descriptive essay on a place of interest i visited in nigeria

Essay On A Place Of Interest I Visited In Nigeria

Introduction.

On a bright and chilly day, a group of excited students , including myself, embarked on an unforgettable excursion to Olumo Rock in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Guided by our enthusiastic geography teacher, Mr. Lawrence, and sporting attire fit for adventurers, we set out on a journey that would forever remain etched in our memories. Our destination was the enigmatic Olumo Rock, a place of both natural wonder and cultural significance.

Excitement in the Air

Our anticipation was palpable as we gathered at our school, donned in jeans, boots, sneakers, caps, and an array of T-shirts with various shapes, colors, and designs. Dressed as if we were seasoned mountaineers, we were ready to conquer the formidable Olumo Rock. Our backpacks, loaded with lunch packs and water bottles, added to our appearance as intrepid explorers. The sight of our group was nothing short of spectacular.

The Journey Begins

Leaving the school premises in our trusty school bus, we couldn’t help but wonder about the imposing rock that awaited us. After all, Abeokuta’s name in our native language literally translates to “under the rock.” As we ventured deeper into our journey, I couldn’t help but jest with my friend, John, who was seated beside me, wondering if the rocks would come tumbling down upon us. His laughter served as a reminder that we were in for an adventure that was as exhilarating as it was intimidating.

As we journeyed through Igando town in Lagos State and passed by the Cement Refinery Plant, we eventually arrived at the outskirts of Abeokuta, in a village known as Ijebu-Igbo. It was here that Mr. Lawrence pointed out an enormous, gnarled tree that commanded our attention. Its sheer width and height left us astounded. To our surprise, our teacher explained that this tree was highly revered in the village, to the point where some villagers even worshipped it. This revelation left us baffled and slightly irritated by what we perceived as a curious belief.

Exploration and Discovery at Olumo Rock

Upon our arrival in Olumo town, the location of the famous Olumo Rock, we parked our bus and extended greetings to the villagers, demonstrating our respect for the community. However, a wave of laughter swept through our group as we spotted a crown-like rock some 60 meters away from Olumo Rock itself. This unexpected sight added an element of intrigue to our adventure.

As we approached the entrance, we met the security personnel, or as we called them, the “gateman” in our local dialect. Olumo town was filled with numerous natural wonders, and our geography teacher, Mr. Lawrence, was quick to explain some of the geographical features that defined the area. In particular, our classmate, Kehinde, pointed out a house perched on a slanting rock, a sight that left us all in awe.

Standing at the foot of Olumo Rock, we gazed up at its imposing height. The thought of climbing to the top left many of our hearts racing, and some of us couldn’t help but wonder if we were truly up for the challenge. Nevertheless, time was of the essence, and the guides, also known as caretakers, provided us with a staircase to ascend the rock. We eagerly made our way up, enjoying the refreshing breeze that flowed down the rock’s face. However, our excitement was short-lived as we realized that the surface of the rock was dark and rugged, a testament to its igneous nature.

Finally, we reached the summit of Olumo Rock, but the sight that greeted us left many of us, myself included, feeling apprehensive. We discovered a shrine at the top of the rock, a revelation that had been shared with us before we embarked on the climb. Despite the initial unease, the sense of accomplishment and triumph was overwhelming. In a surprising turn of events, Kehinde, known for his humor, waved his white T-shirt like an intrepid mountaineer conquering Everest. His daring act, even in the frigid conditions, both amused and amazed us, earning him applause and admiration from the entire group.

From the pinnacle of Olumo Rock, we gazed down and marveled at how small Olumo Town appeared below us. It was a humbling perspective, a reminder of the vastness of the natural world and the insignificance of our individual presence within it. As we rested and caught our breath, the guides cautioned us that the day was waning and we should begin our descent while there was still daylight. With obedient hearts, we followed their advice, starting our journey back down the rock.

However, some of our more adventurous comrades couldn’t resist leaving their mark on Olumo Rock. They hurriedly etched their names onto the rock’s surface with stones, a gesture that would serve as a testament to their courage and determination.

As we made our way down the rock, we couldn’t help but reflect on the day’s adventures. It was a day filled with exhilaration and awe, as we had pushed our limits and discovered the beauty and majesty of nature. The sense of accomplishment and the breathtaking views from the top of Olumo Rock were rewards for our determination and courage.

At the end of the day, jubilation echoed among our group, a testament to the joy we had experienced. We had learned that with unwavering determination, even the most formidable challenges could be conquered. Our adventure at Olumo Rock left an indelible mark on our memories, reminding us that the world is full of wonders waiting to be explored.

In conclusion, our visit to Olumo Rock was not just an excursion; it was a transformative experience that opened our eyes to the beauty of our natural surroundings and the strength of our own spirits. It was a reminder that, with the right mindset and determination, we can overcome any obstacle and achieve greatness. I hope you, dear reader, have enjoyed this journey through our adventure at Olumo Rock and have been inspired by the lessons we learned along the way .

Source: We Said Go Travel Edited by: SM

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17 Top Tourist Attractions In Nigeria To Visit: Tourism At Its Best

Tourist attractions have the ability to attract worldwide attention which transcends from not only setting up a physical edifice but also embodies structures or places of natural and physical value. They depict historical significance and outstanding beauty capable of awing and amusing the public; The physical evidence of genius architectural designs and brain work, coupled with the mysterious dynamism of natural ingenuity make them the go-to place for memorable tourism experience. We took some time to compile a list of tourist attractions in Nigeria. Enjoy!

1. Olumo Rock

      ogun state.

Any visit to the city of Abeokuta would be incomplete without stopping by at the ?fortress of Abeokuta?; Olumo Rock . No surprise that this rock is located in Abeokuta, as the name ?Abeokuta? itself means ?under the rock? as has been one of the choice tourist attractions in Nigeria. Olumo Rock has long served as a rock of offense and a fortress for the people of Egba Land, since the 19th century.  At Olumo Rock , you would be treated to attractions like natural tunnels, unusual trees, natural cantilevers, gardens on the rock, broken pathways, monuments of the belief system of the rock?s primeval settlers, e.t.c. You don?t want to miss these attractions, do you?

2. Yankari Game Reserve

       bauchi state.

All roads lead to  Yankari Game Reserve , in Bauchi State, North-Eastern Nigeria. Get ready to experience nature in the country?s biggest wildlife retreat. At the reserve, you will be captivated by the number of activities you can participate in. Marvel at the largest herd of elephants in the country, embark on a guided safari tour, and explore the tropical forests. At the Reserve,  you?ll find different varieties of animal species including the olive baboon, patas monkey, roan antelope, western hartebeest, living in their natural habitats.

After your day at the reserve, exploring the marvel of wildlife, head over to the Wikki Warm Spring.  Your visit to the Yankari Game Reserve is incomplete if you don?t experience the warmth of this spring.

3. Lekki Conservation Centre

       lagos state.

The Lekki Conservation Centre , Lagos is one of the best nature reserves in Nigeria. This conservation and relaxation center offers a breath of fresh air and an escape from the forever buzzing city of Lagos.  The 21-year-old conservation center cum nature hub, which covers an area of 78 hectares, is run and managed by the Nigerian Conservation Foundation (NCF). Generally regarded as an icon of nature conservation, Lekki Conservation Centre represents the flagship project of Nigeria Conservation Foundation for the preservation of unique biodiversity, scenic, natural, scientific recreational values of the coastal environs of western Nigeria. This is definitely one to make your tourism experience complete!

4. Zuma Rock

       abuja.

The rock ranks high as one of the choice tourist attractions in the Country. Zuma Rock , the monolithic Inselberg with a human face, is located in Madalla, Niger State, to the North of Abuja. It was once described as the unquestionable watchman of the F.C.T. It is the sandy concealment that hangs like a haze over Zuba Town. The other mountains in and around it stay a considerable distance from it, which the Zuba people see as a form of respect being paid by the other mountains to Zuma Rock for its royal presence in the locality.

Visiting Zuma Rock between April and October, which marks the rainy season in central Nigeria where the rock is situated, would afford you the opportunity of seeing the much talked Zuma Rock Fire, as the apex of the Zuma Rock catches fire under heavy rainfall. Over time, this has remained one of the wonders of the Zuma Rock.

5. Agbokim Waterfall

       cross-river state.

