encouraging you to try this process, too.

Step 1: Make an index card for each piece in your artwork essay.

I am usually a digital person, preferring to have text info on my computer where I can cut and paste, search and sort. But I’m a huge fan of Elizabeth Gilbert and she talks about her writing process using hundreds of index cards. I also know from a lot of writer training, that the mind sometimes works differently when writing by hand vs. typing. (Do read or listen to Big Magic , by Elizabeth Gilbert. Much longer than Jerry’s book, but also a strong call to believe in oneself and move forward.)

On each card, list the title at the top, then start adding bullet point descriptors. I found after doing a few that I noticed categories: colors, point of view of the camera, size of my body relevant to the landscape, and so on. Your descriptors will be unique for your art. Don’t worry about getting it all down on the first card ; I revisited each artwork a few times as more patterns and ideas showed up during the process.

Step 2: Make an index card for each theme or concept.

You can actually do this step while you’re doing Step 1. Several of these ideas were familiar to me before I started this. A few new ideas did appear as I was describing each artwork. In any case, I think you’ll want to list these elements on their own cards. I grouped mine on a few cards but next time I think I’ll make a card for each concept.

Step 3: Make an index card for each of your inspirations.

For me, this was a lot of quotes, especially from other artists who I admire and who’ve made work similar to mine. This turned out to be really helpful! Before, this information would rattle around in my brain, not knowing where to land. On a good day, I loved that people compared me to Ana Mendieta or that I compared myself to Anne Brigman . But on a bad day, imposter syndrome sat beside me and sang the “Why bother?” blues over and over in my head.

Getting things out of my head and onto paper allowed my mind to move on to the bigger picture , without worrying I was going to lose or miss something. Also, a lot of the quotes were from articles reviewing the work of an artist I admire. That’s been a rich source of inspiration for me to learn more about the artists I like and to study how to write about art and artists.

Step 4: Get a very large sheet of paper to map out your ideas.

If you’re doing this all in one session, you can get straight to this step. If you’ve had some time away and are coming back, take some time to read through all of your art and inspiration cards. This will move those details back to the front of your brain.

This part gets a little vague and non-specific, as it’s comparable to making a mind map. So start anywhere. I used a pencil so I could erase something if I wanted or move things around. I started by listing the main themes. As I did this, I could see that there were a few top-level ideas going on. Then I moved on to the ideas behind the themes. I ended up using both sides of an 11×14 piece of sketch paper.

Step 5: Start writing the essay.

The first four steps may be enough to help write a concise project statement or title your images or maybe a short blog post. I wanted a formal document I could send to gallerists and curators, though, so this is where the rubber met the road. I started to write the essay in a text doc on my computer. I had my notes in front of me and filed away each artwork and quote card as I used it, so I didn’t duplicate by accident.

I chose to write in the third person , for two reasons. First, I wanted to look at the work as an outsider could, but with the ability to provide my insider intelligence. Second, and this may be mostly bullshit, I felt the essay would have a more authoritative voice. I’m happy with my decision.

I didn’t exactly track my time on the writing. But I carved out some time to birth the first draft and that took a few hours. I’ve learned not to edit as I write the first draft — it lets the flow power through on its own. I let it sit for a day and then came back to do some editing. Surprisingly, it was in pretty good shape! I shared it with my partner, Shane , who is also an artist and a great proofreader. He thought it was really good. Still, I did two more rounds of edits over the course of a week. They were easy and enjoyable as I refined what I wanted to say and what images I wanted to include.

Voilá! The results.

You can visit the website I made just for this project at I AM: For the Love of Nature .

If you want to check out my essay , it’s here as a PDF. The Freedom to Be Found-in Nature by Roxanne Darling

P.S. For the math nerds: The essay took about 20 hours to make from start to finish. This post in and of itself took me about six hours to create. I hope you find something useful in it. Feel free to email me or chat on Twitter . Shane reminds me there are digital platforms that support this type of process of writing and linking things; if that’s your preference you can check out Obsidian app .

