write an essay about negative effects of traffic accidents

10 Effects Of Road Accidents | Devastating Consequences

The effects of road accidents are profound and far-reaching, spanning from immediate physical harm to lingering emotional scars. These tragedies not only affect the victims but also send ripples throughout communities, inflicting broader social and economic consequences. Beyond the evident distress and damage, road accidents impose a weighty burden on families, often leading to financial strain and relationship challenges.

In this blog, we will explore the 10 primary consequences of road accidents, from immediate and financial to emotional and psychological. We will also look at the long-term effects of accidents and the legal and social implications they can have. By understanding the full scope of the consequences of road accidents, we can take steps to prevent them and mitigate their impact when they occur. Let’s dive in and explore the ripple effect of road accidents.

10 Effects Of Road Accidents

Road accidents can have devastating effects on individuals, families, and communities. Some of the common effects of road accidents include:

1. Physical Injuries

Road accidents can result in a wide range of physical injuries, from minor cuts and bruises to severe injuries such as broken bones, spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injuries, and amputations. These injuries can impact a person’s health and well-being, leading to long-term disabilities and reduced mobility.

Victims may require extensive medical treatment and rehabilitation, which can be costly and time-consuming. They may also experience chronic pain and discomfort, affecting their ability to work, socialize, and enjoy life as they once did. Physical injuries can also have a psychological impact, leading to anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions.

2. Emotional Trauma

The emotional trauma of a road accident can be just as devastating as physical injuries. Survivors may experience shock, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and struggle with guilt, anger, and fear. These emotional reactions can be long-lasting, affecting a person’s ability to function normally and enjoy life.

The emotional trauma of a road accident can also impact a person’s relationships and social interactions, leading to isolation and further mental health problems. Survivors need professional help to manage their emotional reactions and prevent long-term psychological damage.

3. Loss of Life

Road accidents can result in the tragic loss of life, leaving families and communities devastated. Losing a loved one in a road accident can profoundly impact family members, friends, and communities.

The emotional and psychological toll can be significant, and grieving can take a long time. For some, it may take years to come to terms with losing a loved one. Families and communities need to support each other during these difficult times and seek professional help if needed.

4. Financial Burden

Road accidents can also have a significant financial impact. Victims may face medical bills, property damage, and lost wages, which can add up quickly. In some cases, victims may also face legal fees and other expenses related to their accident.

The financial burden of a road accident can be overwhelming, particularly for those who cannot work due to their injuries. This can lead to financial instability, debt, and even bankruptcy.

5. Disability and Reduced Mobility

Severe injuries sustained in road accidents can result in disabilities and reduced mobility, affecting a person’s ability to work, socialize, and enjoy life as they once did. Disabilities can be temporary or permanent and require ongoing medical treatment and rehabilitation. This can be costly, time-consuming, and impact a person’s mental health and well-being.

6. Impact on Families and Relationships

Road accidents can strain families and relationships, with loved ones having to provide physical and emotional support to those affected. The stress and strain can sometimes lead to marital problems, divorce, or family breakdowns. Families need to seek support and counseling to manage the impact of a road accident on their relationships.

7. Impact on Mental Health

The emotional trauma of a road accident can also impact mental health, leading to anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions. Survivors may struggle to cope with the psychological impact of their accident for years to come. Survivors need professional help to manage their emotional reactions and prevent long-term psychological damage.

8. Loss of Confidence

Road accidents can be traumatic, and survivors may struggle with various psychological effects, including losing confidence. After an accident, a person may feel hesitant or fearful about driving or leaving home. They may worry about being involved in another accident and feel vulnerable and unsafe on the road. These fears can be particularly challenging for those who rely on driving for work or daily activities, such as running errands or caring for family members.

Losing confidence following a road accident can also lead to social isolation and mental health problems. If a person feels too fearful or anxious to leave their home, they may become socially isolated, exacerbating loneliness, depression, and anxiety. They may also struggle with losing independence and a sense of helplessness, leading to hopelessness and despair.

Therefore, it is important for those who have experienced a road accident to seek support and guidance from mental health professionals or support groups to help them rebuild their confidence and regain control of their lives.

9. Reduced Quality of Life

Road accidents can profoundly impact a person’s quality of life. Survivors may experience physical injuries, emotional trauma, and financial stress that can limit their ability to perform daily tasks and participate in activities they once enjoyed. Seeking support and rehabilitation is crucial to improving their quality of life and regaining independence.

Through counseling, medical treatment, and support groups, survivors can manage pain, address emotional trauma, and rebuild confidence to resume normal activities. By doing so, survivors can improve their overall well-being and regain control over their lives.

10. Social and Economic Impact

Road accidents can also have a broader social and economic impact, affecting communities and entire countries. The cost of medical care lost productivity.

Property damage can be staggering, and the impact on families and individuals can lead to increased reliance on social services and support programs. Governments and communities need to invest in road safety initiatives and support programs for those affected by road accidents.

In conclusion, road accidents have devastating consequences that affect individuals, families, and communities. A road accident’s physical, emotional, and financial impact can be overwhelming and long-lasting, leading to disabilities, emotional trauma, and financial stress. However, by understanding the effects of road accidents, we can take steps to prevent them and support those affected.

Through better road safety measures, education, and awareness, we can reduce the number of road accidents and prevent the devastating consequences they bring. For those who have experienced a road accident, seeking support and rehabilitation services is essential to improve their quality of life and regain their independence.

In addition, governments and organizations need to provide resources and support programs to those affected by road accidents, including counseling, medical treatment, and financial assistance. By working together, we can make our roads safer and help those affected by road accidents rebuild their lives.

Causes and effects of traffic accidents

As we know, It is common knowledge that nowadays, in the world or in our country, traffic accident is the biggest problem that the world nowadays needs to pay much attention to. What are the causes for this phenomenon reasons why they happen? Or And what would should we do to decrease it?

Firstly, I would like to talk about its causes have some causes of this. As we see, It is an obvious fact that with the traffic conditions situation in many big cities nowadays, accidents is are much likely to object to happen. The roads are too narrow for such a large number of vehicles to travel easily. Moreover, there are many pot-holes, which can appear everywhere to threaten the goers. Additionally, most of the traffic participants do not follow the law . The proof for this is that they cross ignore the red light when joining the traffic or not run take on the right wrong lane when joining the traffic. Furthermore, many teenagers ride motorbikes, however even when they have not been trained and granted a driving er license. I think it is very terrible because it is an action regardless of the disastrous consequences. All of these things lead to the occurrence of traffic accidents.

However, if we only mention the causes, it will not help anything so please help reduce traffic accidents by practical action or thinking correctly. Secondly, it’s also worth mentioning the practical solutions to the problem. An example to show this is that we have to follow the traffic laws, obey the laws of the state. The most important solution is to raise the awareness of each and every person. We ourselves have to always follow the traffic laws seriously. After that Next, we should also encourage other people around us to do the same. propagate the people around them so they know, understand and obey properly the traffic laws. There is a measure I think is very interesting to be mentioned by some students. Moreover, it also helps if It is the state government to increase raise the driving age of the young people to drive and lower that of reduce the age of the elderly. driving. But nothing is as important as every one’s self – consciousness.

In short, the causes we have known, measures have also been proposed, so let’s take action to limit traffic accidents. although traffic accidents can result from many different causes, there are still a good number of feasible approaches to solve them.

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Essay evaluations by e-grader

Grammar and spelling errors: Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace Suggestion: As we know, It is common knowledge that ... ^^^^^^ Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace Suggestion: ...hat would should we do to decrease it? Firstly, I would like to talk abou... ^^^^^^^^ Line 3, column 226, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace Suggestion: ...ccidents is are much likely to object to happen. The roads are too narrow for suc... ^^ Line 3, column 270, Rule ID: LARGE_NUMBER_OF[1] Message: Specify a number, remove phrase, or simply use 'many' or 'numerous' Suggestion: many; numerous ...ppen. The roads are too narrow for such a large number of vehicles to travel easily. Moreover, th... ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Line 3, column 470, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE Message: Don't put a space before the full stop Suggestion: . ...affic participants do not follow the law . The proof for this is that they cross i... ^^ Line 4, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace Suggestion: ...o the occurrence of traffic accidents. However, if we only mention the ca... ^^^^^ Line 5, column 559, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter Suggestion: Propagate ... other people around us to do the same. propagate the people around them so they know, un... ^^^^^^^^^ Line 5, column 900, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter Suggestion: Driving ... that of reduce the age of the elderly. driving. But nothing is as important as every o... ^^^^^^^ Line 5, column 956, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace Suggestion: ...hing is as important as every one's self – consciousness. In sho... ^^ Line 6, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace Suggestion: ...very one's self – consciousness. In short, the causes we have known... ^^^^^ Line 7, column 132, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter Suggestion: Although ...ake action to limit traffic accidents. although traffic accidents can result from many ... ^^^^^^^^ Line 7, column 175, Rule ID: NUMEROUS_DIFFERENT[1] Message: Use simply 'many'. Suggestion: many ...hough traffic accidents can result from many different causes, there are still a good number o... ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^

Transition Words or Phrases used: also, but, first, firstly, furthermore, however, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, still, i think, in short

Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments

Performance on Part of Speech: To be verbs : 21.0 13.1623246493 160% => OK Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 7.85571142285 89% => OK Conjunction : 10.0 10.4138276553 96% => OK Relative clauses : 11.0 7.30460921844 151% => OK Pronoun: 41.0 24.0651302605 170% => Less pronouns wanted Preposition: 46.0 41.998997996 110% => OK Nominalization: 6.0 8.3376753507 72% => OK

Performance on vocabulary words: No of characters: 2013.0 1615.20841683 125% => OK No of words: 418.0 315.596192385 132% => OK Chars per words: 4.81578947368 5.12529762239 94% => OK Fourth root words length: 4.52162009685 4.20363070211 108% => OK Word Length SD: 2.59929846167 2.80592935109 93% => OK Unique words: 220.0 176.041082164 125% => OK Unique words percentage: 0.526315789474 0.561755894193 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted. syllable_count: 623.7 506.74238477 123% => OK avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.60771543086 93% => OK

A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by: Pronoun: 8.0 5.43587174349 147% => OK Article: 5.0 2.52805611222 198% => OK Subordination: 5.0 2.10420841683 238% => Less adverbial clause wanted. Conjunction: 2.0 0.809619238477 247% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning. Preposition: 3.0 4.76152304609 63% => OK

Performance on sentences: How many sentences: 24.0 16.0721442886 149% => OK Sentence length: 17.0 20.2975951904 84% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short. Sentence length SD: 36.4222678759 49.4020404114 74% => OK Chars per sentence: 83.875 106.682146367 79% => OK Words per sentence: 17.4166666667 20.7667163134 84% => OK Discourse Markers: 4.54166666667 7.06120827912 64% => OK Paragraphs: 4.0 4.38176352705 91% => OK Language errors: 12.0 5.01903807615 239% => Less language errors wanted. Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 8.67935871743 92% => OK Sentences with negative sentiment : 11.0 3.9879759519 276% => Less negative sentences wanted. Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 3.4128256513 147% => OK What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?

Coherence and Cohesion: Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.252159499174 0.244688304435 103% => OK Sentence topic coherence: 0.0636773801782 0.084324248473 76% => OK Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0615349014284 0.0667982634062 92% => OK Paragraph topic coherence: 0.173080257142 0.151304729494 114% => OK Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.045616636055 0.056905535591 80% => OK

Essay readability: automated_readability_index: 10.0 13.0946893788 76% => Automated_readability_index is low. flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 50.2224549098 125% => OK smog_index: 3.1 7.44779559118 42% => Smog_index is low. flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.3001002004 77% => OK coleman_liau_index: 10.38 12.4159519038 84% => OK dale_chall_readability_score: 7.58 8.58950901804 88% => OK difficult_words: 82.0 78.4519038076 105% => OK linsear_write_formula: 7.5 9.78957915832 77% => OK gunning_fog: 8.8 10.1190380762 87% => OK text_standard: 9.0 10.7795591182 83% => OK What are above readability scores?

--------------------- Rates: 56.1797752809 out of 100 Scores by essay e-grader: 5.0 Out of 9 --------------------- Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.

Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents Report

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Introduction

Types of car accidents, causes of car accidents, solutions to car accidents, works cited, source evaluation report.

Car accidents are unexpected events that occur to motor vehicles causing damage of the vehicles, structures, fatalities and even death of the people in the vehicles. According to a research done by the United Nations, the rate of growth of accidents in the world continue to increase with over two million deaths and thirty million injuries reported annually.

The studies revealed that over seventy percent of the deaths that resulted from road accidents occurred in developing countries. These imply that automobile accidents are a major problem in developing counties stretching from regions of pacific Asia to many parts of Sub Sahara Africa which contribute to over fifty percent of these accidents.

The numbers of vehicles continue increasing every year and governments are responding by constructing modern roads that can facilitate smooth transportation of goods and people so as to realize economic growth and reduce accidents which are increasing dramatically. In fact, car accident are ranked second to the major killer disease AIDS in terms of causing deaths and lose of property and resources. As a result, government policies to increase economic empowerment among the people are destructed by car accidents.

There are different classifications of road accidents depending on where the damage has been done on your vehicle. When a car hits another and there are minor damages on the vehicle, the accident is referred to as a rear impact car accident. An example of such an accident is when a vehicle hits another from the back due to failure of the brakes.

When a car hits another for the side, the type of accident is referred to as side impact accident. It usually occurs when a vehicle enters another vehicles lane as a result of an abrupt stop and thereby skidding at a right angle. According to Abdelane (20), in the United States, more than a third of the accidents in the US are side impact accidents. When a vehicle hits another car or object in front it is said to have undergone head on collision. This type of accident not only happens to cars but also trains.

This type of accident is commonly encountered by drunk drivers and those drivers who dose while driving. This type of accident is most likely to occur when a car enters a road from a wrong direction. When a car is involved in an accident and it turns in a manner that it lays on its side or roof, it is said to have had a roll over accident. This type of accident normally happens to tall tracks (Obenski, 3).

There are several factors that cause road accidents which comprise the following: majority of the accidents occur due the rise in the number of road users who don’t obey traffic rules, drivers who drive their cars carelessly and disobedience of the rules of traffic; the nature of the roads is also a major cause of road accidents.

The nature of infrastructure, construction of bridges which do not meet safety standards leading to defects on the road like potholes; improper maintenance of motor vehicles by the owners have caused many accidents. Some of the accidents that arise due to poor maintenance are due to failure of the breaks, improper alignment of the wheels thereby causing bursting, mechanical problems associated with the wheel, and failure of the headlights (Abdelane, 54).

Bad weather also contributes to the rise in the motor vehicle accidents. On a misty day, visibility on the road can be very bad. Cars on the road may end up colliding due to the failure of the drivers to notice vehicles in the front or back due to poor weather conditions. Other conditions of the weather that can lead to accidents growth is the presence of unexpected floods and ice on the roads.

These factors may make drivers notice their opponents late hence leading to collisions. Drivers may at times encounter distractions on the road as they drive, which may be within or outside the car. Some of the incidents arising from this error are when the attention of the driver is focused on a phone or a mirror or an interesting event outside the car while the car is in motion. It therefore follows that, anything causing the driver to concentrate outside the road is dangerous to the safety of the vehicle.

Sometimes, the designers of the roads may do a shoddy job in designing the road. This could be due to poor placements of the traffic controls like inappropriate placements of the traffic signs so that the view of the incoming traffic is blocked at risky corners of busy roads. In most cases, accidents arising from poor design are compensated by the government implying that both the owners of the vehicles and the State share the losses (Livneh, 99).

Brumitt (66) argued out that several measures can be adopted to ensure that there is reduction in the number of accidents. A lot of these measures have to do with government involvement in designing policies that guide road users but individual people must also take collective responsibility to avoid traffic offences.

Governments should establish bodies that oversee the overall implementation of set up policies like the National Road Safety Committee. The responsibility of the committee should target the following areas of concern: pile up pressure on all government departments and ministries to ensure that they give out guidelines that aim to minimize car accidents.

The committee should ensure that the lives of people are protected as well as protection of property from any losses arising from road accidents. Another effective control measure that can be taken to ensure that road accidents are reduced drastically is by keeping an accurate data base of the accidents and their causes so that it can be used to devise means of minimizing them. The records of the accident data system should be exact and consistent with assistance from established data collection systems.

By incorporating safety control measures in the school curriculum in the primary school level, a great deal will be reached in instilling safety measures to the younger generation so that they can acquire discipline of road safety measures right from initial stages of their lives to adulthood.

The authorities should ensure that only drivers who have been trained and certified drive on the road. In addition the authorities should ensure that people caught disobeying traffic rules are seriously punished by the law so as to instill discipline among the people (Brumitt, 122).

Finally, in order to attain excellent safety measures that will reduce accidents significantly, the government has to commit itself to provide funding to road safety, the private sector has to commit itself to offering technical assistance and people have to commit themselves to the safety measures.

Abdelane,Evans. Braking Deceleration of Motorcycle Riders: International Motorcycle Safety Conference. Oxford: Oxford University, 2001.

Brumitt, Meyers. “The Accident Reconstruction Network.” (2007). Web.

Livneh, Ceder. Relationships between road accidents and hourly traffic flow : Accident Analysis and Prevention. New Yolk: 2008.

Obenski, Kuyt. “National Transportation Safety Board.” (2006). Web.

Road accidents are becoming a major disaster in the world. According to Abdelane of Oxford University, “over one million people die and approximately thirty million get injuries as a result of road accidents in the world.” He also adds that “road accidents are identified as the second major killer of the human population after AIDS.”

Brumitt a research analyst at Bristol University, conducted a research and found out that road accidents are caused by road users who don’t obey traffic rules, poor infrastructure of the roads and defects on the vehicles such as break failure and tire bursts.

According to Obenski of the National Transportation Safety Board, several factors cause road accidents and there is no particular sequence: it can be due to over speeding, lack of attention, cell phones and other distracters, ignorance, lack of proper training and poor maintenance of the vehicles.

Livneh and his colleagues analyzed solutions of road accidents and suggested that “the effective solutions require the coordinated efforts of governments, international organizations and agencies, local authorities and good citizenship.” “Road accidents are unavoidable” says Livneh. “But risks of road accidents can be reduced by simple precautions and thinking ahead.”

