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Industrial Pollution and People’s Movement: A Case Study of Eloor Island Kerala, India

Organizational background.

The chapter begins with a literature review of development, sustainable development and the environmentalism of the North and South with special reference to environmentalism of India. The chapter then moves on to a case description followed by discourse on the people’s movement. The problems faced by the local people in their daily life are also taken into consideration. The chapter attempts to decipher the problem of environment pollution. It discusses the integral importance of the Periyar River for the development of the region; it casts light on the havoc caused by its indiscriminate exploitation and pollution. Several study reports are used to substantiate the arguments. The chapter also focuses the activities of Greenpeace's River Keeper for the Periyar River. Some of the efforts of the people of the region to deal with this problem of indiscriminate pollution has also found place in the chapter. The last section of the chapter pays attention to solutions and recommendations for dealing with the problem of pollution.

The large-scale, illegal dumping of wastes into the Periyar River by hundreds of industries in the Eloor-Edayar industrial area had been consistently opposed by the people, citizens' groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). After conducting surveys, for example, in 1999 and 2002, Greenpeace, the international environmental group, had declared Eloor a 'toxic hotspot of global proportions.’ Here the right to a peaceful life is denied because of the activities of industries. Experiences from the world over have demonstrated that the degradation of the physical environment is caused by today’s contemporary development (Oommen, 2010, p. 332). The negative externalities arising out of establishing industrial estates in thickly populated areas are a grave problem facing the urban centers of the country. The inhabitants of these industrial locations live in utter fear of their very existence. And in many places people have come together to protest against the reckless attitude of the industrialists towards the environment. Eloor Anti-Pollution Struggle in Kerala has been one of such movements against industrial pollution.

Today the movements emerging as a reaction to the development practices have gained new attention in academics, especially in sociology. The developments of environmental sociology have been hugely influenced by the modern environmental movements. Social scientists are at the forefront of attempts to understand the forces behind environmental destruction, as well as attempts to contribute to broaden the policy debates. The shift from development to sustainable development speaks more for the ability of the social sciences to respond to new challenges than it does for whether the social scientists agree or disagree with the ethos of sustainable development as a global ideal (Salih, 2002, pp. 130-131). For the past two decades, social anthropological research on environmental issues has been part of a broad public sphere that has witnessed a sharp increase in environmental concerns and activism throughout the world. The case of environmental decay like contamination of ground water, degradation of flora and fauna, genetic disordering and livelihood problems (i.e., decline of fishing wealth and the fertility of agricultural land) on the banks of the Periyar River due to manufacturing, biochemical industries and the consequential people's struggle and industrial and state discourses attract sociological investigation.

Complete Chapter List

Suggested citation: Khan, Adeel, Uday Suryanarayanan, Tanushree Ganguly, and Karthik Ganesan. Improving Air Quality Management through Forecasts: A Case Study of Delhi’s Air Pollution of Winter 2021. New Delhi: Council on Energy, Environment and Water.

case study on industrial pollution in india

This study assesses Delhi’s air pollution scenario in the winter of 2021 and the actions to tackle it. Winter 2021 was unlike previous winters as the control measures mandated by the Commission of Air Quality Management (CAQM) in Delhi National Capital Region and adjoining areas were rolled out. These measures included the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) and additional emergency responses instituted on the basis of air quality and meteorological forecasts. Given that the forecasts play a major role in emergency response measures, the study assesses the reliability of different forecasts. Further, it gauges the impact of the emergency measures on Delhi’s air quality levels. It also discusses the primary driver of air pollution in winter 2021.

Key Findings

While air quality forecasts picked up the pollution trends, they are not yet very accurate in predicting high pollution episodes ('very poor' and 'severe' air quality days)
When the restrictions were in place like ban on entry of trucks, construction & demolition activities and others, air quality did not descend into the ‘severe +’ category. Moreover, air quality improved from ‘severe’ to ‘poor’ when all the restrictions were in place simultaneously, aided by better meteorology.
However, when the restrictions were finally lifted, the air quality spiralled back into the ‘severe’ category resulting in the longest six days ‘severe’ air quality spell of the season.
There has been no significant improvement in Delhi's winter air quality since 2019. In winter 2021, air quality was in the ‘very poor’ to ‘severe’ category on about 75 per cent of days.
In the winter of 2021, transport(∼ 12 per cent), dust (∼ 7 per cent) and domestic biomass burning (∼ 6 per cent) were the largest local contributors.
About 64 per cent of Delhi’s winter pollution load comes from outside of Delhi’s boundaries.

HAVE A QUERY?

Executive Summary

With every passing winter, the need to address Delhi’s air pollution grows more urgent. During the winter of 2021, the Supreme Court, the Delhi Government, and the Commission for Air Quality Management in the NCR and Adjoining Areas (CAQM), all sprang into action to arrest rising pollution levels in Delhi. The interventions ranged from shutting down power plants and restricting the entry of trucks into Delhi to school closures and using forecasts to pre-emptively roll out emergency measures. However, the impact of these interventions on Delhi’s air quality begs further investigation.

Through this study, we intend to examine what worked and what did not this season. As is the case every year, meteorological conditions played an important role in both aggravating and alleviating pollution levels. To assess the impact of meteorological conditions on pollution levels, we analysed pollution levels during the months of October to January vis-a-vis meteorological parameters. To understand the driving causes of pollution in the winter of 2021, we tracked the changes in relative contribution of various polluting sources as the season progressed.

While pre-emptive actions based on forecasts was a step in the right direction, an assessment of forecast performance is a prerequisite to integrating them in decision-making. We also assessed the performance of forecasts by comparing them with the measured onground concentrations. We also studied the timing and effectiveness of emergency directions issued in response to forecasts.

We sourced data on pollution levels from Central Pollution Control Board’s (CPCB) real-time air quality data portal and meteorological information from ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5). For information on modelled concentration and source contributions, we used data from publicly available air quality forecasts, including Delhi’s Air Quality Early Warning System (AQ-EWS) (3-day and 10-day), the Decision Support System for Air Quality Management in Delhi (DSS), and UrbanEmissions.Info (UE).