Sometimes people ask, so, yes, of course, you may share this! I’m starting to use Pinterest again. Here’s the pin if you want to save it to any of your boards. I also have tiny share buttons below, at the end of every post.

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Writing Essays in Art History

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Art History Analysis – Formal Analysis and Stylistic Analysis

Typically in an art history class the main essay students will need to write for a final paper or for an exam is a formal or stylistic analysis.

A formal analysis is just what it sounds like – you need to analyze the form of the artwork. This includes the individual design elements – composition, color, line, texture, scale, contrast, etc. Questions to consider in a formal analysis is how do all these elements come together to create this work of art? Think of formal analysis in relation to literature – authors give descriptions of characters or places through the written word. How does an artist convey this same information?

Organize your information and focus on each feature before moving onto the text – it is not ideal to discuss color and jump from line to then in the conclusion discuss color again. First summarize the overall appearance of the work of art – is this a painting? Does the artist use only dark colors? Why heavy brushstrokes? etc and then discuss details of the object – this specific animal is gray, the sky is missing a moon, etc. Again, it is best to be organized and focused in your writing – if you discuss the animals and then the individuals and go back to the animals you run the risk of making your writing unorganized and hard to read. It is also ideal to discuss the focal of the piece – what is in the center? What stands out the most in the piece or takes up most of the composition?

A stylistic approach can be described as an indicator of unique characteristics that analyzes and uses the formal elements (2-D: Line, color, value, shape and 3-D all of those and mass).The point of style is to see all the commonalities in a person’s works, such as the use of paint and brush strokes in Van Gogh’s work. Style can distinguish an artist’s work from others and within their own timeline, geographical regions, etc.

Methods & Theories To Consider:

Expressionism

Instructuralism

Postmodernism

Social Art History

Biographical Approach

Poststructuralism

Museum Studies

Visual Cultural Studies

Stylistic Analysis Example:

The following is a brief stylistic analysis of two Greek statues, an example of how style has changed because of the “essence of the age.” Over the years, sculptures of women started off as being plain and fully clothed with no distinct features, to the beautiful Venus/Aphrodite figures most people recognize today. In the mid-seventh century to the early fifth, life-sized standing marble statues of young women, often elaborately dress in gaily painted garments were created known as korai. The earliest korai is a Naxian women to Artemis. The statue wears a tight-fitted, belted peplos, giving the body a very plain look. The earliest korai wore the simpler Dorian peplos, which was a heavy woolen garment. From about 530, most wear a thinner, more elaborate, and brightly painted Ionic linen and himation. A largely contrasting Greek statue to the korai is the Venus de Milo. The Venus from head to toe is six feet seven inches tall. Her hips suggest that she has had several children. Though her body shows to be heavy, she still seems to almost be weightless. Viewing the Venus de Milo, she changes from side to side. From her right side she seems almost like a pillar and her leg bears most of the weight. She seems be firmly planted into the earth, and since she is looking at the left, her big features such as her waist define her. The Venus de Milo had a band around her right bicep. She had earrings that were brutally stolen, ripping her ears away. Venus was noted for loving necklaces, so it is very possibly she would have had one. It is also possible she had a tiara and bracelets. Venus was normally defined as “golden,” so her hair would have been painted. Two statues in the same region, have throughout history, changed in their style.

Compare and Contrast Essay

Most introductory art history classes will ask students to write a compare and contrast essay about two pieces – examples include comparing and contrasting a medieval to a renaissance painting. It is always best to start with smaller comparisons between the two works of art such as the medium of the piece. Then the comparison can include attention to detail so use of color, subject matter, or iconography. Do the same for contrasting the two pieces – start small. After the foundation is set move on to the analysis and what these comparisons or contrasting material mean – ‘what is the bigger picture here?’ Consider why one artist would wish to show the same subject matter in a different way, how, when, etc are all questions to ask in the compare and contrast essay. If during an exam it would be best to quickly outline the points to make before tackling writing the essay.

