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How To Use Architecture Case Studies

• Updated: August 28, 2024

Architecture is more than just constructing buildings; it’s about creating spaces that inspire, function, and stand the test of time.

Understanding the depth and breadth of architectural practice requires examining past projects—seeing what worked, what didn’t, and why.

This is where architecture case studies come into play. They provide invaluable insights into the design process, materials used, environmental considerations, and the social and cultural impact of architectural work.

Whether you’re an architecture student aiming to grasp complex design principles, a professional looking to refine your practice, or simply an enthusiast interested in the built environment, diving into case studies is a powerful way to learn.

From understanding their purpose and structure to analysing some of the most iconic architectural works in history, here we explore how to critically assess and learn from the successes and challenges of past projects.

Key Takeaways

• Comprehensive Analysis : A thorough case study examines all aspects of a project, including context, design, materials, sustainability, and user experience, to provide deep insights into its overall impact.
• Visuals and Narrative : Effective case studies use clear visuals and structured narratives to make complex architectural concepts accessible and engaging for readers.
• Technology and Sustainability : Leveraging digital tools and focusing on sustainability are key to developing forward-thinking architecture case studies that address modern challenges.
• Inclusivity and Diversity : Including diverse perspectives and project types in case studies broadens our understanding of architecture’s role in different cultural and social contexts.

What is an Architecture Case Study?

An architecture case study ( similar to precedent studies ) is an in-depth analysis of a particular architectural project, focusing on various aspects such as design philosophy, construction techniques, site context, user experience, and the project’s overall impact.

Unlike standard project descriptions, case studies go beyond the superficial details to explore the intricacies and decision-making processes that shaped the final outcome.

Definition and Purpose

At its core, a case study serves as a detailed examination of a building or structure, aimed at understanding the various elements that contribute to its design and function.

This includes the architect’s intentions, the challenges faced during the design and construction phases, and how those challenges were addressed. The purpose of an architecture case study is multifaceted:

• Educational Tool : For students and professionals alike, case studies offer real-world examples of how theoretical concepts are applied in practice. They provide insights into the complexities of architectural projects and the various factors that influence design decisions.
• Design Inspiration : By analysing different architectural works, designers can draw inspiration for their own projects, discovering new ways to approach design challenges and innovative solutions.
• Critical Analysis : Case studies encourage a critical evaluation of architectural work, prompting questions about what worked, what didn’t, and why. This analysis helps architects learn from past mistakes and successes, contributing to the evolution of architectural practice.
• Preservation of Knowledge : Documenting the details of architectural projects ensures that valuable knowledge and insights are preserved for future generations. This is particularly important for iconic or groundbreaking projects that have significantly influenced the field.

Importance in Architectural Education and Practice

In education, case studies are indispensable. They bridge the gap between theory and practice, allowing students to see how abstract concepts are implemented in real-world situations.

Case studies also promote a deeper understanding of architectural principles by highlighting the relationship between design intent and execution.

For practising architects, they offer a wealth of knowledge that can inform future projects. By examining the successes and challenges of previous works, we can refine their own methodologies and strategies, ultimately leading to better design outcomes.

Additionally, case studies foster a culture of continuous learning and improvement within the architectural community, as they provide a platform for sharing knowledge and experiences.

Key Elements of an Effective Case Study

A compelling case study goes beyond basic descriptions and floor plans; it delves into the multifaceted aspects that define a building’s essence and performance.

To provide a holistic understanding of a project, an effective case study should cover several key elements. These elements help paint a comprehensive picture of the design process, the challenges faced, and the solutions devised, offering valuable insights to readers.

Site Analysis and Context

The foundation of any architectural project is its site. A thorough site analysis is crucial for understanding the physical, cultural, and environmental context in which a building exists.

This includes examining the site’s topography, climate, surrounding buildings, historical significance, and socio-cultural environment.

Understanding a site’s unique characteristics allows us to create proposals that are not only functional and aesthetically pleasing but also sensitive to their surroundings.

A good case study will explore how these contextual factors influenced the design decisions and how the building responds to its environment.

For instance, does the design maximize natural light and ventilation? Does it respect the cultural or historical context of the area? How does it integrate with or stand out from its surroundings?

Design Concept and Philosophy

Every architectural project is driven by a design concept —a central idea or philosophy that guides the development of the project . This could be a response to the site conditions, a functional requirement, an aesthetic vision, or a combination of these and other factors.

The design concept is what gives a project its identity and coherence.

An effective case study should clearly articulate this and the philosophy behind it. It should explain the your vision and how this vision is reflected in the building’s form , function, and aesthetics.

Additionally, the case study should examine how successfully the design concept has been realised and whether it aligns with the project’s goals and user needs.

Materials and Construction Techniques

The choice of materials and construction techniques is a critical aspect of any architectural project, influencing not only the building’s appearance and durability but also its sustainability and cost.

A detailed case study should discuss the materials selected, the reasons for their choice, and how they contribute to the overall design.

Furthermore, it should explore the construction techniques employed and any innovations or challenges encountered during the building process.

For example, were there any unique construction methods used to address site-specific conditions? How did the choice of materials impact the construction timeline or budget?

Understanding these elements provides valuable insights into the practical aspects of design and execution.

Environmental and Social Impact

Architecture does not exist in a vacuum; it interacts with and affects its environment and the people who use it.

An insightful case study will evaluate the environmental impact of a project, including its sustainability features, energy efficiency, and resource management strategies. This analysis should cover both the construction phase and the building’s ongoing operation.

Equally important is the building’s social impact. How does it serve the community? Does it foster social interaction and inclusivity? Has it positively or negatively affected the local economy, culture, or way of life?

Functionality and Aesthetics

A successful project balances functionality with aesthetics. Here you can examine how well a building meets its intended use and the needs of its occupants.

This includes considerations of spatial layout , accessibility, flexibility, and comfort. Are the spaces designed to facilitate the intended activities? Is the building easy to navigate? Does it adapt well to changing needs?

In addition to functionality, the aesthetic qualities of a building play a significant role in its success. Analyse the visual and experiential aspects of the design, including form, colour, texture, and light.

How do these elements contribute to the building’s character and appeal? How do they interact with the environment and the user experience?

User Experience and Feedback

Ultimately, the success of a project is measured by how well it serves its users. A user experience analysis should include feedback from the people who interact with the building on a daily basis—whether they are occupants, visitors, or maintenance staff.

This feedback provides real-world insights into the building’s performance, highlighting strengths and areas for improvement.

User experience covers a wide range of factors, from comfort and convenience to safety and satisfaction. A case study should explore how users perceive the building and how it affects their daily lives. Are there any recurring issues or complaints?

What aspects of the design are most appreciated? By incorporating user feedback, a case study becomes a more dynamic and informative resource, offering a grounded perspective on the building’s impact.

How to Conduct an Architecture Case Study: A Step-by-Step Guide

Here is a step-by-step guide to conducting a thorough and effective architecture case study:

Step 1: Selecting a Project

The first step is choosing the right project.

The selection should be guided by your objectives, whether you are studying a particular architectural style, learning about sustainable building practices, or understanding the relationship between design and user experience.

Consider projects that are well-documented, have a significant impact, or present unique design challenges.

Additionally, ensure that you have access to adequate information and resources about the project, including drawings, photographs, and any available documentation or interviews.

Tips for Selecting a Project:

• Choose a project that aligns with your interests or professional goals.
• Consider the availability of information and resources for in-depth analysis.
• Look for projects that have had a significant impact or present unique design challenges.

Step 2: Research and Data Collection

Once you’ve selected a project, the next step is to gather as much information as possible.

This involves conducting thorough research using various sources such as architectural journals , books, online databases, and interviews with the architects, users, or other stakeholders involved in the project.

Collecting primary data, such as original drawings, plans, and site visits, is also crucial for a comprehensive understanding.

During this phase, focus on gathering data about the project’s background, including the client’s brief, the architect’s design intent, and any constraints or challenges faced.

Also, collect information about the site context, materials, construction methods, and the building’s performance post-completion.

Data Sources to Consider:

• Architectural publications and academic journals.
• Interviews with architects, clients, and users.
• Project documentation, such as drawings, models, and photographs.
• Site visits and observations.

Step 3: Analysis of Design Intentions vs. Realities

With a wealth of data in hand, the next step is to analyse the project. This involves comparing the the initial design intentions with the realities of the completed building.

Look at how the design concept was translated into the final structure and identify any compromises or deviations from the original plan.

Consider the following aspects during your analysis:

• Design Intent: What were the architect’s goals and motivations? How did they plan to achieve these through their design?
• Site Response: How well does the building respond to its site? Consider factors such as orientation, integration with the environment, and respect for local culture or history.
• Materials and Construction: Were the chosen materials and construction techniques effective in achieving the desired outcomes? Did they contribute to or hinder the project’s success?
• Functionality and User Experience: Does the building serve its intended purpose well? How do users interact with and experience the space?
• Sustainability and Impact: What are the environmental, social, and economic impacts of the project?

This critical analysis helps identify the strengths and weaknesses of the project, providing valuable lessons for future architectural endeavours.

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Step 4: documentation and presentation of findings.

After completing your analysis, it’s time to document your findings. A well-documented case study should clearly present all the relevant information, analysis, and insights in a structured and engaging format.

Start with an introduction that provides an overview of the project and your objectives. Then, detail your findings in a logical order, covering aspects such as site analysis, design concept, materials, construction methods, and user feedback.

Use visuals—such as photographs, plans, sections, and diagrams—to complement your text and provide a clearer understanding of the project. Include quotes from interviews and references to your sources to add credibility and depth to your case study.

Tips for Effective Documentation:

• Organize your case study into clear sections with descriptive headings.
• Use visuals strategically to enhance understanding.
• Include direct quotes from interviews or primary sources to support your analysis.

Step 5: Reflecting on Lessons Learned

The final step in conducting an architecture case study is reflection. This is where you draw conclusions about what you’ve learned from the project and how these lessons can be applied to future architectural work.

Consider what the project reveals about effective design practices, common challenges, and innovative solutions.

Reflect on how the project could have been improved, what strategies were particularly successful, and what could serve as a cautionary tale for other architects.

This reflective process not only solidifies your learning but also contributes to the broader discourse on architecture by offering insights and recommendations based on real-world examples.

Questions for Reflection:

• What were the key successes and failures of the project?
• How did the architect’s design intentions align with the final outcome?
• What lessons can be drawn from the project’s approach to materials, construction, and sustainability?
• How can these lessons be applied to future architectural projects?

Case Study Examples

Analysing real-world architectural projects through detailed case studies provides invaluable insights into the complexities of design, construction, and user experience.

This section presents three in-depth case studies of iconic architectural works, each illustrating unique aspects of architectural practice, from innovative design solutions to the integration of cultural and environmental contexts.

Example 1: The Farnsworth House by Mies van der Rohe

Overview of the Project: The Farnsworth House, designed by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe in the late 1940s, is an exemplary work of modernist architecture.

Located in Plano, Illinois, this one-room weekend retreat was designed for Dr. Edith Farnsworth and is renowned for its minimalist design and seamless integration with its natural surroundings.

Analysis of Design and Functionality: The Farnsworth House embodies Mies van der Rohe’s philosophy of “less is more,” emphasizing simplicity and clarity of form.

The house’s steel and glass construction creates a transparent box that blurs the boundary between interior and exterior, allowing occupants to feel immersed in the surrounding landscape.

This design approach fosters a deep connection with nature, reflecting the architect’s intention to create a space that is both contemplative and serene.

Functionally, the open-plan layout of the Farnsworth House eliminates the need for interior walls, creating a flexible space that can be adapted to various uses.

However, this design also presents challenges, particularly in terms of privacy and storage.

The house’s minimalism, while visually striking, may not fully accommodate the practical needs of everyday living, highlighting a tension between aesthetic ideals and functional requirements.

Impact on Modern Architecture: The Farnsworth House has had a profound influence on modern architecture, particularly in its use of modern materials and its emphasis on openness and transparency.

It serves as a case study in balancing minimalist design with functional living spaces, offering lessons on the importance of considering both form and function in architectural design.

Example 2: The Sydney Opera House by Jørn Utzon

Unique Challenges and Solutions: The Sydney Opera House, designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon and completed in 1973, is one of the most recognizable buildings in the world.

Its distinctive sail-like roof structure posed significant engineering and construction challenges, which required innovative solutions.

The original design, conceived as a series of parabolic arches, was re-engineered as a series of interlocking precast concrete shells to simplify construction and reduce costs.

Utzon’s design was groundbreaking not only for its aesthetic boldness but also for its pioneering use of computer-aided design (CAD) and prefabrication techniques.

These methods allowed for greater precision in the construction process and set a new standard for complex architectural projects.

Materials and Construction Techniques: The use of prefabricated concrete panels for the shells was a significant innovation at the time, enabling the complex curves of the roof to be built more efficiently.

The interior of the Opera House is equally innovative, with its use of local materials such as Australian white birch for the concert hall’s acoustic panelling, enhancing the building’s cultural resonance.

Cultural and Social Impact: The Sydney Opera House is not just an architectural icon; it is a cultural landmark that has had a lasting impact on the identity of Sydney and Australia as a whole.

It represents a bold vision of modern architecture that is deeply connected to its location, with its form inspired by the sails of Sydney Harbour and its materials and construction methods reflecting a commitment to innovation and sustainability.

The building has become a symbol of Australian culture and creativity, attracting millions of visitors each year and hosting thousands of performances and events.

Example 3: The Salk Institute by Louis Kahn

Integration with the Natural Environment: Designed by Louis Kahn and completed in 1965, the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La Jolla, California, is an example of how architecture can harmoniously blend with its natural surroundings.

The Institute’s design emphasizes the relationship between built and natural environments, with a layout that frames stunning views of the Pacific Ocean and incorporates open spaces that encourage interaction among researchers.

Kahn’s design strategically uses materials like concrete, teak wood, and travertine to create a timeless aesthetic that complements the rugged coastal landscape.

The open courtyard, central to the design, is lined with teak paneling that weathers naturally over time, enhancing the connection between the building and its environment.

Structural Innovations: The Salk Institute features several structural innovations, including its pioneering use of post-tensioned concrete to create large, uninterrupted interior spaces that are ideal for laboratory use.

The building’s design also incorporates flexible lab modules that can be easily reconfigured as scientific needs evolve, demonstrating Kahn’s forward-thinking approach to functionality.

Legacy and Influence on Future Designs: The Salk Institute is widely regarded as one of the most important architectural works of the 20th century, influencing subsequent generations of architects with its thoughtful integration of form, function, and context.

It serves as a model for designing spaces that inspire and support scientific research while also creating a powerful architectural presence.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

Creating a compelling and informative case study involves more than just documenting the features of a building; it requires a nuanced analysis that captures the essence of the design, its context, and its impact.

However, there are common pitfalls that can detract from their effectiveness, leading to incomplete or biased conclusions. By recognizing and avoiding these mistakes, you can ensure that your analysis is thorough, insightful, and valuable.

01 Overlooking Contextual Factors

One of the most significant mistakes in architecture case studies is neglecting the contextual factors that influence a building’s design and function.

Every architectural project is deeply rooted in its context, which includes the physical site, cultural and historical background, and environmental conditions.

Ignoring these elements can result in a superficial analysis that fails to explain the rationale behind design decisions.

Avoiding the Mistake: To avoid this, make sure to conduct a comprehensive site analysis that covers all relevant contextual aspects.

Consider how the building interacts with its surroundings, how it responds to climatic conditions, and how it fits within the cultural and historical context of the area. This will provide a deeper understanding of the project and allow for a more nuanced critique.

02 Failing to Engage with Multiple Perspectives

A robust architecture case study should include multiple perspectives, incorporating insights from various stakeholders such as the architect, the client, the users, and even the local community.

Focusing solely on the architect’s perspective can lead to a biased analysis that overlooks other critical viewpoints, particularly those of the building’s users who interact with the space daily.

Avoiding the Mistake: Engage with multiple sources of information and viewpoints. Conduct interviews or surveys with different stakeholders to gather a range of opinions on the project’s success and shortcomings.

This will enrich your analysis and provide a more balanced evaluation of the building’s design and performance.

03 Neglecting Sustainability and Long-Term Impact

In today’s world, sustainability is a crucial consideration. However, many case studies fail to adequately address the environmental impact of a building, both during construction and over its lifetime.

This oversight can result in an incomplete analysis that misses important lessons about sustainable design practices and long-term building performance.

Avoiding the Mistake: Ensure that your case study includes a thorough assessment of the building’s sustainability features, such as energy efficiency, material use, waste management, and its adaptability to future needs.

Evaluate the environmental impact of the project throughout its lifecycle, from construction to demolition, to provide a comprehensive view of its sustainability credentials.

04 Focusing Too Much on Aesthetics Over Functionality

While aesthetics are an important aspect of architecture, an overemphasis on visual appeal can overshadow the functional aspects of a building.

Architecture is not just about how a building looks but also about how it works for its intended purpose and users. Case studies that prioritize aesthetics at the expense of functionality may miss critical insights about usability, accessibility, and overall performance.

Avoiding the Mistake: Balance your analysis by equally weighing aesthetic qualities and functional performance. Examine how the design serves its intended purpose, how spaces are organized, and how the building meets the needs of its users.

This holistic approach will provide a more complete picture of the project’s success.

05 Ignoring Post-Occupancy Evaluation

Another common mistake is failing to consider the building’s performance after it has been occupied.

A post-occupancy evaluation (POE) provides real-world insights into how a building functions once it is in use, revealing potential issues that were not apparent during the design or construction phases.

Ignoring this aspect can lead to an incomplete understanding of the building’s effectiveness and user satisfaction.