Figure ES1 In Delhi, 75% of Winter 2021 saw 'very poor' to 'severe' air quality

Source: Authors’ analysis, data from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Note: Air quality index (AQI) for the day is calculated using the PM2.5 concentration at the same stations with a minimum of 75 per cent of the data being available.

A. 75 per cent of days were in ‘Very poor’ to ‘Severe’ air quality during winter 2021

The number of ‘Severe’ plus ‘Very poor’ air quality days during the winter has not decreased in the last three years (Figure ES1). During the winter of 2021 (15 October 2021 - 15 January 2022), about 75 per cent of the days, air quality were in the ‘Very poor’ to ‘Severe’ category. Interestingly, despite more farm fire incidents in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh in 2021 compared to 2020, Delhi’s PM2.5 concentration during the stubble burning phase (i.e., 15 October to 15 November) was lesser in 2021. This was primarily due to better meteorological conditions like higher wind speed and more number of rainy days during this period.

B. Regional influence predominant; Transport, dust, and domestic biomass burning are the largest local contributors to air pollution

We find that about 64 per cent of Delhi’s winter pollution load comes from outside Delhi’s boundaries (Figure ES2(a). Biomass burning of agricultural waste during the stubble burning phase and burning for heating and cooking needs during peak winter are estimated to be the major sources of air pollution from outside the city according to UE (Figure ES2(b). Locally, transport (12 per cent), dust (7 per cent), and domestic biomass burning (6 per cent) contribute the most to the PM2.5 pollution load of the city. While transport and dust are perennial sources of pollution in the city, the residential space heating component is a seasonal source. However, this seasonal contribution is so significant that as the use of biomass as a heat source in and around Delhi starts going up as winter progresses, the residential sector becomes the single-largest contributor by 15 December (Figure ES2(b)). This indicates the need to ramp up programmes to encourage households to shift to cleaner fuels for cooking and space heating.

Figure ES 2(a) Transport, dust, and domestic biomass burning are the largest local contributors to the PM2.5 pollution load in Delhi

Source: Authors’ analysis, source contribution data from DSS and UE. Note: Modelled estimates of relative source contributions retrieved from UE and DSS.

Figure ES 2(b) Both local and regional sources need to be targeted for reducing Delhi’s pollution

Source: Authors’ analysis, source contribution data from UE. Note: Source contribution data retrieved from UE district products which have larger geographical cover and lower resolution.

C. Forecasts picked up the pollution trend but could not predict high pollution episodes

The availability of multiple forecasts provides decisionmakers with a range of options to choose from. At the same time, this is an obstacle to effective onground action. To streamline the flow of relevant information from forecasters to decision-makers, it is important to analyse the forecasts and assess their reliability. We found that all the forecasts identified pollution trends accurately (Figure ES3) but their accuracy in predicting pollution episodes (‘Severe’ and ‘Very Poor’ air quality days) decreases with future time horizon.

D. Though forecasts were used to impose restrictions, the lifting of the curbs was ill-timed

In November–December 2021, apart from the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) coming into effect in DelhiNCR, the CAQM introduced several emergency response measures through a series of directions and orders. The Supreme Court also stepped in from time to time to direct the authorities to act on air pollution.

As a first, the CAQM used air quality and meteorological forecasts to time and tailor emergency response actions. The first set of restrictions was put in place on 16 November 2021, and all were lifted by 20 December 2021, save the one on industrial operations.

Figure ES3 All the forecasts can predict the trend accurately

Source: Authors’ analysis, data from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), AQ-EWS, and UE. Note: r represents correlation.

During this period, all the forecasts except AQ-EWS (3-day) underpredicted PM2.5 levels. Therefore, by looking at the difference between forecasted and measured concentrations, it is not possible to gauge the effectiveness of the restrictions conclusively. Hence, multiple models or different modelling experiments are needed to estimate the impact of the intervention.

It should be noted that during the restriction period, air quality did not descend into the ‘Severe +’ category. Further, when all the restrictions were in place along with better meteorology, air quality did improve from ‘Severe’ to ‘Poor’. The first prolonged ‘Severe’ air quality period in December was witnessed between 21 December and 26 December. While the forecasts sounded an alarm for high pollution levels during this period, all restrictions barring those on industrial activities were lifted. Subsequently, PM2.5 levels remained above 250 µgm -3 for six straight days resulting in the longest ‘Severe’ air quality spell of the season. (Figure ES4).

Figure ES4 The lifting of the restrictions was ill-timed with high pollution levels forecasted in the following days

Source: Authors’ analysis, data from Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). Note: C&D stands for construction and demolition activities. Work from home (WFH) stands for the 50% cap on employee attendance in the office. Industrial restrictions stand for compulsory switching over to Piped Natural Gas (PNG) or other cleaner fuels within industries and non-compliant industries being allowed to operate restrictively.

The discussion above highlights that despite the emergency measures taken in winter 2021, the air quality conditions were far from satisfactory. Calibrating emergency responses to forecasted source contributions may result in a greater impact on air quality. Our study recommends the following to help the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi ( GNCTD) and CAQM plan and execute emergency responses better:

GRAP implementation must be based strictly on modelled source contributions obtained from forecasts and timed accordingly. This will eliminate the need for ad-hoc emergency directions to restrict various activities. For instance, restrictions on private vehicles can be brought in when the air quality is forecasted to be ‘Very poor’ as transport is a significant contributor.
Surveys or assessments are required in the residential areas across NCR to explore the prevalence of biomass usage for heating and cooking purposes. Based on this, a targeted support mechanism is required to allow households and others to use clean fuels for cooking and heating. There is also a need to assess and promote alternatives for space heating.
Air quality forecasts should be relayed to the public via social media platforms to encourage them to take preventive measures such as avoiding unnecessary travel and wearing masks when stepping out. This will help reduce individual exposure and activity levels in the city.
Ground level data and insights need to be incorporated in forecasting models. Data from sources like social media posts (text and photos), camera feeds from public places, and pollution related grievance portals like SAMEER, Green Delhi, and SDMC 311 can provide near-real time information on pollution sources. Then aggregated representation of polluting activities based on recent days or weeks can be used as an input in models. Ultimately, a crowd-sourced emissions inventory for NCT/NCR will benefit modellers and policymakers alike while also making pollution curtailment efforts transparent.
Combining the available air quality forecasts through an ensemble approach can help improve the accuracy of the forecasts and prompt better coordination within the modelling community.