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IvyPanda. (2019, February 7). Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents. https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-solutions-of-car-accidents/

"Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents." IvyPanda , 7 Feb. 2019, ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-solutions-of-car-accidents/.

IvyPanda . (2019) 'Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents'. 7 February.

IvyPanda . 2019. "Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents." February 7, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-solutions-of-car-accidents/.

1. IvyPanda . "Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents." February 7, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-solutions-of-car-accidents/.

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IvyPanda . "Causes and Solutions of Car Accidents." February 7, 2019. https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-solutions-of-car-accidents/.

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Essay on Road Safety: Sample Essay In 100,300 Words

• Updated on  
• Sep 28, 2023

Essay on Road Safety: Road safety is an imperative concern globally, with millions of lives at stake annually due to traffic accidents. This blog delves into the multifaceted issue of road safety, highlighting its pressing importance, the contributing factors behind accidents, and the pivotal measures required to create safer road environments for all.

Must Read: Essay on Education System

Table of Contents

• 1 The Importance of Road Safety
• 2 Factors Contributing to Road Safety
• 3 Innovations for Prevention
• 4 Essay on Road Safety in 100 Words
• 5 Essay on Road Safety in 300 Words

The Importance of Road Safety

Road safety is of paramount importance, safeguarding lives and ensuring the well-being of communities worldwide. Firstly, it prevents tragedies by reducing the risk of accidents and the resulting loss of life and limb. Road accidents inflict immeasurable pain on families and strain healthcare systems. Secondly, road safety plays a pivotal role in economic prosperity. It enables efficient transportation of goods and services, bolstering economic growth. Moreover, reduced accident rates translate to lower healthcare costs and productivity losses. Thus, prioritizing road safety is not just a moral duty but also a sound economic and social investment that fosters a safer, more prosperous society.

Factors Contributing to Road Safety

The following factors contribute to road safety:: 

• Driver Behavior: Responsible driving habits, adherence to speed limits, and avoiding distractions like texting or impaired driving are crucial. Defensive driving techniques help reduce accidents.
• Road Infrastructure: Well-maintained roads with clear signage, proper lighting, and road markings enhance safety. Infrastructure improvements like roundabouts and traffic calming measures can reduce accidents.
• Vehicle Safety: Modern vehicles equipped with advanced safety features, such as ABS brakes, airbags, and collision avoidance systems, contribute to road safety.
• Enforcement: Stringent law enforcement and penalties for traffic violations act as deterrents and encourage compliance with road rules.
• Education and Awareness: Public awareness campaigns, driver education programs, and initiatives to promote responsible road behaviour are essential in fostering a culture of road safety.

Innovations for Prevention

Innovations in road safety are pivotal for preventing accidents and minimizing their severity. One such innovation is the development of Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). These systems utilize technologies like sensors, cameras, and AI algorithms to provide real-time feedback to drivers. They offer features such as lane-keeping assistance, adaptive cruise control, and automatic emergency braking, which can prevent collisions and reduce the impact of accidents.

Another significant innovation is the emergence of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication. V2X technology enables vehicles to exchange data with each other and with infrastructure like traffic lights. This communication enhances situational awareness, enabling vehicles to anticipate potential hazards and take preventive actions, ultimately making our roads safer for everyone.

Essay on Road Safety in 100 Words

Road safety is a paramount concern for communities worldwide. It encompasses a range of measures and precautions aimed at reducing the risks of accidents and ensuring the well-being of all road users. Adhering to traffic rules, avoiding distractions while driving, and responsible speeding are essential aspects of individual road safety. Moreover, robust road infrastructure, including clear signage and well-maintained roads, plays a pivotal role in accident prevention.

Ultimately, prioritizing road safety is not just a matter of compliance but a collective responsibility to protect lives and promote safe, efficient transportation systems for our societies.

Must Read: Essay On Gender Discrimination

Essay on Road Safety in 300 Words

Road safety is an issue of paramount importance, affecting individuals and communities worldwide. The ever-increasing number of vehicles on the road and the complex dynamics of modern traffic demand a concerted effort to prevent accidents and safeguard lives.

One of the fundamental pillars of road safety is responsible driver behaviour. Adhering to traffic rules, avoiding distractions such as texting or using a phone while driving, and respecting speed limits are essential aspects of individual road safety. 

Furthermore, road infrastructure is a critical factor in ensuring road safety. Well-maintained roads with clear signage, proper lighting, and road markings are essential to guide drivers safely. Innovations in road design, such as the implementation of roundabouts and traffic-calming measures, have been proven to reduce accidents and their severity.

Vehicle safety is another key component. Modern vehicles equipped with advanced safety features, such as anti-lock braking systems (ABS), airbags, electronic stability control (ESC), and collision avoidance systems, significantly contribute to road safety. These technologies can prevent accidents or mitigate their consequences when they do occur.

Law enforcement and penalties for traffic violations are also crucial in promoting road safety. Strict enforcement acts as a deterrent, encouraging compliance with road rules and regulations. Drunk driving, speeding, and reckless behaviour should be met with punitive measures to discourage risky conduct on the road.

Education and awareness campaigns play a vital role in fostering a culture of road safety. They aim to educate the public about the risks associated with irresponsible driving and encourage responsible behavior. These campaigns target drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists alike, emphasizing their shared responsibility for road safety.

Road safety is not merely a matter of compliance; it is a moral and societal duty to protect lives and promote responsible road use.

Road safety is vital to prevent accidents, save lives, reduce injuries, and ensure the orderly flow of traffic.

The most crucial rule is to follow speed limits, as excessive speed is a leading cause of accidents.

A road safety essay discusses measures, behaviours, and strategies to prevent accidents and promote safe road usage for all.

We hope this blog gave you an idea about how to write and present an essay on road safety that puts forth your opinions. The skill of writing an essay comes in handy when appearing for standardized language tests. Thinking of taking one soon? Leverage Edu provides the best online test prep for the same via Leverage Live . Register today to know more!

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Road Accident Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on road accident.

Essay on Road Accident: Road accidents have become very common nowadays. As more and people are buying automobiles, the incidences of road accidents are just increasing day by day. Furthermore, people have also become more careless now. Not many people follow the traffic rules. Especially in big cities, there are various modes of transports. Moreover, the roads are becoming narrower and the cities have become more populated.

Thus, road accidents are bound to happen. You pick up a newspaper and you will find at least one or two news about road accidents daily. They cause loss of life as well as material. People need to be more careful when on the road, no matter which mode of transport you are from. Even the ones on foot are not safe because of the rise in these incidences. Every day people witness accidents in the news, from relatives and even with their own eyes.

Road Accident Incident

Once I was on my way back home from festive shopping when I witnessed a road accident. I was with my sister and it was around 6 o’ clock in the evening. In the middle of the road, we saw a crowd surrounding something. We weren’t quite sure what was happening as the first thought that came to our mind was that it was probably a quarrel between two men. However, when we reached the spot, we found out an accident had taken place.

Subsequently, the police arrived as the people had caught the driver and were beating him up. After the police came, they caught hold of the driver and asked about the incident. Later, we came to know that the driver was drunk. The police detained him and went to the hospital for a statement. Fortunately, the driver was declared out of danger. The doctors dressed his wounds and informed that he was still in shock.

That incident made me realize how precious our lives are. In addition, as to how we take it for granted. We must all be very careful when on road, on foot or by a car that does not matter. We can adopt measures that will prevent road accidents.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Road Accident Prevention

We need to prevent road accidents to decrease the death rate. Every year thousands of people lose their lives to road accidents. Children must be taught from an early age about traffic rules. They must be taught the value of life and how they can safeguard it.

Moreover, the government must pass more stringent laws for people who disobey traffic rules. They must fine people heavily or take strict action when found guilty of breaking these laws irrespective of gender.

Similarly, parents must set an example for the younger ones by not using phones while driving. Also, they must always wear their helmets and seatbelts to avoid the chances of an accident.

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Traffic: Why It’s Getting Worse, What Government Can Do

Subscribe to the brookings metro update, anthony downs anthony downs former brookings expert.

January 1, 2004

• 17 min read
• Introduction

The Real Problem

Coping with the mobility problem, the principle of triple convergence, triple convergence and other proposals, how population growth can swamp transportation capacity, low-density settlements, possible improvements.

Rising traffic congestion is an inescapable condition in large and growing metropolitan areas across the world, from Los Angeles to Tokyo, from Cairo to Sao Paolo. Peak-hour traffic congestion is an inherent result of the way modern societies operate. It stems from the widespread desires of people to pursue certain goals that inevitably overload existing roads and transit systems every day. But everyone hates traffic congestion, and it keeps getting worse, in spite of attempted remedies.

Commuters are often frustrated by policymakers’ inability to do anything about the problem, which poses a significant public policy challenge. Although governments may never be able to eliminate road congestion, there are several ways cities and states can move to curb it.

POLICY BRIEF #128

Traffic congestion is not primarily a problem, but rather the solution to our basic mobility problem, which is that too many people want to move at the same times each day. Why? Because efficient operation of both the economy and school systems requires that people work, go to school, and even run errands during about the same hours so they can interact with each other. That basic requirement cannot be altered without crippling our economy and society. The same problem exists in every major metropolitan area in the world.