Agbokim Waterfalls are a series of seven cascades with a total length of 6817.73m.   It is surrounded by green vegetation which is home to thousands of birds that filter the surroundings with soft chirping. Over the years, it has been regarded as the speckle of beauty in fading nature. The magnificence of the Agbokim Waterfall is more appreciated during the rainy season. It is located at Etung Local Government Area of Cross River State in south-eastern Nigeria, on the Nigeria-Cameroon border. It is the perfect location for a picnic, family vacation, tourism, and meditation.

6. Aso Rock

Aso Rock is a 400-meter rock which stands out as the most noticeable feature in the capital city of Nigeria, Abuja. The location is reputed as one of the lush tourist attractions in Nigeria, as it is a location in the Country's seat of power. Aso Rock houses the three major seats of power of the Nigerian Federal Government namely; Presidential Villa (Aso Rock Villa), National Assembly, and the Supreme Court, albeit the Aso Rock Villa building is the only structure built in the valley of the Rock. Although tourists are still allowed to visit this place, due to the rise in the menace of terrorist attacks by Boko Haram in recent times, this access has become limited.

7. Agodi Gardens

      oyo state.

Agodi Gardens is a beautiful park in the city of Ibadan which has risen to become one of the top tourist attractions in the country. Also called Agodi Botanical Gardens, Agodi Gardens , Ibadan, the site is a serene environment on 150 acres of land. It is usually patronized by families during festive periods and weekends. Its peaceful and calm environment makes it a perfect destination for you to take a break from the hassle and reevaluate life values or hang out with friends and family. From the water parks to the animal enclosure or even just walking through the garden paths, Agodi Gardens is sure to make you forget about reality!

8. Kajuru Castle

       kaduna state.

Kajuru Castle is a luxury Medieval-German style villa, built over 3 decades ago located in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The villa is designed with bedrooms modeled after dungeons and several towers with crenelated walls. The medieval theme is seen throughout the castle, it even has a  portcullis (the vertically closing gate) with a crocodile pit.

The castle includes a guest tower with  4 rooms and the main building with a knights?  hall and a master suite ( also known as the ?landlord?s residence?). There?s an outdoor swimming pool for cooling off on hot days and a barbeque spot right by the pool.  From the pool area and most of the castle windows, you will enjoy a fascinating view of the surrounding mountains and inselbergs. The Castle also has its own Sauna!

9. Nike Art Gallery

A magnificent five-story building coated in spotless white, standing high and proud in its environs, Nike Art Gallery  tells its story from the outside. The fence of the compound is adorned with rare marbles. Its walls are covered in different artistic inscriptions and drawings. You immediately feel a deep sense of awe once you walk through its colorfully tattooed black gates. This historical abode ranks high in the list of bedazzling Lagos destinations.

From the inner courtyard of the gallery where you?ll find the stone sculptures, tie-dye workshop, and hanging craftworks, to the wide variety of art displayed inside the magnificent structure, you can rest assured that your love for Nigerian art will go through the roof.

10. Tarkwa Bay Beach

          lagos state.

Tarkwa Bay Beach , a sheltered beach located near the Lagos Harbour. It?s popular with swimmers and water-sports enthusiasts, also home to a welcoming resident community. You?ll love this beautiful island that far removed from the hustle and bustle of Lagos. Tarkwa Bay Beach , unlike most public beaches in Lagos,  isn?t often noisy or overcrowded. This makes it a great place for some alone time with your significant other or perhaps a fun day out with your friends.

If you are looking for a quiet romantic time, you should visit Tarkwa Bay Beach on a weekday. Though Tarkwa Bay Beach is a small and lesser-visited beach, many fun seekers visit it during the weekends, public holidays, and festive season.

11. Obudu Mountain Resort

        cross rivers state.

Obudu Mountain Resort , formerly known as Obudu Cattle Ranch, is one of the most beautiful and pleasant tourist center destinations in Nigeria. Located on the Obudu Plateau, close to the Cameroon border, in the Northeastern part of Cross Rivers State. This resort center has grown to become a major destination choice for tourists. It has an attractive landscape and calming ambiance, with clouds smiling down on its peaks and valleys. It offers visitors a good blend of warm and cold temperatures, as it has very temperate weather.

The rooms in Obudu Mountain Resort are made up of chalets, standard rooms, executive rooms, huts to presidential suites. Although this resort is open to visitors throughout the year, the period between October and February is the best time to visit, as it is the time when the sky is very bright and the air is frosty.

12. Eleko Beach

         lagos state.

As you can expect, fun lovers enjoy a visit to the beach on the weekends. If you are looking for a quiet and reflective time at the beach, you should visit Eleko Beach on a weekday.  Even though more people troupe into Eleko Beach on weekends, it generally doesn?t get as crowded as the other popular public beaches in Lagos like Elegushi Beach ,  Bar Beach , and Alpha Beach .  Also, the huts at Eleko Beach make you people like you?re having your own private beach experience. This means, in reality, any day of a week is a good day to visit this beach.

Eleko Beach offers a peaceful retreat for privacy seekers or couples looking to enjoy a good time away from the hustle of Lagos. This public beach,  located close to La Campagne Tropicana , offers private beach features bamboo huts. It is also less rowdy than other public beaches in Lagos and considered to be cleaner. It's definitely one of the few tourist attractions to offer such services.

13. Osun Sacred Grove

         osun state.

Classified as one of the UNESCO world heritage sites. This sacred forest attracts a large number of tourists as it is definitely worth visiting and is reputed to rank high in the list of tourist attractions in Nigeria. Situated on the outskirts of Oshogbo, the capital of Osun state along the banks of the Osun river. Osun state is one of the states in the South-western part of Nigeria. Majorly populated by the Yorubas who are indigenes of the state. Yoruba people believe that the Osun Sacred Grove , which spans about 75 hectares of land, is home to Osun? the goddess of fertility. A festival that celebrates this fertility goddess takes place every year in Oshogbo. You will find scattered about the forest, shrines, and effigies of different deities. In addition to that, the forest contains about 400 different species of plants that are used for medicinal purposes.

14. New Afrika Shrine

You can't mention the names of tourist attractions in Nigeria without mentioning the New Afrika Shrine. Are you thinking of taking your nightlife escapades to the next level? Then think Fela Shrine a.k.a The New Afrika Shrine . From the genre of music to the inspirational story-telling lyrics. Not forgetting the sacrosanct palm-wine, that will revitalize the African spirit in you.

The New Afrika Shrine , an open-air entertainment center located in Ikeja, Lagos State. It serves as the host location of the annual Felabration music festival. Currently managed by Femi Kuti and Yeni Anikulapo-Kuti. Serves as a  replacement of the old Afrika Shrine created in 1970 by Fela Kuti until it was burnt down in 1977. The New Afrika Shrine showcases photo galleries of Fela and musical performances by Femi Kuti and Seun Kuti. For wholesome tourism in Nigeria, visit the Fela Shrine .

15. Kano City Walls

         kano state.

The city itself exudes tourism! Although the city has long taken a modern cosmopolitan hue, relics of the city?s past as the hub for commercial activities during the trans-Saharan trade still remain. The real identity of Kano can best be felt in the old city area. The mud houses with distinct Hausa local architectural dexterity. The narrow roads meant for only men and their domestic animals are still there. However, gradually being lost as the ancient structures go modern, relics have gradually been wiped away by both man and nature. The walls also helped in monitoring the movement of people in and out of the city.

16. Oniru Beach

This beach resort features beautiful scenery, amazing horseback rides, Squad bikes, local drummers, and African craft. The Oniru Beach Resort is one of the sites in Nigeria that is patronized by locals and foreigners. It is located at the end of Ligali Ayorinde Street, Victoria Island.

17. Dream World Africana

Established in 2018, Dream World Africana has been the perfect spot for locals and foreigners who just want to relax, play games, and enjoy the beauty of nature. You can play fun games such as Red Baron, Family Coaster, Bumper Cars, 24 Seat Pirate Ship, Bouncing Castle, Carousel, and Go Kart.  If you are looking forward to having a great time with your family or friends, Dream World Africana is a place you should consider. It is located at First Right Turn A fter The 2nd Tollgate KM 20 Lekki-Ajah Expressway, Lekki Penninsula II, Lekki .