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Media Resource Centre > Press Releases

Industrial pollution: no respite quality of air, water and land has worsened in india’s industrial clusters between 2009 and 2018, finds cse, php if (empty($dataarray['content_publised_at'])) { echo date('f d, y', strtotime($dataarray['content_publised_at'])); } >.

CPCB monitoring of 88 industrial clusters reveals severe deterioration in many

Tarapur in Maharashtra emerges as the most polluted cluster

Data says no action over the years to control and reduce pollution even in areas which were identified as ‘critically’ or ‘severely’ polluted

New Delhi, February 26, 2021: A new monitoring mechanism is indicating that industrial pollution levels continue to worsen in India. An evaluation of 88 industrial clusters identified by pollution control boards (CPCB and SPCBs) as polluted industrial areas has thrown up a bleak picture of air, water and land contamination in the country, says the 2021 State of India’s Environment (SoE) report, an annual publication brought out by Down To Earth magazine in association with Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). The report was jointly released here today at an online event by over 60 environmental thinkers and activists, journalists and academics from across India.

See the proceedings of the release event and other details: https://www.cseindia.org/state-of-india-s-environment-2021-10694

In 2009, the Central Pollution Control Board had developed the Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI), which characterises the environmental quality of a location and identifies severely polluted industrial areas. According to CEPI data, air pollution worsened in 33 of the 88 industrial clusters between 2009 and 2018.

In Delhi’s Najafgarh drain basin, the CEPI air quality score went up from 52 in 2009 to over 85 in 2018. Mathura (Uttar Pradesh) had a score of 48 in 2009, which shot up to 86 in 2018. The Bulandshahr-Khurja area in Uttar Pradesh nearly doubled its score, from 42 in 2008 to over 79 in 2018. Gajraula (Uttar Pradesh) and Siltara (Chhattisgarh) scored over 70 in 2018.

The quality of water deteriorated in 45 of the 88 clusters in this same period. Sanganer (in Rajasthan) and Gurugram (in Haryana) had a CEPI water quality score of more than 70 in 2018. Tarapur (Maharashtra), Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh) and Varanasi-Mirzapur (Uttar Pradesh) – all indicated scores that were 80 or above.

The comparison of CEPI 2009 and 2018 data shows that land pollution has increased in 17 of the 88 clusters. The worst performer here has been Manali, whose CEPI score went to over 71 in 2018 from 58 in 2009.

In terms of overall CEPI scores , 35 of the clusters have indicated a rise in environmental degradation. Tarapur (in Maharashtra) has had the ignominy – says the SoE – of the highest overall CEPI score of over 96 in 2018.

Says Nivit Kumar Yadav, programme director of CSE’s industrial pollution unit: “It is a telling verdict. The CEPI data clearly indicates that there has been no action over the years to control and reduce pollution even in areas which were already identified as ‘critically’ or ‘severely’ polluted.”

Buy the State of India’s Environment 2021 annual report: https://csestore.cse.org.in/books/state-of-india-s-environment/state-of-india-s-environment-2021.html

For interviews with CSE experts or more information, please contact Sukanya Nair of The CSE Media Resource Centre, [email protected] / 8816818864.

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5 Biggest Environmental Issues in India

In its latest climate assessment, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) warned that it is “now or never” to limit global warming to 1.5C. The consequences of global warming are felt everywhere in the world. However, some nations suffer more than others. In this article, part of our ‘ Environmental Issues ‘ series, we look art some of the biggest environmental issues in India right now and how the country is dealing with them.

1. Air Pollution

Undoubtedly, one of the most pressing environmental issues in India is air pollution. According to the 2021 World Air Quality Report, India is home to 63 of the 100 most polluted cities, with New Delhi named the capital with the worst air quality in the world. The study also found that PM2.5 concentrations – tiny particles in the air that are 2.5 micrometres or smaller in length – in 48% of the country’s cities are more than 10 times higher than the 2021 WHO air quality guideline level.

Vehicular emissions, industrial waste, smoke from cooking, the construction sector, crop burning, and power generation are among the biggest sources of air pollution in India. The country’s dependence on coal, oil, and gas due to rampant electrification makes it the world’s third-largest polluter , contributing over 2.65 billion metric tonnes of carbon to the atmosphere every year.

The months-long lockdown imposed by the government in March 2020 to curb the spread of Covid-19 led to a halt in human activities. This unsurprisingly, significantly improved air quality across the country. When comparing the Air Quality Index (AQI) data for 2019 and 2020, the daily average AQI in March-April 2019 was 656, the number drastically dropped by more than half to 306 in the same months of 2020.

More on the topic: India’s Coal Dilemma Amid Record-Breaking Heatwave

Unfortunately, things did not last long. In 2021, India was among the world’s most polluted countries, second only to Bangladesh. The annual average PM2.5 levels in India was about 58.1 µg/m³ in 2021, “ending a three-year trend of improving air quality” and a clear sign that the country has returned to pre-pandemic levels. Scientists have linked persistent exposure to PM2.5 to many long-term health issues including heart and lung disease, as well as 7 million premature deaths each year. In November 2021, air pollution reached such severe levels that they were forced to shut down several large power plants around Delhi.