In the United States, the vast majority of people seeking to move during rush hours use private automotive vehicles, for two reasons. One is that most Americans reside in low-density areas that public transit cannot efficiently serve. The second is that privately owned vehicles are more comfortable, faster, more private, more convenient in trip timing, and more flexible for doing multiple tasks on one trip than almost any form of public transit. As household incomes rise around the world, more and more people shift from slower, less expensive modes of movement to privately owned cars and trucks.

With 87.9 percent of America’s daily commuters using private vehicles, and millions wanting to move at the same times of day, America’s basic problem is that its road system does not have the capacity to handle peak-hour loads without forcing many people to wait in line for that limited road space. Waiting in line is the definition of congestion, and the same condition is found in all growing major metropolitan regions. In fact, traffic congestion is worse in most other countries because American roads are so much better.

Back to top

There are four ways any region can try to cope with the mobility challenge. But three of them are politically impractical or physically and financially impossible in the United States.

Charging peak-hour tolls. Governments can charge people money to enter all the lanes on major commuting roads during peak hours. If tolls were set high enough and collected electronically with “smart cards,” the number of vehicles on each major road during peak hours could be reduced enough so that vehicles could move at high speeds. That would allow more people to travel per lane per hour than under current, heavily congested conditions.

Transportation economists have long been proponents of this tactic, but most Americans reject this solution politically for two reasons. Tolls would favor wealthier or subsidized drivers and harm poor ones, so most Americans would resent them, partly because they believe they would be at a disadvantage.

The second drawback is that people think these tolls would be just another tax, forcing them to pay for something they have already paid for through gasoline taxes. For both these reasons, few politicians in our democracy—and so far, anywhere else in the world—advocate this tactic. Limited road-pricing schemes that have been adopted in Singapore, Norway, and London only affect congestion in crowded downtowns, which is not the kind of congestion on major arteries that most Americans experience.

Greatly expanding road capacity. The second approach would be to build enough road capacity to handle all drivers who want to travel in peak hours at the same time without delays. But this “cure” is totally impractical and prohibitively expensive. Governments would have to widen all major commuting roads by demolishing millions of buildings, cutting down trees, and turning most of every metropolitan region into a giant concrete slab. Those roads would then be grossly underutilized during non-peak hours. There are many occasions when adding more road capacity is a good idea, but no large region can afford to build enough to completely eliminate peak-hour congestion.

Greatly expanding public transit capacity. The third approach would be to expand public transit capacity enough to shift so many people from cars to transit that there would be no more excess demand for roads during peak hours. But in the United States in 2000, only 4.7 percent of all commuters traveled by public transit. (Outside of New York City, only 3.5 percent use transit and 89.3 percent use private vehicles.) A major reason is that most transit commuting is concentrated in a few large, densely settled regions with extensive fixed-rail transit systems. The nine U.S. metropolitan areas with the most daily transit commuters, when taken together, account for 61 percent of all U.S. transit commuting, though they contain only 17 percent of the total population. Within those regions, transit commuters are 17 percent of all commuters, but elsewhere, transit carries only 2.4 percent of all commuters, and less than one percent in many low-density regions.

Even if America’s existing transit capacity were tripled and fully utilized, morning peak-hour transit travel would rise to 11.0 percent of all morning trips. But that would reduce all morning private vehicle trips by only 8.0 percent—certainly progress, but hardly enough to end congestion—and tripling public transit capacity would be extremely costly. There are many good reasons to expand the nation’s public transit systems to aid mobility, but doing so will not notably reduce either existing or future peak-hour traffic congestion.

Living with congestion. This is the sole viable option. The only feasible way to accommodate excess demand for roads during peak periods is to have people wait in line. That means traffic congestion, which is an absolutely essential mechanism for American regions—and most other metropolitan regions throughout the world—to cope with excess demands for road space during peak hours each day.

Although congestion can seem intolerable, the alternatives would be even worse. Peak-hour congestion is the balancing mechanism that makes it possible for Americans to pursue other goals they value, including working or sending their children to school at the same time as their peers, living in low-density settlements, and having a wide choice of places to live and work.

The least understood aspect of peak-hour traffic congestion is the principle of triple convergence, which I discussed in the original version of Stuck in Traffic (Brookings/Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1992). This phenomenon occurs because traffic flows in any region’s overall transportation networks form almost automatically self-adjusting relationships among different routes, times, and modes. For example, a major commuting expressway might be so heavily congested each morning that traffic crawls for at least thirty minutes. If that expressway’s capacity were doubled overnight, the next day’s traffic would flow rapidly because the same number of drivers would have twice as much road space. But soon word would spread that this particular highway was no longer congested. Drivers who had once used that road before and after the peak hour to avoid congestion would shift back into the peak period. Other drivers who had been using alternative routes would shift onto this more convenient expressway. Even some commuters who had been using the subway or trains would start driving on this road during peak periods. Within a short time, this triple convergence onto the expanded road during peak hours would make the road as congested as it was before its expansion.

Experience shows that if a road is part of a larger transportation network within a region, peak-hour congestion cannot be eliminated for long on a congested road by expanding that road’s capacity.

The triple convergence principle does not mean that expanding a congested road’s capacity has no benefits. After expansion, the road can carry more vehicles per hour than before, no matter how congested it is, so more people can travel on it during those more desirable periods. Also, the periods of maximum congestion may be shorter, and congestion on alternative routes may be lower. Those are all benefits, but that road will still experience some period of maximum congestion daily.

Triple convergence affects the practicality of other suggested remedies to traffic congestion. An example is staggered work hours. In theory, if a certain number of workers are able to commute during less crowded parts of the day, that will free up space on formerly congested roads. But once traffic moves faster on those roads during peak hours, that will attract other drivers from other routes, other times, and other modes where conditions have not changed to shift onto the improved roads. Soon the removal of the staggered-working-hour drivers will be fully offset by convergence.

The same thing will happen if more workers become telecommuters and work at home, or if public transit capacity is expanded on off-road routes that parallel a congested expressway. This is why building light rail systems or even new subways rarely reduces peak-hour traffic congestion. In Portland, where the light rail system doubled in size in the 1990s, and in Dallas, where a new light rail system opened, congestion did not decline for long after these systems were up and running. Only road pricing or higher gasoline taxes are exempt from the principle of triple convergence.

A ground transportation system’s equilibria can also be affected by big changes in the region’s population or economic activity. If a region’s population is growing rapidly, as in Southern California or Florida, any expansions of major expressway capacity may soon be swamped by more vehicles generated by the added population. This result is strengthened because America’s vehicle population has been increasing even faster than its human population. From 1980 to 2000, 1.2 more automotive vehicles were added to the vehicle population of the United States for every 1.0 person added to the human population (though this ratio declined to 1 to 1 in the 1990s). The nation’s human population is expected to grow by around 60 million by 2020—possibly adding another 60 million vehicles to our national stock. That is why prospects for reducing peak-hour traffic congestion in the future are dim indeed.

Shifts in economic activity also affect regional congestion. During the internet and telecommunications boom of the late 1990s, congestion in the San Francisco Bay Area intensified immensely. After the economic “bubble” burst in 2000, congestion fell markedly without any major change in population. Thus, severe congestion can be a sign of strong regional prosperity, just as reduced congestion can signal an economic downturn.

The most obvious reason traffic congestion has increased everywhere is population growth. In a wealthy nation, more people means more vehicles. But total vehicle mileage traveled has grown much faster than population. From 1980 to 2000, the total population of the United States rose 24 percent, but total vehicle miles traveled grew 80 percent because of more intensive use of each vehicle. The number of vehicles per 1,000 persons rose 14 percent and the number of miles driven per vehicle rose 24 percent. Even without any population gain in those two decades, miles driven would have risen 47 percent.

One reason people drove their vehicles farther is that a combination of declining real gas prices (corrected for inflation) and more miles per gallon caused the real cost of each mile driven to fall 54 percent from 1980 to 2000. That helped raise the fraction of U.S. households owning cars from 86 percent in 1983 to 92 percent in 1995.

Furthermore, American road building lagged far behind increases in vehicle travel. Urban lane-miles rose by 37 percent versus an 80 percent increase in miles traveled. As a result, the amount of daily traffic that was congested in the 75 areas analyzed in studies by the Texas Transportation Institute went from 16 percent in 1982 to 34 percent in 2001.

Another factor in road congestion is accidents and incidents, which some experts believe cause half of all traffic congestion. From 1980 to 2000, the absolute number of accidents each year has remained amazingly constant, and the annual number of traffic deaths in the United States fell 18 percent, in spite of the great rise in vehicle miles traveled. So accidents could only have caused more congestion because roads were more crowded, and each accident may now cause longer back-ups than before.

Incidents are non-accident causes of delay, such as stalled cars, road repairs, overturned vehicles, and bad weather. No one knows how many incidents occur, but it is a much greater number than accidents. And the number of incidents probably rises along with total driving. So that could have added to greater congestion, and will in the future.

Another crucial factor contributing to traffic congestion is the desire of most Americans to live in low-density settlements. In 1999, the National Association of Homebuilders asked 2,000 randomly-selected households whether they would rather buy a $150,000 townhouse in an urban setting that was close to public transportation, work, and shopping or a larger, detached single-family home in an outlying suburban area, where distances to work, public transportation, and shopping were longer. Eighty-three percent of respondents chose the larger, farther-out suburban home. At the same time, new workplaces have been spreading out in low-density areas in most metropolitan regions.