Did we make your reading experience of the tourist attractions in Nigeria a pleasant one? If not, check out the other blog posts below:

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Top Nigerian Cities to Visit

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Write An Essay On A Place Of Interest I Visited In Nigeria

Olumo Rock, a prominent tourist attraction located in the heart of Abeokuta, southwestern Nigeria, is a site that offers a blend of history, culture, and breathtaking views. This essay details my personal and unforgettable experience visiting the monumental Olumo Rock.

Table of Contents

Exploring Vibrant Nigeria: An Essay on a Remarkable Visit to Olumo Rock

Nigeria is steeped in diverse cultures, history, and captivating natural beauty. Among the numerous places of interest scattered across its landscape, Olumo Rock stands out as a testament to the country’s historical resilience and cultural richness. Situated in Abeokuta, Ogun State, this massive outcrop of granite is not merely a natural phenomenon; it represents a significant part of Nigeria’s history and offers a fascinating exploration for any visitor.

The (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); Historic Refuge

Olumo Rock played a pivotal role during the inter-tribal wars in the 19th century, providing a safe haven for the Egba people. The rock’s numerous caves served as a shelter during these times of conflict, thereby earning it a special place in the hearts of the Egbas. The sturdy granite formation is more than just an impressive geological feature; it is a silent witness to the endurance and survival of a people.

A Cultural Showcase

The site of Olumo Rock also houses a museum that is a vibrant display of the Egba people’s history and culture. From traditional dress to musical instruments and age-old artifacts, the museum is a treasure trove of historical riches. This cultural immersion offers an informative experience and a deeper understanding and appreciation of the Egba people’s unique cultural heritage.

The Climb and the View

Despite the challenging climb to the peak of Olumo Rock, the reward is nothing short of spectacular. The panoramic view of the entire city of Abeokuta and its surroundings is a breathtaking sight that leaves a lasting impression. It’s an experience that perfectly encapsulates the beauty of Nigeria – a vast expanse of land rich in culture and history.

My visit to Olumo Rock was more than just a tourist excursion. It was a journey that offered me unique insights into Nigeria’s enduring culture and history. The captivating natural beauty, the historical relevance, and the rich cultural heritage make Olumo Rock a must-visit destination for anyone seeking to explore Nigeria’s diverse landscape. This trip was an unforgettable experience that left me with an appreciation of the country’s rich heritage and an eagerness to explore more of its fascinating attractions.

Hello! Welcome to my Blog StudyParagraphs.co. My name is Angelina. I am a college professor. I love reading writing for kids students. This blog is full with valuable knowledge for all class students. Thank you for reading my articles.

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Home — Essay Samples — Geography & Travel — Nigeria — Best Vacations in Nigeria

Best Vacations in Nigeria

• Categories: Nigeria Tourism Vacation

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Published: Jan 29, 2019

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• 10 Reasons You Should Visit...

Reasons You Should Visit Nigeria at Least Once

If you rely on what you see or hear in the media about Nigeria , chances are you would miss out on an opportunity to experience what the “Giant of Africa” is really like. With a thriving nightlife, an abundance of natural landmarks, local and international restaurants, and a boisterous and globally renowned entertainment scene, there is never a dull moment.

You’re never far from a getaway.

Nature was good to Nigeria . By virtue of its geographic location, you will find that escaping from everyday life into “bliss” is one of the easiest things to do in the country. And this is practically the case in every region based on the country’s varied landscapes. From backyards to resorts in states such as Plateau, Cross Rivers, Lagos, and Ogun, the sights and sounds of nature in all of its manifestations will enchant you.

Awaken the Polyglot in You

Also, slangs. You’ll surely learn one or two really funny or vividly descriptive ones you’ll want to take home with you.

The Booming Music Scene

The music and entertainment scene in Nigeria is arguably one of the most exciting things about the country. The list of artists—past and present—who continue to boost the country’s global image with their Afrobeat, Highlife, and Afropop tunes is endless. If you’re lucky, you’ll catch some of them at the clubs. Otherwise, you’ll catch yourself churning out dance moves to them you didn’t know you otherwise had. Either way, you’ll get lucky.

Lagos, AKA “Lasgidi!”

Need we say more? Okay, we probably should. Everything you love about Lagos is probably everything you hate about it, but that’s what makes the country’s most commercial and populous city appealing. Culture, business, innovation, fashion, nature, entertainment, art, nightlife, hustle and bustle, fun and relaxation—you’ll find it all here.

Nigerians Go “All in” With Parties

If you haven’t heard this before— Nigerians party big! Practically every celebration is a mini-festival, regardless of the occasion or the time of day. As for the big ones, such as weddings, well, they’re huge. A tourist attraction almost.

Also, these parties are not restricted to the weekends, and most of them pretty much have an unspoken “everyone is welcome” policy. Nightlife in Nigeria is another realm of its own. No matter your tastes, there’s something for you.

All You Can Eat… and Then Some More

Nigeria has some of the healthiest foods and food combinations on the planet! In addition to this, you can find a variety of dishes to delight your taste buds, starting locally at the bukas (local eateries), and spanning a continental and intercontinental reach at some of the nicest hotels and restaurants you’ll ever visit. However, watch out for pepper if you can’t handle it.

History, Arts, and Tradition Are Second Nature

Diverse tribes and ethnic groups, ancient kingdoms, Nok terracotta, Benin iron and bronze castings, the Eyo Festival, soapstone figurines, wood carvings, artworks, the Argungu Fishing Festival, hyperrealistic paintings, the Calabar Carnival are only a quarter of the picture.

The Local Markets

Yet another touristic quest to undertake in Nigeria as you get more acquainted is going to the local markets. Immerse yourself in the vast markets such as the New Market in Aba, Idumota/Balogun Market in Lagos, and Onitsha Main Market, whether you’re looking to buy exquisite, locally made fabrics, groceries, clothing items, electronic gadgets, or craftworks, or are just in need of some good “haggling spar.” And unless you have an impeccable sense of direction, make sure you’re with a local who can navigate the markets well.

Effortless Fashion and Style

The average Nigerian was born with a sense of style and creativity, so you don’t necessarily need to get close to a catwalk to witness this first hand. However, these gifts are also illustrated in the Nigerian fashion industry, which is blowing up across the world with its indigenous designs. If you’re looking to improve the foreign section of your wardrobe with the latest in African designs, you’re welcome.

Nigerians are witty, hilarious, generous, creative, great talkers, amazing sidekicks, and superb hosts. As a visitor, you might find it very difficult to complain about Nigerian hospitality. Plus, if you make a good Nigerian friend, that’s one thing you’ll never regret.

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Culture Trip launched in 2011 with a simple yet passionate mission: to inspire people to go beyond their boundaries and experience what makes a place, its people and its culture special and meaningful — and this is still in our DNA today. We are proud that, for more than a decade, millions like you have trusted our award-winning recommendations by people who deeply understand what makes certain places and communities so special.

Increasingly we believe the world needs more meaningful, real-life connections between curious travellers keen to explore the world in a more responsible way. That is why we have intensively curated a collection of premium small-group trips as an invitation to meet and connect with new, like-minded people for once-in-a-lifetime experiences in three categories: Culture Trips, Rail Trips and Private Trips. Our Trips are suitable for both solo travelers, couples and friends who want to explore the world together.

Culture Trips are deeply immersive 5 to 16 days itineraries, that combine authentic local experiences, exciting activities and 4-5* accommodation to look forward to at the end of each day. Our Rail Trips are our most planet-friendly itineraries that invite you to take the scenic route, relax whilst getting under the skin of a destination. Our Private Trips are fully tailored itineraries, curated by our Travel Experts specifically for you, your friends or your family.

We know that many of you worry about the environmental impact of travel and are looking for ways of expanding horizons in ways that do minimal harm - and may even bring benefits. We are committed to go as far as possible in curating our trips with care for the planet. That is why all of our trips are flightless in destination, fully carbon offset - and we have ambitious plans to be net zero in the very near future.

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How to Write a Descriptive Essay about a Place

If you’re not sure what exactly a descriptive essay is and how to write one, you’ve come to the right place. I’m Tutor Phil, and in this tutorial I’ll explain how a descriptive essay works and how to write it, step by step.

We’ll write one together, so you’ll have a great example of a descriptive essay.

What Is a Descriptive Essay?

A descriptive essay is a piece of writing in which the author describes a place, a person, an object, an animal, or a process. The purpose of a descriptive essay is to move the reader to some kind of a revelation, conclusion, or decision about the subject.