Avoiding the Mistake: Include a post-occupancy evaluation in your case study to assess the building’s performance in practice. Gather feedback from users to understand their experiences and identify any unforeseen challenges or successes.

This will help you evaluate the building’s long-term impact and relevance.

06 Relying on Outdated or Incomplete Information

Relying on outdated or incomplete information can lead to incorrect conclusions and reduce the credibility of your case study.

The architecture field is constantly evolving, with new technologies, materials, and practices emerging all the time. Using outdated sources may overlook recent changes or developments that impact the project.

Avoiding the Mistake: Ensure that your research is thorough and up-to-date, utilizing the latest sources of information. Cross-check facts from multiple reliable sources and, where possible, obtain first-hand information directly from those involved in the project.

This approach will ensure that your case study is accurate and current.

Best Practices for Presenting your Research

Effectively presenting a case study requires more than just compiling information and analysis. It’s about crafting a narrative that is both informative and engaging, allowing readers to fully understand and appreciate the complexities of the project.

A good presentation should use a combination of clear writing, compelling visuals, and strategic organization to convey its insights. Here are some best practices for presenting architecture case studies.

01 Using Visuals Effectively: Plans, Sections, and Elevations

Visuals are a crucial element of any presentation, and provide readers with a clearer understanding of the project’s design and spatial qualities.

Architectural drawings such as plans, sections, and elevations allow readers to see the building’s layout, structural details, and relationships between different spaces.

High-quality photographs and renderings further help illustrate the building’s materiality, texture, and interaction with light.

Best Practices for Using Visuals:

• Include High-Quality Images: Use high-resolution images to ensure clarity and detail. Poor-quality visuals can detract from the professionalism of your case study and make it difficult for readers to understand the project.
• Use a Variety of Visuals: Incorporate different types of visuals, such as floor plans, sections, elevations, and 3D renderings, to provide a comprehensive view of the project.
• Label and Annotate: Clearly label all visuals and provide annotations where necessary to explain key features or design decisions. This helps readers follow along and understand the significance of each visual element.
• Balance Text and Images: Ensure that visuals complement the text rather than overwhelm it. Use visuals strategically to highlight important points and break up large blocks of text to maintain reader engagement.

02 Creating Compelling Narratives

You must tell a compelling story that guides readers through the design process, challenges faced, and solutions implemented. A strong narrative helps contextualize the project, making it easier for readers to understand the architect’s intentions and the factors that influenced their decisions.

Best Practices for Creating Narratives:

• Start with a Strong Introduction: Begin with a brief overview of the project, including its location, purpose, and key design challenges. This sets the stage for the rest of the case study and captures the reader’s interest.
• Use a Clear Structure: Organize your case study into logical sections, such as background, design concept, materials and construction, sustainability, and user experience. This makes it easy for readers to follow the progression of the project.
• Include Personal Insights: Whenever possible, include quotes or insights from the architect, clients, or users to add a personal touch and provide different perspectives on the project.
• Highlight Key Moments: Focus on pivotal moments in the design and construction process that had a significant impact on the outcome. These could include design revisions, construction challenges, or key decisions that shaped the project.

03 Leveraging Digital Tools and Software for Enhanced Presentation

In today’s digital age, there are numerous tools and software available that can enhance the presentation of architecture case studies.

From interactive 3D models to virtual reality (VR) experiences, digital tools can provide readers with a more immersive and engaging way to explore architectural projects.

Best Practices for Leveraging Digital Tools:

• Use Interactive Elements: Incorporate interactive elements such as clickable floor plans, panoramic views, or 3D models that allow readers to explore the project in greater detail.
• Embed Videos and Animations: Use videos or animations to show the design process, construction phases, or even a walk-through of the building. This can bring the project to life and provide a dynamic way to convey information.
• Consider VR and AR Applications: If resources allow, explore virtual reality (VR) or augmented reality (AR) applications that provide an immersive experience of the project. This can be particularly useful for complex projects where understanding spatial relationships is crucial.
• Ensure Accessibility: While digital tools can enhance a case study, it’s important to ensure that all content is accessible to readers. Provide alternative formats or descriptions for interactive elements to accommodate different user needs.

05 Engaging the Reader

Beyond visuals and narratives, the way you write and format your case study can significantly impact reader engagement. Clear, concise writing and thoughtful formatting help maintain reader interest and make your case study more accessible.

Best Practices for Engaging the Reader:

• Use Clear and Concise Language: Avoid jargon or overly technical language that may alienate some readers. Instead, aim for clear and concise language that is accessible to a broad audience.
• Break Up Text with Subheadings and Bullet Points: Use subheadings, bullet points, and numbered lists to break up large blocks of text and make your content easier to digest.
• Include Callouts and Sidebars: Use callouts or sidebars to highlight key points, interesting facts, or quotes from the architect or users. This can add visual interest and draw attention to important information.
• Encourage Interaction: Encourage readers to engage with the content by including questions or prompts for reflection. You could also invite readers to leave comments or share their thoughts on the project.

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To Sum Up…

Case studies are powerful tools for learning, inspiration, and the advancement of architectural knowledge.

By diving deep into the details of design, context, materials, and user experience, case studies provide invaluable insights into the complex decision-making processes that shape our built environment.

They allow us to learn from past successes and failures, understand the impact of design choices, and explore innovative solutions to architectural challenges.

As the profession continues to evolve, so too must the approach to conducting and presenting case studies. Embracing new technologies, such as digital modeling and virtual reality, will enable more immersive and interactive explorations of architectural projects.

Focusing on sustainability and resilience will ensure that future designs meet the needs of both current and future generations, while incorporating diverse perspectives will make architecture more inclusive and reflective of the communities it serves.

By adhering to best practices and avoiding common pitfalls, we can create case studies that are not only comprehensive and engaging but also meaningful and transformative.

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How to Analyse a Case Study in Architecture

What is a case study.

A case study in architecture is a detailed study of a chosen architectural project, to understand its design, construction, functionality, or contextual importance. The specific architectural qualities examined are to serve as inspiration or as a precedent for your architectural project.

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  how do you choose the right case study for your project.

Selecting the right architectural case study involves defining the aspirations and requirements for your architectural project. These factors could be; project scale, architectural style, structural system, unique construction techniques, sustainability , materials, and cultural context.

Choose a case study that aligns with the aspirations and requirements of your architecture project, offering relevant solutions and insights.

How do you Analyse an Architectural Case Study?

Contextual Analysis: Conducting site analysis to understand the site context, environmental factors and microclimate, and cultural and historical significance.

Design Analysis: Study the architectural style and language, spatial qualities, circulation, and function.

Material and Construction Analysis: Analyse the building’s use of materials, construction and structural systems.

User Experience: Study how occupants interact with and between the spaces, considering comfort and usability.

Examples of architectural Case Studies:

Environment.

The topography, climate, and surrounding context significantly influence architectural design. Exploring these factors creates relationships between the architecture and its surroundings. Architects conduct an extensive site analysis to understand the environmental conditions of a site before beginning the design process . Choosing an architecture case study with similar environmental conditions will be an informative reference during the design concept stage of your project.

Surrounding Context

Studying the surrounding context delves into the historical, cultural, and social backdrop of your architectural case study. This context provides insight into the design decisions that have shaped the design, to integrate the architecture into the context and community seamlessly.

Building Requirements

Building requirements encompass the building regulations, functional needs, and spatial requirements of the project brief . It is useful to understand how a case study has overcome unique constraints with innovative building requirements as it can result in extraordinary architecture.  

The form of a building is sculpted by site analysis , massing studies and building requirements. Understanding the design thinking behind how the form of a building has come to be, allows you to rationalise your design decision-making.

Function provides the purpose of a building. Analysing a case study involves examining how the architecture serves the intended functions.

It delves into how different spaces have been shaped informed by the spaces’ functional requirements as well as spatial planning and the efficiency of the structural layout.

Building Services

A case study can be chosen for its approach to accommodating building services if your project aims to meet similar requirements. This includes the technical layout of electricals, plumbing, ventilation and other essential services that sustain a building.

Analysing images allows you to piece together the architectural qualities, spatial flow, use of material and technical operations of a building. Images of a case study serve as references during the design process.

Site Analysis

Site analysis involves investigating the site characteristics, topography, sun path, and wind patterns. This evaluation helps define the opportunities and constraints of a site and optimally integrates the building with the environment.

Style of Architecture

Each architectural case study involves a study of the style of architecture. Understanding architectural styles provides insight into the cultural, historical, technological and structural influence that shaped the architecture.

Micro-climate

Micro-climate analysis is a nuanced investigation into the site’s environmental conditions. This investigation is conducted to ensure the design maximises efficiency in sustainability and energy consumption as well as shape the design.  

Circulation - Horizontal and Vertical

A study in circulation includes flow patterns, connectivity and pathways to facilitate the optimum movement throughout the building and surrounding landscape.

Structure and Construction

You need to understand the structural system and construction methods of your case study to implement them into your project. Select a case study with a special structure to learn from its engineering innovations.

Access and Approach

The access and approach to a building play a pivotal role in the design process. Prioritising entry points and approach help create a memorable user experience.

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Analysing architectural case studies provides a comprehensive breakdown of how a building has come to be. The insight gained from analysing case studies can be applied to your architectural projects.

Not all types of analysis listed above may be necessary for a case study, instead selecting one a few could influence your project more if they relate directly to your project.

Related FAQs to How to Analyse a Case Study in Architecture

What should an architecture case study include.

Introduction : Background information about the project, architect, and purpose of the case study.

Site Context : Geographic location, topography, climate, surrounding context, and historical significance.

Design Analysis: architectural drawings and diagrams that illustrate the design concepts .

Construction Details : Use of material, structural systems, construction techniques, and innovative engineering methods.

User Experience: How people move around and interact with the space, and functionality assessments.

Conclusion: Summary of key insights and relevance to your projects.

How Should a Case Study be Presented?

Visuals: sketches , photographs, architectural drawings and diagrams to illustrate key points.

Narrative: Describe the project's evolution in a cohesive story, highlighting the challenges and successes.

Organisation: Follow a clear hierarchy, arranging information logically for easy presentation.

What is the Role of Case Study in Architecture?

Learning and Inspiration : Case studies offer tried and tested knowledge of successful design/structural solutions to inspire your architecture project.

Problem-solving: They provide references for architects with similar challenges in their projects.

Educational Tool: Case studies are teaching resources for architecture students and professionals.

What is a case study in architecture?

A case study in architecture is an in-depth analysis of a particular architectural design or project. It can be used to examine the success or failure of a project, and to learn lessons for future projects. Case studies can be written by architects, scholars, or students of architecture.

What defines a case study?

A case study can be defined as an intensive study about a person, a group of people or a unit, which is aimed to generalize over several units’1 A case study has also been described as an intensive, systematic investigation of a single individual, group, community or some other unit in which the researcher examines in detail the characteristics of that unit.2

-A case study might focus on an individual, a group, a community or an organization. -The case might be a real-world instance or a fictionalized account of events. -The case study might examine the past, present or future.

Case studies are often used in social and life sciences research, but they can be employed in any field of inquiry.4 When choosing a case study design, researchers must first decide which type of case study is most appropriate for their research question(s).

There are several different types of case studies, each with its own strengths and weaknesses.

-Exploratory case studies are conducted in order to gain insights into and an understanding of a phenomenon.5 -Desc

How do you analyze an architectural case study

There are various measures that can be taken to enhance a particular space, and it is important to analyze the reason behind the form of the building and how it merges with the surrounding environment. Form and function go hand in hand, and the form of the building should be able to convey the function of the building.

Archdaily is a great source for news, articles, case studies, interviews, and research about architecture. It is one of the most visited websites by architecture students and professors, making it a valuable resource for anyone interested in the field.

What is the main purpose of a case study?

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case. Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation.

What are the 4 most important parts of case study?

A case study is an effective way to show how your product or service has helped a real customer. But, to be truly effective, it should go beyond the basics. Here are four key elements to make your case study more useful and persuasive:

2. Show the Cost of Inertia: A more useful approach is to spell out how much not solving their problem could eventually cost. This will make your case study more persuasive.

3. Prove Your Value: Create a more effective format that really demonstrates how your product or service has helped a customer.

The typical structure of a business case study includes a before and after snapshot of the customer’s business, complete with quotes, statistics, and images. These case studies are often created by the marketing team and given to the sales team in order to help them close more business deals.

What should a case study include

A case study is a detailed description of an individual, organisation or event. In this report, you will be required to select a topic area and write a case study on it. The purpose of the case study is to provide a detailed account of the key issue(s) and finding(s) in the chosen topic area. When writing up your case study, it is important to introduce the topic area and briefly outline the purpose of the case study. The key issue(s) and finding(s) should be summarised without providing too much detail. The theory used in the case study should also be identified. Finally, recommendations should be made based on the findings of the case study.

Set the stage for your case study by introducing the customer. Who are they? What problem were they facing that led them to you?

3. Introduce your product.

The big reveal. This is where you get to show off how your product or service made a difference. What were the results of using your product or service?

What are the four C’s of architectural analysis?

The goal of Enterprise Architecture is to create one unified IT Environment across the firm or all business units. The 4 Cs of Enterprise Architecture are Connection, Collaboration, Communication, and Customers. Simply put, the goal of Enterprise Architecture is to create an integrated IT framework that can be used by all business units within the company. This will allow for better communication and collaboration among employees, as well as improve customer service.

When embarking on a new design project, it is always beneficial to first conduct a case study and literature review of similar projects. This will help to understand what has been done before and what is currently being done in the field. It will also help to identify any gaps in the current knowledge base, which can then be addressed in the new project.

What are the four types of case studies

Descriptive case studies are meant to describe a phenomenon, typically using rich and detailed data. Explanatory case studies seek to explain why something happened, often using causal analysis. Exploratory case reports are used to explore a new issue or phenomenon, and are often preliminary to more extensive research. Intrinsic case studies focus on a particular case in order to understand its unique aspects. Instrumental case studies are conducted in order to help solve a practical problem. Collective case reports are used to study a group of cases in order to identify common patterns or trends.

There are many famous case studies in psychology that have helped to shape our understanding of the human mind and behavior. One of the most famous is the case of Phineas Gage, a man who survived an accident in which a metal rod was driven through his brain. This case provided insight into the relationship between the brain and behavior. Another famous case is that of Anna O., a patient of Freud’s who was one of the first to be diagnosed with hysteria. Her case helped to establish the link between psychological and physical symptoms. Other famous case studies include those of Cleckley’s psychopaths, Genie (the feral child), and the John/Joan case. These cases have all helped to shed light on different aspects of human psychology and have provided valuable insight into the human condition.

Which study is best for architecture?

There are a few really good architecture courses available for Indian students after 12th. I would suggest checking out the BA in Architecture (Hons) or the BSc in Architectural Design Technology (Hons) at a minimum. Both of these programs will give you a great foundation in all things related to architecture and design. If you’re looking for something a little more specialized, you could also consider the Bachelor of Architectural Studies or the Bachelor of Landscape Architecture programs. Both of these programs are highly respected and will give you a great education in their respective fields.

An instrumental case study is undertaken to understand how a phenomenon works, in order to be able to manipulate or improve it.

A collective case study is conducted when the phenomenon under study is too large or too complex to be studied in detail. The researcher must identify the relevant elements of the phenomenon and focus on these.

What are 3 advantages of case studies

Meredith’s (1998) discussion of the advantages of case studies is very clear and helpful. The three main advantages she highlights are relevance, understanding, and exploratory depth. These are all important qualities for a good case study.

Final Words

A case study in architecture is a detailed investigation of a specific project or architectural design, with the goal of understanding how the design was developed and how it works.

Jeffery Parker

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Architecture Student Chronicles

How to conduct a Case Study?

When students begin studying  Architecture at a University, the first thing that they are supposed to become excellent at, is doing a documentation or a case study . It could be a case study of a small village, town, a villa, a bus-stop, or a high-rise commercial or residential building. A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, incident, or community. Other ways include experiments, surveys , or analysis of archival information

What is the purpose of conducting a Case Study?

As the term Case Study suggests, it is the study of a particular case that is similar to your topic of design project. Doing a case study will help you understand the various aspects that you have to consider while designing.

Literature Case study

Before you start with your live case studies, first of all do a complete literature case study. Literature case study consists of reading everything you can find on the subject. You can refer books in a library, use Google to look up research papers, check out Standard Code books and statutory laws or from technical journals.

A literature case study would give you a vague idea about your topic. There will be various questions arising in your mind after you are done with your literature case study. To find the answers to those questions, you will have to go for minimum two live case studies….

Always possibly go for more than two different case studies, because a comparative case study of two or more different cases is very important and helpful.

• While you are doing your first case study, say a Villa, go for a smaller Villa first so that you can figure out the basic minimum requirements.
• In your second case study, go for an extremely lavish Villa so that you are aware of the maximum requirements you could give.

(Being able to provide maximum or minimum requirements in your design is very important)

If there are some requirements that you haven’t come across while doing your case studies but you went through it while you were doing a literature case study, then try implementing those requirements  in your design.