Past studies, including one published in 1977 by Boris S. Pushkarev and Jeffery M. Zupan, have shown that public transit works best where gross residential densities are above 4,200 persons per square mile; relatively dense housing is clustered close to transit stations or stops; and large numbers of jobs are concentrated in relatively compact business districts.

But in 2000, at least two thirds of all residents of U.S. urbanized areas lived in settlements with densities of under 4,000 persons per square mile. Those densities are too low for public transit to be effective. Hence their residents are compelled to rely on private vehicles for almost all of their travel, including trips during peak hours.

Recognizing this situation, many opponents of “sprawl” call for strong urban growth boundaries to constrain future growth into more compact, higher-density patterns, including greater reinvestment and increased densities in existing neighborhoods. But most residents of those neighborhoods vehemently oppose raising densities, and most American regions already have densities far too low to support much public transit. So this strategy would not reduce future traffic congestion much.

While it’s practically impossible to eliminate congestion, there are several ways to slow its future rate of increase:

Create High Occupancy Toll (HOT) lanes. Peak-hour road pricing would not be politically feasible if policymakers put tolls on all major commuter lanes, but HOT lanes can increase traveler choices by adding new toll lanes to existing expressways, or converting underused high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to HOT lanes, and leaving present conventional lanes without tolls. True, HOT lanes do not eliminate congestion. But they allow anyone who needs to move fast on any given day to do so, without forcing all low-income drivers off those same roads during peak periods. In some regions, whole networks of HOT lanes could both add to overall capacity and make high-speed choices always available to thousands of people in a hurry.

Respond more rapidly to traffic-blocking accidents and incidents. Removing accidents and incidents from major roads faster by using roving service vehicles run by government-run Traffic Management Centers equipped with television and electronic surveillance of road conditions is an excellent tactic for reducing congestion delays.

Build more roads in growing areas. Opponents of building more roads claim that we cannot build our way out of congestion because more highway capacity will simply attract more travelers. Due to triple convergence, that criticism is true for established roads that are already overcrowded. But the large projected growth of the U.S. population surely means that we will need a lot more road and lane mileage in peripheral areas.

Install ramp-metering. This means letting vehicles enter expressways only gradually. It has improved freeway speed during peak hours in both Seattle and the Twin Cities, and could be much more widely used.

Use Intelligent Transportation System devices to speed traffic flows. These devices include electronic coordination of signal lights on local streets, large variable signs informing drivers of traffic conditions ahead, one-way street patterns, Global Positioning System equipment in cars and trucks, and radio broadcasts of current road conditions. These technologies exist now and can be effective on local streets and arteries and informative on expressways.

Create more HOV (High Occupancy Vehicle) lanes. HOV lanes have proven successful in many areas such as Houston. More regions could use HOV lanes effectively if there were more lanes built for that purpose, rather than trying to convert existing ones. Merely converting existing lanes would reduce overall road capacity.

Adopt “parking cash-out” programs. Demonstration programs have shown that if firms offer to pay persons now receiving free employee parking a stipend for shifting to carpooling or transit, significant percentages will do so. That could reduce the number of cars on the road. However, this tactic does not prevent the offsetting consequences of triple convergence.

Restrict very low-density peripheral development. Urban growth boundaries that severely constrain all far-out suburban development will not reduce future congestion much, especially in fast-growing regions. And such boundaries may drive up peripheral housing prices. But requiring at least moderate residential densities—say, 3,500 persons per square mile (4.38 units per net acre)—in new growth areas could greatly reduce peripheral driving, compared to permitting very low densities there, which tend to push growth out ever farther. In 2000, thirty-six urbanized areas had fringe area densities of 3,500 or more. Those thirty-six urbanized areas contained 18.2 percent of all persons living in all 476 U.S. urbanized areas.

Cluster high-density housing around transit stops. Such Transit Oriented Developments (TODs) would permit more residents to commute by walking to transit, thereby decreasing the number of private vehicles on the roads. However, the potential of this tactic is limited. In order to shift a significant percentage of auto commuters to transit, the number of such “transit circles” within each region would have to be very large, the density within each circle would have to be much greater than the average central city density in America’s fifty largest urbanized areas, and the percentage of workers living in the TODs who commuted by transit would have to greatly exceed the 10.5 percent average for central cities in 2000. Even so, developing many of these high-density clusters might make public transit service more feasible to many more parts of large regions.

Give regional transportation authorities more power and resources. Congress has created Metropolitan Planning Organizations to coordinate ground transportation planning over all modes in each region. If these were given more technical assistance and power, more rational systems could be created. Without much more regionally focused planning over land uses as well as transportation, few anti-congestion tactics will work effectively.

Raise gasoline taxes. Raising gas taxes would notably slow the rate of increase of all automotive travel, not just peak-hour commuting. But Congress has refused to consider it because it is politically unpopular and fought by industry lobbyists. Despite Americans’ vocal complaints about congestion, they do not want to pay much to combat it.

Peak-hour traffic congestion in almost all large and growing metropolitan regions around the world is here to stay. In fact, it is almost certain to get worse during at least the next few decades, mainly because of rising populations and wealth. This will be true no matter what public and private policies are adopted to combat congestion.

But this outcome should not be regarded as a mark of social failure or misguided policies. In fact, traffic congestion often results from economic prosperity and other types of success.

Although traffic congestion is inevitable, there are ways to slow the rate at which it intensifies. Several tactics could do that effectively, especially if used in concert, but nothing can eliminate peak-hour traffic congestion from large metropolitan regions here and around the world. Only serious economic recessions—which are hardly desirable—can even forestall an increase.

For the time being, the only relief for traffic-plagued commuters is a comfortable, air-conditioned vehicle with a well-equipped stereo system, a hands-free telephone, and a daily commute with someone they like.

Congestion has become part of commuters’ daily leisure time, and it promises to stay that way.

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A Public Health Perspective of Road Traffic Accidents

S. gopalakrishnan.

Department of Community Medicine, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Center, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, India

Road traffic accidents (RTAs) have emerged as an important public health issue which needs to be tackled by a multi-disciplinary approach. The trend in RTA injuries and death is becoming alarming in countries like India. The number of fatal and disabling road accident happening is increasing day by day and is a real public health challenge for all the concerned agencies to prevent it. The approach to implement the rules and regulations available to prevent road accidents is often ineffective and half-hearted. Awareness creation, strict implementation of traffic rules, and scientific engineering measures are the need of the hour to prevent this public health catastrophe. This article is intended to create awareness among the health professionals about the various modalities available to prevent road accidents and also to inculcate a sense of responsibility toward spreading the message of road safety as a good citizen of our country.

Introduction

Motorization has enhanced the lives of many individuals and societies, but the benefits have come with a price. Although the number of lives lost in road accidents in high-income countries indicate a downward trend in recent decades, for most of the world's population, the burden of road-traffic injury—in terms of societal and economic costs—is rising substantially.[ 1 ] Injury and deaths due to road traffic accidents (RTA) are a major public health problem in developing countries where more than 85% of all deaths and 90% of disability-adjusted life years were lost from road traffic injuries.[ 2 ]

As a developing country, India is no exception. Not a day passes without RTA happening in the roads in India in which countless number of people are killed or disabled. Often members of the whole family are wiped out. Those who are affected or killed are mostly people in their prime productive age. The highest burden of injuries and fatalities is borne disproportionately by poor people, as they are mostly pedestrians, cyclists, and passengers of buses and minibuses.[ 2 ]

The data for fatal accidents presented to the Parliament by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways for year 2008 shows that 119,860 people perished in mishaps that year and the national and state highways accounted for nearly half of all road accidents.[ 3 ] Deaths due to road accidents in 2009 were reported to be 126,896 and in 2010 it increased to 133,938 which is about 5.5% over and above the previous year's deaths. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Rajasthan have accounted for 11.5%, 10.5%, 7.1%, and 6.8%, respectively, of total “Road Accident” deaths in the country.[ 4 ] The trend is alarming and is leading to a frightening situation day by day.