It is very important to note that a descriptive essay is not an argumentative essay. You’re not presenting an argument and doing whatever it takes to support it.

In a descriptive essay, your intention should be to describe the subject in such a way that the reader would create her own impression of it. 

At the same time, your essay is not neutral because it is colored by your own perception or experience of the subject. 

In other words, you are implying and suggesting, not blatantly pushing an opinion.

You want to let the reader see, hear, touch, smell, and taste the place you’re describing. And that experience should lead the reader to an appropriate impression or conclusion. 

Writing a Descriptive Essay Is a 6-Step Process

Step 1. choose the subject.

Maybe your instructor has already chosen the subject for you. If not, choose a country, city, or a place within a city or a geographical location that you are familiar with.

Ideally, it is a place that you have been to and have a good memory of it. A descriptive essay about a place should not rely solely on research, in most cases. 

The real value of your essay is that you know that place, and perhaps it has a special meaning for you or evokes feelings that no other place can evoke. 

So, unless you have to write about a specific place where you have never been, choose a location that has a special place in your heart. 

Sometimes, your subject can be a place with which you may have negative associations. But most likely, it is a beloved place that has left an indelible impression on your heart and mind.

Criteria for choosing the place

• Ideally, this place should be dear to your heart
• It is unique. It is unlike any other place you’ve ever been to, in at least one or two important ways
• It has left a strong impression on you
• Perhaps you learned something there
• Perhaps something wonderful happened to you there, such as meeting your soulmate or discovering something about yourself
• Ideally, it has special visual qualities that stand out in contrast to what your audience is probably used to. In other words, being visually striking is a huge plus. 

I’ll give you an example. For me, one particular little spa town in Europe won me over when I first visited it many years ago. Its name is Carlsbad, or Karlovy Vary. The terms are interchangeable. One is of German origin, and the other is native Czech. 

It is located in the western part of Czech Republic, not too far from the German border. It is serene, spectacular, and magical, and I’ll choose it as the subject for our sample descriptive essay. 

By the way, Carlsbad, California was named after Karlovy Vary because of the similar mineral content of the underground waters found in the American cousin city. 

Step 2. Pick an audience

I understand that you’re probably writing this essay to fulfill a requirement for your class. In which case, your audience is your teacher or professor. 

But even if you’re writing for your instructor, you should still have a particular audience in mind because this will help you form ideas and keep your thoughts flowing. 

Knowing your audience will inform your choices of what to include and what to exclude in your descriptive essay because your reader may care about some aspects of this place but not others. 

Criteria for choosing an audience

• Your ideal reader is someone who is most likely to be interested in this place 
• It is someone who is likely to enjoy reading your essay 
• Your ideal audience is also someone who will benefit from reading about this place and derive the most value from it

Let’s come back to our example of Karlovy Vary. As I already mentioned, it is a spa town, which means that its attractiveness lies in its therapeutic qualities. 

I first visited this gem of a town back in 2004 as a result of a real academic and professional burnout. I believe I was still an undergraduate student finishing up my studies, and I also had a stressful job.

I lived in Brooklyn, which is a borough of New York City, and this metropolis is known for its stressful lifestyle. 

New York has all the disadvantages of living in a large city, such as pollution and other stressors that can really suck the life energy out of its dwellers if they are not careful.

I lived in New York for 25 years, and I love this city. I don’t want to come across as totally negative about it. 

But focusing on the negatives about my city in this case will help you see how I am choosing the audience for this essay we’ll be writing together in this tutorial. 

You see, New York City is a direct opposite of Karlovy Vary in several critical ways. 

Establishing a contrast helps define an audience

New York is noisy. Drivers here are notorious for incessant horn honking. And you can hear an ambulance or a police siren probably every 15 minutes or so. 

Conversely, Karlovy Vary is super quiet. Such a crazy hustle and bustle doesn’t exist here, and drivers don’t have a reason to honk the horn all the time. It is also very rare to hear a police or an ambulance siren. 

Air quality in New York is decent for a big city, but it is still relatively polluted . All the millions of cars and trucks produce way too much carbon dioxide. You can actually see the smog from some vantage points. 

The air in Karlovy Vary is virtually pristine. The town is surrounded by hills, and car traffic is not allowed in the city center. 

The landscape in New York is a bit monotonous and often fails to inspire. They don’t call this city “a concrete jungle” for nothing. The overall atmosphere is hardly conducive to a great mood or daily inspiration.

Conversely, Karlovy Vary offers aesthetically pleasing, relaxing, and inspiring architecture and landscape. It’s like entering a spa, only the spa is a whole town. 

Now that we have this contrast, it is easy to see who might be interested in learning more about Karlovy Vary. Our ideal audience is someone who:

• Lives in a big metropolis, such as NYC or another big city
• Can relate to being excessively stressed out 
• Is aware of noise and air pollution
• Would love an escape to relax and renew, even if only by reading an essay.

So, our essay becomes a sort of a virtual or a fantasy escape until an actual trip becomes possible. 

Your audience might have different challenges, needs, and desires. It could be someone who:

• Is nostalgic about their childhood and a place associated with it
• Dreams about a perfect place to live and work
• Plans a retirement location 

Think of these factors when determining your audience. In the meantime, because we’ve already identified our ideal reader – a stressed out urban dweller – we can move on to the next step.

Step 3. Divide the subject into subtopics

No matter what kind of an essay you’re writing, you want to divide the main topic into subtopics. In other words, you want to create some kind of a structure that will consist of parts. 

I use and teach my students to use the technique I call the Power of Three. 

What this means is that instead of having just one big topic, such as one town, we can have three aspects of this town to discuss.

Incidentally, we already talked about three major differences between NYC and Karlovy Vary. These are noise levels, air quality, and landscape. So, perhaps we can use one or more of these aspects of a city as sections of our essay.

We must keep in mind that we’re not writing a comparative essay , although that’s a possibility, too. 

We’re writing a descriptive essay. So, we need to find three aspects of the town that we can discuss one after another to put together a rich and detailed enough picture of this place.

Note that these three aspects correspond to the senses of hearing, smell, and sight. 

Let’s make a preliminary list of such aspects of Karlovy Vary:

• Quietness. Does this aspect present an interesting description opportunity? This will depend on our ability to turn it into an asset. 
• Air quality. This may be too specific. We may want to zoom out a little and discuss more than one natural asset of this city. Some of the others include water quality and the industries associated with it. 
• Landscape. This is the most conspicuous aspect of this city. The first thing you’re struck with is how beautiful this place really is. This one is definitely a winner.

If we go about writing about these three aspects of Karlovy Vary creatively, we will have three nice sections or paragraphs that will form the body of our essay. 

Note that we’ll probably use more than one sensory perception, such as sight or smell, in each section. We’ll simply use one of three senses as a primary focus in each of our three sections. 

It would make sense to begin the discussion of the city by describing it visually. So, this will be our primary focus in the first section.

Then, we can proceed to the sense of hearing. Why? Because our last section will be about air and water. And we should probably leave those for last because we can hear the water before we can taste it. That’s just the way it works in Karlovy Vary.

So, the primary sense perception in our second section will be hearing. And this section won’t be just about how quiet it is. 

In fact, the real contrast between a big city and Karlovy Vary is the quality of the soundscape, not just the simple quietness, although it’s a part of it. So, we’ll focus on all the little sounds that make this place unique. 

Finally, in the third section or paragraph, we’ll talk about the air and the water, which will correspond to the senses of smell and taste, primarily. 

Again, we’ll be using any sense perceptions we feel necessary to make the reader’s experience as real as possible. 

And now we have our place, we know our audience, and we have our three main ideas about this place that we’ll use to structure the essay. 

We can begin writing, and we’ll start with the opening paragraph. 

Step 4. Write the introduction

An introductory paragraph in a descriptive essay offers you a lot of flexibility in how you choose to write it. 

You can start off with a particular example of a sense perception, drop your reader in the middle of a town square, or begin with an abstract concept. 

I would like to suggest an easy and practical way to do it. In the first sentence or two, pull your reader from the outside world into this particular magical place you’ve chosen to write about.

Then, focus on the place you want to describe and say something general about it that would set the context or provide a perspective. 

And finally, set some kind of an expectation for what’s to follow. You can create a sense of mystery, if you like. Remember, this is not an argumentative essay. So, you have more room for creativity.

This is where we begin to put together our descriptive essay example. Let’s write our introductory paragraph.