Compare and Contrast Example:

Stele of Hammurabi from Susa (modern Shush, Iran), ca. 1792 – 1750 BCE, Basalt, height of stele approx. 7’ height of relief 28’

Stele, relief sculpture, Art as propaganda – Hammurabi shows that his law code is approved by the gods, depiction of land in background, Hammurabi on the same place of importance as the god, etc.

Top of this stele shows the relief image of Hammurabi receiving the law code from Shamash, god of justice, Code of Babylonian social law, only two figures shown, different area and time period, etc.

Stele of Naram-sin , Sippar Found at Susa c. 2220 - 2184 bce. Limestone, height 6'6"

Stele, relief sculpture, Example of propaganda because the ruler (like the Stele of Hammurabi) shows his power through divine authority, Naramsin is the main character due to his large size, depiction of land in background, etc.

Akkadian art, made of limestone, the stele commemorates a victory of Naramsin, multiple figures are shown specifically soldiers, different area and time period, etc.

Iconography

Regardless of what essay approach you take in class it is absolutely necessary to understand how to analyze the iconography of a work of art and to incorporate into your paper. Iconography is defined as subject matter, what the image means. For example, why do things such as a small dog in a painting in early Northern Renaissance paintings represent sexuality? Additionally, how can an individual perhaps identify these motifs that keep coming up?

The following is a list of symbols and their meaning in Marriage a la Mode by William Hogarth (1743) that is a series of six paintings that show the story of marriage in Hogarth’s eyes.

• Man has pockets turned out symbolizing he has lost money and was recently in a fight by the state of his clothes.
• Lap dog shows loyalty but sniffs at woman’s hat in the husband’s pocket showing sexual exploits.
• Black dot on husband’s neck believed to be symbol of syphilis.
• Mantel full of ugly Chinese porcelain statues symbolizing that the couple has no class.
• Butler had to go pay bills, you can tell this by the distasteful look on his face and that his pockets are stuffed with bills and papers.
• Card game just finished up, women has directions to game under foot, shows her easily cheating nature.
• Paintings of saints line a wall of the background room, isolated from the living, shows the couple’s complete disregard to faith and religion.
• The dangers of sexual excess are underscored in the Hograth by placing Cupid among ruins, foreshadowing the inevitable ruin of the marriage.
• Eventually the series (other five paintings) shows that the woman has an affair, the men duel and die, the woman hangs herself and the father takes her ring off her finger symbolizing the one thing he could salvage from the marriage.

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Why writing by hand beats typing for thinking and learning

Jonathan Lambert

If you're like many digitally savvy Americans, it has likely been a while since you've spent much time writing by hand.

The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming a relic of the past in our screen-dominated world, where text messages and thumb-typed grocery lists have replaced handwritten letters and sticky notes. Electronic keyboards offer obvious efficiency benefits that have undoubtedly boosted our productivity — imagine having to write all your emails longhand.

To keep up, many schools are introducing computers as early as preschool, meaning some kids may learn the basics of typing before writing by hand.

But giving up this slower, more tactile way of expressing ourselves may come at a significant cost, according to a growing body of research that's uncovering the surprising cognitive benefits of taking pen to paper, or even stylus to iPad — for both children and adults.

Is this some kind of joke? A school facing shortages starts teaching standup comedy

In kids, studies show that tracing out ABCs, as opposed to typing them, leads to better and longer-lasting recognition and understanding of letters. Writing by hand also improves memory and recall of words, laying down the foundations of literacy and learning. In adults, taking notes by hand during a lecture, instead of typing, can lead to better conceptual understanding of material.

"There's actually some very important things going on during the embodied experience of writing by hand," says Ramesh Balasubramaniam , a neuroscientist at the University of California, Merced. "It has important cognitive benefits."

While those benefits have long been recognized by some (for instance, many authors, including Jennifer Egan and Neil Gaiman , draft their stories by hand to stoke creativity), scientists have only recently started investigating why writing by hand has these effects.