India Tops Global List of Fatalities from Road Crashes

• More than 1.3 lakh people died on Indian roads, giving India the dubious honor of topping the list of road deaths across the world.
• Until 2 years ago, the International Road Federation placed India second behind China.
• China has managed to reduce the number of road deaths from over 100,000 to 90,000 or so, and in India the situation has worsened.
• With just 1% of the world's vehicles, India manages to account for 10% of its road fatalities, up from 8% at last count.
• In India the situation is exacerbated by poor enforcement of traffic laws and myopic policies on the part of our policy makers.
• In the United States, which has close to 300 million people and more than 250 million vehicles, the number of deaths per 10,000 vehicles is 1.6, while in India this number, known as the “road fatality rate,” is as high as 14.
• In comparison, China has a road fatality rate of about 5 with almost twice as many vehicles. Besides, in China, the fatality rate has seen a downward trend, while in India it is raising.[ 5 ]

Alarming Trend in Tamil Nadu

In 2007, in Tamil Nadu, 12,036 persons died on the roads out of 59,140 accidents. During the same period, 1146 people were killed in the Chennai city roads out of 7570 accidents. During 2009 over 12,000 people lost their lives in the State, while in Chennai city alone 611 people died. During 2010, Tamil Nadu has reported maximum number (64,996) of road accidents accounting for 15.1% of such accidents in the country while in Chennai 1408 persons were killed out of 9521 accidents. During 2011, a total of 13,119 persons were killed out of 55,592 accidents [ Table 1 ]. Now Tamil Nadu seems to be topping the list of most number of road accidents happening in the Country with Chennai city having the deadliest roads among India's six metropolises. On an average, 35 persons die in road mishaps every day in Tamil Nadu while it is about 2 persons per day in the Chennai city.[ 3 , 6 ]

Number of fatal and nonfatal accidents reported in Tamil Nadu

Contributing Factors

The road accidents are happening most often due to the reckless and speedy driving of the vehicles, not obeying or following traffic rules, the attitudes of the “right of the mighty” bigger vehicles toward the smaller vehicles, overburdened or overcapacity hauling of public and transport vehicles, poor maintenance of the vehicles, drunk and driving, driver fatigue, and above all the appalling condition of the already chocked roads with every inch encroached by unauthorized persons and properties [ Table 2 ].

Main causes of road traffi c accidents[ 7 ]

Human Factors in RTA

Human factor contribute significantly to increasing number of road accidents in India. Most drivers continue to be acting like maniacs in a tearing hurry and error in judgment often leads to major accidents. Reckless driving, over speeding, decline to follow traffic rules, and drunken driving are main reasons for road accidents.

Drunken Driving

Drunken driving is one of the major causes of road accidents. The statistics also show that most of the road accidents in the highways are due to drunken driving only. Globally, some 480,000 deaths and 20 million of people get injured by drunken driving every year. In most high-income countries about 20% of fatally injured drivers have excess alcohol in their blood, i.e., blood alcohol concentration (BAC) in excess of the legal limit. In contrast, studies in low- and middle-income countries like India have shown that between 33% and 69% of fatally injured drivers and between 8% and 29% of nonfatally injured drivers had consumed alcohol before their crash.[ 8 ]

In India, drunken driving is customary in commercial vehicle drivers. Private car owners and youngsters are also major players in the game. Small bars along the Indian highways are of prime concern to control drunken driving. India has laws to check the drunken driving but its effective implementation is still to be worked upon. In Bangalore, 28% of crashes involving males over 15 years were attributable to alcohol. Drunken driving has been responsible for 70% of road fatalities in Mumbai and Delhi.[ 9 ]

Driver Fatigue

Driver fatigue is a very dangerous condition created when a person is suffering symptoms of fatigue while driving, often resulting from the hypnotic effect especially during nighttime driving either falling asleep at the wheel or so exhausted to make serious- and fatal-driving errors. The increasing number of traffic accidents due to a diminished driver's vigilance level has become a serious problem for society. Statistics show that 20% of all the traffic accidents and up to one-quarter of fatal and serious accidents are due to drivers with a diminished vigilance level. Furthermore, accidents related to driver's hypo-vigilance are more serious than other types of accidents, since sleepy drivers often do not take correct action prior to a collision.[ 10 ]

Realizing this serious Public Health Issue happening globally, the WHO in 2004 came out with a theme of “Road Safety is No Accidents” to highlight the urgency to tackle the issue on a priority basis.[ 11 ] It is high time for us to look into the various issues of the RTA in this perspective so that corrective and preventive measures can be undertaken in an urgent manner so that further damages can be lessened.

Road Safety—A Public Health Issue

World's first RTA is supposed to have occurred in 1896. Everybody concerned at that time reported to have said, “this should never happen again.” But more than a century later, 1.2 million people were killed on roads every year and up to 50 million more are injured. For every one killed, injured, or disabled by RTA, there are countless others deeply affected by the cost of prolonged medical care, loss of a family bread winner, or the extra funds needed to care for the people with disabilities. RTA survivors, their families, friends, and other care givers often suffer adverse social, physical, and psychological effects. If the current trends continue, the number of people killed and injured on the world's roads will rise by more than 60% by 2020.[ 11 ]

Some Facts on RTAs

• Worldwide an estimated 3247 people are killed every day and it is the second leading cause of death among people aged 5−29 years.
• RTA injures or disables between 20 million and 50 million people a year.
• RTA ranks as the 11 th leading cause of death and accounts for 2.1% of all deaths globally.
• 90% of the RTA deaths occur in the low income and middle income countries.
• More than half of all RTA deaths among young adults between 15 and 44 years of age and 73% of all the RTA fatalities are males.
• The most vulnerable road users are pedestrians, cyclists, two-wheeler riders, and passengers on public transport.
• RTA injuries are becoming the third largest contributor to the global burden of diseases by 2020.
• RTA deaths are predicted to increase by 83% in developing countries and to decrease by 27% in the developed countries.
• It is estimated that every year RTA costs billions of rupees globally and nationally. An RTA injury puts significant strain on health care budgets.

Preventive Measures for RTA

Road deaths and injuries are preventable. A wide range of effective road safety interventions exist and a scientific system approach to road safety is essential to tackle the problem. This approach should address the traffic system as a whole and look into interactions between vehicle, road users, and road infrastructure to identify solution.

• Well-maintained vehicles with good breaks, lighting, tyres etc. will reduce accidents.
• Older vehicles and highly polluting vehicles should be phased out.
• Vehicles should be provided with seat belts and other necessary safety provisions (like airbags).

Condition of roads

• Roads should be well maintained with frequent relaying of road surfaces and markings of road safety signs.
• Provide proper footpaths for pedestrians and pedestrian crossings at intersections.
• Provide separate lanes for slow-moving and fast-moving vehicles.
• Roads and junctions should be wide and well lit so that visibility is good.

Human factor

• Drivers can significantly contribute to reducing the accidents.
• Issuing of the driving license should be strictly based on the minimum proficiency acquired by the learners from designated driving schools.
• Minimum qualifications should be fixed for different categories of drivers.
• All drivers should be properly trained and should posses a valid driving license.
• Educate the drivers and traveling public about traffic rules.
• Carry out periodic medical checkup especially vision and hearing for the drivers.
• Training on first aid should be compulsory along with heath education and traffic education for the general public to prevent accidents.
• Indiscriminate honking to be avoided, except as a means of greeting or in dire emergencies.

Legislation

• Rules for compulsory wearing of helmets by two wheelers and seat belts by four wheelers must be implemented.
• Enforce traffic rules by the concerned authorities strictly.
• Removal of stray animals like cattle and removal of encroachments on footpath and road margins will enable smooth flow of traffic.
• Preventing haphazard parking of vehicles on busy roads and intersections to ensure free flow of traffic.

Management of accident victims

• The importance of the “Golden Hour” in giving adequate treatment to the accident victim in saving the injured should be highlighted to both the health personals and the community.
• Provision of medical care/first aid care facilities on highways and busy roads.
• Provision of ambulances and trained health personals in shifting and transporting the injured person to nearby hospitals for treatment.
• Awareness creation among all sections of the society to treat accident victims with sympathy and without fear so that the morbidity and mortality can be reduced.

First Aid in Road Accidents

Many deaths and impact of injuries can be prevented with first aid if causalities are treated immediately.

The basic aims of first aid are

• To save life,
• To protect the casualty from getting more harm,
• To reduce pain and priorities of casualty treatment.

Immediate requirements in a RTA situation are as follows.

Critical 4 min

One of the most common causes of a road accident death is due to loss of oxygen supply. This is mostly caused by a blocked airway. Normally it takes less than 4 min for a blocked airway to cause death.

The “golden hour”

The first hour after the trauma is called the “golden hour.”. If proper first aid is given, road accident victims have a greater chance of survival and a reduction in the severity of their injuries.

Multidisciplinary Approach in RTA Prevention

Who road safety campaign 2011: world unites to halt death and injury on the road.

Governments, international agencies, civil society organizations, and private companies from more than 100 countries have launched the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011 − 2020. The presidents and prime ministers of these countries are expressing their commitment and launching national plans for the Decade, which seeks to save 5 million lives over the 10-year period. India is also a committed partner in this campaign and on May 11 the event was launched with greater commitment to minimize road accidents.[ 12 ]

“Road Safety Week” is observed throughout the country every year in the month of January in order to highlight and emphasize the need for safe roads by taking up activities to promote the concept.[ 13 ] Prevention of RTA is a responsibility of various agencies and a multi-disciplinary approach will effectively reduce the incidence of RTA and reduction in injuries and deaths on the roads. Effective community participation also plays a key role in the prevention of RTA. Everybody should be concerned and should work toward achieving a safe road travel so that “road accidents should never happen again.”

Protection is needed for three main vulnerable groups—pedestrians, who in urban areas constitute up to 70% of the fatalities; passengers commuting on buses, trucks, and minibuses, who constitute the next largest population group affected; and cyclists. Addressing the risks of these three groups will require multiple policy initiatives.[ 14 ] There is clearly a need for road safety education and it should be directed toward road users, who are frequently involved and injured in RTAs. The real pressure and motivation to improve driving skills can come only through licensing authorities by adopting stricter, more comprehensive, and scientifically based tests, laying a stress on road rules, regulations, and traffic control devices.[ 15 ]

The injury profile for road traffic crashes in developing countries differs in important ways from the profile seen in developed countries. The safety on our roads needs to be given the highest priority by governments as well as the public at an all-India level.