Descriptive Essay Introduction

“When the city has worn you down, the body is tired, and the soul yearns for a respite, you can count on a little magic gem of a town that will nourish you back to life. The name of the place is Karlovy Vary, and it is nested in the heart of Europe, in Western Bohemia, a region in Czech Republic famous for its spa towns. Its beautiful architecture, therapeutic landscape, clean air, and mineral waters offer the weary a healing adventure and a feast for the senses.”

What have we done in this paragraph? 

We’ve pulled the reader into the world of this small spa town. We first descended in their world of the stressful city, and then we turned their attention to its opposite. We named the town and explained where it is located. 

And finally, we provided a glimpse of what to expect in this descriptive essay about this town. Now, we’re ready to write the body of the essay. 

Step 5. Write the body of the essay

We know our three main sections, which in this case correspond to three sense perceptions. Each section can have more than one paragraph. It all depends on how long your essay has to be. 

If you are writing an essay of about 500-600 words, then a five-paragraph structure will do the job. If you need to write 2000 words or more, then you’ll have three sections instead of just three paragraphs.

And then each section can also be divided into two or three subsections (using the Power of Three, if you like). And each subsection can be a paragraph or more. 

Just remember – the more words you need, the more dividing into subtopics you must do. The key to writing more is dividing one idea into several supporting ideas. And then you simply treat each supporting idea as a tiny essay. 

If you struggle with essay writing in general or need to brush it up, I recommend you read my tutorial on essay writing for beginners . This would be a great place to turn to next.

Now, let’s write out our body paragraphs. Since there’s quite a bit to cover, we’ll probably take two paragraphs per section to get the job done.

Descriptive essay body paragraphs

“When you stay in one of the pretty little hotels in Karlovy Vary, you are likely to be descending the hills towards the hot springs every morning. No matter which part of town you live in, you’ll be greeted with a magnificent sight of little hotels and spas whose architecture has a unifying 19th century style. At the same time, each building has its own character, color, and features. The town is situated on several hills, and the hotels are lined up along about four levels. 

The first level is down by the river Tepla, and these hotels are only a few because most of the downtown is occupied with hot springs colonnades where people gather and drink hot mineral water. The next three levels ascend from the springs, and you can either take the stairs or even use a funicular that will take you to the highest level to the Hotel Imperial. As you exit your hotel in the morning, you are greeted with a sight of a collection of small, three to four story buildings that look like birthday cakes. They are pink, green, blue, red, turquoise, and any color you can imagine. You suddenly realize how this variety of colors and shapes strewn over the hillsides all facing you and the city center makes your head spin and makes you feel like you’ve never felt before. Your healing has begun with landscape therapy.

As you descend the stairs to reach the hot springs, you notice the abundance of oxygen in the air because it has a subtle but distinct smell, a bit like the way air smells right before a rain. Then, as you pass by another hotel, and you’ll pass more than one, a light whiff of toast and fried eggs with bacon hits you, stirring your appetite. It is customary to drink a cup of hot mineral water before you come back to your hotel for breakfast. It is called a drinking cure. 

As you keep walking towards the geyser and the springs that surround it, you notice another astonishing detail. Nobody is in a rush. Nobody has anywhere to be except right here, right now. Travelers with cute little porcelain cups stroll along without a worry in the world, taking in the sights, the smells, and the sounds of the birds chirping and singing all around. Their serenity infects you. You slow down, too. You begin to look, smell, and listen. This town has got you. 

Karlovy Vary is famous for its healing mineral waters that are known to alleviate gastrointestinal issues. These waters really do have magic powers. You have your little sipping cup with you, and when you reach one of the springs, you wait for your turn to fill it up, walk off, and begin sipping. The water has a very subtle smell, but its taste is pretty strong for water. It has very high mineral content and tastes salty. Most people like the taste. Some find it too strong. But one thing is for sure – by the time you’re about half way through with your cup’s content, your digestive juices have begun to stir. 

The hot springs flow out through several fountains, each with its own intricately detailed colonnade. The mineral content of water bursting out of each fountain is identical. But the temperature of the water varies from really hot to mild and comfortable. Your “spa doctor” actually prescribes which fountains to use and how much to drink. Sipping the water out of a special porcelain cup with a built-in straw-like system is a special pleasure of its own. The point is not to rush but to take about 20 minutes to empty the cup. In the meantime, you have a chance to take in the magnificent serenity that surrounds and infuses you. When you’ve drunk your water, it is time to head back to your hotel and eat breakfast. You repeat this routine three times a day for the duration of your stay. By day three, you are serenity itself. By day fourteen, you are a brand new person.”

Step 6. Write the conclusion

A conclusion in a descriptive essay is, like the introduction, more flexible than a conclusion in an argumentative essay.

You can conclude your essay in any way you really want as long as you observe one rule. Just make sure you zoom out and write in more general terms. 

It is not the time to add specific details and examples. This is the time to wrap things up and end on a general note. 

Your conclusion can be very short – only a couple of sentences. But you can take your space and write as much or as little as you feel like. You can always go back and trim it down or beef it up.

Let’s write our conclusion.

Our Conclusion

“Upon reading this, you may feel that this town is described as some sort of a paradise. And in a way, it is, especially if you are traveling from a big city and carrying a load of accumulated stress. But it’s not until you see, touch, smell, hear, and taste it for yourself that this European jewel will become a part of your entire being forever.”

It’s okay to be a little emotional and perhaps to even exaggerate a little in the concluding paragraph. Just notice that this one is more general than any of the body paragraphs. 

It also touches upon or mentions every sense perception evoked in the body of the essay. 

Your Key Takeaways

• A descriptive essay is much more flexible and has a lot fewer rules than an argumentative essay.
• Use the five sense perceptions – sight, smell, touch, taste, and hearing – to structure your essay. 
• You don’t have to organize your essay by sense perceptions. You can divide your place into sections and walk the reader through each one. 
• You can even structure your essay as a string of paragraphs that describe one particular walk or route, from beginning to end.
• Our last body paragraph is a description of the process of drinking hot mineral water in Karlovy Vary. It is a perfect example of a description of a process, if you ever want to write that kind of an essay.
• Don’t persuade but subtly suggest. 
• Show, don’t tell, whenever you can. 

A Few Scenic Snapshots of Karlovy Vary’s Charm

I hope this was helpful. Now go ahead and write that descriptive essay about a place!

Tutor Phil is an e-learning professional who helps adult learners finish their degrees by teaching them academic writing skills.

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How to Write a Descriptive Essay About a Place

You can compose a well-written descriptive essay that conveys a clear image of a location to the reader. A descriptive essay is traditionally divided into three or more paragraphs that make up the introduction, body and conclusion. Writing a descriptive essay about a place you have visited gives you the opportunity to convey a personal perspective or feeling about the subject location. Transport readers with descriptive and concise words that impart your own vision of a place.

Write an introduction paragraph in the present tense that accurately describes what motivated you to select this particular place for the descriptive essay. The paragraph must be at least two sentences and explicitly mention the full name of the location. Mention things you know are exciting about the place if the location was assigned and not chosen.

Compose an essay body of one to five paragraphs that conveys the sights, sounds, smells, feeling and tastes of the subject place. Choose clear adjectives that describe these various aspects of a place so they are recognizable to readers who have been there and are understandable to readers who have not.

Include a conclusion paragraph that briefly restates the inspiration for the essay and details any personal feelings, memories or visitor recommendations about the place. This section is the individual writer's chance to clearly spell out her overall impression of the location.

Proofread the first draft to make any grammar or spelling corrections and trim any extraneous information that is not pertinent to the location. Type or rewrite the final draft according to the details of the assignment.

• Look for examples of descriptive essays about locations in travel literature and online to see the format executed successfully.
• See the link in Resources for an example.
• Describing a well-known location from memory may lead to mistakes that cause the reader to discredit the essay. Use pictures of the place to keep your memories in line with the facts.

Things You'll Need

• Write Express: How to Write a Descriptive Essay by Jesse Seldess
• InfoPlease: Homework Center -- Writing Skills Descriptive Essays

Jeffrey Brian Airman is a writer, musician and food blogger. A 15-year veteran of the restaurant industry, Airman has used his experience to cover food, restaurants, cooking and do-it-yourself projects. Airman also studied nursing at San Diego State University.