Eleven most important things to analyze in any Case Study

• Environment and micro-climate Analyzing the surrounding environment and the micro-climate of that place will help understand the reason of the orientation of the structure, the kind of roof chosen and the materials used in its construction.
• User behavior and requirements Studying the functioning of a particular place, say a Hospital, is very important; without which you will not be able to figure out the requirements and the area that should be allotted for each of the requirements.Talking to people working at that place (Hospital), will help you figure out if the requirements that are provided are adequate and he area that is allotted is sufficient for its efficient working.
• Utility and space enhancement Study of Utilitarian facilities of a particular case is also important. Various measures taken to enhance a particular space should be analyzed.
• Form and Function Analyzing the reason behind the form of that particular building…and how it merges with the surrounding environment. Form and Function go hand in hand. The form of the building should be able to convey the function of the building. A lot of Architects say “Form follows Function”.As an example, an institutional building should not end up looking like a museum or a disco.Some other Architects might disagree with that philosophy. They’d say that the function of a structure keeps changing but changing the form of the building everytime its function changes is not possible. They say, Adopt a “Universal Design Scheme”.
• Horizontal and vertical circulation Horizontal circulation consists of elements such as the corridors and lobbies. Vertical circulation includes elevators, staircases, ramps etc. The efficiency of the placement of these services should be analyzed.
• Site Planning and Landscape detailing Refer to the Article on the blog “ A Guide to Site Planning “, which deals with different aspects considered in site planning in greater detail.
• Structural details such as Column and Beam Design, Steel  and Composite structures Understanding and analyzing the structural details is also important. For example, large span structures such as Auditoriums use trusses or heavy I-section steel beams and sometimes shell-roofing that involve construction of Ring beams whereas in small span structures, RCC construction is used.
• Building Services such as Fire Alarm system, HVAC, Water supply systems The working of Fire Alarm system, HVAC and Water supply systems should be examined and their space requirements are to be analyzed.
• Design detailing considering the Barrier-free environment Implementation of the Barrier-free architecture for comfortable access to disabled people. Most public buildings have mandatory accessibility systems for the disabled. Check out Guidelines to the Disability Standards for Access to Premises 200X. (Australian law)
• Socio-economic profile of user group It might also be important to find out the socio-economic profile of the people using the services so as to determine their requirements and available resources.
• Parking details and standards Measure the allotted parking area on site, say for ten cars, then calculate the average area for each car and compare it with the areas specified in TSS (Time Savers Standards).

Conducting a case study is hard work. Sometimes, it is so small, it could be done in days, but on other occasions, it takes weeks to document and compile all the data. It involves going on-site, meeting and taking to people, lots of traveling, plenty of photography, and some fun. It is the most important of assignments you might get as an architectural students.

This is where you learn from reality, actual stuff, as opposed to only theoretical knowledge. When I was learning law I took every chance I could get to learn from people actually doing the work I was aiming for, yes I did “donate” many hours to Winters & Yonker, P.A. , but in the end is was worth every minute. Looking at places first hand  and documenting information would give you many insights and ideas and let you peek into the minds of professional architects and designers who have used years of experience and improvisation to design and create incredible structures.

Case studies of some of the famous Structures mentioned below:

 SPA – Delhi

VNIT – Nagpur

Thiagaraj Convention Center

TKM College of Engineering (Chennai)

42 thoughts on “How to conduct a Case Study?”

We want to design an oldage home how u can help

You live in Delhi and I am in Hyderabad, so I might not be of much help, unless you want my father (Architect Javed – http://www.architectjaved.com/ ) to design it for you.

If you want more info on Old age homes, see http://architecture-student.com/design-guide/guide-to-designing-old-age-homes/

The hardest part is looking for related literature especially when your research topic is new. It may be that difficult but it is surely unique when done and published.

I’m an attorney and when studying law we spent the bulk of the time reading what is called caselaw which is existing decisions that forms our law. We are to find cases that support our clients’ fact scenario so that the decision is our clients’ favour.

The parallel with architecture is uncanny as architects use existing structures and environments to form the basis for a new project. As the saying goes, “no need to reinvent the wheel” but it’s good to evolve from existing structures. Likewise, the law evolves.

Case Study is itself a very necessary work to be done before appearing to anything to be done. It’s just a sample report before appearing for any cases to get it solved properly.

A good blog to read on and to be shared amongst all…..

For me, Case Study is really important on anything you are planning in order to have a well planned and a successful outcome. Doing a Case Study on anything gives you an idea for the pro’s and con’s of that. I’m glad there’s such an article like this!

Case studies are a great way to plan lots of things, not just architectural projects. It’s almost like doing the work without actually doing the work, so you can identify sticking points, potential problems and lots more.

thank you that really helped….!! im a first year b.arch student….

Hello Nanda, We are glad our site has been of help to you. Do keep visiting. We wish you all the best for your future!

will do 🙂 thanku 🙂

it’s really helpful!! thx a lot!

i am beginning my thesis in B. arch. n so m requiring a hypothetical site of about 3 acres here in india with the climate warm and humid. topic is performing arts centre in kerala. how do i find and fix a hypothetical site?

Hello Resbi, The best way to find an appropriate site for your project could be done by using Google Earth.

i would like to know the steps and what case studies to do about for a multispeciality hospital

As im in 2nd year of b.arch

I have not much studed about much detailed

Like casestudy,site analysis’

It will help me

Thanks u again

U can see our 1st year architecture 1st month exibition video on youtube

hi !!!I’m a 1st year b.arch and v hav 2 do a case study on an architect’s firm . cud u tell me wat all i shud include in my case study???v hav to do a case study on a bungalow also…

Hello Joan,

The following links will be of help to you.

Guide for conducting a casestudy for a villa

Also check out: Cafeteria Design

i am a first year b.arch student..i have got a case study to do..can u please guide me by teling how many sheets should i present..please guide me..as soon as posible..ur site helpd me to knw how to do case study but i also want to know how many sheets should it include..please guide me..

tanx for this good work.pls do continue.

Number of sheets doesn’t matter until you pin down your inferences correctly …… for a first year student i guess a max of 1 or 2 A1 sheets or a ppt of less than 20 slides should be enough in terms of quantity …. make sure you put the point across 🙂 🙂

This was really helpful. Thank you very much. Just about to go for a case study on 2 schools.

What r all things I should see for bedroom attached bathroom casestudy.

Thank you for some other wonderful article. The place else could anyone get that type of information in such an ideal manner of writing? I’ve a presentation next week, and I am on the search for such information.

this really helped alot Thankyou

love your articles ,wld love to b part of this, was just surfing the net and found this…….good work to u guys

Hey, this really helped I’m goin for a case study on resorts tmrw Would appreciate any pointers to observe there thanq ????

hello,i am second year b.arch student,i have to do case study on luxury primary school . cud you please tell me what all should i include in my case study ???and also case study for the kids school…………

For a project like that, you should visit a minimum of two schools. One would be a high profile school and the other one could be a private low budget school or a government school. After you casestudies you will be able to draw comparisons between the two and that should help you come up with your list of requirements. let me know if you have any other questions.

I am doing by 3rd year b arch n this time our project is based on housing for artist Wht all shld I keep in mind while designing for artist n der family member who are non artist

Hello Monisha, I recommend you to read this article: http://architecture-student.com/case-studies/design-of-an-artist%E2%80%99s-house-guide-for-conducting-a-casestudy-of-a-villa/

Nice bolg. Thank you. I am barch student. I would like to know how to do comparison study of any two building. Now I have done with case study of a gallery (ngma Bangalore). I have done sub case study as well as literature study. But I want to know how exactly should I do comparitive study. More than write up comparison, How well can I present it

I am doing thesis on Orphan children and oldage home combining both generations together so as to create marvelous socially conceptual design. Help me with bestest case study from which I can learn alot to create spaces for both.

I am final year in srm rampuram school od architecture and doing thesis on township. So could anyone help with sum reference for case study and literature study as soon as possible

Hello Revathy,

When you say township… what kind of township. Give us some description of your thesis project so that we could give suggestions as to how you could proceed.

thanks a lot it is great information has answered some of my questions

hello.i have taken up the topic EMBASSY(any country) Design for my final year thesis. i was wondering if you could help me out with the plans for casestudies,since i hear it will be quite a problem with all the security.

It is not an excellent topic for design. You should have chosen something that would let you explore your ideas. Embassy building would look like a commercial block…nothing interesting… this is not something people havent seen. I do not think you will get permission for a livecasestudy of any embassy. No one would let you in. So if you still have time, i would suggest you choose a more design oriented topic.

hey i am doing thesis on low cost building materials and technology.i wanna do commercial project on this topic. can you suggest me project name or case study on this topic.

I have taken service apartment complex for tourist as my final year thesis. Help me to find the best case study for thesis.

Hello. Im studying b.arch 4th year. Im supposed to do a thesis case study, on Automobile industry i.e a car manufacturing plant. Can you please help me regarding this, as what all i should include and what steps i need to follow to complete my case study. Please reply me asap. Thank you.

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How to Present Architectural Case Studies like a Pro

Design is arbitrary. Design is subjective , and there is just no way of getting around the fact, and architecture in many ways is the art of convincing people that one’s design was the right move and one of the ways you can convince people is through case studies. There is no way to avoid that reality, and case studies are one of the methods to persuade others that your design choices are sound. In many respects, architecture is the art of persuasion. Architectural case studies act as a shield that, when properly presented, can be a very effective way for one to defend your design viewpoints , especially if anyone chooses a project that has already been successful and was completed by a well-known architect. This can help one establish a strong foundation for design strategies because it can be much more difficult to critique something that has already been shown to be effective.

Architectural case studies should be presented in an educational, interesting way, and can build a strong case for your project. While performing a case study, one could learn many different things. Still, when giving a presentation, one must highlight the elements one will use in their design, diagram the visuals, and remember that visual continuity is important.

“Every great design begins with an even better story.”

Which case study to choose?

The first step is to determine the type of structure to be developed. Consider whether your project is within the categories of a residential project , a public building, a private mixed-use project, etc. By doing so, you may focus your search and locate projects with similar outlines. This does not imply that a structure that is unconnected at all will not be useful. A building’s components may be more significant than its function.

For instance, Correa stayed away from high-rise housing options, emphasizing low-rise ones that, when combined with amenities and common areas, highlighted the human scale and fostered a feeling of community. This is how case studies help us to view the projects with a certain inspiration to be used in our projects.

The next important point is to confirm that the case study and your project have parallel elements. This may be the atmosphere or climate , anything analogous that you can connect to. You can always decide to include some in your project if there aren’t any. Remember that they are there to help you and frequently have more expertise about various structures. Better still, if your brief mentions any interesting buildings, you may always start there.

What points are to be kept in mind?

• Attractive elements-

One feature of the building may appeal more than any other aspect. To make a building into something much more fascinating , for instance, the usage of a specific sort of beam or steel structure, or even the materials that were utilized for the design, might be crucial. Focus on the space’s fantastic structural features if their intended use is irrelevant, and you can still make use of them.

• Balancing form and function-

Extreme aesthetic aspects in some structures may be more challenging to plan and implement. Utilizing your own smaller test models, ascertain how these shapes were developed and then apply them to your system. The purpose of a architectural case studies is to improve any project. Without using the research , it is pointless to do it.

• Area requirements-

Study the building’s utilization in further detail, including how each room is used. Depending on a project or brief and what precisely one wants to learn from the case study, it can be as detailed as one likes. Try making a physical visit if it’s feasible, and write as many notes as possible on the experience. Consider the interior areas and their functions thoroughly.

• Technicalities-

Concentrate on the case study’s technical components if necessary. The HVAC or other concealed systems may be of interest if the concerned project is geared toward domestic areas.

Last but not least, be sure to provide several important case study photographs . Instead of choosing basic front elevations, examine closer and pay attention to details.

What are the best ways to present?

After conducting a tonne of research and compiling this information, one must figure out how to incorporate it into a portfolio.

• Site analysis-

The most effective way to communicate your results is via a site analysis . This type of page might be a straightforward construction diagram with comments outlining the noteworthy elements you discovered and why they are significant.

• Images and graphics –

No matter how big your page size is, don’t overstuff it. Choose four to five main photos that may be expanded on later. When printing them, make sure the quality is good. It should be required to use text.

Always look for quality over quantity.

• Models and Iterations-

Put these in if you decide to conduct any experiments using physical or digital models . It demonstrates engagement with the undertaking and effort in making decisions on any building. These might be of great use when creating subsequent sketches.

•       SWOT Analysis-

Analyzing the strength, weaknesses, and opportunities, threats of the concerned project can be of great help. An opportunities and limitations diagram can be created for architectural case studies and site analyses. Although it’s not necessary, one may undoubtedly construct one if it’s essential.

• Crisp and clear data –

The best way is to use pictures or diagrams to accompany all the data you have acquired, including any historical details. Try to limit the amount of text on the page to what is necessary to convey the main ideas.

In addition to this, bear in mind that using the right color schemes, grids, tags, and human figures, as well as their surroundings, adds valuable information and serves as the cherry on top.

References-

• https://toscaleblog.co.uk/analysing-architecture-case-studies-for-beginners/
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n0c_BzpLUYM&t=19s&ab_channel=ArchiHacks

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How Architecture Case Study Can Benefit Students

As an architecture student, how often do you take delight in doing architectural case studies? Does it excite you or make you frazzled? Irrespective of how you feel, a case study in architecture proves to be a privilege to the students in this discipline. You get to study a project of a similar genre, ascertain the design principles of the designer, and understand its scope before conceiving the design. You can also visualize the design more closely and manage the intrinsic affairs independently.

Table of Contents

What Is A Case Study In Architecture?

An architecture case study is the in-depth analysis, exploration, and understanding of an existing building. While students consider a case study in architecture as the starting point of any project, it can also serve as a reference to proceed with the intricacies of a project. For example, the following image shows the case study of “The National Gallery Of Modern Art”.

There is no definite format for representing a case study. For instance, the following images show the case study of “The Church of the Light” by Tadao Ando in various styles.

It is fun as an individual can travel a lot and meet different types of people. At the same time, how an architecture case study benefits us relies on how we perceive and deal with it. 

Philosophy of a Case Study In Architecture 

To make it easy to understand, we have summarized the philosophy below:

Literature 

You may not always be aware of the scope or objective of an upcoming project. The entire planning process might seem strenuous, and all your questions may remain unanswered. In such cases, an architecture case study can come to the rescue. It exposes an individual to the intricate details of a live project and answers all your questions practically. It helps in broadening your academic boundary, making your literature strong, and analyzing the following:

• Architectural Style

The regional or communal context and its predominance in the design.

• Micro-climate and Environment 

The surrounding nature and various important climatic factors like sun path, wind direction, or rainfall can affect the building in a particular site.

• Requirements Based On User Behaviors

The areas will suffice the purpose and efficiency by keeping gender, age group, well-being, and other factors in mind. For instance, a hospital is different from a commercial shopping center.

An architecture case study allows you to study the design philosophy that an architect used. Then you can analyze what worked and what did not, identify the pros and cons, and grasp what you need. It also helps you determine the following details:

• Planning and Analysis of Site

The site dimensions, site-to-building ratio, orientation, geology, hydrography, vegetation, etc.

• Function and Form

Which philosophy to adopt between “function follows form” and “form follows function”? Why does a building stand that way or why does it stick out from the immediate surroundings?

• Construction Materials and Technologies 

The available materials and commonly-used technologies in that region.

• Structural Details 

The columns, beams, and trusses are used in a building.

• Connectivity/Linkage 

How to link various activities inside the built space?

• Vertical and Horizontal Circulation

The placement of elevators, ramps, and staircases, or the area assigned for building lobbies and corridors.

• Access Locations

The entry and exit points of the building and the site.

• Services and Utility Systems

Determine why services like water supply systems, electrical layouts, HVAC, or fire alarms are necessary for a building.

• Barrier-free Consideration 

The design accessibility to children, people who have a disability, aged people, and pregnant women.

Imagination 

At times, you may mimic the case study you are studying instead of getting inspired by it. It happens because your thought process gets trapped in the shackles of your architecture case study. It may seem difficult to think outside the box. So, coax yourself to start afresh and let your imaginations do the rest.

Generalization 

You cannot adopt every element of it as a blueprint for your design. An architecture case study will make you realize that. Every design is distinctly unique and meant to fit in with ever-changing parameters like climate, region, and user requirements. Putting every single design problem in the same mold would lead you nowhere.

Therefore, treat every design problem differently.

Diversity 

It is necessary to have at least a couple of options to study from instead of sticking to one particular architecture case study. It forbids you to imitate an existing design and lets your creativity flow. 

So, initiate your case study with a small-scale project to outline the basics and consider another large-scale project to modify the required parameters you did not include before.

Architecture is a dynamic course where learning delves deeper and much beyond the scope of the textbooks. It is an undertaking to design the future by continuing the legacy of human civilization while minimizing past mistakes. All these reasons make the precedence of architecture case study an inevitable necessity.

Remember: we intend to research, understand the concepts that the architect has applied, and learn how that project worked. Meanwhile, we should also be able to point out the flaws and perfect them while introducing them in our projects.

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A case study is a research strategy that uses "an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon or setting" in its real life context. (Adapted from Groat, Architectural Research Methods , 346).

Check out these books from the library for further guidance on case studies:

• Flyvbjerg, Bent. "Five Misunderstandings About Case Study Research." Qualitative Inquiry, 12, no. 2 (April 2006): 219-245.

• Last Updated: Sep 9, 2024 3:19 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.utexas.edu/interior_design

Parti Shot: High Meadow Ranch by Richard Beard Architects

Richard Beard Architects has designed many wonderful houses on extraordinary sites, but this 47-acre parcel in California’s 20,000-acre Santa Lucia ...

Case Study: Slide-By House by Estes Twombly + Titrington

Situated on the edge of Massachusetts near the border with Rhode Island, the eponymously named Westport was the westernmost port ...

Case Study: Concord Blend by Eck MacNeely Architects

Before they lived in their current residence—whose design was meticulously orchestrated by Eck MacNeely Architects—the owners had lived in a ...