The national road safety and traffic management board bill, 2010

The Bill seeks to establish a National Road Safety and Traffic Management Board for the development and regulation of road safety, traffic management system, and safety standards in highway design and construction. The functions of the Board include recommending minimum standards for design, construction, and maintenance of national highways, recommending minimum standards for trauma and paramedical facilities for traffic-related injuries on the national highway, and conduct safety audits to monitor compliance with the standards notified by the central government.

It also recommends minimum safety standards for the manufacture of mechanically propelled vehicles and other types of vehicles, recommends minimum conditions of safety such as specifying the maximum load bearing and capacity limits, recommends standards for vehicular traffic on the national highways (speed lanes, right of way), conduct research on road safety and management, establish procedure for data collection, involve nongovernment organizations in the promotion of road safety, and provide for special requirement of women, children, and senior citizens.

The legislation was introduced in May 2010 and sought to create separate national and state boards to address road safety issues, including road engineering, awareness campaigns to reduce accidents on national and state highways, and coordination with different agencies on safety issues. Two years after it was rejected by a parliamentary standing committee with a stinging critique, the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways has decided to give another push to National Road Safety and Traffic Management Board Bill in the current financial year.[ 16 ]

Motor vehicle amendment bill 2007 cleared by the cabinet

During the post-Budget session in March 2012, a new bill on Motor Vehicle Act was passed in the Parliament and the Union Cabinet has approved the Motor Vehicle Amendment Bill 2007 which will enhance the tooth and power of the traffic enforcing agencies throughout the country, a uniform code of strict traffic rules and enhanced penalties for different types of traffic violations which is expected to act as a deterrent for traffic violations and there by help to reduce road accidents and deaths.

According to the amendment, the use of mobile phones or iPads while driving could be subjected to a fine of Rs 500 for the first offence, with Rs 2000 and Rs 5000 chargeable for the second time. Now jumping the red light for the first time will fetch you Rs 100 − 500. And a second traffic violation under this will cost Rs 300 − 1500. For overspeeding, a fine ranging between Rs 400 and Rs 1000 can be imposed for the first offence and for the second offence Rs 2000 and Rs 5000. There is no substantial change in the penalty of rash driving. For the first offence you will pay a penalty of Rs 1000 and/or 6 months in jail. While the same offence a second time will cost you between Rs 2000 and Rs 5000.

The bill has categorized driving under influence as follows. In cases where the alcohol level is between 30 and 60 mg per 100 ml of blood, the offender will be subjected to 6 months in jail and/or Rs 2000 fine. In cases where the alcohol level is between 60 and 150 mg per 100 ml of blood, the offender will be subjected to 1 year jail and/or Rs 4000 fine. For alcohol levels of over 150 mg per 100 ml of blood, the offender will get a penalty of 2 years imprisonment and/or Rs 5000 fine. In the case of death in a road accident, the compensation proposed has been hiked from Rs 25,000 to Rs 100,000. In the case of serious injury, the compensation would be Rs 50,000. As per the new bill, motor insurance claims have to be filed within a year of the accident.[ 17 ]

Emergency medical care to victims of accidents and other emergencies

The Supreme Court of India as long back as 1989 observed that when accidents occur and the victims are taken to hospitals or to a medical practitioner, they are not taken care of for giving emergency medical treatment on the ground that the case is a medico-legal case and the injured person should go to a Government Hospital. The Supreme Court emphasized the need for making it obligatory for hospitals and medical practitioners to provide emergency medical care. The Law Commission of India has taken up the subject of “Emergency Medical Care to Victims of Accidents’ and other Emergencies” in the light of the observations of the Supreme Court of India regarding the refusal of hospitals to grant emergency relief to patients who are injured in accidents and are in emergency medical condition.[ 18 ]

This law clearly states that it shall be the duty of every hospital and every medical practitioner to immediately attend on every person involved in an accident or who is purportedly in an emergency condition, when such a person has come or has been brought to the hospital or to the private medical practitioner and screen or transfer such person as stated in section 4 and when the screening reveals the existence of an emergency medical condition, to stabilize or transfer such person as stated in section 5 and afford them, such medical treatment as may be urgently called for:

• Without raising any objection that it is a medico-legal case requiring information to the police authorities,
• Whether or not such a person is immediately in a position to make payment for screening and emergency medical treatment, and without insisting on payment as a condition precedent,
• Whether or not such a person has medical insurance or is a member of any medical scheme of the person's employer or to a scheme which otherwise provides for medical reimbursement, and
• Without raising any other unreasonable objection.

Even in spite of this legal protection, the emergency care to accident victims is delayed resulting in loss of precious lives.

Road Safety Information Systems

Road Traffic Injuries are one of the leading causes of premature deaths, hospitalizations, disabilities, and socioeconomic losses. The problem is hidden and unrecognized due to the absence of good quality information within the health and related sectors. The currently available data reveal only the number of deaths due to different causes of injuries which is not enough to formulate injury prevention programs. The Injury surveillance system aims at collecting relevant information from a large number of participating organizations in a uniform way to understand injury profiles and characteristics. Reliable and scientific information is one of the basic requisites to plan, implement, and evaluate road safety activities. Information of RTI is primarily collected by the Police department and sufficient information is not available from the health sector and under-reporting is a serious issue undermining the public health burden and impact of RTIs.[ 19 ]

Road Traffic Injury Surveillance Project

A Bengaluru study showed that nearly 5 − 10% of deaths and more than 50% of moderate to serious injuries are not included in official reports. In this context, the Bengaluru injury and road traffic injury surveillance program had been initiated in 2007 under the auspices of the Indian Council of Medical Research, World Health Organization India country office and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, New Delhi. This project was planned to develop a surveillance program with data collection from 25 major hospitals in Bengaluru along with linkages to police records. As a pilot project, this program was initiated in Bengaluru, Pune, and New Delhi. Depending on the experiences and the lessons learnt, the program will be expanded to other parts of India.[ 20 ] This RTI surveillance endeavor is a prelude to integration with the Government of India's Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP). IDSP is a decentralized, state-based surveillance program in the country, which is intended to detect early warning signals of impending outbreaks and help initiate an effective response in a timely manner. RTAs is one among the core conditions under surveillance in IDSP (linkup with police computers).[ 21 ]

Road Traffic Injury is a Public Health Issue

The health sector is an important partner in the process of prevention and control of RTA. But the role of the medical professionals in advocacy for the prevention and control of RTA is always under-rated. The role of health sector is to provide appropriate prehospital and hospital care and rehabilitation for victims, improve data collection, contribute to policies, develop prevention activities, conduct advocacy, and contribute to the implementation and evaluation of interventions.

To sum up, the road traffic injury prevention can be achieved by

• Avoiding overspeeding and following speed limits
• Avoiding drunken driving
• Use of helmets by two-wheeler drivers
• Use of seat belts and child restraints in cars
• Improving visibility, appropriate headlights and road lightings
• Obeying traffic rules.

Conclusions

India's Motor Vehicles Act lagging far behind the needs of a fast-motorizing society is painfully evident from its road safety record. In a country witnessing 10% annual growth in vehicles, and boasting a network of 3.3 million km of roads, the Bill for creation of a statutory National Road Safety and Traffic Management Board must be speeded up. Such an agency is vital to set standards for road design, inspect existing roads, and investigate accidents scientifically.

It should take a “zero tolerance” policy toward the most common transgressions—dangerous and reckless driving; disregard for traffic rules; jumping red lights; driving under the influence of liquor; failing to use seatbelts; and driving without a helmet—to bring about a visible change.

But strict implementation of traffic rules and stringent punishments alone will not solve the persisting crisis. Change in the mind set of riders and drivers and road users realizing their responsibilities alone will bring about a change.

Most countries have a multidisciplinary approach to traffic planning and road design. It is done by psychologists, engineers, doctors, sociologists, vehicle experts, etc., In India, road traffic is still a civil engineering issue. Lessons can be learnt from the eminent guidelines and good practices for good behavior on the roads practiced in developed countries where safety, orderliness, and discipline are ingrained in the citizens, come what may. Mere celebration of the annual Road Safety Week during the first week of January does not serve any purpose. Drivers should learn to show consideration and respect to co-vehicle drivers and pedestrians so that our roads become safer. But it looks a long way to go.

Source of Support: Nil

Conflict of Interest: None declared.

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Sample Answer band 7.5+

Road accidents have always been a significant matter of concern, so much so that there is an idea that says the problem can only be solved by punishing driving offenders very strictly. However, I do not think this is the only solution, although it could be somewhat effective.

On the one hand, it could be helpful to apply serious penalties to reduce the risk of traffic accidents. Theoretically, this not only can prevent lawbreakers from driving thoughtlessly again but also can warn other people against doing that. For example, since 2019, when Vietnam laid down strict legislation on alcohol consumption control, the number of crashes caused by drunkenness has decreased. According to this law, drivers will receive a fine of at least 85 USD for motorcycles and 255 USD for cars if their blood or breath contains alcohol, besides having their driving licence confiscated.