In recent years, the State Government of the Indian capital has taken some stringent measures to keep a check on air pollution. An example is the Odd-Even Regulation – a traffic rationing measure under which only private vehicles with registration numbers ending with an odd digit will be allowed on roads on odd dates and those with an even digit on even dates. Starting from January 2023, there will also be a ban on the use of coal as fuel in industrial and domestic units in the National Capital Region (NRC). However, the ban will not apply to thermal power plants, incidentally the largest consumers of coal. Regardless of the measures taken to curb air pollution, as the World Air Quality Report clearly shows – the AQI in India continues to be on a dangerous trajectory.

More on the topic: 15 Most Polluted Cities in the World

2. Water Pollution

Among the most pressing environmental issues in India is also water pollution. The Asian country has experienced unprecedented urban expansion and economic growth in recent years. This, however, comes with huge environmental costs. Besides its air, the country’s waterways have become extremely polluted, with around 70% of surface water estimated to be unfit for consumption. Illegal dumping of raw sewage, silt, and garbage into rivers and lakes severely contaminated India’s waters. The near-total absence of pipe planning and an inadequate waste management system are only exacerbating the situation. Every day, a staggering 40 million litres of wastewater enter rivers and other water bodies. Of these, only a tiny fraction is adequately treated due to a lack of adequate infrastructure.

In middle-income countries like India, water pollution can account for the loss of up to half of GDP growth, a World Bank report suggests. Water pollution costs the Indian government between US$6.7 and $7.7 billion a year and is associated with a 9% drop in agricultural revenues as well as a 16% decrease in downstream agricultural yields.

Besides affecting humans, with nearly 40 million Indians suffering from waterborne diseases like typhoid, cholera, and hepatitis and nearly 400,000 fatalities each year, water pollution also damages crops, as infectious bacteria and diseases in the water used for irrigation prevent them from growing. Inevitably, freshwater biodiversity is also severely damaged. The country’s rivers and lakes often become open sewers for residential and industrial waste. Especially the latter – which comprises a wide range of toxic substances like pesticides and herbicides, oil products, and heavy metals – can kill aquatic organisms by altering their environment and making it extremely difficult for them to survive.

Fortunately, the country has started addressing the issue by taking steps to improve its water source quality, often with local startups’ help. One strategy involves the construction of water treatment plants that rely on techniques such as flocculation, skimming, and filtration to remove the most toxic chemicals from the water. The upgrade process at one of the country’s largest plants located in Panjrapur, Maharashtra, will enable it to produce more than 19 million cubic metres of water a day , enough to provide access to clean water to approximately 96 million people.

The government is also looking at ways to promote water conservation and industrial water reuse by opening several treatment plants across the country. In Chennai, a city in Eastern India, water reclamation rose from 36,000 to 80,000 cubic metres between 2016 and 2019.

Finally, in 2019, Gujarat – a state of more than 70 million citizens – launched its Reuse of Treated Waste Water Policy , which aims to drastically decrease consumption from the Narmada River. The project foresees the installation of 161 sewage treatment plants all across the state that will supply the industrial and construction sectors with treated water.

3. Food and Water Shortages

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), India is the country expected to pay the highest price for the impacts of the climate crisis. Aside from extreme weather events such as flash floods and widespread wildfires, the country often experiences long heatwaves and droughts that dry up its water sources and compromise crops.

Since March 2022 – which was the hottest and driest month recorded in 120 years – the North West regions have been dealing with a prolonged wave of scorching and record-breaking heat . For several consecutive days, residents were hit by temperatures surpassing 40 degrees Celsius, while in some areas, surface land temperatures reached up to 60C. There is no doubt among experts that this unprecedented heatwave is a direct manifestation of climate change .

The heatwave has also contributed to an economic slowdown due to a loss of productivity, as thousands of Indians are unable to work in the extreme heat. The agriculture sector – which employs over 60% of the population – is often hit hard by these erratic droughts, impacting food stability and sustenance. Currently, farmers are struggling to rescue what remains of the country’s wheat crops, piling on existing fears of a global shortage sparked by the war in Ukraine.

More on the topic: Water Scarcity in India

Already among the world’s most water-stressed countries , the heatwave is causing further water shortages across the nations. Even though water tankers are keeping communities hydrated, the supply is not enough to cover the needs of all residents. But heat is not the only factor contributing to water scarcity. In an interview with the Times of India , lead researcher at Pune-based Watershed Organisation Trust Eshwer Kale described the national water policy as very ‘irrigation-centric’. Indeed, over 85% of India’s freshwater is used in agriculture. This has led to a crisis in several states, including Punjab, Haryana, and western Uttar Pradesh. The indiscriminate use of water for irrigation, coupled with the absence of conservation efforts and the huge policy gap in managing water resources has left over 10% of the country’s water bodies in rural areas redundant. A 2019 report predicts that 21 major cities – including New Delhi and India’s IT hub of Bengaluru – will run out of groundwater by 2030, affecting nearly 40% of the population.

4. Waste Management

Among the most pressing environmental issues in India is also waste. As the second-largest population in the world of nearly 1.4 billion people, it comes as no surprise that 277 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) are produced there every year. Experts estimate that by 2030, MSW is likely to reach 387.8 million tonnes and will more than double the current value by 2050. India’s rapid urbanisation makes waste management extremely challenging. Currently, about 5% of the total collected waste is recycled, 18% is composted, and the remaining is dumped at landfill sites .

The plastic crisis in India is one of the worst on the planet. According to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), India currently produces more than 25,000 tonnes of plastic waste every day on average, which accounts for almost 6% of the total solid waste generated in the country. India stands second among the top 20 countries having a high proportion of riverine plastic emissions nationally as well as globally. Indus, Brahmaputra, and Ganges rivers are known as the ‘highways of plastic flows’ as they carry and drain most of the plastic debris in the country. Together with the 10 other topmost polluted rivers, they leak nearly 90% of plastics into the sea globally.

To tackle this issue, in 2020 the government announced that they would ban the manufacture, sale, distribution, and use of single-use plastics from July 1 2022 onwards . Furthermore, around 100 Indian cities are set to be developed as smart cities . Despite being still in its early phase, the project sees civic bodies completely redrawing the long-term vision in solid waste management, with smart technologies but also awareness campaigns to encourage community participation in building the foundation of new collection and disposal systems.