14 things to know before visiting Nigeria

Apr 5, 2023 • 8 min read

Make the most of your visit to Nigeria with these top things to plan for in advance © i_am_zews / Shutterstock

After they have spent a day or two in Nigeria , most visitors are surprised to see that the country is so much more than its reputation for scam artists and kidnappings. Shake off that image, and your trip could turn out to be one of your most fulfilling travel experiences.

The moment you step out of Murtala Muhammed International Airport (MMIA) – the default port of entry for most international visitors  – you’ll immediately sense that you’re entering a world of wonder and contrasts.

You’ll find some of that wonder in Nigeria’s everyday people who are hard-working and full of life, in its centuries-old festivals and vernacular architecture, not to mention the legacies of ancient empires and kingdoms. If food is the reason you travel, then prepare to be wowed by an unbeatable range of local cuisine.

Plan the perfect visit to Nigeria with these top tips and things you should know before you go.

1. Stay up to date with the latest protocols

For the second time in under a year, Nigeria has revised its COVID-19 protocols. The most recent, announced last March and effective in April, drops mandatory PCR tests for fully-vaccinated international visitors. Check the online travel portal  of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) for additional guidelines.

2. If you qualify, apply in advance for a Visa on Arrival

The Nigerian government recently introduced a Visa on Arrival service for tourists, business travelers and citizens of African Union countries. Issued by the Nigeria Immigration Service, and valid for 90 days, it also covers visitors traveling from countries where Nigeria has no embassy or mission. Details for which nationalities qualify for a Visa on Arrival are available at the Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS) .

The key requirement here is that someone must apply online  on your behalf from Nigeria, no earlier than 14 days before your departure date. Even when they get a Visa Approval Letter, visitors are sometimes delayed by needless formalities at the airport. It helps to have your host deal with the red tape that could surface on the ground.

3. Book short-let serviced apartments online in advance

Nigeria’s healthy hospitality industry is complemented by a fast-growing real estate sector. This means that besides standard hotels, you can choose from a wide range of short-let serviced apartments, which can be booked easily online; the advantage here is that you can see everyday Nigeria play out at close quarters. Many Nigerians returning home for holidays use this option for their accommodations.

At the moment, there is no centralized service or regulation. There's been a boom post-pandemic, and most properties are in Lagos. Check Airbnb , Booking.com and other home-grown platforms, including  shortlethomes.net ,  shortletrentals.com  and  plistbooking.com

4. Pack light clothing to stay cool

Nigeria is in the tropics, so humidity and heat are constant companions. With average temperatures ranging between 30–34°C (86–93°F), you will be sweaty for most of the day. Pack light cotton fabrics, shorts and t-shirts. 

There are two broad weather seasons, rainy and dry; the southern half of the country has longer periods of rain than the northern half. Nearer to the southern coast, the vegetation is the tropical rainforest. As you head further north, it gradually gives way to savanna plains and desert landscapes. In addition to sunscreens, it’s advisable to have a bottle of water handy when outdoors.

5. There are many cultures in Nigeria

Nigeria is a country of multiple identities. For context, Nigeria – all 973,000 sq km of it – is 2.5 times the size of Germany. With a population of roughly 200 million, almost evenly divided between the Christians and Muslims, it’s splintered into more than 250 ethnic groups and at least 500 dialects. Plus, there are layers and layers of cultural and political history. 

6. Keep calm at Lagos airport  

It can be a hassle to pass through Immigration and Passport Control at the MMIA. There are many reported cases of officials soliciting tips, but this is not unique to foreigners: Nigerians returning from trips abroad face the same scenario. Arrival formalities are less stressful at the international wing of the newer and neater Nnamdi Azikiwe Airport in Abuja, the country’s federal capital.

It's always good to know someone on the ground who can be reached in the case of any incident. Usually, whatever it is can be resolved with a phone call or two with a local contact.

Nigerians detest it when officials "ask for a dash" (a gratuity or bribe). They might oblige on a good day, but will flatly refuse and move on at other times. Because travelers won't have the local currency (Naira) on them on arrival, they should politely decline, with a smile.

7. Have a local meet you at the airport or help negotiate taxi rates

Lagos has a reputation for being disorderly. With about 20 million residents, it is also a very crowded and noisy city. But in those unappealing vistas lies its charm and magnetism, for both Lagosians and visitors alike. If you can cut through that jumble, it's bliss afterward. 

Be warned: driving around Lagos , as a recent visitor observed, is like racing in Formula 1. With scarce road markings and traffic signs, not to mention carefree motorists in danfos and kabu-kabus , it requires deft driving skills to move around. 

Wherever your flight lands, it’s best to arrange in advance for a resident to pick you up or help negotiate with airport taxis. In Nigeria, bargaining is a fixture of everyday living. In addition to taxis and bus shuttles, there’s a light rail shuttle at Abuja airport that goes to the city center and terminates at the Idu Station. 

8. Expect friendly greetings and small talk  

Nigerians naturally warm up to visitors of all shades and are known to lavish greetings on guests. Either in person or on the phone, the greetings are typically small talk, and will simply be questions about how your trip was, what brings you to town, and how are your family back home. They then bid you to enjoy your stay.

Your host or guide should be able to walk you through this pleasant ritual. Every day Nigerians are excited by the sight of Westerners. They’ll usually wave at you happily, saying, “ Oyinbo , how are you?” Aside from waving back, nothing much is expected of you other than “I’m fine, thank you” or a smile.

9. Attend a Nigerian celebration in an  aso ebi

Don’t let the pervasive poverty mislead you – Nigerians are happy people who have learned to make lemonade from lemons. We hustle almost every day of our lives, but we also socialize a great deal, usually at birthday and wedding celebrations. If you’re lucky to be invited to one while you’re in town, be sure to accept and get your aso ebi  – the clothing Nigerians wear at family or social functions. Families or celebrants will choose a fabric type and design and make it available to guests for a price. Guests then have them fitted in whatever style they please and wear it on the day of the celebrations.  This experience could very well be the high point of your visit.

If you can't get an aso ebi , a traditional Nigerian dress can be made within 48–72 hours. It begins with going to get the fabric at an open market, and finding a neighborhood tailor who will sew it. Alternatively, clothes can be bought ready-made at malls and boutiques, but they will cost more.

10. Learn some pidgin

English is Nigeria’s lingua franca, and the average person you meet can hold a conversation in English. But for everyday dealings, Nigerians talk among themselves in pidgin, bridging the language divide. A good number of the expatriate community, the Asians in the main, have mastered this over the years and speak it fluently. 

A few key pidgin phrases in everyday use:

How now?/How you dey? –  How are you? Abeg –  Please No wahala   –  No problems I wan go market   –  I'm going to the market Na wa ooo   –  I'm surprised/shocked I no get change –  I don't have spare money to give (a perfect phrase should airport officials ask for money).

11. Make room for worship times

Nigeria is a maze of mosques and churches, and Nigerians are passionate about their religions. On Fridays, neighborhood streets and major roads may be blocked for juma’at prayers, resulting in temporary traffic. In some areas, markets and shop fronts may be closed for the same reason. On Sundays, the Christians, elegantly dressed and sprightly, flock to church in their millions. Keep these in mind while planning your schedule.

12. Malaria is a risk

As a traveler in Nigeria, your greatest concern should be malaria, the bane of Western visitors for decades but now treatable with an injection or drugs available over the counter at standard pharmacies.

To keep the chances of mosquito bites low, carry and use insect repellents as often as medically recommended. Better still, get medical advice before traveling or check the latest recommendations by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) on prevention and treatment. Wear long-sleeve tops and pants if you’ll be walking in forests or parks.

13. Drink bottled water

There is no reliable public water supply in most parts of the country, and the population depends largely on privately-funded sources. Outside the hotels and restaurants, you’ll find bottled water on sale almost everywhere you go – on highways and in supermarkets. They’re safe to drink if you’re outdoors and feel a sudden need to rehydrate. 

14. Chances of kidnap are low

Unless you’re venturing into remote areas, the chances of being kidnapped in a Nigerian town or city are low. As a precaution, some hosts hire private security personnel for their international guests. In the event of an emergency, you may call the federal emergency lines (112 or 119), or find and report to the nearest police station.

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Descriptive Essay

Descriptive Essay Writing

Last updated on: Feb 9, 2023

How To Write An Impactful Descriptive Essay?

By: Cathy A.

12 min read

Reviewed By: Melisa C.