ARCHITECTURAL INTERIORS

Case Study: Tribeca Penthouse by Min Design

The penthouse apartment in the converted 1874 warehouse in New York had soaring ceiling heights, an abundance of daylight, and…

Case Study: Two Gables by Wheeler Kearns

The aptly named Two Gables residence in Glencoe, Illinois, might appear premeditated, but its symmetrical form emerged organically to serve…

Case Study: Tudor Redux by Cohen & Hacker Architects

The 1913 Tudor Revival would need more than gallons of white paint to turn it into a welcoming, light-filled home…

Case Study: 519 Indiana by Studio 804

Urban lots are not for the faint of heart, especially when surrounded by existing dwellings that predate zoning codes. Such…

RURAL / SECOND HOMES

Situated on the edge of Massachusetts near the border with Rhode Island, the eponymously named Westport was the westernmost port…

Before they lived in their current residence—whose design was meticulously orchestrated by Eck MacNeely Architects—the owners had lived in a…

Case Study: The Narrows by Whitten Architects

Like many retirees, Whitten Architects’ clients came to Downeast Maine looking for an escape from their full-time life near Boston,…

Case Study: Vermont Farmhouse by ART Architects

If anyone knows how to design the quintessential New England farmhouse, it’s the Boston-based firm of Albert, Righter & Tittmann…

Case Study: Barrera House by Cotton Estes Architect

We all have a different idea of what our last, best house might look like and where it might be.…

Case Study: Presidio Heights Residence by Nick Noyes Architecture

Not far from the Presidio—a national park and Historic Landmark District at the foot of the Golden Gate Bridge—San Francisco’s…

Case Study: West Lynn Residence by A Parallel Architecture

The sensitive renovation of a historic house can take many directions, and the possibilities are compounded when a wing is…

Case Study: Old Yacht Club by Elliott Architects

There are many reasons to rescue an old building—because you have to is one of them, because you want to…

Case Study: Farm to Table by McInturff Architects

It turns out that a dairy barn can become a family getaway without much ado, design-wise. Consider this rural Virginia…

ON THE BOARDS

Richard Beard Architects has designed many wonderful houses on extraordinary sites, but this 47-acre parcel in California’s 20,000-acre Santa Lucia…

Parti Shot: Silver Cloud by Studio B

Slicing across a rocky ridge where two valleys converge, Silver Cloud accommodates a young family and its many passions and…

Parti Shot: Stacked Moor by Flavin Architects

Most homeowners feel they could benefit from just a little more space. In an older house, that need for space…

Parti Shot: Lake Tahoe Cabins by RO | ROCKETT DESIGN

Humans have a primal desire to live by the water, even if it means assuming some hardships to do so.…

Custom Doors Open Incredible Possibilities

A grand entrance to a home. A point of passage through an interior. A secure bulwark. A custom door is…

Sponsored Case Study: Simple Comfort in an Oregon Home

When architect Nahoko Ueda set out to design a family home in the rolling terrain outside Salem, Oregon, her goals…

Sponsored Case Study: A Private Lake Side Retreat in Texas

When you first see the 2,600sq ft lake house in Riverside, Texas, it looks like a glass box floating on…

Sponsored Case Study: Echo Hills Residence by Robert Gurney

Architect Robert Gurney leverages a site’s steeply sloped terrain to transform a suburban Maryland home into a tranquil oasis that takes its cues from nature.

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About the case study library.

Home Case Study Library About the Case Study Library

Our Case Study Library is the ‘go-to’ resource for certified best practice case studies in the built environment, showcasing some of the world’s most cutting-edge sustainable buildings.

Each case study demonstrates outstanding performance of an operational building that complies with at least one of WorldGBC’s three strategic impact areas: Climate Action ; Health , Equity & Resilience ; and Resources & Circularity .  

Travel the world’s sustainable buildings through our interactive map . 

Whether it be health benefits, regeneration of nature, or achieving net zero carbon, WorldGBC recognises these case studies as global leaders for sustainable built environments. Each case study has been validated by established certification schemes, rating tools or other third-party verification.

Our Case Study Library is continually evolving to highlight the ‘best in class’ buildings that excel in key areas of sustainability, and to recognise the growing market demand for low-carbon, healthy, equitable and circular buildings. 

Submissions are reviewed against the qualification criteria , developed by WorldGBC with input from an advisory committee of development partners. This process ensures that each featured project represents an outstanding example of sustainability in the built environment across our three impact areas.

Sustainability focus areas

The three focus areas include:

1) Net zero carbon case studies of new developments, major renovations, existing buildings or spaces, that demonstrate either the following achievement:

— Net Zero Operational Carbon

For existing buildings or spaces, the case study should demonstrate how net zero operational carbon emissions have been achieved. The building should demonstrate the highest levels of energy efficiency with the use of either renewables generated onsite or renewable energy procured offsite.

The building must be verified and certified as “net zero operational energy and/or carbon” through Green Building Council or third-party certification schemes related to zero carbon and based on a minimum of 12-months data.

Verification of the compensation for residual emissions, if applicable, should also be provided.

— Net Zero Whole Life Carbon  

For new developments and major renovations, the case study should have achieved both net zero upfront embodied carbon and net zero operational carbon. The case study should demonstrate maximised reduction of embodied carbon emissions during the design and construction phase, and optimised for maxmised reductions across the building lifecycle, according to local/regional/international benchmarks or targets. Any remaining residual upfront carbon emissions (A1 – A5) must then be compensated (offset) at the point of practical completion of the project.

The building should have its life cycle assessments (LCA) and whole life carbon data verified and certified under Green Building Council or other third-party certification schemes related to LCA/net zero embodied carbon/net zero whole life carbon. Verification of the compensation for residual emissions at the point of practical completion should also be provided. 

Note: Case studies that have achieved reductions in embodied carbon, but have not compensated (offset) for any remaining residual upfront embodied carbon emissions (A1 – A5) at point of practical completion, should submit under the ‘Resources and Circularity’ category, as well as case studies that have only achieved net zero upfront embodied carbon but not net zero operational carbon.

Find out more about net zero carbon buildings through our Advancing Net Zero programme.

2) Health, equity and resilience case studies of existing buildings or spaces that provide features which enhance one or all of these elements. 

The case study must demonstrate that outstanding performance in these elements can be done through a holistic green building certification scheme, or through achieving specific health or social-based certification or validation. Outstanding performance can also be demonstrated using verified performance data, such as Post-Occupancy Evaluations. 

Find out more about healthy, equitable and resilient buildings through our Better Places for People programme. 

3) Resources and Circularity case studies of buildings or spaces that illustrate the principles of the circular economy in an exceptional way. 

This includes efficient use of natural resources, such as water, and the regeneration of nature. Reducing embodied carbon through efficient and low carbon design, materials and construction processes is important to start reducing whole life carbon across the built environment. Circularity principles must be demonstrated across the entire asset (individual product-level assessments cannot be used to verify an entire asset), and commitment to circular economy practices across the entire lifecycle must be demonstrated. 

Find out more about circular and resource efficient buildings through our Circularity Accelerator programme.

What is the Case Study Library?

WorldGBC’s Case Study Library is an online tool showcasing buildings globally that are elevating their response to the climate emergency through leading certification schemes. This will enable us to fulfil our mission of communicating and educating on industry best practice, specifically in relation to healthy, circular, and net zero carbon buildings.

By keeping track of these projects, WorldGBC is able to share insights and provide solutions to these critical issues. Our aim is to inform policymakers, designers, and developers about the feasibility and best practices to advance sustainable building performance.

What buildings are eligible for the Case Study Library?

Relevant certification is required for buildings to be featured in the Case Study Library, and buildings must undergo a third party verification process and adhere to performance requirements of the appropriate schemes. 

The schemes used should represent the highest market performance level in the focus areas of healthy, circular, and net zero carbon buildings, and can be any building typology or location.

Please refer to the criteria for each category.

What information is required?

To see the list of questions in the submission form required for the Case Study Library,  click here .

How long does my project stay on the library?

Your project can stay in the library for as long as the performance level is maintained. This should be reviewed every five years, but may be reviewed as per the certification scheme pursued, for example, if the scheme requires recertification every two years. If the performance level is no longer achieved, please contact the relevant programme lead for each category. 

What if my project meets the criteria of more than one category? e.g. “Net Zero operational carbon and Resources and Circularity” or “Whole Life Carbon and Health, Equity and Resilience”

These projects will demonstrate exceptional sustainability performance, and will be pioneers in the industry, showing what the sector can and should achieve, whilst inspiring others to elevate their ambition for the benefit of people and planet.

When submitting your project via the form , there is a section called “Performance Area” where you will see the categories presented. Here, you can select the categories that your project falls under and you can fill in the required fields for each category. 

Case studies may be accepted, but not necessarily for all categories chosen. The teams responsible for each category will review your project and provide feedback. 

How will I know if my project has been accepted?

Following a review by WorldGBC, the submitter will receive an email confirming if the submission has been accepted or not. In some cases, we will contact you to clarify information if unclear and to avoid the submission being rejected. 

If your building is to be featured on our social media, you will be contacted by a team member to discuss the next steps. 

What if my building is high performance but not certified?

We will review and consider buildings that have not been certified under traditional schemes, but are able to demonstrate the equivalent level of performance via third party verified data, such as a “special pleading case” (see below).

What is a "special pleading" case?

We recognise that not all high performance buildings are certified, for many reasons. The “special pleading” option allows the inclusion of world class case studies that have not pursued a traditional rating tool path, but have externally verified performance as a sustainable building and meet the same performance criteria (and in operation at time of submission).

We will accept projects that are able to demonstrate the equivalent level of performance and maintain the exemplary standards demonstrated by the qualification criteria. The minimum requirement is third party verification of performance data, which is confirmed via the disclaimer in the submission form. Entries will be evaluated for alignment against the criteria.

Over time, we seek to develop metrics and benchmarks against key performance criteria and expand the inclusivity of this initiative.

Can I submit if my project is under construction?

We appreciate that there are many buildings currently under design or construction that are seeking to achieve these performance standards. Our current focus is on buildings that demonstrate how these standards were achieved post construction. This helps us maintain alignment with our project missions. We look forward to including your building in our Case Study Library once its been completed and its performance has been verified. 

My project is "net zero ready", can this be submitted?

In cases where a building operates at an equivalent high performance standard, but for reasons beyond the control of the project team cannot achieve verified net zero carbon status due to legal, energy procurement or other restrictions, these are encouraged to be submitted as “special pleading” projects for consideration.

In these cases, the local GBC will also be consulted.

What are the submission criteria?

Find out more about the criteria required for acceptance into the Case Study Library.

Who can I contact if I have further questions?

For any queries, please contact the respective programme leads:  

Net Zero Operational Carbon/Whole Life Carbon case studies  — Rebecca Dilnot, [email protected]

Health, Equity and Resilience case studies — Natali Ghawi, [email protected]   

Resources and Circularity case studies — Carolina Montano-Owen, [email protected]

World Green Building Council Suite 01, Suite 02, Fox Court, 14 Gray’s Inn Road, London, WC1X 8HN

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How to Write a Compelling Architecture Case Study

Table of Contents

An architecture case study serves as both an educational tool for aspiring designers and a resource for professionals working in the field. It must be comprehensive and explore all necessary elements to draw accurate conclusions. In this article, we will outline the key elements that you need to analyze to help ensure your work captures all relevant details. We’ll also share some quick tips that can help your writing process. We’ve got a ton to discuss, so let’s get into it!

What is a Case Study?

Generally, a case study is an in-depth exploration of a particular subject, typically focusing on its development or success over time . In architecture, it is a narrative document that explores and analyses an architectural project from start to finish. It typically covers everything from the creative process to practical challenges and other factors affecting the development stages. The main goal of the study is to provide insight into how architects approach their work and understand the discipline as a whole.

Importance of Architectural Case Studies

Architectural case studies are invaluable resources that provide a wealth of information to architects and designers. By studying different designs, architects can learn from past experiences and develop better approaches for future projects. Other ways an architectural case study can be used are:

• Design Inspiration : Through studying existing architecture, one can gain inspiration for their own designs. It’s a great way to understand the thought processes that went into creating the original project. This helps architects develop innovative ideas and create unique structures. 
• Project Planning : An architectural case study can serve as a starting point for the planning of future projects. It provides a clear outline of the steps necessary to reach a successful outcome.
• Risk Management : The outcomes of an architectural case study can help inform risk management decisions when undertaking a large building project. By assessing what went wrong in similar cases, architects can take all necessary precautions to avoid similar mistakes in their projects. 

How do I pick a Case Study?

Choosing the subject for your   architecture case study is a big decision. It requires careful thought to ensure the right fit. First, you’ll need to identify the type of case study you want to focus on. Do you want to explore residential or commercial projects? Or do you wish to delve into urban design and planning initiatives? Once you have determined the general scope of the project, narrow down your list further by looking at specific features such as:

• Sustainability, and so on.

Doing this initial research will help you develop a more focused plan for your case study.

Key Elements an Architecture Case Study Should Analyze

When analyzing an Architecture Case Study, it is essential to consider a range of elements to draw meaningful conclusions. Here are some essentials elements that you need to analyze::

This refers to the physical location of a building, including its geographical features such as elevation and orientation to sun and wind. Analyzing the site will provide insight into how the architecture integrates with the existing environment.

Structural Systems

This involves examining the systems used to support the structure’s weight, such as columns and beams. It is essential to consider how these systems interact with other elements to create a cohesive design.

Environment

This element looks at how the architecture will interact with the surrounding environment. It assesses noise pollution, air quality, water runoff, and other ecological concerns. Evaluating nearby buildings and other structures also helps consider how a building might impact the area. And it can help inform you if any compliance issues must be addressed before proceeding.

Building Envelope

The outer shell of a building keeps out external elements while allowing access to internal spaces. Examining its material composition, form, and function can offer insight into the overall aesthetic of the project.

Spatial Organization

This refers to how rooms or areas within a building are organized. Evaluating how spaces interact helps you understand circulation patterns, natural lighting opportunities, and so on.

How does the architecture reflect cultural values? Is it attempting to express something unique or innovative? An analysis of aesthetics will help to uncover what ideas the architect was trying to communicate through their design.

Sustainability

Sustainable design considers resource efficiency throughout all stages of construction and occupancy. Examining a project’s efforts toward sustainability is essential when evaluating its success and environmental impact.

Quick Tips for Writing an Architecture Case Study

•  Research the architectural project extensively and compile detailed notes on all key elements. 
• Clearly define the scope of the case study by outlining your objectives and intended outcomes. 
• Analyze the architecture from multiple perspectives, such as structural, aesthetic, functional, spatial, etc. 
• Ask questions that invite deeper exploration into how the structure was built and why certain design choices were made. 
• Include photos, sketches, or other visuals to support your written analysis. 
• Use storytelling techniques to make your case study more engaging and relatable for readers. 
• Ensure accuracy and consistency throughout your writing by proofreading multiple times. 
• Summarize your findings in a concise conclusion, providing key takeaways or recommendations for future projects.

Final Words

Architectural case studies are essential in the field by providing practitioners with valuable data and design inspiration . By studying existing projects, you can gain valuable insights that will inform and increase the quality of your future work.

Abir Ghenaiet

Abir is a data analyst and researcher. Among her interests are artificial intelligence, machine learning, and natural language processing. As a humanitarian and educator, she actively supports women in tech and promotes diversity.

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Case Studies  

Below you will find case studies that demonstrate the 'whole building' process in facility design, construction and maintenance. Click on any arrow in a column to arrange the list in ascending or descending order.

Many case studies on the WBDG are past winners Beyond Green™ High-Performance Building and Community Awards sponsored by the National Institute of Building Sciences.

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Offices and Workplaces: Examples in Plan

• Written by Fabian Dejtiar
• Published on March 07, 2019

The functional distribution plays a fundamental role in the contemporary design of offices and places for work. The study of the architecture plan shows an interesting form of approach; not only allows for proper logistics and circulation but find efficient variations and innovations that will enable better workspaces that adapt to the current needs.

We have selected more than 50 plans of projects that will inspire you , recognizing the different ways in which architects have faced the challenge to design offices, in all different scale ranges.

• How Coworking and Coliving are Redefining Space as a Service
• Most Architects Prefer Working in Organized Spaces, But Some Opt for "Organized Chaos"

100 m2 to 300 m2

Chichi office / koyori + atelier salt 45 m2.

Oficinas Ruales Izurieta Publicidad / Arquitectura X 82 m2

Oficina estudio IGLOO / estudio IGLOO 85 m2

VE GRANDE Headquarters / Punto Arquitectónico + VE GRANDE 100 m2

SISII / Yuko Nagayama & Associates 114 m2

LoCa Studio Office / LoCa Studio 130 m2

SMOG / Sebastián Bravo 140 m2

Apos2 / Apostrophy’s 176 m2

Co-Working Office / APPAREIL 205 m2

Social Tailors / SuperLimão Studio 250 m2

Tectonic / Graham Baba Architects 254 m2

Loft Office / jvantspijker

Cadena + Asociados Concept Design Headquarters / Cadena Concept Design 300 m2

ZAMNESS / nook architects 300 m2

300  m2 to 600 m2

Part studio / xutai design and reseach 320 m2.

Oficinas Hub Madrid / CH+QS arquitectos

Capital One Lab / Studio O+A 325 m2

DECERTO / MOKO Architects + MFRMGR 400 m2

Impact Hub Berlin / Leroux Sichrovsky Architects 400 m2

WIX.COM Office in Vilnius / INBLUM 456 m2

Lookup HQ / Bhumiputra Architecture

Tech901 / archimania 460 m2

Nikken Space Design Osaka Office 464 m2

9GAG Office / LAAB Architects 465 m2

Factory Office Renovation / Vo Trong Nghia Architects 486 m2

FINE / Bora Architects 508 m2

Hybrid Office / Edward Ogosta Architecture 557 m2

Gazeta.ru News Agency Office / Nefa Architects 600m2

Google Mexico / SPACE 600 m2

600  m2 to 800 m2

Remodelación edificio ma / azul celeste.