You might also like: 14 Biggest Environmental Problems of 2024

5. Biodiversity Loss

Last but not least on the list of environmental issues in India is biodiversity loss. The country has four major biodiversity hotspots , regions with significant levels of animal and plant species that are threatened by human habitation: the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, the Sundaland (including the Nicobar Islands), and the Indo-Burma region. India has already lost almost 90% of the area under the four hotspots, according to a 2021 report issued by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), with the latter region being by far the worst affected.

Moreover, 1,212 animal species in India are currently monitored by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List, with over 12% being classified as ‘endangered’ . Within these hotspots, 25 species have become extinct in recent years.

Due to water contamination, 16% of India’s freshwater fish, molluscs, dragonflies, damselflies, and aquatic plants are threatened with extinction and, according to the WWF and the Zoological Society of London (ZSL) , freshwater biodiversity in the country has experienced an 84% decline.

Yet, there is more to it. Forest loss is another major driver of biodiversity decline in the country. Since the start of this century, India has lost 19% of its total tree cover . While 2.8% of forests were cut down from deforestation, much of the loss have been a consequence of wildfires, which affected more than 18,000 square kilometres of forest per year – more than twice the annual average of deforestation.

Forest restoration may be key to India’s ambitious climate goals, but some argue that the country is not doing enough to stop the destruction of this incredibly crucial resource. Indeed, despite committing to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030, Narendra Modi’s government faced backlash after refusing to sign the COP26 pledge to stop deforestation and agreeing to cut methane gas emissions. The decision was justified by citing concerns over the potential impact that the deal would have on local trade, the country’s extensive farm sector, and the role of livestock in the rural economy. However, given these activities’ dramatic consequences on biodiversity, committing to end and reverse deforestation should be a priority for India.

This article was originally published on June 17, 2022

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India saw 2.1 million deaths from air pollution in 2021, 169,000-plus kids

A new report by the hei in partnership with unicef should ring warning bells and warrants urgent action from governments.

In 2021, the CJI called for a lockdown in Delhi over air pollution (file photo)

Air pollution contributed to 8.1 million deaths worldwide in 2021, with India and China recording 2.1 million and 2.3 million such fatalities, respectively — and totalling over half the global casualties between them — according to a report released on Wednesday, 19 June.

Published by the Health Effects Institute (HEI), an independent US-based research organisation, in partnership with UNICEF, the report stated that air pollution contributed to the deaths of 169,400 children in India under the age of five in 2021.

Nigeria followed with 1,14,100 child deaths, Pakistan with 68,100, Ethiopia with 31,100 and Bangladesh with 19,100.

The report also said that air pollution was the leading risk factor for deaths in South Asia, followed by high blood pressure, poor diet and tobacco.

The report noted, '2021 saw more deaths linked to air pollution than were estimated for any previous year. With populations over 1 billion each, India (2.1 million deaths) and China (2.3 million deaths) together account for 54 percent of the total global disease burden.'

Also Read: Stubble burning ended in Dec, why is Delhi's AQI still 'severe'?

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Examining the response to covid-19 in logistics and supply chain processes: insights from a state-of-the-art literature review and case study analysis.

1. Introduction

RQ1 (scientific): How have researchers studied the impact of COVID-19 on logistics and supply chain processes? Which industrial sectors were mostly studied and why? Which additional topics can be related to COVID-19 and logistics/supply chain?
RQ2 (practical): What effects of COVID-19 on logistics and supply chain processes were experienced by companies?

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. systematic literature review, 2.1.1. sample creation, 2.1.2. descriptive analyses, 2.1.3. paper classification.

Macro theme: sustainability, resilience, risk, information technology, economics, performance, planning and food security. This classification represents paper’s core topic.
Industrial sector: aerospace, agri-food, apparel, automotive, construction, e-commerce, electronic, energy, fast-moving consumer goods, food, healthcare, logistics, manufacturing and service.
Data collection method: questionnaire/interview, third-party sources or case study. This classification represents the method used by the authors to collect the data useful to their study.
Research method: statistical, decision-making, simulation, empirical, literature review or economic. This category describes the tool used by the authors to conduct the study and reach the related goals.
Specific method, e.g., descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling (SEM), multi-criteria decision making (MCDM), etc.; this feature describes more accurately the type of work carried out by the authors and the tools used.
Country: it reflects the geographical area in which the study was carried out, in terms, for instance, of the country in which a sample of people has been interviewed or where empirical data were collected, or where the simulation was set. This method of classification, although more elaborated, was preferred over traditional approaches, in which the country of the study is defined based merely on the affiliation of the first author of the paper, because the exact knowledge of the country in which the study was carried out is, for sure, a more representative source of information about the research. This is true in general, but it is even more important for this subject matter, as the management of the COVID-19 pandemic was made on a country or regional basis, with significant differences from country to country; knowing the exact location of the study helps in better interpreting the research outcomes. Possible entries in this field also include “multiple countries” and “not specified”, with the obvious meanings of the terms.

2.1.4. Cross-Analyses

2.1.5. interrelated aspects, 2.2. case study, 2.2.1. data collection.

Economic data: some key economic data were retrieved from the company’s balance sheet, from 2019 up to the latest available document, which refers to 2022.
Organizational data: these data describe changes in the operational, decision-making and business structure of the company in terms, e.g., of number of employees hired, number of drivers, etc.
The related data were collected and elaborated between July and September 2023.

2.2.2. Survey Phase

2.2.3. analysis and summary, 3. results—systematic literature review, 3.1. descriptive statistics, 3.2. common classification fields, 3.2.1. macro theme, 3.2.2. industrial sector, 3.2.3. data collection method, 3.2.4. research method, 3.2.5. country, 3.3. cross-analyses, 3.3.1. macro theme vs. industrial sector, 3.3.2. research method vs. macro theme, 3.4. interrelated aspects, 4. results—case study, 4.1. company overview, 4.2. pre-covid-19 period, 4.3. covid-19 period, 4.4. post-covid-19 period, 4.5. analysis and summary.