On the other hand, the above-mentioned solution is not always successful, hence an alternate measure should be proposed. Research conducted in Queensland, Australia, in 2019 shows that traffic infringements did not decrease despite the imposition of serious penalties, suggesting that people’s aggressive driving habits were not successfully deterred. Therefore, another measure is needed, and from my perspective, we ought to think about banning private vehicles, at least in a number of areas. This not only contributes to the reduction of road accident risks but also helps to ease environmental problems.

In brief, imposing strict punishments on driving offences could be helpful, but only to a certain extent. Since this method cannot defeat reckless driving, another proposal ought to be made, such as prohibiting personal vehicles.

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Ielts writing task 2 sample 892 - nowadays traffic is a serious problem in big cities, ielts writing task 2/ ielts essay:, nowadays, traffic is a serious problem in big cities. why this is so and what effects does it bring.

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Essay on How to Avoid Road Accidents

Students are often asked to write an essay on How to Avoid Road Accidents in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on How to Avoid Road Accidents

Understanding road safety.

Road safety is crucial for everyone. We can avoid accidents by following rules and being alert.

Follow Traffic Rules

Always obey traffic signals and signs. They guide us to be safe on roads.

Keep your eyes on the road, avoid distractions like mobile phones.

Use Safety Gear

While on a bike, wear a helmet. In a car, fasten your seat belt.

Respect Other Road Users

Remember, roads are for everyone. Respect pedestrians, cyclists, and other drivers.

By understanding safety, following rules, staying alert, using safety gear, and respecting others, we can avoid road accidents.

250 Words Essay on How to Avoid Road Accidents

Understanding the gravity of road accidents.

Road accidents are a leading cause of death and disability globally. They often result from a lack of adequate safety measures, negligence, or ignorance. Understanding the severity of this issue is the first step towards prevention.

Adherence to Traffic Rules

Traffic rules are designed to maintain order and safety on the roads. Adhering to these rules, such as speed limits, traffic lights, and road signs, minimizes the risk of accidents. It’s not just about our safety, but also about the safety of others.

Vehicle Maintenance and Safety Measures

Regular vehicle maintenance ensures that the vehicle is in good working condition, reducing the chance of accidents caused by mechanical failures. Additionally, using safety measures like seat belts, helmets, and child safety seats can significantly reduce injuries in case of an accident.

Responsible Driving

Avoiding distractions while driving, like texting or talking on the phone, is crucial. Alcohol and drug use impair judgment and reaction times, making them significant contributors to road accidents. Therefore, responsible driving includes sobriety and full attention to the road.

Education and Awareness

Educating drivers about the potential consequences of their actions can foster safer driving habits. Awareness campaigns about the dangers of drunk driving, speeding, and distracted driving can contribute to reducing road accidents.

In conclusion, road accidents can be significantly reduced by adhering to traffic rules, maintaining vehicles, driving responsibly, and promoting education and awareness. Each of us has a role to play in making our roads safer.

500 Words Essay on How to Avoid Road Accidents

Introduction.

Road accidents are a leading cause of death and injury worldwide, with a significant number of these incidents being preventable. The key to reducing the prevalence of road accidents lies in a combination of safer driving behaviors, better road infrastructure, and effective legislative measures.

Understanding the Causes

The first step in avoiding road accidents is understanding their causes. Some of the most common causes include speeding, distracted driving, drunk driving, reckless driving, and poor weather conditions. By recognizing these risk factors, drivers can make adjustments to their behavior to mitigate these risks.

Adopting Safe Driving Behaviors

Safe driving behaviors are critical in preventing road accidents. This includes adhering to speed limits, maintaining a safe distance from other vehicles, using turn signals, and obeying traffic signs and signals. Additionally, drivers should avoid distractions such as mobile phones, eating, or any other activity that takes their attention away from the road.

Implications of Impaired Driving

Impaired driving, be it due to alcohol, drugs, lack of sleep, or medication, is a significant cause of road accidents. It’s crucial to understand that even a small amount of alcohol or lack of sleep can significantly impair driving ability. Therefore, it’s always safer to use alternative transportation if you’re under the influence or feeling tired.

Importance of Vehicle Maintenance

Regular vehicle maintenance is another essential aspect of avoiding road accidents. This includes regular checks on brakes, tires, lights, and other essential parts of the vehicle. A well-maintained vehicle is less likely to malfunction, reducing the risk of accidents.

Role of Road Infrastructure

The condition and design of roads also play a significant role in road accidents. Poorly maintained roads, lack of proper signage, and inadequate street lighting can contribute to accidents. Advocating for better road infrastructure can help to reduce these risks.

Effective Legislation

Effective legislation and enforcement can deter risky behaviors and encourage safer driving. This includes laws related to speed limits, seat belt use, mobile phone use, and drunk driving. Awareness of these laws and the consequences of breaking them can help to reduce accidents.

Avoiding road accidents is a shared responsibility that requires active participation from all road users. By understanding the causes of accidents and adopting safer driving behaviors, we can significantly reduce the risk of road accidents. Furthermore, advocating for better road infrastructure and effective legislation can further contribute to creating safer roads for everyone.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

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IELTS Essay Plan – Traffic congestion and possible solutions

• IELTS Essays - plans

A student asked me about the following topic, whether I think it is a situation essay or an argument one.

“The first car appeared on Britain’s road in 1888. By the year 2000 there may be as many as 29 million vehicles on British roads. Alternative forms of transport should be encouraged and international laws introduced to control car ownership and use. What are your views?”

I think this is a situation essay because it is talking about a problem and is looking at a possible solution.

Introduction paragraph

Here you should explain what is the problem, what is it’s reason and it’s consequences. The problem is traffic congestion and a higher number of traffic accidents, the roads are jammed and the environment suffers from increasing amounts of pollution.

First body paragraph – an explanation of the reasons for this situation

The reason is people are accustomed to using their own cars and that population growth combined with higher living standards means that more and more people own cars.

Second body paragraph – a possible solution (alternative transport)

Explain what forms of public transport should be developed more and why the state they are now is not sufficient to convince people use the public transport. How exactly can government develop the public transport and how can it encourage people use it.

Third body paragraph – another possible solution (laws to control cars ownership)

Write about what kind of laws can be introduced world wide to limit the number of cars per family / per company. Write whether or not you think it will work and why.

Conclusion paragraph

Summarize what was said before, do not add new information.

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Essay on Road Accidents: Causes and Remedies to Reduce Road Accidents

Essay on Road Accidents:  Causes and Preventive Remedies! Also learn about: 1. Causes of Road Accidents, 2. Accident Studies 3. Preventive Measures and Remedies to Reduce Accident Rates in India.

Road accidents, as the name itself suggests, are random events that are caused by the interplay of diverse factors relating to the road and its condition, the road users, the vehicles, and environmental conditions. Invariably, a combination of two or more of these factors may lead to accidents. 

An undesirable feature of highway transport is the occurrence of accidents and consequent loss of lives and property. The spectacular increase of vehicles on the road has been causing a steady growth accident rates on highways. India has a poor record of road safety with a large number of accidents as well as fatalities.

This has become a major social problem and deserves special attention from the highway and traffic engineers. Based on a scientific analysis of the causes of accidents, the traffic engineer has to devise ways to reduce them through better design, construction, and maintenance of highways, and through better traffic operation and regulation.

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Heavy economic losses and human misery caused by accidents indicate the need for systematic accident studies. The data obtained from an analysis of accidents helps the engineer to evolve improvement schemes and regulatory measures to enhance road safety and decrease accidents.

Essay on the Causes of Road Accidents:

Road accidents, as the name itself suggests, are random events that are caused by the interplay of diverse factors relating to the road and its condition, the road users, the vehicles, and environmental conditions. Invariably, a combination of two or more of these factors may lead to accidents.

The following is a brief summary of the causes of accidents on roads:

1. Road and Road Conditions:

Faulty geometric design components like sight distance, shoulders, super-elevation, transitions and inadequate traffic control devices cause accidents, as do slippery road conditions with inadequate friction leading to skidding and pot holes, ruts and damaged conditions of the surface.

2. Road Users:

The drivers of vehicles can cause accidents through rash driving and excessive speed, violation of traffic rules, traffic signs and signals, through fatigue due to excessive continuous driving, alcoholism and drunken driving. In addition, bus passengers can cause accidents while getting into and alighting from moving vehicles, and distracting the driver’s attention. Pedestrians using the carriageway and violating regulations can also cause accidents.

3. Vehicles:

Mechanical defects of vehicles like failure of brakes, tyre burst, and steering system invariably lead to traffic accidents.

4. Weather:

Unfavourable weather conditions such as fog, heavy rainfall, dust and smoke render driving unsafe, leading to accidents.

5. Miscellaneous:

Stray animals, unmanned level crossings, advertisement boards and hoardings affecting visibility and distracting the drivers’ attention and a host of other such things may also cause road accidents.

Accident Records:

The importance of collecting and recording accurate and comprehensive information relating to road accidents cannot be over-emphasised. Such records help to identify the causes of road accidents and evolve methods of overcoming the deficiencies observed; statistical techniques may also be used in the analysis of accident data.

The IRC have prescribed standard accident reporting forms – Form A-1-for collecting the details of an accident and Form 4 for summary of road accidents in a state during the year.

The particulars in Form A-l are in the following heads:

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