SWhouse_Office and house in Nha Trang / Chon.a 640 m2

Autogasco Headquarters / Nicolás Maino Gaete 660 m2

Capco and Bold Rocket Offices / D+DS architecture office

Sony Music Entertainment Amsterdam / Space Encounters BV 700 m2

Ironhack 22@ / Mariana de Delás + Meta Studio 711 m2

Hungry Man Productions / FreelandBuck 740 m2

Buzzfeed LA Office / JIDK 743 m2

CLOUD Coworking / MESURA 750 m2

Cargo / Group8 780 m2

Oficinas Prodigy MSN / SPACE 800 m2

Connekt / Ateliers 800 m2

800  m2 to 1500 m2

Factory life / julie d'aubioul 860 m2.

Oficinas Cheap Monday / Uglycute 900 m2

Dinamarca 399 / Joaquín Velasco Rubio 985 m2

Hubba-to / Supermachine Studio 989 m2

Edificio Urban Station San Telmo / Felipe Francisco Aguirre Arquitecto 1000 m2

Uniplaces Headquarters / Paralelo Zero 1000 m2

Oficinas No Picnic / Elding Oscarson 1100 m2

Estudio de abogados EGL / GOAA 1400 m2

Slack Toronto Office / Dubbeldam Architecture + Design 2100 m2

Office of RD Construction / IND Architects 2200 m2

CDLE Offices / R-Zero 2330 m2

Second Home London Office / Selgascano 2400 m2

Äripäev Office / Arhitekt 11 2700m2

Calowiz&CO / RoarcRenew 4200 m2

Autodesk HQ / Mackenzie 5500 m2

Lowe Campbell Ewald Headquarters / Neumann/Smith Architecture 11300 m2

Airbnb Office - 999 Brannan / Airbnb Environments 14000 m2

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More From Forbes

The case study houses forever changed american architecture.

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Scenes from the new showroom of Herman Miller which shows classic designs by Charles and Ray Eames, ... [+] in Culver City, Ca., Oct. 1, 2009. (Photo by Jay L. Clendenin/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

The Case Study House Program’s vision belonged to Los Angeles-based Arts & Architecture magazine Editor John Entenza.

Entenza sponsored and publicized some design competitions in the magazine and emphasized modern, affordable, easily built houses.

He announced the Case Study House Program's launch in the January 1945 issue of Arts & Architecture magazine . He envisioned the program to solve the problem of housing shortages and anticipated the coming building boom that would follow War World II and the Depression.

The front side of the Eames House Case Study #8 designed by architects Charles and Ray Eames in ... [+] Pacific Palisades. June 30, 2005. (Photo by Mark Boster/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

A 1937 Harwell Harris house has a Streamline Moderne exterior with a white curved porte cochere in ... [+] front (wide enough for the original owner, powerful architecture magazine editor John Entenza s 1925 Ford) and a round bedroom wall in back overlooking Santa Monica Canyon. Peter Rabitz, a co–worker visiting from Germany, enjoys the view into the canyon on a recent visit. (Photo by Gina Ferazzi/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

A 1937 Harwell Harris house has the porte cochere at left and entrance to house at right. (Photo by ... [+] Gina Ferazzi/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

The goal of the program was for each architect to create a home "capable of duplication and in no sense being an individual performance," Entenza said in his announcement.

"It is important that the best materials available be used in the best possible way in order to arrive at a good solution of each problem, which in the overall program will be general enough to be of practical assistance to the average American in search of a home in which he can afford to live in," he noted.

Architect Pierre Koenig designed two of the iconic Modernist houses in Los Angeles in the 1950s ... [+] known as Case Study House 21 and 22. Drawing of one of Koenig's designs. (Photo by Anacleto Rapping/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

The Case Study House Program served as a model for post-war living, providing the public and the building industry an opportunity to access affordable, mid-century modernism and simple designs.

Floor-to-ceiling glass, steel frames, horizontal lines, modular components, open-floor plans and multi-purpose rooms were all elements of the Case Study’s take on modernism. The furnished projects provided places for owners to enjoy a family-friendly home with public and private spaces to relax, watch TV, listen to music and entertain, merging indoor and outdoor worlds with walls of steel and glass to allow ample light.

Initially, Entenza invited Richard Neutra, Charles Eames, Eero Saarinen and five other architects to submit prototypes and planned that all eight houses would be open to the public until they were occupied. The project was ambitious. The Eames and Entenza houses were designed in 1945 but not completed until 1949. Still, the Case Study program was so successful that it ran until 1966 and saw 350,000 visitors tour the open homes before clients took up residence.

Architect Pierre Koenig designed two of the iconic Modernist houses in Los Angeles in the 1950s ... [+] known as Case Study House 21 and 22. Photos of Pierre and Gloria Koenig main living room inside their West Los Angeles home which Pierre designed. (Photo by Anacleto Rapping/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images)

Twenty homes remain today, but 36 experimental prototypes, many unbuilt, documenting new ideas and residential designs, appeared in the magazine.

The majority of the homes were built in Southern California; some are located in San Diego and Northern California; a group of Case Study apartments was built in Phoenix.

Many architects such as Ray and Charles Eames, Saarinen, Craig Ellwood and Pierre Koenig became icons of modernism and earned international followings. The Case Study Houses launched the reputations of local architects such as Thornton Bell, Whitney R. Smith and Rodney Walker.

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Four Case Studies Exemplifying Best Practices in Architectural Co-design and Building with First Nations

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Introduction and Acknowledgements                          Overview and Summary of Best Practices Conclusion Case Studies  

Introduction and acknowledgements.

The Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (RAIC) initiated Four Case Studies Exemplifying Best Practices in Architectural Co-design and Building with First Nations  as a resource for designers, clients, funders, and policymakers.

As the leading voice for excellence in the built environment in Canada, the RAIC believes that architecture is a public-spirited profession with an important role in reconciliation – addressing injustices by giving agency back to Indigenous people.

The document builds on the success of the RAIC International Indigenous Architecture and Design Symposium held in on May 27, 2017. At this ground-breaking event, Indigenous speakers from Canada, New Zealand, Australia and the United States presented best practices in co-design with Indigenous communities and clients. Co-design is a collaborative design process between architects and the Indigenous community as client.

The symposium was a project of the RAIC Indigenous Task Force which seeks ways to foster and promote Indigenous design in Canada.  Its members include Indigenous and non-Indigenous architects, designers, academics, intern architects and architectural students.

The four case studies presented here further explore and exemplify best practice themes, specifically in the context of three First Nations and one Inuit community in Canada. 

Ottawa consultant Louise Atkins carried out the research and writing. Special thanks are extended to the Department of Indigenous Services Canada for funding the case studies, and to the 15 individuals interviewed for the projects who generously shared their time, insights and inspiring stories.

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Overview and summary of best practices.

The four case studies set out to explore best practices in architectural co-design in the context of three First Nations and one Inuit community in Canada. One case study was selected from each of four asset classes – schools, community and cultural centres, administration and business centres, and housing. These asset types would be of special interest to First Nation, Inuit, and other Indigenous communities and to the Department of Indigenous Services Canada as they consider the architectural design, building, and funding of new community infrastructure facilities and housing. 

Best practice insights from these studies can inspire communities and help shape government funders’ policies and practices.

Summary of Best Practices

Interviews were conducted with architects and designers, Indigenous chiefs and community leaders, Indigenous government employees, contractors, and construction company officials, academics, and government funders.  Questions posed in interviews built on best practice themes from the RAIC International Indigenous Architecture and Design Symposium as well as value-added considerations such as Indigenous employment. Best practice findings are divided into four groups.

Project Initiation

The impetus for each project was different. Some were replacement assets. The Six Nations of the Grand River were replacing one-room schools dating from the early 20th-century.  When the Splatsin te Secwepemc lost their “Log Cabin” convenience and artisan craft store in a fire, they replaced it with a much larger business hub, artisan marketplace, and offices. The Squamish and Lil’Wat First Nations leveraged the opportunity of the 2010 Olympic Games to create a cultural centre as a showcase to the world in their shared traditional territory of Whistler, BC. In Nunavik, the major stakeholders came together to design, build and monitor a pilot duplex house that could be a prototype for sustainable northern housing that is culturally responsive, better adapted to climate change, and highly energy efficient.  

Co-design Process

Co-design is the collaborative design process between the architects and the Indigenous community as client. In the four case studies, best practices included architects listening carefully to understand the community’s vision, and working closely with the client throughout the design phase. The resulting building designs were anchored in Indigenous peoples’ connection with the natural world and reflected who they are as people – their traditions, culture, values and lifestyles, and their aspirations.

Co-design is not a formula. In each case study, co-design took its own distinct form. In one project, the architect worked with a large steering committee of Indigenous chiefs and stakeholder officials. Another included Elders as well. A third used a design charrette with a cross-section of Indigenous tenants and a fourth added community open houses to the process. Two of buildings were designed by Indigenous architects, and two were by architects and designers with experience working in Indigenous contexts.

For all four projects, Indigenous respondents underlined the importance of architects who listen well to the community vision and engage in ongoing dialogue. Through an iterative process, the architects brought design options and solutions until their clients were satisfied that their vision developed into a tangible design that met functional requirements and reflected their values, culture, traditions, lifestyles, and aspirations.

Designs referenced ancestral building forms and Indigenous peoples’ reverence for and relationship with the natural world. In every case example, the buildings were anchored to their natural surroundings and most integrated traditional materials, particularly wood. Each project maximized energy conservation through mechanical means, insulation, and designs that utilized natural heating, cooling, and air circulation systems.

The buildings were further enhanced through siting, orientation and natural light. In keeping with Haudenosaunee traditions, Emily C. General School is oriented to the cardinal directions, tracking the sun through the days and seasons. Following Squamish and Lil’Wat traditions, entrances to their cultural centre face east. For the Nunavik pilot duplex, reversible front entrances are an architectural innovation that allows optimal positioning of every house for solar gain and bright living spaces.

Architects and designers and their clients carefully shaped the interior spaces, commissioned artists' installations and added historical and contemporary artifacts to convey the cultures and facilitate traditional practices and teaching.

For example, visitors to the Quilakwa Centre and band members alike can sit and enjoy their Tim Hortons coffee among massive log posts and beams carved with images of bald eagles, salmon, fish, and scenes of traditional Splatsin life.

Building Process

Each community took a hands-on approach to the building process. Strong Indigenous community capacity was demonstrated in project oversight and management. Indigenous construction firms and entities employing Indigenous workers in a broad range of skilled trades built major portions of the projects. Leaders stayed involved and committed the necessary resources to ensure project completion. These best practices could be formulated into a guideline enabling First Nation funders to recognize and assess capacity and shift control of capital projects to qualified First Nations.

Steering committees continued to play an important oversight role, guiding development and consulting with architects, designers, and construction managers, right through to project completion. 

These buildings and facilities were built by Indigenous people. Project management and the majority of the construction was done by Indigenous-owned entities employing local Indigenous tradespeople, exemplifying best practices in employment, skills development, pride in the work and a sense of community ownership of the completed buildings. In every case, these buildings are highly-valued by Indigenous community residents and continue to be well-maintained.

First Nation leaders interviewed for the case studies believe that for communities with proven track records in building projects which are on-specification, on-time, and on-budget, the funding agencies should objectively assess and recognize this capacity and pass control to the First Nation for all aspects of their building projects.

Two case study projects involved First Nations who were large or sole funders of their buildings. The Quilakwa Centre was completely self-funded by the Splastsin First Nation through a combination of insurance and trust funds and loan financing. Large cultural complexes are expensive to build, and despite contributions from all levels of government and the private sector, a large funding gap remained for the Squamish Lil’wat and Squamish Cultural Centre. Both First Nations contributed their own band resources and business know-how to get the projects done.

For all four projects, Indigenous leaders were determined to complete their projects to reflect community identity and become a base for cultural reclamation and growth.

Indigenous respondents all felt that the impact of their co-designed buildings was significant, with positive, far-reaching outcomes. They appreciated the role the architectural co-design process played in creating buildings that resonate with the community and will be of lasting value.  Architectural innovations exemplified in these projects have since been applied more broadly to other building projects.

After 20 years in operation, the IL Thomas and Emily C. General Elementary Schools at Six Nations of the Grand River continue to serve as positive teaching environments and community spaces and are well-maintained. The children are aware and proud that their grandparents, aunts, and uncles built the schools, and vandalism does not occur. The co-design process with the Indigenous architect and project manager, Brian Porter, MRAIC, enabled steering committee members to develop fluency in design and construction processes – knowledge they have applied through a dozen subsequent building projects. Six Nations members continue their tradition as skilled builders and tradespeople. They are respected and employed in their home community, other First Nations and in major North American cities. Read case study

Cultural Centre

For the Squamish Lil’Wat Cultural Centre in Whistler BC, the two First Nations sought out and hired an Indigenous architect, Alfred Waugh, MRAIC. Their goal was to give this large and complex project to an Indigenous architect to develop, innovate and become a role model for Indigenous youth. Today the Squamish Lil’Wat Cultural Centre is a spectacular showcase for the two cultures, welcoming visitors from around the world and inspiring understanding and respect among people. It is also preserving and transmitting architecture, traditional knowledge, culture and spiritual teachings through the generations. Indigenous Youth Ambassadors employed at the centre are enjoying good careers in the tourism and hospitality industries. There are broader outcomes as well. Following construction of the cultural centre, the Squamish established a large Indigenous trades school. The cultural centre has deepened the bonds between the Squamish and Lil’Wat tribes, who are undertaking new joint projects. Architect Alfred Waugh has adapted innovations exemplified in this project to some of his subsequent major design projects. Read case study

Administrative and Business Centre

The Quilakwa Centre , located on Highway 97A in the BC interior attracts many travellers and tourists. With a Tim Hortons restaurant, convenience and craft store, and gas bar, the Splatsin Development Corporation has doubled the number of retail employees and payroll. Due to greatly increased sales of artisan crafts in the new space, traditional basket making and beading are flourishing, and new art forms are emerging. Visitors are enjoying this unique building and showcase for Splatsin culture, history, arts and business acumen. As a favourite local gathering place for people from the reserve and from nearby Enderby, it is strengthening connections between the two communities. Read case study

In Nunavik, traditional ways of life are important to identity and wellbeing. Tenants in the  Nunavik pilot duplex houses  expressed great satisfaction with their physical comfort and the capacity of their homes to support cultural practices. Owing to warm and cold porches and the large flexible kitchen and living space, a hunter and his family can store and butcher game, and hold traditional country food feasts on the floor. Another unit, occupied by a mother and her adult daughter, is an ideal environment for them to sew mitts and boots in the bright sunlight of south-facing windows, and to store sealskin pelts on their outdoor balcony. For these pilot homes, architect Alain Fournier, FIRAC, designed reverse entrances – a true innovation which allows optimal positioning of every house for solar gain. As a prototype, this pilot duplex is being monitored for physical and socio-cultural performance, a best practice that will contribute to sustainable northern housing design.  Read case study

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These four case studies illustrate that through a collaborative co-design approach, architects were successful in taking the visions, ideas, and preferences of their Indigenous clients, and turning them into designs that resonate with the community and are technically sound. These designs and building projects reflect Indigenous identity and become a base for cultural reclamation and growth.

In this way, architecture has an important role in giving agency back to Indigenous people and promoting their aspirations. 

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Case studies:.

Case Study 1: First Nation School Emily C. General Elementary School and IL Thomas Elementary School Six Nations of the Grand River, Ontario Architect:  Brian Porter, MRAIC

Case Study 2: First Nation Cultural Centre Squamish Lil’Wat Cultural Centre Squamish and Lil’Wat First Nations, British Columbia Architect:  Alfred Waugh, MRAIC

Case Study 3: First Nation Administrative and Business Centre Quilakwa Centre Splatsin te Secwepemc First Nation, British Columbia Architect:  Norman Goddard Designer:  Kevin Halchuk

Case Study 4: Inuit Housing Pilot Nunavik Duplex Quaqtaq, Nunavik, Quebec Architect:   Alain Fournier, FIRAC  

Funding for this study was provided by the Department of Indigenous Services Canada.

Information on the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada Indigenous Task Force and its membership may be found  here .

The Ultimate Guide to Qualitative Research - Part 1: The Basics

• Introduction and overview
• What is qualitative research?
• What is qualitative data?
• Examples of qualitative data
• Qualitative vs. quantitative research
• Mixed methods
• Qualitative research preparation
• Theoretical perspective
• Theoretical framework
• Literature reviews

Research question

• Conceptual framework
• Conceptual vs. theoretical framework

Data collection

• Qualitative research methods
• Focus groups
• Observational research

What is a case study?

Applications for case study research, what is a good case study, process of case study design, benefits and limitations of case studies.

• Ethnographical research
• Ethical considerations
• Confidentiality and privacy
• Power dynamics
• Reflexivity

Case studies

Case studies are essential to qualitative research , offering a lens through which researchers can investigate complex phenomena within their real-life contexts. This chapter explores the concept, purpose, applications, examples, and types of case studies and provides guidance on how to conduct case study research effectively.

Whereas quantitative methods look at phenomena at scale, case study research looks at a concept or phenomenon in considerable detail. While analyzing a single case can help understand one perspective regarding the object of research inquiry, analyzing multiple cases can help obtain a more holistic sense of the topic or issue. Let's provide a basic definition of a case study, then explore its characteristics and role in the qualitative research process.