Strengths : at present, Company A benefits from a robust network of relationships with customers and suppliers (e.g., drivers), which was leveraged during the pandemic period to provide a rapid response to the increased request by the consumers. The company has also leveraged the usage of digital technologies, which made logistics activities more efficient and, again, allowed the company to respond to consumer demand in the pandemic period.
Weaknesses : Company A has suffered from low economic results, in particular in the post-COVID-19 period, mainly due to the high production costs. Efforts must be made by the company to reduce expenses. At the same time, however, the service level, in terms of delivery lead time or on-time delivery, should be safeguarded.
Opportunities : the growth of e-commerce, experienced in the COVID-19 period but expected to last over time, creates opportunities for increasing the volume of items handled by Company A. Indeed, the survey phase demonstrated that the company’s consumers have shifted towards the usage of online sales; hence, the company could consider investing in this area to increase its market share. By leveraging the e-commerce logistics and diversifying service, expansions could also be possible at an international level. Even if the company has already embraced the implementation of digital technologies, some emerging technologies (e.g., drones or advanced traceability systems) could also be introduced for further improving the logistics efficiency. Finally, sustainability is another opportunity to be leveraged, because of the current push towards the adoption of environmental-friendly logistics solutions. Examples of those solutions include a reduction in CO 2 emissions, and the usage of electric vehicles or zero-impact materials.
Threats : the growth of e-commerce can be seen as an opportunity, but because many logistics companies have already entered this field, the sector is characterized by very high competition, which could limit the market share of Company A; this could instead be seen as a threat needing to be properly managed. Another threat comes from the increased cost of fuel, which, for sure, for a logistics company plays an important role in determining the cost of the transport activities (also, having previously observed that the company suffered from a limited revenue in recent years). This factor could further push towards the adoption of environmentally friendly transport modes (e.g., electric vehicles), which have been previously mentioned as an opportunity for leveraging in the logistics sector.

5. Conclusions

5.1. answer to the research questions, 5.2. scientific and practical implications, 5.3. suggestions for future research directions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Click here to enlarge figure

Source	No. of Papers	Scimago Ranking
Sustainability (Switzerland)	10	Q1–Q2
International Journal of Logistics Management	6	Q1
Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing	5	Q2
Agricultural Systems	5	Q1
Benchmarking	4	Q1
International Journal of Production Research	3	Q1

Research Method	No. of Papers

ANOVA	2
Contingency analysis and frequency analysis	1
Cronbach’s alpha	1
Descriptive statistics	8
Econometric	1
Hypothesis test	5
Keyword analysis	1
Logistic regression—R software	1
Partial Least Square (PLS)	1
PLS-SEM	11
Random forest regression	1
Regression	3
SEM	9
Descriptive statistics, bias and common method variance test, multiple regression analysis and mediation test	1
Analysis with SPSS and Nvivo	1

Best Worst Method	1
Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL)	1
DEMATEL—Maximum mean de-entropy (MMDE)	1
Fuzzy	10
ISM	1
ISM-Bayesian network (BN)	1
ISM-Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification (MICMAC)	1
Multi-Attribute Decision Making (MADM)	1
Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT)	1
Multi-Criteria Decision Methods (MCDM)	6
SWOT analysis	2
Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM) + MICMAC analysis	1

Case study	7
Framework and case study	1
Product design changes (PDC)—domain modelling	1
Qualitative	5


ABC analysis	2
Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood (PPML)	1
Method of stochastic factor economic–mathematical analysis	1

Discrete Event Simulation (DES)	1
System dynamics approach	1
Multi-period simulation	1

Industrial Sector	No. of Papers
Logistics	13
Manufacturing	4
Food	4
Automotive	3
Agri-food	3

Industrial Sector	No. of Papers
Logistics	10
Food	7
Agri-food	6
Manufacturing	6
Healthcare	2
Electronic	2

Industrial Sector	No. of Papers
Logistics	9
Food	3
Agri-food	3
Manufacturing	2

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Monferdini, L.; Bottani, E. Examining the Response to COVID-19 in Logistics and Supply Chain Processes: Insights from a State-of-the-Art Literature Review and Case Study Analysis. Appl. Sci. 2024 , 14 , 5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125317

Monferdini L, Bottani E. Examining the Response to COVID-19 in Logistics and Supply Chain Processes: Insights from a State-of-the-Art Literature Review and Case Study Analysis. Applied Sciences . 2024; 14(12):5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125317

Monferdini, Laura, and Eleonora Bottani. 2024. "Examining the Response to COVID-19 in Logistics and Supply Chain Processes: Insights from a State-of-the-Art Literature Review and Case Study Analysis" Applied Sciences 14, no. 12: 5317. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14125317

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Status of Soil Pollution in India

First Online: 06 April 2017

Cite this chapter

Jayanta K. Saha 10 ,
Rajendiran Selladurai 10 ,
M. Vassanda Coumar 10 ,
M. L. Dotaniya 10 ,
Samaresh Kundu 10 &
Ashok K. Patra 11

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 10))

1943 Accesses

18 Citations

Industrial sector in India is witnessing rapid growth since the last decade of twentieth century with reforms in economic laws and with establishment of special economic zones (SEZ). Such rapid industrial growth has also increased threat to the environment. In spite of great difficulty in its remediation in comparison with polluted air and water, soil pollution as a threat to human life is by and large ignored at national level in India due to lack of comprehensive information on the subject. Though coordinated effort on assessment of soil pollution is absent at national level, sporadic information has been generated by several researchers on various aspects of pollution affecting soil quality. This chapter analyses these information and attempts to assess the quantum of threat being faced by agroecosystem in the country. It indicates that soil resources are facing threats from deliberate use of contaminated organics, amendment materials and irrigation water or from atmospheric depositions, spillage of effluents etc. Nature pollutants varies from salts, toxic metals, metalloids, persistent organics with varying degree of toxicity and may be of both industrial and geogenic origins.