A slew of recent brain imaging research suggests handwriting's power stems from the relative complexity of the process and how it forces different brain systems to work together to reproduce the shapes of letters in our heads onto the page.

Your brain on handwriting

Both handwriting and typing involve moving our hands and fingers to create words on a page. But handwriting, it turns out, requires a lot more fine-tuned coordination between the motor and visual systems. This seems to more deeply engage the brain in ways that support learning.

Shots - Health News

Feeling artsy here's how making art helps your brain.

"Handwriting is probably among the most complex motor skills that the brain is capable of," says Marieke Longcamp , a cognitive neuroscientist at Aix-Marseille Université.

Gripping a pen nimbly enough to write is a complicated task, as it requires your brain to continuously monitor the pressure that each finger exerts on the pen. Then, your motor system has to delicately modify that pressure to re-create each letter of the words in your head on the page.

"Your fingers have to each do something different to produce a recognizable letter," says Sophia Vinci-Booher , an educational neuroscientist at Vanderbilt University. Adding to the complexity, your visual system must continuously process that letter as it's formed. With each stroke, your brain compares the unfolding script with mental models of the letters and words, making adjustments to fingers in real time to create the letters' shapes, says Vinci-Booher.

That's not true for typing.

To type "tap" your fingers don't have to trace out the form of the letters — they just make three relatively simple and uniform movements. In comparison, it takes a lot more brainpower, as well as cross-talk between brain areas, to write than type.

Recent brain imaging studies bolster this idea. A study published in January found that when students write by hand, brain areas involved in motor and visual information processing " sync up " with areas crucial to memory formation, firing at frequencies associated with learning.

"We don't see that [synchronized activity] in typewriting at all," says Audrey van der Meer , a psychologist and study co-author at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. She suggests that writing by hand is a neurobiologically richer process and that this richness may confer some cognitive benefits.

Other experts agree. "There seems to be something fundamental about engaging your body to produce these shapes," says Robert Wiley , a cognitive psychologist at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro. "It lets you make associations between your body and what you're seeing and hearing," he says, which might give the mind more footholds for accessing a given concept or idea.

Those extra footholds are especially important for learning in kids, but they may give adults a leg up too. Wiley and others worry that ditching handwriting for typing could have serious consequences for how we all learn and think.

What might be lost as handwriting wanes

The clearest consequence of screens and keyboards replacing pen and paper might be on kids' ability to learn the building blocks of literacy — letters.

"Letter recognition in early childhood is actually one of the best predictors of later reading and math attainment," says Vinci-Booher. Her work suggests the process of learning to write letters by hand is crucial for learning to read them.

"When kids write letters, they're just messy," she says. As kids practice writing "A," each iteration is different, and that variability helps solidify their conceptual understanding of the letter.

Research suggests kids learn to recognize letters better when seeing variable handwritten examples, compared with uniform typed examples.

This helps develop areas of the brain used during reading in older children and adults, Vinci-Booher found.

"This could be one of the ways that early experiences actually translate to long-term life outcomes," she says. "These visually demanding, fine motor actions bake in neural communication patterns that are really important for learning later on."

Ditching handwriting instruction could mean that those skills don't get developed as well, which could impair kids' ability to learn down the road.

"If young children are not receiving any handwriting training, which is very good brain stimulation, then their brains simply won't reach their full potential," says van der Meer. "It's scary to think of the potential consequences."

Many states are trying to avoid these risks by mandating cursive instruction. This year, California started requiring elementary school students to learn cursive , and similar bills are moving through state legislatures in several states, including Indiana, Kentucky, South Carolina and Wisconsin. (So far, evidence suggests that it's the writing by hand that matters, not whether it's print or cursive.)

Slowing down and processing information

For adults, one of the main benefits of writing by hand is that it simply forces us to slow down.