Definition of a case study

A case study in qualitative research is a strategy of inquiry that involves an in-depth investigation of a phenomenon within its real-world context. It provides researchers with the opportunity to acquire an in-depth understanding of intricate details that might not be as apparent or accessible through other methods of research. The specific case or cases being studied can be a single person, group, or organization – demarcating what constitutes a relevant case worth studying depends on the researcher and their research question .

Among qualitative research methods , a case study relies on multiple sources of evidence, such as documents, artifacts, interviews , or observations , to present a complete and nuanced understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. The objective is to illuminate the readers' understanding of the phenomenon beyond its abstract statistical or theoretical explanations.

Characteristics of case studies

Case studies typically possess a number of distinct characteristics that set them apart from other research methods. These characteristics include a focus on holistic description and explanation, flexibility in the design and data collection methods, reliance on multiple sources of evidence, and emphasis on the context in which the phenomenon occurs.

Furthermore, case studies can often involve a longitudinal examination of the case, meaning they study the case over a period of time. These characteristics allow case studies to yield comprehensive, in-depth, and richly contextualized insights about the phenomenon of interest.

The role of case studies in research

Case studies hold a unique position in the broader landscape of research methods aimed at theory development. They are instrumental when the primary research interest is to gain an intensive, detailed understanding of a phenomenon in its real-life context.

In addition, case studies can serve different purposes within research - they can be used for exploratory, descriptive, or explanatory purposes, depending on the research question and objectives. This flexibility and depth make case studies a valuable tool in the toolkit of qualitative researchers.

Remember, a well-conducted case study can offer a rich, insightful contribution to both academic and practical knowledge through theory development or theory verification, thus enhancing our understanding of complex phenomena in their real-world contexts.

What is the purpose of a case study?

Case study research aims for a more comprehensive understanding of phenomena, requiring various research methods to gather information for qualitative analysis . Ultimately, a case study can allow the researcher to gain insight into a particular object of inquiry and develop a theoretical framework relevant to the research inquiry.

Why use case studies in qualitative research?

Using case studies as a research strategy depends mainly on the nature of the research question and the researcher's access to the data.

Conducting case study research provides a level of detail and contextual richness that other research methods might not offer. They are beneficial when there's a need to understand complex social phenomena within their natural contexts.

The explanatory, exploratory, and descriptive roles of case studies

Case studies can take on various roles depending on the research objectives. They can be exploratory when the research aims to discover new phenomena or define new research questions; they are descriptive when the objective is to depict a phenomenon within its context in a detailed manner; and they can be explanatory if the goal is to understand specific relationships within the studied context. Thus, the versatility of case studies allows researchers to approach their topic from different angles, offering multiple ways to uncover and interpret the data .

The impact of case studies on knowledge development

Case studies play a significant role in knowledge development across various disciplines. Analysis of cases provides an avenue for researchers to explore phenomena within their context based on the collected data.

This can result in the production of rich, practical insights that can be instrumental in both theory-building and practice. Case studies allow researchers to delve into the intricacies and complexities of real-life situations, uncovering insights that might otherwise remain hidden.

Types of case studies

In qualitative research , a case study is not a one-size-fits-all approach. Depending on the nature of the research question and the specific objectives of the study, researchers might choose to use different types of case studies. These types differ in their focus, methodology, and the level of detail they provide about the phenomenon under investigation.

Understanding these types is crucial for selecting the most appropriate approach for your research project and effectively achieving your research goals. Let's briefly look at the main types of case studies.

Exploratory case studies

Exploratory case studies are typically conducted to develop a theory or framework around an understudied phenomenon. They can also serve as a precursor to a larger-scale research project. Exploratory case studies are useful when a researcher wants to identify the key issues or questions which can spur more extensive study or be used to develop propositions for further research. These case studies are characterized by flexibility, allowing researchers to explore various aspects of a phenomenon as they emerge, which can also form the foundation for subsequent studies.

Descriptive case studies

Descriptive case studies aim to provide a complete and accurate representation of a phenomenon or event within its context. These case studies are often based on an established theoretical framework, which guides how data is collected and analyzed. The researcher is concerned with describing the phenomenon in detail, as it occurs naturally, without trying to influence or manipulate it.

Explanatory case studies

Explanatory case studies are focused on explanation - they seek to clarify how or why certain phenomena occur. Often used in complex, real-life situations, they can be particularly valuable in clarifying causal relationships among concepts and understanding the interplay between different factors within a specific context.

Intrinsic, instrumental, and collective case studies

These three categories of case studies focus on the nature and purpose of the study. An intrinsic case study is conducted when a researcher has an inherent interest in the case itself. Instrumental case studies are employed when the case is used to provide insight into a particular issue or phenomenon. A collective case study, on the other hand, involves studying multiple cases simultaneously to investigate some general phenomena.

Each type of case study serves a different purpose and has its own strengths and challenges. The selection of the type should be guided by the research question and objectives, as well as the context and constraints of the research.

The flexibility, depth, and contextual richness offered by case studies make this approach an excellent research method for various fields of study. They enable researchers to investigate real-world phenomena within their specific contexts, capturing nuances that other research methods might miss. Across numerous fields, case studies provide valuable insights into complex issues.

Critical information systems research

Case studies provide a detailed understanding of the role and impact of information systems in different contexts. They offer a platform to explore how information systems are designed, implemented, and used and how they interact with various social, economic, and political factors. Case studies in this field often focus on examining the intricate relationship between technology, organizational processes, and user behavior, helping to uncover insights that can inform better system design and implementation.

Health research

Health research is another field where case studies are highly valuable. They offer a way to explore patient experiences, healthcare delivery processes, and the impact of various interventions in a real-world context.

Case studies can provide a deep understanding of a patient's journey, giving insights into the intricacies of disease progression, treatment effects, and the psychosocial aspects of health and illness.

Asthma research studies

Specifically within medical research, studies on asthma often employ case studies to explore the individual and environmental factors that influence asthma development, management, and outcomes. A case study can provide rich, detailed data about individual patients' experiences, from the triggers and symptoms they experience to the effectiveness of various management strategies. This can be crucial for developing patient-centered asthma care approaches.

Other fields

Apart from the fields mentioned, case studies are also extensively used in business and management research, education research, and political sciences, among many others. They provide an opportunity to delve into the intricacies of real-world situations, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of various phenomena.

Case studies, with their depth and contextual focus, offer unique insights across these varied fields. They allow researchers to illuminate the complexities of real-life situations, contributing to both theory and practice.

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Understanding the key elements of case study design is crucial for conducting rigorous and impactful case study research. A well-structured design guides the researcher through the process, ensuring that the study is methodologically sound and its findings are reliable and valid. The main elements of case study design include the research question , propositions, units of analysis, and the logic linking the data to the propositions.

The research question is the foundation of any research study. A good research question guides the direction of the study and informs the selection of the case, the methods of collecting data, and the analysis techniques. A well-formulated research question in case study research is typically clear, focused, and complex enough to merit further detailed examination of the relevant case(s).

Propositions

Propositions, though not necessary in every case study, provide a direction by stating what we might expect to find in the data collected. They guide how data is collected and analyzed by helping researchers focus on specific aspects of the case. They are particularly important in explanatory case studies, which seek to understand the relationships among concepts within the studied phenomenon.

Units of analysis

The unit of analysis refers to the case, or the main entity or entities that are being analyzed in the study. In case study research, the unit of analysis can be an individual, a group, an organization, a decision, an event, or even a time period. It's crucial to clearly define the unit of analysis, as it shapes the qualitative data analysis process by allowing the researcher to analyze a particular case and synthesize analysis across multiple case studies to draw conclusions.

Argumentation

This refers to the inferential model that allows researchers to draw conclusions from the data. The researcher needs to ensure that there is a clear link between the data, the propositions (if any), and the conclusions drawn. This argumentation is what enables the researcher to make valid and credible inferences about the phenomenon under study.

Understanding and carefully considering these elements in the design phase of a case study can significantly enhance the quality of the research. It can help ensure that the study is methodologically sound and its findings contribute meaningful insights about the case.

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Conducting a case study involves several steps, from defining the research question and selecting the case to collecting and analyzing data . This section outlines these key stages, providing a practical guide on how to conduct case study research.

Defining the research question

The first step in case study research is defining a clear, focused research question. This question should guide the entire research process, from case selection to analysis. It's crucial to ensure that the research question is suitable for a case study approach. Typically, such questions are exploratory or descriptive in nature and focus on understanding a phenomenon within its real-life context.

Selecting and defining the case

The selection of the case should be based on the research question and the objectives of the study. It involves choosing a unique example or a set of examples that provide rich, in-depth data about the phenomenon under investigation. After selecting the case, it's crucial to define it clearly, setting the boundaries of the case, including the time period and the specific context.

Previous research can help guide the case study design. When considering a case study, an example of a case could be taken from previous case study research and used to define cases in a new research inquiry. Considering recently published examples can help understand how to select and define cases effectively.

Developing a detailed case study protocol

A case study protocol outlines the procedures and general rules to be followed during the case study. This includes the data collection methods to be used, the sources of data, and the procedures for analysis. Having a detailed case study protocol ensures consistency and reliability in the study.

The protocol should also consider how to work with the people involved in the research context to grant the research team access to collecting data. As mentioned in previous sections of this guide, establishing rapport is an essential component of qualitative research as it shapes the overall potential for collecting and analyzing data.

Collecting data

Gathering data in case study research often involves multiple sources of evidence, including documents, archival records, interviews, observations, and physical artifacts. This allows for a comprehensive understanding of the case. The process for gathering data should be systematic and carefully documented to ensure the reliability and validity of the study.

Analyzing and interpreting data

The next step is analyzing the data. This involves organizing the data , categorizing it into themes or patterns , and interpreting these patterns to answer the research question. The analysis might also involve comparing the findings with prior research or theoretical propositions.

Writing the case study report

The final step is writing the case study report . This should provide a detailed description of the case, the data, the analysis process, and the findings. The report should be clear, organized, and carefully written to ensure that the reader can understand the case and the conclusions drawn from it.

Each of these steps is crucial in ensuring that the case study research is rigorous, reliable, and provides valuable insights about the case.

The type, depth, and quality of data in your study can significantly influence the validity and utility of the study. In case study research, data is usually collected from multiple sources to provide a comprehensive and nuanced understanding of the case. This section will outline the various methods of collecting data used in case study research and discuss considerations for ensuring the quality of the data.

Interviews are a common method of gathering data in case study research. They can provide rich, in-depth data about the perspectives, experiences, and interpretations of the individuals involved in the case. Interviews can be structured , semi-structured , or unstructured , depending on the research question and the degree of flexibility needed.

Observations

Observations involve the researcher observing the case in its natural setting, providing first-hand information about the case and its context. Observations can provide data that might not be revealed in interviews or documents, such as non-verbal cues or contextual information.

Documents and artifacts

Documents and archival records provide a valuable source of data in case study research. They can include reports, letters, memos, meeting minutes, email correspondence, and various public and private documents related to the case.

These records can provide historical context, corroborate evidence from other sources, and offer insights into the case that might not be apparent from interviews or observations.

Physical artifacts refer to any physical evidence related to the case, such as tools, products, or physical environments. These artifacts can provide tangible insights into the case, complementing the data gathered from other sources.

Ensuring the quality of data collection

Determining the quality of data in case study research requires careful planning and execution. It's crucial to ensure that the data is reliable, accurate, and relevant to the research question. This involves selecting appropriate methods of collecting data, properly training interviewers or observers, and systematically recording and storing the data. It also includes considering ethical issues related to collecting and handling data, such as obtaining informed consent and ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of the participants.

Data analysis

Analyzing case study research involves making sense of the rich, detailed data to answer the research question. This process can be challenging due to the volume and complexity of case study data. However, a systematic and rigorous approach to analysis can ensure that the findings are credible and meaningful. This section outlines the main steps and considerations in analyzing data in case study research.

Organizing the data

The first step in the analysis is organizing the data. This involves sorting the data into manageable sections, often according to the data source or the theme. This step can also involve transcribing interviews, digitizing physical artifacts, or organizing observational data.

Categorizing and coding the data

Once the data is organized, the next step is to categorize or code the data. This involves identifying common themes, patterns, or concepts in the data and assigning codes to relevant data segments. Coding can be done manually or with the help of software tools, and in either case, qualitative analysis software can greatly facilitate the entire coding process. Coding helps to reduce the data to a set of themes or categories that can be more easily analyzed.

Identifying patterns and themes

After coding the data, the researcher looks for patterns or themes in the coded data. This involves comparing and contrasting the codes and looking for relationships or patterns among them. The identified patterns and themes should help answer the research question.

Interpreting the data

Once patterns and themes have been identified, the next step is to interpret these findings. This involves explaining what the patterns or themes mean in the context of the research question and the case. This interpretation should be grounded in the data, but it can also involve drawing on theoretical concepts or prior research.

Verification of the data

The last step in the analysis is verification. This involves checking the accuracy and consistency of the analysis process and confirming that the findings are supported by the data. This can involve re-checking the original data, checking the consistency of codes, or seeking feedback from research participants or peers.

Like any research method , case study research has its strengths and limitations. Researchers must be aware of these, as they can influence the design, conduct, and interpretation of the study.

Understanding the strengths and limitations of case study research can also guide researchers in deciding whether this approach is suitable for their research question . This section outlines some of the key strengths and limitations of case study research.

Benefits include the following:

• Rich, detailed data: One of the main strengths of case study research is that it can generate rich, detailed data about the case. This can provide a deep understanding of the case and its context, which can be valuable in exploring complex phenomena.
• Flexibility: Case study research is flexible in terms of design , data collection , and analysis . A sufficient degree of flexibility allows the researcher to adapt the study according to the case and the emerging findings.
• Real-world context: Case study research involves studying the case in its real-world context, which can provide valuable insights into the interplay between the case and its context.
• Multiple sources of evidence: Case study research often involves collecting data from multiple sources , which can enhance the robustness and validity of the findings.

On the other hand, researchers should consider the following limitations:

• Generalizability: A common criticism of case study research is that its findings might not be generalizable to other cases due to the specificity and uniqueness of each case.
• Time and resource intensive: Case study research can be time and resource intensive due to the depth of the investigation and the amount of collected data.
• Complexity of analysis: The rich, detailed data generated in case study research can make analyzing the data challenging.
• Subjectivity: Given the nature of case study research, there may be a higher degree of subjectivity in interpreting the data , so researchers need to reflect on this and transparently convey to audiences how the research was conducted.

Being aware of these strengths and limitations can help researchers design and conduct case study research effectively and interpret and report the findings appropriately.

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Ten Things You Should Know About the Case Study House Program

1. what was the case study house program.

The Case Study House Program was an experimental program set up by John Entenza through Arts and Architecture Magazine. The program facilitated the design, construction, and publishing of modern single-family homes. The goal was to feature each home in the magazine with photographs and articles about the homes. Each of the houses was to be constructed with industrial materials and techniques that could help solve the housing needs after WWII and illustrate a new way of living.

2. Why is the case study house program important?

The program was important because it would be the platform that would produce numerous icons of modern residential architecture in Southern California. Without the Case Study House Program, many of these homes would not exist today. Some of the more well-known homes include Case Study House #22 (Stahl House) , Case Study House #21 (Bailey House), and the Eames House (Case Study House #8). These homes helped California develop an architectural identity and allowed Los Angeles to make a significant contribution to the history of modern architecture.

3. What were the goals of the case study house program?

Solve the housing shortage after wwii.

At the close of World War II, nearly 7.6 million soldiers were sent home from abroad. At the time, there was not enough housing to meet the need of the returning soldiers. This was both a challenge and an opportunity that the Case Study House program attempted to solve. Many other developers and home builders would recognize this opportunity and offer different housing solutions. However, the Case Study House Program was unique because it considered architectural aesthetics and new technologies.

Build homes quickly and economically using modern industrialized materials and techniques

The home-building industry had been moving at a snail’s pace during the war. Before the war, there was minimal traction due to the Great Depression, effectively putting the industry on hold for several decades. It was a challenging time to be an architect or home builder.

Victory in WWII catalyzed a shift in society. It generated a new level of optimism, opportunity, and vibrancy. During the war, many new technologies and materials were created to help aid in the war effort. After the war, manufacturers, builders, architects, and engineers were eager to implement these advances into the public markets.

Returning soldiers would gain employment as tradesmen, contractors, architects, and engineers to meet the massive demand for the production of single-family homes. Architecture in America would begin to flourish and enter a stage of unprecedented growth.

Utilize a philosophy and architectural aesthetic language of modernism.

Many of the young architects involved in the program believed that through their designs, they would catalyze a large-scale social change. They romanticized that their designs would bring good modern design to the masses. They could provide the working class with high-design architecture previously only available to the financially well-off.

Publicize the homes in Arts and Architecture Magazine to bring modern residential architecture to the masses and market the California post war lifestyle.

The publication and marketing of the homes should not be overlooked. This component of the Case Study House program was perhaps the most effective mechanism in disseminating and popularizing the image of a new Southern California way of living. Families all over the nation would see images of the post-war family living in their modern homes, sipping cocktails, and enjoying the sun. These simple images often resulted in the uprooting of their lives and resettling to Southern California. This magazine, among several others, would play a significant role in the population growth of Southern California during this time.

4. John Entenza - Orchestrator of the Case Study House Program

John Entenza was a young man, originally from Michigan, brought up in a well-off family. He was educated and seemed to have an affinity for art and architecture. His father-in-law’s partner commissioned a house by Harwell Hamilton Harris. Harris had worked in the offices of Richard Neutra. When the time came to build his own home, Entenza commissioned Harris, who opened his eyes further to the world of architecture.