Published on: Dec 17, 2019

Wondering how to write an impressive descriptive essay? Writing a descriptive essay is both fun and challenging. You need to describe the main topic in detail and by engaging the five senses of the readers.

Students usually get this type of essay in high school and college. Writing a descriptive essay is different from other essays.

You need to focus on describing a certain person, place, or event.

Luckily for you, the following blog post will provide some helpful tips on how to create an engaging essay.

Continue reading to learn how to write an A-worthy descriptive essay.

On this Page

What is a Descriptive Essay?

A descriptive essay is a detailed paper that describes a place, person, situation, object, or emotion. Different people have different points of view and your job is to explain yours in detail.

You may be asked to write a descriptive essay about the beach or forest or about a person or situation. The purpose of this essay is to test the writer’s ability in expressing and explaining their experiences.

Descriptive writing should create a picture in the reader’s mind. You may be required to write a descriptive essay as a high school or college essay assignment.

For a compelling essay, using adjectives and adverbs, details, and figurative language is fundamental. Without proper usage of words, you will not be able to invoke the readers' emotions.

What is the Purpose of a Descriptive Essay?

The purpose of a descriptive essay is to describe a person, place, or personal experience in vivid detail so that the reader can create a picture in his mind.

The descriptive essay is written to get the reader to understand by using descriptive language. It is different from narrative essays, where the writer tells the story about someone else. Usually, it starts with a real-life event and then the content follows the author's imagination.

Descriptive essays are not intended to persuade the reader or show facts and figures to prove something. Descriptive essays are like word paintings that contain personal and descriptive details and these are mostly assigned to students of creative writing.

How to Start a Descriptive Essay

A strong start for your descriptive essay is essential. Analyze your topic from every angle and document the following details:

Analyze the main subjects in detail and observe minute things.

• Start with observing all the possible aspects of the subject.
• Don't just observe the object but also its surroundings.
• Focus on details and features of the subject and develop opinions about them.
• Be thoughtful; this first step will be the basis for the essay.

Physical Settings

Describing the physical settings is a must in a descriptive essay. When describing, keep the following points in mind.

• Focus on the subject's position and observe nearby objects
• Note the time of day and kind of lighting: natural or imitated
• Physical settings: all the basic and decorative elements
• The position and shape of the objects
• Alignment and any other observable information

Physical Features

When describing the physical features of the subject, living or nonliving, consider the following points.

• Living or nonliving; describe the features in detail
• The subject's skin color, texture, smoothness, expression, and age
• The features of inanimate objects in the picture, color, surface, and texture

Create Drama

Storytelling and drama are the life and blood of a good descriptive essay. It turns your essay into an exciting and interesting piece of writing. However, be subtle about adding drama to your sentence structure and add it to complement your story only.

Focus On Your Feelings

Focus on how you feel about the particular topic or person and stick to it. It is easy to get involved when working on the essay. But, focus on your own feelings and write an essay based on them.

Use Of Specific Vocabulary

Vocabulary is important. Select the best words for describing an action or object. Don't always use the first word that comes to mind.

Write slowly and thoughtfully, and use specific words to convey your thoughts.

Psychological Aspects

Writing about a certain situation or behavior of a person focuses on the mental aspects and emotions involved in them.

For Example, describe your emotions when your friend misplaced your notes right before the exam.

You may have had several emotions in that incident. Maybe you were prepared for exams, but this situation put you under pressure and made you feel frustrated and hurt.

Explore those emotions and describe the feelings they aroused. Describe the body language also, if relevant.

Ask Yourself, WHY?

This is the most valuable tip for students. When you are looking at a particular subject, and having difficulty analyzing its aspects, ask yourself "WHY".

• Why is the subject the way it is?
• Why does the person you are describing have such a deep-set and cold eyes?
• Why is the animal so wounded and terrified?
• Why is this particular place famous?

It is a good practice and after some time you will do it naturally. Knowing the why is important if you want to describe your topic properly.

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How To Write A Descriptive Essay?

When you write a descriptive essay, you help your readers visualize an event, a person, or a story. It is written to make your readers feel what you feel about the respective subject.

A descriptive essay seeks to appeal to some or all of the audience’s five senses. Some key things to consider are:

• Discussing your subject thoroughly
• Focusing on details and adding them in your essay
• Sharing your personal feelings and experience about the subject
• Observing and describing all sensory details of your subject

Here are the steps to write a descriptive essay easily.

1- Choose an Engaging and Focused Essay Topic

An important step that all strong descriptive essays share is having a focused topic. Before you make the outline, identify the purpose of your essay and use it to create an appropriate thesis statement.This type of paper does not require much personal opinion from you. Its main goal should be focusing on information that will make a dominant impression in readers' minds instead.

2- Research and Gather Important Details

When writing a descriptive essay, it is important to make sure you include as many details and sensory information as possible. This helps your reader fully understand the images that are being presented in their mind's eye.You can organize these ideas into categories so they're easy for you to access when needed.

3- Create an Outline of Your Essay

Your essays must be organized by having subheadings that are clear and concise. Group your main points into individual body paragraphs, each of which should only cover one idea or topic at a time.

4- Write your Essay’s Introduction

A good introductory paragraph is much like a road map because it provides direction to your readers.

It provides relevant background information before diving into more specific details related to how something works or why something happens. These could include statistics or stories from real-life scenarios.

5- Write the Main Body Section of Your Essay

Each body paragraph should start with a topic sentence that keeps the reader hooked on what you are saying. Use specific details instead of making generalized statements, and make sure to give examples if necessary.

6- End with a Strong Conclusion

The conclusion of an essay is the final paragraph, and it should summarize all that you have said throughout. It's a good idea to restate the main points and key details from the essay in this section.

It is important so the reader has everything they need for better understanding before ending off on something new.

If necessary be sure not to introduce anything odd or unusual, to avoid any confusion.

7- Proofread and Revise the Essay Carefully

Once you are done writing the essay, proofread and revise it carefully. Make sure that it is free from all kinds of errors.

Descriptive Essay Outline

Like all the other essays, a descriptive essay also follows the usual 5-paragraph essay structure and format.Before starting, it is important to create an outline. Following are the fundamental elements of your descriptive essay outline:

Descriptive Essay Introduction

The introduction sets the footing for the entire essay. Before heading towards the body section, the reader will come across the introduction.

It is the first impression of your work. It is very important to write an engaging introduction so that the readers read the essay till the end.

Start the essay in an easy-to-understand way and language. Provide background information on your topic so they can understand it and its importance.

To make sure the reader feels your emotions and decides to continue reading further, incorporate the following points in your introduction.

The following tips will guide you on how to write a good introduction for a descriptive essay.

• Attract the reader's attention with an interesting fact, phrase, or quote
• Don't bombard them with information
• Go straight to the main pointsInclude enough information to introduce the topic and its significance.
• Summarize the argument and the main topic and craft your thesis statement

Descriptive Essay Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is an integral part of your essay. It focuses on the argument and the writer’s main idea, which is to be discussed in the essay.

This statement also provides the writer with a chance of explaining the purpose and scope of the topic. It is intriguing and engaging.

A thesis statement is written at the end of the introduction, it is mainly a single sentence that describes the essay objective. The thesis statement should act as a guide to the reader on what to expect in the essay body. It is like a table of contents of a book, to the reader on contents you will get an idea of what the book is all about so you get to understand it better.

It is like a table of contents of a book. By reading it, you will get an idea of what the book is all about.

A good thesis should contain the following things:

• Define the essay scope - it should narrow down all the points to clarify its purpose.
• Avoid using common words - you should be creative with your choice of words.
• Create suspense - it should attract the reader to the body paragraphs of the essay.

For further information on how to write a thesis for a descriptive essay, check out the following examples.

• Descriptive essay example about a Place

“Even though monarchy is long gone, Buckingham Palace is here to remind us of the aesthetic beauty of that era.”

• Descriptive essay example about a Person

“One of the characteristics of Spider-Man is his youthfulness, and the fact that he talks to himself more than Hamlet.”

• Descriptive essay example about an Emotion

“For numerous reasons, the dark forest is my greatest fear, though not a fear which is necessarily smart to face.”

Descriptive Essay Body Paragraphs

Body paragraphs of the essay come next after the introduction and thesis statement. It is the main part that continues your essay.

Usually, an essay consists of three body paragraphs but you can add more if needed.

Don't add more than one central idea in one paragraph. Fusing different ideas will confuse the reader.