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Saha, J.K., Selladurai, R., Coumar, M.V., Dotaniya, M.L., Kundu, S., Patra, A.K. (2017). Status of Soil Pollution in India. In: Soil Pollution - An Emerging Threat to Agriculture. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 10. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4274-4_11

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Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks.
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Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade.
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Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats.
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The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples.
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Account for the present location of iron and steel industries away from the source of raw material, by giving examples.
The interlinking of rivers can provide viable solutions to the multi-dimensional inter-related problems of droughts, floods, and interrupting navigation. Critically examine.
Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggestlasting remedial measures.
India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations in its development. Elaborate.
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Empowering women is the key to control population growth.” Discuss
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Why is India taking a keen interest in the resources of the Arctic region?
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Petroleum refineries are not necessarily located nearer to crude oil-producing areas, particularly in many of the developing countries. Explain its implications.
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What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia?
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The effective management of land and water resources will drastically reduce human miseries. Explain.
The South China Sea has assumed great geopolitical significance in the present context. Comment.
Major cities of India are becoming vulnerable to flood conditions. Discuss.
Present an account of the Indus Water Treaty and examine its ecological, economic, and political implications in the context of changing bilateral relations.
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Explain the formation of thousands of islands in the Indonesian and Philippines archipelagos.
Tropical cyclones are largely confined to the South China Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Gulf of Mexico. Why?
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Whereas the British planters had developed tea gardens all along the Shivaliks and Lesser Himalayas from Assam to Himachal Pradesh, in effect they did not succeed beyond the Darjeeling area. Explain.
Why did the Green Revolution in India virtually bypass the eastern region despite fertile soil and good availability of water?
Account for the change in the spatial pattern of the Iron and Steel industry in the world.
Critically evaluate the various resources of the oceans which can be harnessed to meet the resource crisis in the world.
How does India see its place in the economic space of rising natural resource-rich Africa?
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(b) The recent cyclone on the east coast of India was called ‘Phailin’. How are tropical cyclones named across the world? Elaborate.

(a) Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islandsin the urban habitat of the world.

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Major hot deserts in the northern hemisphere are located between 20-30 deg N latitudes and on the western side of the continents. Why?

(a) Bring out the causes for the more frequent occurrence of landslides in the Himalayas than in the Western Ghats.

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It is said that India has substantial reserves of shale oil and gas, which can feed the needs of the country for quarter-century. However, tapping of the resource does not appear to be high on the agenda. Discuss critically the availability and issues involved.

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What is Industrial Pollution
(PDF) Analysis of industrial pollution in India
Impact of industrial pollution on rural communities in India / 978-3
Industrial Pollution in India
(PDF) A case study on Air Pollution in Cement Industry Course Title
Impacts of Industrial Pollution in India

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Case study on Thermal pollution#snsinstitutions#snsdesignthinkers#designthinking
DJJ 42022 video case study industrial
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Causes Of Industrial Pollution |TYBCOM
Measures To Control Industrial Pollution
India’s Shipbreaking Business, Emerging Economies, and the “Right to Pollute?”