Around the same time, in 1929, he started work at California Arts and Architecture Magazine. At the time, the magazine was small and unknown. Entenza would purchase the magazine in 1938 and take on the title as Editor in Chieoftwo years later. He would ween out the eclectic work in the magazine, focusing on modern design, and remove the word “California” from the title to eliminate regional bias. Entenza would remain editor of Arts and Architecture magazine for thirty-seven years.

His goal was to change the magazine’s direction and bring modern architecture to the masses. Entenza took it upon himself to help several young modern architects through his publication. For a young architect to be published in Arts and Architects was a huge professional accomplishment and a mark of credibility.

“ A magazine as flat as a tortilla and as sleek as a Bugatti with little advertising and no financial backing became the greatest force in the dissemination of information, architectural and cultural, about California. ”

5. The Architects who Participated

After the war, Entenza and many others feared that architecture would fall back into its “eclectic rut” of the past. Entenza wanted to provide a platform for young talented architects willing and interested in experimenting with innovative technologies. He would show their modern work in context with people, furniture, and all the accessories of a standard home, making the sleek lines of modern architecture more palatable for the public.

In total, there would be thirty-six residences designed. The architects who participated in the program were hand selected by John Entenza. Therefore, they represent his personal preferences rather than a comprehensive cross-section of architects practicing in California at the time. Among the thirty-six designs, only a handful were built. The most notable of the built structures were completed by Charles and Ray Eames, Craig Ellwood , Pierre Koenig , and Raphael Soriano.

Notable California Architects such as R.M. Schindler , John Lautner , Harwell Harris, Gregory Ain, Gordon Drake, and Carl Maston were not selected to participate in the program. Although undoubtedly worthy, these architects and their projects would not benefit from the widespread exposure of publication in the Arts and Architecture Magazine.

6. Why Los Angeles?

Many soldiers passed through southern California or were stationed here during the war years. They got a brief taste of the area’s weather and lifestyle, causing many to return after the war. Roughly one million soldiers would move to Los Angeles in the post-war years, followed by an additional two million in the 1950s. Los Angeles was the land of opportunity, new beginnings, and a leisure lifestyle fueled by the film, television, and marketing industry. Marketing in magazines was one of the significant attractors to the area. Spreads in magazines such as Sunset and Home & Garden portrayed healthy, wholesome young families enjoying the southern California lifestyle in their new modern homes.

“ Los Angeles was primed for postwar prosperity. ”

7. ECONOMICS OF THE CASE STUDY PROGRAM

When building product suppliers and manufacturers got wind that the Case Study Houses would be widely published and toured, they were eager to donate their products. These donations would help the patrons of the homes and reduce the construction cost significantly, often making the homes financially feasible for the owners. The articles in Arts and Architecture magazine would include photographs and a list of building products and materials used on the project.

Because the product manufacturers absorbed many construction costs, the homeowners were much more open to experimentation and an open-minded approach to their projects. This allowed more flexibility and freedom for the architects.

8. JULIUS SHULMAN AND THE CASE STUDY HOUSE PROGRAM

Before Entenza was hired at Arts and Architecture, a young photographer named Julius Schulman worked for the publication. When Entenza took over, Schulman would work closely with the advertising manager and team working on the Case Study House Program. He recalls the budget for the program being so low that there was no money to spend photographing the house. When a house was photographed, it was always run by Mr. Entenza, and he would make the ultimate decision if the home were to be published in the magazine.

Julius Schulman would go on to create some of the most iconic photographs that define modern architecture today. Photographs such as the evening shot of Koenig’s Case Study House 21 and Richard Neutra’s Kauffmann house are perhaps the most well-known architectural photographs in the history of modern architecture.

9. CASE STUDY HOUSE 22 - Icon of the Case Study House Program

Reference to the Case Study House Program will inevitably bring up Julius Shulman’s photograph of Case Study House 22 . designed by Pierre Koenig. Photographs of the home published in the magazine exemplified Southern California’s post-war modern living. The images showed two young women sitting in the living room, cantilevered out over the hill, with the city lights of Los Angeles in the background. This single photograph exemplifies so many societal aspirations of the time.

The image has become not only an icon of the Case Study House Program but also an icon of Los Angeles modern architecture. To learn more about the Stahl House Case Study House 21, check out our article: NINE THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT THE STAHL HOUSE – CASE STUDY HOUSE 22 .

10. RESULT OF THE PROGRAM

The Case Study House Program was successful on many levels. However, the original goal of providing economical housing using industrialized materials to the masses fell short. The steel-framed single-family home became less ubiquitous than anticipated. Large developers and custom home builders would often revert to wood-framed structures. As inflation grew, prices for single-family homes soared, making the original vision to bring economically priced modern design to the masses only an idealized wish.

In the 1960’s nearly 30,000 people settled in Los Angeles each month. Costs for land and housing continued to increase, making lots for potential case study houses financially infeasible and challenging to acquire. Because of the ever-increasing demand for housing, the emphasis on superior design faded. Due to the large demand, developers with half-baked floorplans did not need exceptional design to sell their homes. Unfortunately, the interest in the program would dissipate. Interest in new housing types was developing, with interest in the typical two-bedroom single-family home seemingly becoming a fad of the past.

Today the Case Study Houses sell for millions of dollars, an ironic reality compared to the original intent. I have been fortunate to tour many of the houses and document their detailing, materials and plans. I am amazed at the precision, detailing, and quality of design in these homes. They are indeed pieces of art. The passion, optimism, and love injected into these structures become apparent as you tour the homes. If you are interested in learning more about a particular Case Study House, do not hesitate to reach us at [email protected].

Please let us know if you notice any errors or inconsistencies in this article. We attempt to provide the most historically accurate information possible.

References:

Hines, Thomas S. Architecture of the Sun: Los Angeles Modernism, 1900-1970 . Rizzoli International, 2010.

McCoy, Esther. Five California Architects. Greenwood, 1975

McCoy, Esther. Piecing Together Los Angeles. An Esther McCoy Reader. Writing Home 2012 Susan Morgan

Stahl, Bruce, et al. The Stahl House: The Making of a Modernist Icon . Chronicle Chroma, 2021.

Nestled in the foothills of Palm Desert, California, the Annenberg Estate is a stunning example of mid-century modern architecture. The estate sits about 25 minutes southeast of downtown Palm Springs. Built in 1960 by renowned architect A. Quincy Jones for media mogul Walter Annenberg, the original estate is comprised of 25,000 square foot house on 200 acres.

The Farnsworth House (1945 - 1951) is an iconic work of modern American architecture. It was designed by renowned modern architect Mies van der Rohe in 1937 and was the first home he designed in America. The house sits in Plano, Illinois, about 1.5 hours southwest of Chicago. 

The case study house program was an experimental program set up by John Entenza through Arts and Architecture Magazine, that facilitated the design, construction and publishing of modern single-family homes. The goal was to highlight modern homes constructed with industrial materials and techniques that could help solve the housing needs after WWII.

Why is Rudolph Schindler an important figure in the history of California modern architecture? What were the forces that influenced the development of his architectural aesthetic? Why is his legacy and impact important to the profession today? We will attempt to answer these questions and more in this article on modern architect Rudolph Schindler.

Around the mid 1900’s, many notable architects such as Richard Neutra , Albert Frey , Bill Cody , E. Stewart Williams, William Krisel and Donald Wexler established their careers in Palm Springs. These architects and their buildings have undoubtably contributed to making Palm Springs a major destination point. Their impact on the city continues to attract people from all over the world to this day.

I recently had the privilege of touring the Frey House II in Palm Springs California. The experience was educational, inspiring, and transformative. It challenged my definition of a home. Learn more about the Frey House II.

William F. Cody stands out as one of the most impressive California mid century modern architects due to his vast portfolio of built work in the Palm Springs area. Through hundreds of built projects, Cody was able to experiment, refine, and master desert modern architecture by creating buildings that were fit for the local environment and suited the lifestyle of post war America. Check out the article to learn more about mid century modern architect, William F. Cody.

Richard Neutra was a notable mid century modern architect know for designing homes such as the Kauffman Desert House , Llovel Health House, VDL house, and many others. His work is widely published and the photographs often define mid century modern architecture. Read the article to learn more about one of the most influential mid century modern architects.

In 2018 Rost Architects had the opportunity to work on the restoration of an original Eichler home in Orange County California. Learn the ten things you need to know about the history of Joseph Eichler and his homes.

Do you know about Villa Savoye designed by Le Corbusier? Villa Savoye is an icon of modern architecture and a building that you must know if you are interested in modern architecture.

When, where, and why did modern architecture begin? Get a brief history of how the modern movement and how it started.

Learn the story of modern architectures development in Southern California.

Learn the history of Frank Lloyd Wright’s career, one of the most famous architects of the 20th century.

Learn the story of the Kaufmann Desert house in Palm Springs California, one of the most famous modern houses of the 20th century. In 1946 Edgar Kaufmann commissioned Richard Neutra to design a winter vacation home in Palms Springs California…

The Case Study Houses Program: Mid-Century Modern Architecture

The Case Study Houses Program, promoted by the magazine Arts and Architecture in 1945, represented the most important American contribution to the Mid-Century Modern architecture .

Last month I wrote about the CSH #20 , today I want to give you the big picture about the Case Study Houses Program, its origins and inspirations.

The main inspiration of the thirty six houses designed for the program, was  the desire of a generation of architects to realize affordable and modern houses to satisfy the post war building boom.

Even though many of the designs were never built, the program proved -thanks to its success- that it was possible to realize affordable houses for residential uses.

The Case Study Houses Program’s Contribution to the Mid Century.

The Case Study Houses Program has, in fact, produced some of the most relevant examples of Mid-Century Modern architecture and its incredible success is proven by the influence that it still has today on the architectural culture worldwide.

The houses are an inspiration and a model for contemporary architects that look for experimental solutions to satisfy the need of reductive dwelling spaces.

John Entenza was the mind and the force behind the Arts and Architecture magazine and the Case Study Houses Program. Thanks to it, he wanted to offer a solution -both to the building industry and to the public- to the post World War lack of residences; proposing designs for affordable and modern houses.

The magazine was the vehicle through which Entenza promoted the designs and connected actual clients with the architects.

Already before the end of the war, Entenza hosted competitions for small house designs in the magazine anticipating and exploring the interest of the architects in the matter of building affordable residential houses.

Considering his interest in the architecture related fields of design, visual arts and music, Arts and Architecture was the natural place to gather the social and artistic concerns behind a project as the Case Study Houses Program.

Some of the architects joining the program were already internationally well-known as Richard Neutra , Charles and Ray Eames or Craig Ellwood , others -as Whitney R. Smith, Thornton Abell, and Rodney Walker- were mainly locally known and all of them represented a personal Entenza preference instead of a comprehensive overview of the American Mid-Century architects and their approach to the low-cost houses building.

As I said before, some of the designs were never built -as the Richard Neutra ’Omega’and ‘Alpha’ houses or the Whitney Smith’s ‘Loggia’ House- due to an actual lack of clients and sites. However, the ones built were in some cases greatly diverting from the original architects design due to the shortage of some materials or specific clients’ requests.

Two of the most famous case study houses, are the one that Entenza commissioned to Charles Eames and Eeero Saarinen for himself -the #9- and the one that Charles and Ray Eames designed and built for themselves; the #8. The Eameses house was one of the ones delayed due the post war scarcity of materials. The house was in fact first designed in 1945 but completed it in the 1949.

Despite its unquestionable success, the Case Study Houses Program  has not to be considered as an isolated attempt but as part of a wider architectural effort to find modern dwelling solutions.

(pics via [amazon_link id=”3836510219″ target=”_blank” container=”” container_class=”” ]Case Study Houses – The Complete CSH Program[/amazon_link])

The Case Study Houses Program: Richard Neutra’s Bailey House

The case study houses program: craig ellwood’s case study house 18.

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Methodology

• What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

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In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

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What Is a Case Study? How to Write, Examples, and Template

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How to write a case study

Case study template, case study examples, types of case studies, what are the benefits of case studies , what are the limitations of case studies , case study vs. testimonial.

In today's marketplace, conveying your product's value through a compelling narrative is crucial to genuinely connecting with your customers.

Your business can use marketing analytics tools to understand what customers want to know about your product. Once you have this information, the next step is to showcase your product and its benefits to your target audience. This strategy involves a mix of data, analysis, and storytelling. Combining these elements allows you to create a narrative that engages your audience. So, how can you do this effectively?

What is a case study? 

A case study is a powerful tool for showcasing a business's success in helping clients achieve their goals. It's a form of storytelling that details real-world scenarios where a business implemented its solutions to deliver positive results for a client.

In this article, we explore the concept of a case study , including its writing process, benefits, various types, challenges, and more.

Understanding how to write a case study is an invaluable skill. You'll need to embrace decision-making – from deciding which customers to feature to designing the best format to make them as engaging as possible.  This can feel overwhelming in a hurry, so let's break it down.

Step 1: Reach out to the target persona

If you've been in business for a while, you have no shortage of happy customers. But w ith limited time and resources, you can't choose everyone.  So, take some time beforehand to flesh out your target buyer personas. 

Once you know precisely who you're targeting, go through your stable of happy customers to find a buyer representative of the audience you're trying to reach. The closer their problems, goals, and industries align, the more your case study will resonate.

What if you have more than one buyer persona? No problem. This is a common situation for companies because buyers comprise an entire committee. You might be marketing to procurement experts, executives, engineers, etc. Try to develop a case study tailored to each key persona. This might be a long-term goal, and that's fine. The better you can personalize the experience for each stakeholder, the easier it is to keep their attention.  

Here are a few considerations to think about before research:

• Products/services of yours the customer uses (and how familiar they are with them)
• The customer's brand recognition in the industry
• Whether the results they've achieved are specific and remarkable
• Whether they've switched from a competitor's product/service
• How closely aligned they are with your target audience

These items are just a jumping-off point as you develop your criteria.  Once you have a list, run each customer through it to determine your top targets. Approach the ones on the top (your "dream" case study subjects) and work your way down as needed.

Who to interview

You should consider interviewing top-level managers or executives because those are high-profile positions. But consider how close they are to your product and its results.

Focusing on an office manager or engineer who uses your product daily would be better. Look for someone with a courtside view of the effects.

The ways to request customer participation in case studies can vary, but certain principles can improve your chances:

• Make it easy for customers to work with you, respecting their valuable time. Be well-prepared and minimize their involvement.
• Emphasize how customers will benefit through increased publicity, revenue opportunities, or recognition for their success. 
• Acknowledge their contributions and showcase their achievements.
• Standardizing the request process with a script incorporating these principles can help your team consistently secure case study approvals and track performance.

Step 2: Prepare for the interview

Case study interviews are like school exams. The more prepared you are for them, the better they turn out. Preparing thoroughly also shows participants that you value their time. You don't waste precious minutes rehashing things you should have already known. You focus on getting the information you need as efficiently as possible.

You can conduct your case study interview in multiple formats, from exchanging emails to in-person interviews. This isn't a trivial decision.  As you'll see in the chart below, each format has its unique advantages and disadvantages. 

You'll also have to consider who will ask and answer the questions during your case study interview. It's wise to consider this while considering the case study format.  The number of participants factors into which format will work best. Pulling off an in-person interview becomes much harder if you're trying to juggle four or five people's busy schedules. Try a video conference instead.

Before interviewing your case study participant, it is crucial to identify the specific questions that need to be asked.  It's essential to thoroughly evaluate your collaboration with the client and understand how your product's contributions impact the company. 

Remember that structuring your case study is akin to crafting a compelling narrative. To achieve this, follow a structured approach:

• Beginning of your story. Delve into the customer's challenge that ultimately led them to do business with you. What were their problems like? What drove them to make a decision finally? Why did they choose you?
• The middle of the case study.  Your audience also wants to know about the experience of working with you. Your customer has taken action to address their problems. What happened once you got on board?
• An ending that makes you the hero.  Describe the specific results your company produced for the customer. How has the customer's business (and life) changed once they implemented your solution?

Sample questions for the case study interview

If you're preparing for a case study interview, here are some sample case study research questions to help you get started:

• What challenges led you to seek a solution?
• When did you realize the need for immediate action? Was there a tipping point?
• How did you decide on the criteria for choosing a B2B solution, and who was involved?
• What set our product or service apart from others you considered?
• How was your experience working with us post-purchase?
• Were there any pleasant surprises or exceeded expectations during our collaboration?
• How smoothly did your team integrate our solution into their workflows?
• How long before you started seeing positive results?
• How have you benefited from our products or services?
• How do you measure the value our product or service provides?

Step 3: Conduct the interview

Preparing for case study interviews can be different from everyday conversations. Here are some tips to keep in mind:

• Create a comfortable atmosphere.  Before diving into the discussion, talk about their business and personal interests. Ensure everyone is at ease, and address any questions or concerns.
• Prioritize key questions.  Lead with your most crucial questions to respect your customer's time. Interview lengths can vary, so starting with the essentials ensures you get the vital information.
• Be flexible.  Case study interviews don't have to be rigid. If your interviewee goes "off script," embrace it. Their spontaneous responses often provide valuable insights.
• Record the interview.  If not conducted via email, ask for permission to record the interview. This lets you focus on the conversation and capture valuable quotes without distractions.

Step 4: Figure out who will create the case study

When creating written case studies for your business, deciding who should handle the writing depends on cost, perspective, and revisions.

Outsourcing might be pricier, but it ensures a professionally crafted outcome. On the other hand, in-house writing has its considerations, including understanding your customers and products. 

Technical expertise and equipment are needed for video case studies, which often leads companies to consider outsourcing due to production and editing costs. 

Tip: When outsourcing work, it's essential to clearly understand pricing details to avoid surprises and unexpected charges during payment.