During a meeting or lecture, it's possible to type what you're hearing verbatim. But often, "you're not actually processing that information — you're just typing in the blind," says van der Meer. "If you take notes by hand, you can't write everything down," she says.

The relative slowness of the medium forces you to process the information, writing key words or phrases and using drawing or arrows to work through ideas, she says. "You make the information your own," she says, which helps it stick in the brain.

Such connections and integration are still possible when typing, but they need to be made more intentionally. And sometimes, efficiency wins out. "When you're writing a long essay, it's obviously much more practical to use a keyboard," says van der Meer.

Still, given our long history of using our hands to mark meaning in the world, some scientists worry about the more diffuse consequences of offloading our thinking to computers.

"We're foisting a lot of our knowledge, extending our cognition, to other devices, so it's only natural that we've started using these other agents to do our writing for us," says Balasubramaniam.

It's possible that this might free up our minds to do other kinds of hard thinking, he says. Or we might be sacrificing a fundamental process that's crucial for the kinds of immersive cognitive experiences that enable us to learn and think at our full potential.

Balasubramaniam stresses, however, that we don't have to ditch digital tools to harness the power of handwriting. So far, research suggests that scribbling with a stylus on a screen activates the same brain pathways as etching ink on paper. It's the movement that counts, he says, not its final form.

Jonathan Lambert is a Washington, D.C.-based freelance journalist who covers science, health and policy.

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Guest Essay

I Don’t Write Like Alice Munro, but I Want to Live Like Her

By Sheila Heti

Ms. Heti is the author of the novels “Pure Colour,” “How Should a Person Be?” and, most recently, “Alphabetical Diaries.”

It is common to say “I was heartbroken to hear” that so-and-so died, but I really do feel heartbroken having learned about Alice Munro, who died on Monday.

As a writer, she modeled, in her life and art, that one must work with emotional sincerity and precision and concentration and depth — not on every kind of writing but on only one kind, the kind closest to one’s heart.

She has long been a North Star for many writers and was someone I have always felt guided by. We are very different writers, but I have kept her in mind, daily and for decades, as an example to follow (but failed to follow to the extent that she demonstrated it): that a fiction writer isn’t someone for hire.

A fiction writer isn’t someone who can write anything — movies, articles, obits! She isn’t a person in service to the magazines, to the newspapers, to the publishers or even to her audience. She doesn’t have to speak on the political issues of the day or on matters of importance to the culture right now but ought first and most to attend seriously to her task, which is her only task, writing the particular thing she was most suited to write.

Ms. Munro only ever wrote short stories — not novels, though she must have been pressured to. She died in a small town not too far from where she was born, choosing to remain close to the sort of people she grew up with, whom she remained ever curious about. Depth is wherever one stands, she showed us, convincingly.

Fiction writers are people, supposedly, who have things to say; they must, because they are so good with words. So people are always asking them: Can you say something about this or about this? But the art of hearing the voice of a fictional person or sensing a fictional world or working for years on some unfathomable creation is, in fact, the opposite of saying something with the opinionated and knowledgeable part of one’s mind. It is rather the humble craft of putting your opinions and ego aside and letting something be said through you.

Ms. Munro held to this division and never let the vanity that can come with being good with words persuade her to put her words just everywhere, in every possible way. Here was the best example in the world — in Canada, my own land — of someone who seemed to abide by classical artistic values in her choices as a person and in her choices on the page. I felt quietly reassured knowing that a hundred kilometers down the road was Alice Munro.

She was also an example of how a writer should be in public: modest, unpretentious, funny, generous and kind. I learned the lesson of generosity from her early. When I was 20 and was just starting to publish short stories, I sent her a fan letter. I don’t remember what my letter said. After a few months, I received a handwritten thank-you note from her in the mail. The fact that she replied at all and did so with such care taught me a lot about grace and consideration and has remained as a warmth within me since that day.