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Monitoring Industrial Pollution in India
This case study discusses a project that aimed to evaluate the impacts of CEMS in a large-scale randomized control trial (RCT) conducted in partnership with the Gujarat Pollution Control Board (GPCB), the environmental regulator in the state of Gujarat in India. ... There is no single cause for the problem of excessive industrial air pollution ...
(PDF) Analysis of industrial pollution in India
Around 7.4 Lacks people die in India annually because of abnormal temperatures due to climate change according to a recent Lancets study. 51% of air pollution in India is due to industries.
Industrial Pollution and Soil Quality—A Case Study from Industrial Area
Lack of proper land use plan and industrialization led to substantial increase in industrial wastes leading contamination of water, air, and land resources vis-à-vis environmental pollution. Inadequate environmental management in the developing country like India has led to large-scale pollution of the environment (Adriano 2001; Hooda and Naidu 2004).
Industrial Pollution and People's Movement: A Case Study of Eloor
Industrial Pollution and People's Movement: A Case Study of Eloor Island Kerala, India. January 2013. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-2842-7.ch012. Authors: Rasheed A. Charuvilayil. To read the full ...
Industrial Pollution in Indian Industries: A Post Reform Scenario
In India, overall hydrochemical studies related to riverine systems were studied Gopal, 2003), but limited to industrial belts (Khan and Tarique, 2015). In this context, it is worth while ...
Ecosystem services and impact of industrial pollution on ...
In this study, three major air pollutants (SO 2, NOx, and SPM) have been analyzed to determine their concentration and assess temporal variation under large industrial area. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the type of urban ecosystems and their noble services to mankind along with the effect of industrial pollution on the urban ...
Industrial Pollution and People's Movement: A Case Study of Eloor
The case of Kerala State in India is no different. A number of studies related to environmental issues, dams and displacement, deforestation, et cetera have appeared in the recent past. However, regarding environmental movements against industrial pollution in India, studies are limited.
PDF Tackling Industrial Pollution in India: Where is the Data?
Attribution: Chetan Bhattacharji and Ronak Sutaria, "Tackling Industrial Pollution in India: Where is the Data?," ORF Issue Brief No. 423, November 2020, Observer Research Foundation. Observer Research Foundation (ORF) is a public policy think tank that aims to influence the formulation of policies for building a strong and prosperous India.
Industrial Pollution and People's Movement: A Case Study of Eloor
Industrial pollution is one of the largest environmental and livelihood issues faced by developing societies. It has led to the mobilization of people to protest against it, in various forms, in accordance with their socio-political landscape. The case of Kerala State in India is no different. A number of studies related to environmental issues, dams and displacement, deforestation, et cetera ...
Delhi Winter Pollution Case Study
Overview. This study assesses Delhi's air pollution scenario in the winter of 2021 and the actions to tackle it. Winter 2021 was unlike previous winters as the control measures mandated by the Commission of Air Quality Management (CAQM) in Delhi National Capital Region and adjoining areas were rolled out. These measures included the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) and additional emergency ...
Report on Assessment of Industrial Air Pollution in Delhi-ncr
A scoping study on industrial air pollution has been conducted in districts ... Source: Census of India, 2011, CPCB, Central Control Room for Air Quality Management—All India ... the NGT disposed of the case. 4. Order of the National Green Tribunal regarding industrial pollution by a cement tiles factory, Alwar,
PDF Case Studies: Industrial Disasters, Environmental damage and effects
World's worst ever industrial accident. Night of December 2-3, 1984. Union Carbide (now Dow Chemical) pesticide plant, Bhopal, India. Toxic gases (Methyl Isocyanate, C2H3NO used in production of carbamate pesticides) leaked. The deadly fumes drifted into sleeping city and people woke burning eyes and lungs. the with. Thousands died within days.
Health and economic impact of air pollution in the states of India: the
Several studies have evaluated the economic impacts of premature mortality and morbidity attributable to air pollution, in India and globally, using various approaches. A study using the output-based approach and GBD 2013 mortality data estimated the total forgone labour output due to air pollution in India in 2013 to be 0·84% of GDP.
Assessment of heavy metal pollution in groundwater of an industrial
Measured concentration of heavy metals in the study area in decreasing order is as follows: Fe> Zn> Mn > Al> Ba > Ni> Cu > Pb> Cr > Se> As > Cd. Fe concentration was found beyond desirable limit in each sample. In the study area 73%, 60% and 21% water samples surpass desirable limit of Al, Mn and Ni respectively as per BIS,10,500 (2012).
(PDF) Monitoring Industrial Pollution in India
Monitoring Industrial Pollution in India. September 2022 ... This case study discusses a pilot project in the Indian state of Gujarat, designed to evaluate the benefits of Continuous Emissions ...
Impact of lockdown and crop stubble burning on air quality of India: a
India, located in South Asia, is the world's second-most populous country. In India, air pollution is one of the most important health concerns. Industrial pollution is responsible for 51% of air pollution, cars for 27%, crop stubble burning for 17% and Diwali fireworks for 5% (Indian Express, 2019). In urban regions, emissions from ...
Industrial Air Pollution: A case study on Bawana Industrial Area
This paper analyzes the composition and effects of industrial emissions in Bawana, a major industrial area in India. It also suggests methods to improve emission factors, standards and monitoring of industrial pollution.
Industrial Air Pollution Control in India: A Case Study o f Ludhiana
Industrial Air Pollution Control in India: A Case Study o f Ludhiana City, Punjab Ramanjit Kaur Johal and Namita Gupta [email protected] View all authors and affiliations Volume 36 , Issue 2
INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION: NO RESPITE Quality of air, water and land has
New Delhi, February 26, 2021: A new monitoring mechanism is indicating that industrial pollution levels continue to worsen in India. An evaluation of 88 industrial clusters identified by pollution control boards (CPCB and SPCBs) as polluted industrial areas has thrown up a bleak picture of air, water and land contamination in the country, says ...
Air Pollution and Human Health in Kolkata, India: A Case Study
An analysis of different sources of air pollution in Kolkata has revealed that motor vehicles are the leading contributor to air pollution (51.4%) which is followed by industry (24.5%) and dust particles (21.1%), respectively ( Table 1) [ 48 ]. Table 1. Sources of air pollution emissions in Kolkata.
5 Biggest Environmental Issues in India
Vehicular emissions, industrial waste, smoke from cooking, the construction sector, crop burning, and power generation are among the biggest sources of air pollution in India. The country's dependence on coal, oil, and gas due to rampant electrification makes it the world's third-largest polluter , contributing over 2.65 billion metric ...
Air pollution in the India
To tackle the scourge of air pollution, India's government launched the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) in 2019 with the target of reducing levels of key pollutants by 20 to 30 percent by ...
An empirical study towards air pollution control in Agra, India: a case
Air pollution affects many people in developed and developing countries worldwide. It is costing around 2% and 5% of GDP (gross domestic product) in developed and developing countries, respectively. The air qualities have been deteriorating day by day and now the situation has become worst. An increase in air pollution will worsen the environment and human health status. Hence, there is an ...
India saw 2.1 million deaths from air pollution in 2021, 169,000-plus kids
India saw 2.1 million deaths from air pollution in 2021, 169,000-plus kids ... Air pollution contributed to 8.1 million deaths worldwide in 2021, with India and China recording 2.1 million and 2.3 million such fatalities, respectively — and totalling over half the global casualties between them — according to a report released on Wednesday ...
Sustainability
This study focused on predicting the spatial distribution of environmental risk indicators using mathematical modeling methods including machine learning. The northern industrial zone of Pavlodar City in Kazakhstan was used as a model territory for the case. Nine models based on the methods kNN, gradient boosting, artificial neural networks, Kriging, and multilevel b-spline interpolation were ...
Applied Sciences
This article investigates the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on logistics and supply chain processes through a two-phase analysis. First, a literature review maps the existing studies, published from 2021 to 2023 (101 papers), offering a view of the multiple challenges faced by supply chains during the pandemic emergency. The literature analysis makes use of descriptive statistics, thematic ...
Status of Soil Pollution in India
The rapid industrialization and urbanization have resulted atmospheric deposition of heavy metals. Several case studies have indicated that industrial, mining and urban activities generate considerable dust in the atmosphere and these dust particles are normally enriched with heavy metals (Patel et al. 2010a; Mishra et al. 2013; Pal et al. 2014).
Geography Questions in UPSC Mains (2022
2022 Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks. Troposphere is a very significant atmospheric layer that determines weather processes. How? Mention the significance of straits and isthmus in international trade. What are the forces that influence ocean currents? Describe their role in fishing industry of the world. Discuss the meaning of colour-coded weather warnings for ...


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