Step 5: Utilize storytelling

Understanding and applying storytelling elements can make your case studies unforgettable, offering a competitive edge. 

Source: The Framework Bank

Every great study follows a narrative arc (also called a "story arc"). This arc represents how a character faces challenges, struggles against raising stakes, and encounters a formidable obstacle before the tension resolves.

In a case study narrative, consider:

• Exposition. Provide background information about the company, revealing their "old life" before becoming your customer.
• Inciting incident. Highlight the problem that drove the customer to seek a solution, creating a sense of urgency.
• Obstacles (rising action). Describe the customer's journey in researching and evaluating solutions, building tension as they explore options.
• Midpoint. Explain what made the business choose your product or service and what set you apart.
• Climax. Showcase the success achieved with your product.
• Denouement. Describe the customer's transformed business and end with a call-to-action for the reader to take the next step.

Step 6: Design the case study

The adage "Don't judge a book by its cover" is familiar, but people tend to do just that quite often!

A poor layout can deter readers even if you have an outstanding case study. To create an engaging case study, follow these steps:

• Craft a compelling title. Just like you wouldn't read a newspaper article without an eye-catching headline, the same goes for case studies. Start with a title that grabs attention.
• Organize your content. Break down your content into different sections, such as challenges, results, etc. Each section can also include subsections. This case study approach divides the content into manageable portions, preventing readers from feeling overwhelmed by lengthy blocks of text.
• Conciseness is key. Keep your case study as concise as possible. The most compelling case studies are precisely long enough to introduce the customer's challenge, experience with your solution, and outstanding results. Prioritize clarity and omit any sections that may detract from the main storyline.
• Utilize visual elements. To break up text and maintain reader interest, incorporate visual elements like callout boxes, bulleted lists, and sidebars.
• Include charts and images. Summarize results and simplify complex topics by including pictures and charts. Visual aids enhance the overall appeal of your case study.
• Embrace white space. Avoid overwhelming walls of text to prevent reader fatigue. Opt for plenty of white space, use shorter paragraphs, and employ subsections to ensure easy readability and navigation.
• Enhance video case studies. In video case studies, elements like music, fonts, and color grading are pivotal in setting the right tone. Choose music that complements your message and use it strategically throughout your story. Carefully select fonts to convey the desired style, and consider how lighting and color grading can influence the mood. These elements collectively help create the desired tone for your video case study.

Step 7: Edits and revisions

Once you've finished the interview and created your case study, the hardest part is over. Now's the time for editing and revision. This might feel frustrating for impatient B2B marketers, but it can turn good stories into great ones.

Ideally, you'll want to submit your case study through two different rounds of editing and revisions:

• Internal review. Seek feedback from various team members to ensure your case study is captivating and error-free. Gather perspectives from marketing, sales, and those in close contact with customers for well-rounded insights. Use patterns from this feedback to guide revisions and apply lessons to future case studies.
• Customer feedback. Share the case study with customers to make them feel valued and ensure accuracy. Let them review quotes and data points, as they are the "heroes" of the story, and their logos will be prominently featured. This step maintains positive customer relationships.

Case study mistakes to avoid

• Ensure easy access to case studies on your website.
• Spotlight the customer, not just your business.
• Tailor each case study to a specific audience.
• Avoid excessive industry jargon in your content.

Step 8: Publishing

Take a moment to proofread your case study one more time carefully. Even if you're reasonably confident you've caught all the errors, it's always a good idea to check. Your case study will be a valuable marketing tool for years, so it's worth the investment to ensure it's flawless. Once done, your case study is all set to go!

Consider sharing a copy of the completed case study with your customer as a thoughtful gesture. They'll likely appreciate it; some may want to keep it for their records. After all, your case study wouldn't have been possible without their help, and they deserve to see the final product.

Where you publish your case study depends on its role in your overall marketing strategy. If you want to reach as many people as possible with your case study, consider publishing it on your website and social media platforms. 

Tip: Some companies prefer to keep their case studies exclusive, making them available only to those who request them. This approach is often taken to control access to valuable information and to engage more deeply with potential customers who express specific interests. It can create a sense of exclusivity and encourage interested parties to engage directly with the company.

Step 9: Case study distribution

When sharing individual case studies, concentrate on reaching the audience with the most influence on purchasing decisions

Here are some common distribution channels to consider:

• Sales teams. Share case studies to enhance customer interactions, retention , and upselling among your sales and customer success teams. Keep them updated on new studies and offer easily accessible formats like PDFs or landing page links.
• Company website. Feature case studies on your website to establish authority and provide valuable information to potential buyers. Organize them by categories such as location, size, industry, challenges, and products or services used for effective presentation.
• Events. Use live events like conferences and webinars to distribute printed case study copies, showcase video case studies at trade show booths, and conclude webinars with links to your case study library. This creative approach blends personal interactions with compelling content.
• Industry journalists. Engage relevant industry journalists to gain media coverage by identifying suitable publications and journalists covering related topics. Building relationships is vital, and platforms like HARO (Help A Reporter Out) can facilitate connections, especially if your competitors have received coverage before.

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It can seem daunting to transform the information you've gathered into a cohesive narrative.  We’ve created a versatile case study template that can serve as a solid starting point for your case study.

With this template, your business can explore any solutions offered to satisfied customers, covering their background, the factors that led them to choose your services, and their outcomes.

The template boasts a straightforward design, featuring distinct sections that guide you in effectively narrating your and your customer's story. However, remember that limitless ways to showcase your business's accomplishments exist.

To assist you in this process, here's a breakdown of the recommended sections to include in a case study:

• Title.  Keep it concise. Create a brief yet engaging project title summarizing your work with your subject. Consider your title like a newspaper headline; do it well, and readers will want to learn more. 
• Subtitle . Use this section to elaborate on the achievement briefly. Make it creative and catchy to engage your audience.
• Executive summary.  Use this as an overview of the story, followed by 2-3 bullet points highlighting key success metrics.
• Challenges and objectives. This section describes the customer's challenges before adopting your product or service, along with the goals or objectives they sought to achieve.
• How product/service helped.  A paragraph explaining how your product or service addressed their problem.
• Testimonials.  Incorporate short quotes or statements from the individuals involved in the case study, sharing their perspectives and experiences.
• Supporting visuals.  Include one or two impactful visuals, such as graphs, infographics, or highlighted metrics, that reinforce the narrative.
• Call to action (CTA).  If you do your job well, your audience will read (or watch) your case studies from beginning to end. They are interested in everything you've said. Now, what's the next step they should take to continue their relationship with you? Give people a simple action they can complete. 

Case studies are proven marketing strategies in a wide variety of B2B industries. Here are just a few examples of a case study:

• Amazon Web Services, Inc.  provides companies with cloud computing platforms and APIs on a metered, pay-as-you-go basis. This case study example illustrates the benefits Thomson Reuters experienced using AWS.
• LinkedIn Marketing Solutions combines captivating visuals with measurable results in the case study created for BlackRock. This case study illustrates how LinkedIn has contributed to the growth of BlackRock's brand awareness over the years. 
• Salesforce , a sales and marketing automation SaaS solutions provider, seamlessly integrates written and visual elements to convey its success stories with Pepe Jeans. This case study effectively demonstrates how Pepe Jeans is captivating online shoppers with immersive and context-driven e-commerce experiences through Salesforce.
• HubSpot offers a combination of sales and marketing tools. Their case study demonstrates the effectiveness of its all-in-one solutions. These typically focus on a particular client's journey and how HubSpot helped them achieve significant results.

There are two different types of case studies that businesses might utilize:

Written case studies 

Written case studies offer readers a clear visual representation of data, which helps them quickly identify and focus on the information that matters most. 

Printed versions of case studies find their place at events like trade shows, where they serve as valuable sales collateral to engage prospective clients.  Even in the digital age, many businesses provide case studies in PDF format or as web-based landing pages, improving accessibility for their audience. 

Note: Landing pages , in particular, offer the flexibility to incorporate rich multimedia content, including images, charts, and videos. This flexibility in design makes landing pages an attractive choice for presenting detailed content to the audience.

Written case study advantages

Here are several significant advantages to leveraging case studies for your company:

• Hyperlink accessibility.  Whether in PDF or landing page format, written case studies allow for embedded hyperlinks, offering prospects easy access to additional information and contact forms.
• Flexible engagement.  Unlike video case studies, which may demand in-person arrangements, written case studies can be conducted via phone or video streaming, reducing customer commitment and simplifying scheduling.
• Efficient scanning . Well-structured written case studies with a scannable format cater to time-strapped professionals. Charts and callout boxes with key statistics enhance the ease of information retrieval.
• Printable for offline use.  Written case studies can be effortlessly printed and distributed at trade shows, sales meetings, and live events. This tangible format accommodates those who prefer physical materials and provides versatility in outreach, unlike video content, which is less portable.

Written case study disadvantages

Here are some drawbacks associated with the use of case studies:

• Reduced emotional impact.  Written content lacks the emotional punch of live video testimonials, which engage more senses and emotions, making a stronger connection.
• Consider time investment.  Creating a compelling case study involves editing, proofreading, and design collaboration, with multiple revisions commonly required before publication.
• Challenges in maintaining attention.  Attention spans are short in today's ad-saturated world. Using graphics, infographics, and videos more often is more powerful to incite the right emotions in customers.

Video case studies

Video case studies are the latest marketing trend. Unlike in the past, when video production was costly, today's tools make it more accessible for users to create and edit their videos. However, specific technical requirements still apply.

Like written case studies, video case studies delve into a specific customer's challenges and how your business provides solutions. Yet, the video offers a more profound connection by showcasing the person who faced and conquered the problem.

Video case studies can boost brand exposure when shared on platforms like YouTube. For example, Slack's engaging case study video with Sandwich Video illustrates how Slack transformed its workflow and adds humor, which can be challenging in written case studies focused on factual evidence.

Source : YouTube

This video case study has garnered nearly a million views on YouTube.

Video case study advantages

Here are some of the top advantages of video case studies. While video testimonials take more time, the payoff can be worth it. 

• Humanization and authenticity.  Video case studies connect viewers with real people, adding authenticity and fostering a stronger emotional connection.
• Engaging multiple senses.  They engage both auditory and visual senses, enhancing credibility and emotional impact. Charts, statistics, and images can also be incorporated.
• Broad distribution.  Videos can be shared on websites, YouTube, social media, and more, reaching diverse audiences and boosting engagement, especially on social platforms.

Video case study disadvantages

Before fully committing to video testimonials, consider the following:

• Technical expertise and equipment.  Video production requires technical know-how and equipment, which can be costly. Skilled video editing is essential to maintain a professional image. While technology advances, producing amateurish videos may harm your brand's perception.
• Viewer convenience.  Some prospects prefer written formats due to faster reading and ease of navigation. Video typically requires sound, which can be inconvenient for viewers in specific settings. Many people may not have headphones readily available to watch your content.
• Demand on case study participants.  On-camera interviews can be time-consuming and location-dependent, making scheduling challenging for case study participants. Additionally, being on screen for a global audience may create insecurities and performance pressure.
• Comfort on camera.  Not everyone feels at ease on camera. Nervousness or a different on-screen persona can impact the effectiveness of the testimonial, and discovering this late in the process can be problematic.

Written or video case studies: Which is right for you?

Now that you know the pros and cons of each, how do you choose which is right for you?

One of the most significant factors in doing video case studies can be the technical expertise and equipment required for a high level of production quality. Whether you have the budget to do this in-house or hire a production company can be one of the major deciding factors.

Still, written or video doesn't have to be an either-or decision. Some B2B companies are using both formats. They can complement each other nicely, minimizing the downsides mentioned above and reaching your potential customers where they prefer.

Let's say you're selling IT network security. What you offer is invaluable but complicated. You could create a short (three- or four-minute) video case study to get attention and touch on the significant benefits of your services. This whets the viewer's appetite for more information, which they could find in a written case study that supplements the video.

Should you decide to test the water in video case studies, test their effectiveness among your target audience. See how well they work for your company and sales team. And, just like a written case study, you can always find ways to improve your process as you continue exploring video case studies.

Case studies offer several distinctive advantages, making them an ideal tool for businesses to market their products to customers. However, their benefits extend beyond these qualities. 

Here's an overview of all the advantages of case studies:

Valuable sales support

Case studies serve as a valuable resource for your sales endeavors. Buyers frequently require additional information before finalizing a purchase decision. These studies provide concrete evidence of your product or service's effectiveness, assisting your sales representatives in closing deals more efficiently, especially with customers with lingering uncertainties.

Validating your value

Case studies serve as evidence of your product or service's worth or value proposition , playing a role in building trust with potential customers. By showcasing successful partnerships, you make it easier for prospects to place trust in your offerings. This effect is particularly notable when the featured customer holds a reputable status.

Unique and engaging content

By working closely with your customer success teams, you can uncover various customer stories that resonate with different prospects. Case studies allow marketers to shape product features and benefits into compelling narratives. 

Each case study's distinctiveness, mirroring the uniqueness of every customer's journey, makes them a valuable source of relatable and engaging content. Storytelling possesses the unique ability to connect with audiences on an emotional level, a dimension that statistics alone often cannot achieve. 

Spotlighting valuable customers

Case studies provide a valuable platform for showcasing your esteemed customers. Featuring them in these studies offers a chance to give them visibility and express your gratitude for the partnership, which can enhance customer loyalty . Depending on the company you are writing about, it can also demonstrate the caliber of your business.

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It's important to consider limitations when designing and interpreting the results of case studies. Here's an overview of the limitations of case studies:

Challenges in replication

Case studies often focus on specific individuals, organizations, or situations, making generalizing their findings to broader populations or contexts challenging. 

Time-intensive process

Case studies require a significant time investment. The extensive data collection process and the need for comprehensive analysis can be demanding, especially for researchers who are new to this method.

Potential for errors

Case studies can be influenced by memory and judgment, potentially leading to inaccuracies. Depending on human memory to reconstruct a case's history may result in variations and potential inconsistencies in how individuals recall past events. Additionally, bias may emerge, as individuals tend to prioritize what they consider most significant, which could limit their consideration of alternative perspectives.

Challenges in verification

Confirming results through additional research can present difficulties. This complexity arises from the need for detailed and extensive data in the initial creation of a case study. Consequently, this process requires significant effort and a substantial amount of time.

While looking at case studies, you may have noticed a quote. This type of quote is considered a testimonial, a key element of case studies.

If a customer's quote proves that your brand does what it says it will or performs as expected, you may wonder: 'Aren't customer testimonials and case studies the same thing?' Not exactly.

Testimonials are brief endorsements designed to establish trust on a broad scale. In contrast, case studies are detailed narratives that offer a comprehensive understanding of how a product or service addresses a specific problem, targeting a more focused audience. 

Crafting case studies requires more resources and a structured approach than testimonials. Your selection between the two depends on your marketing objectives and the complexity of your product or service.

Case in point!

Case studies are among a company's most effective tools. You're  well on your way to mastering them.

Today's buyers are tackling much of the case study research methodology independently. Many are understandably skeptical before making a buying decision. By connecting them with multiple case studies, you can prove you've gotten the results you say you can. There's hardly a better way to boost your credibility and persuade them to consider your solution.

Case study formats and distribution methods might change as technology evolves. However, the fundamentals that make them effective—knowing how to choose subjects, conduct interviews, and structure everything to get attention—will serve you for as long as you're in business. 

We covered a ton of concepts and resources, so go ahead and bookmark this page. You can refer to it whenever you have questions or need a refresher.

Dive into market research to uncover customer preferences and spending habits.

Kristen McCabe

Kristen’s is a former senior content marketing specialist at G2. Her global marketing experience extends from Australia to Chicago, with expertise in B2B and B2C industries. Specializing in content, conversions, and events, Kristen spends her time outside of work time acting, learning nature photography, and joining in the #instadog fun with her Pug/Jack Russell, Bella. (she/her/hers)

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"Rs 5 Crore To Red Cross": Bail For 4 In Coaching Centre Deaths Case

The unprecedented bail condition seeks to deter people from committing the same or similar offence. the bail will be in effect till january 30, 2025.

Three IAS aspirants died on July 27 after a surge in rainwater flooded coaching centre basement

Four co-owners of a basement in a central Delhi building used as a coaching centre where three civil service aspirants drowned in rainwater have been granted bail by the Delhi High Court. However, the four must deposit Rs 5 crore with the Red Cross for the bail to be applicable to them, the court said.

The unprecedented bail condition seeks to deter people from committing the same or similar offence. The bail will be in effect till January 30, 2025.

The court asked the Delhi Lieutenant Governor to form a committee under the supervision of a retired high court judge to ensure that no coaching centres are run from basements in the national capital.

Justice Dinesh Kumar Sharma of the Delhi High Court said the conduct of the co-owners is "unpardonable" and an "act of greed". Justice Sharma said the authorities must designate a place in Delhi where coaching centres can operate.

Three Indian Administrative Service (IAS) aspirants - Shreya Yadav, 25; Tanya Soni, 25, and Nevin Delvin, 24 - died on July 27 after a sudden surge in rainwater flooded the basement of a building in central Delhi's Old Rajinder Nagar, where Rau's IAS Study Circle ran a coaching centre.

The co-owners of the basement -- Parvinder Singh, Tajinder Singh, Harvinder Singh, and Sarbjit Singh -- sought bail on the grounds that they were simply the landlords of the basement, which was rented out to the coaching centre, and so they have no link with the incident.

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The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) opposed the bail application, saying the probe was in an initial stage and the accused should not be given relief until independent witnesses are examined.

The case is being investigated under the new criminal law Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), including Section 105 (culpable homicide not amounting to murder), after it was transferred from Delhi Police to the CBI on the high court's order.

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