She will always remain for me, and for many others, a model of that grave yet joyous dedication to art — a dedication that inevitably informs the most important choices the artist makes about how to support that life. Probably Ms. Munro would laugh at this; no one knows the compromises another makes, especially when that person is as private as she was and transforms her trials into fiction. Yet whatever the truth of her daily existence, she still shines as a symbol of artistic purity and care.

I am grateful for all she gave to the world and for all the sacrifices she must have made to give it. I’m sorry to be here defying her example, but she was just too loved, and these words just came. Thank you, Alice Munro.

Sheila Heti is the author of the novels “Pure Colour,” “How Should a Person Be?” and, most recently, “Alphabetical Diaries.”

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Daily Southtown | Southtowners: Palos East students win art,…

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Daily southtown | southtowners: palos east students win art, writing contests, more.

Palos East students win art, writing contests

Violet Sugg, a fourth grader in Kim Pempek’s class at Palos East Elementary School in Palos School District 118, has been named the winner of the Palos Heights Vehicle Sticker Contest.

The contest was organized by the Palos Heights Women’s Club for Palos Heights student artists in grades 3-5.

Violet was recognized by the Palos Heights City Council in April and her artwork will be displayed on all vehicle stickers in the city.

“I am so proud that Violet won the contest,” said Palos East Art Teacher Ms. Ruth Augspurger, who helped organize student participation in the contest at the school. “I’m also proud that we have this opportunity to share the skills of our District 118 artists with the Palos community.”

Gabriel Chowaniec, a fifth grader at Palos East Elementary School, has been named a winner of the Scholastic Storyworks Magazine writing contest.

Gabriel, who is a student in Cathy Casey’s fifth grade classroom, was named one of only five winners nationally for the December 2023/January 2024 competition.

Garbriel’s submission for the nonfiction story “The Shattered Land,” “showed a strong understanding of the text along with the ability to author a well-organized and engaging response, said Storyworks Magazine editor Lauren Tarshis in a letter to Palos East Principal Rob Szklanecki.

Tarshis noted that Gabriel’s winning entry demonstrated a commitment to excellence that reflects the quality of classroom enrichment supported by Casey and the Palos East Elementary staff.

Casey said that Gabriel is a hard worker whose skills as a writer are deserving of the recognition.

“Gabriel works hard to produce excellent work, and he is very deserving of this award,” she said. “I am so proud of him and so happy he is being recognized by Scholastic Story works for his writing.”

Homewood names Acquah assistant village manager

The village of Homewood has hired Terence Acquah as its new assistant village manager. In this position, Acquah will play a critical role in the success of municipal operations both from an internal and external perspective and serve as a critical function in assisting the village manager with daily operations, helping to accomplish the broader goals of the village board and community, according to a news release from the village.

“Homewood brings back the best memories from my childhood,” Acquah said. “I grew up playing baseball here and loving the community. I am excited to collaborate with staff and leadership on new ideas, programs and initiatives. There are so many great developments and projects happening. It’s a great time to be in Homewood!”

A native of Lynwood, Acquah comes to Homewood from Bolingbrook, where he was superintendent of public works, and brings additional municipal experience from the village of Olympia Fields as the assistant public works director, the city of Milwaukee as the economic development specialist and the city of Peoria as neighborhood enhancement specialist.

JJC’s Farmer selected for 2024-25 Aspen Rising Presidents Fellowship

Joliet Junior College Executive Vice President Dr. Yolanda Farmer has been selected for the 2024-25 Aspen Rising Presidents Fellowship.

The Aspen Institute College Excellent Program fellowship prepares the next generation of community college presidents who can lead institutions to higher and more equitable levels of student success.

Lockport’s Bates serves with production team at UW-Whitewater

Lockport’s Michael Bates, a theatre major at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater, was one of the students involved in university’s production of “The Sweet Science of Bruising.”

Bates served in the role of prop designer as a part of the production team for the show in April.

University of Alabama Omicron Delta Kappa Honor Society April inductions

Manhattan: Kalie Korpitz; Palos Park: Izzy Piper

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