Build your paragraphs according to the thesis and introduction.

• Start each body paragraph with the main sentence
• Use transitions to move between paragraphs smoothly
• Each paragraph should be five to six sentences long

Descriptive Essay Conclusion

The concluding paragraph is the last part of an essay, and probably your last chance to impress your reader.

The last part that the reader can keep in mind is the conclusion, which is as important as the rest of the essay.

To make it interesting and thought-provoking, include the following points:

• Restate the thesis statement
• Summarize the main points
• Add an intriguing closing statement

After writing the conclusion, make a review of your essay, identify the mistakes and maintain a good tone throughout the essay.

Descriptive Essay Format Sample

Here is the descriptive essay format to help you understand how you can write a winning descriptive essay.

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY FORMAT (PDF)

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Descriptive Essay Topics Ideas

Descriptive essay topics are often related to physical settings, locations, living beings, and objects.

Make sure that your essay includes the five senses, touch, taste, smell, sight, hearing, or at least one of them. It depends on the topic and the kind of feeling that you want to arouse.

Below are some descriptive essay ideas and ways to achieve them.

Living Beings

When you want to write about a person like a family member, consider the following elements:

• Gender, age, complexion, and expressions
• Physical features
• Height, body type, and approximate weight
• Kind of clothes

These details will add depth to the description and your readers will actually see your narrative.

When animals are the subject, you can add the above points plus the following details:

• Species and animal
• Size, weight, color
• Behavior patterns
• Temperament
• Trained or wild?
• Real or fictional?

Inanimate Subjects

Geographic locations and structures.

When your subject is a place or a building, add the following points:

• Research about the place and its historical background
• The color and the building's type
• A famous place or landmark to draw a comparison and inspire interest

Human behavior and psychology is a compelling descriptive essay subject. When writing about it:

• Describe the consequences of a particular behavior
• Discuss the emotional dimension of the topic and how you perceive it personally

Event Or Travel Experience

A travel experience makes a good descriptive essay since you have experienced the event first hand.

Give a detailed description of the place, people at the venue, and the atmosphere of the location.

Idea, Concept, or Occupation

When writing on such topics, focus on how an idea or concept affects society and its different aspects.

Example Descriptive Essay Topics for Students

Choosing a topic for your descriptive essay is quite interesting. You get to choose something that you have an emotional connection with.

When writing a descriptive essay about a person or place, adding their personal traits will be helpful.

Some examples of descriptive essay topics include:

• Compose a detailed descriptive essay about your best friend.
• Describe a fancy place that you have created.
• Describe your dream vacation destination.
• Describe your favorite mall or store.
• Describe your childhood home.
• Descriptive essay about nature.
• Descriptive essay about a place you visited.
• Describe the personality of your Maths teacher.
• Discuss the main characters of your favorite movie.
• Descriptive essay about chocolate.
• Write an essay using unique Words to describe yourself.
• What makes me unique?
• My first love.

Descriptive Essay Examples

Study these descriptive essay examples and sample papers to understand the main idea, structure, and purpose of descriptive essays.

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY ON MARKET (PDF)

DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY EXAMPLE PERSON (PDF)

To help you understand how to write a great descriptive essay, we have a whole blog post dedicated to it. We know that talking about something is one thing and demonstrating it is completely different.

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5StarEssays.com academic writing professionals are ready to help you. They read the essay details before writing and make sure that they incorporate all the details in it.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the features of a descriptive essay.

A descriptive essay provides a perfect opportunity for writers to express their feelings on any subject. Descriptive writing has rich sensory details which appeal to all of your senses.

How do you start a descriptive essay introduction?

The introduction to the descriptive essay should set the scene and introduce the main topic. You can use these sensory details to get a sense of what the essay is all about.

What are the two types of descriptive essays?

There are two types of descriptive essays. The first type deals with people, and the second one is about objects.

What are the elements of a descriptive essay?

Here are the key elements of a descriptive essay.

• Sensory details
• Figurative language
• Central and main theme
• Precise and clear language
• Proper organization of ideas

What makes good descriptive writing?

Good and effective descriptive writing consists of vivid sensory details that appeal to all senses including the sense of sight, smell, touch, hearing, and taste. Moreover, these essays also explain people’s feelings in writing.

Finance Essay, Literature

Cathy has been been working as an author on our platform for over five years now. She has a Masters degree in mass communication and is well-versed in the art of writing. Cathy is a professional who takes her work seriously and is widely appreciated by clients for her excellent writing skills.

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How to write a descriptive essay.

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Think of the last time you were completely captivated by a good story. What made it so enthralling? What caused it to take your attention from everything else? Most likely, it was the author’s use of descriptive language that helped you feel like you were actually a part of the story. You could probably imagine what it would have looked or felt like to be in each place the book described. Descriptive essays do much the same thing. They’re essays meant to engage the readers to paint a descriptive picture of the words on paper.

Let's say you are assigned to write a descriptive essay about a place, and you’re wondering where to begin. How do you make sure your essay is captivating, and passes with flying colors? In this blog, we’ll show you exactly how to write an all-star descriptive essay about a place, by covering the steps involved in writing, and the elements of how to write a great descriptive essay.

First, we will review the purpose of descriptive essays, then discuss why they are important, and we will end by sharing pro writing tips to help find the right words.

What are descriptive essays?

The goal of a descriptive essay is to be captivating, including sensory-oriented details of a person, place, experience, or object. Include this in your essay and the reader's imagination will go wherever is being described. These essays accomplish this by using vivid language, specific adjectives, and clear explanations so that the reader can personally relate. Descriptive essays are written so that readers can imagine and understand the feelings, sensations, visualizations, and sounds the author is describing.

Related how-to guide— How to write a narrative essay .

Why are descriptive essays important?

A detailed description helps readers empathize with your experience and, as an author, you can communicate this meaning. This is important because much of our academic and professional success depends on our ability to clearly, and specifically, communicate our experiences to others. We may not be writing a descriptive essay each time we communicate our experiences, but writing descriptive essays definitely strengthen our ability to convey specific details in compelling ways.

For example, writing a descriptive essay about a place can strengthen your ability to communicate your work expertise to your next potential employer; or to write your life experiences in a compelling way in your next scholarship essay (learn how to write a scholarship essay ).

Perhaps you’d like to write your own book some day or craft your own advertising campaigns using your business degree—both of which are more successful when the reader can empathize with your writing. You’ll use descriptive language to succeed at both!

Choosing a descriptive essay topic

Descriptive essays can be written about many topics. One of the most common assignments you may receive is to write a descriptive essay about a place. Here are a few descriptive writing example topics you might choose:

Who writes descriptive essays?

Being able to write well is a skill for any career you're pursuing whether it be business, arts, marketing, education, or even medicine!

Students in these areas will be assigned to write a descriptive essay at some point during their high school or undergraduate careers:

• Language arts students
• Literature and cultural studies students
• Social studies students
• Psychology students

Finding the right words for an engaging essay can be challenging. Plus, many students are pressed for time, juggling work, family, and extracurricular activities on top of trying to complete assignments. If you can identify, this blog will help get you started.

When your future career depends on it, you want to feel confident and proud of your work instead of overwhelmed by it. Practicing smart time management and finding the writing help you need, when you need it, is important.

Elements of a great descriptive essay

Before we dive into how to write a descriptive essay, let’s review some key elements that will help you paint a picture in writing:

Clear organization

Effective descriptive essays are clearly organized. In other words, the reader is able to easily understand why she or he is reading the essay, the place the essay will describe, and what the purpose of the description is. This is accomplished by organizing the essay into and introduction, body and conclusion.

Introduction: A captivating hook

The opening of your essay is one of the most important parts because it interests readers. Start with a captivating introductory paragraph. One way to do this is by using anecdotes to grab readers’ attention. Anecdotes are short stories that can be used literally or metaphorically to help readers relate to what you’re going to write about.

For example, an anecdote that opens an essay with descriptive words about what it’s like to be working in the middle of busy production factory might read:

“Imagine every appliance in your house is turned on—your vacuum cleaner, your blender, your fans—and imagine on top of all that, you hear airplanes and helicopters flying overhead and cars buzzing by outside. Meanwhile, you’re trying to focus on your tasks…”

This type of anecdote accomplishes two key things: First, it engages the reader and helps them personally relate to your essay by asking them to imagine. Second, it immediately clarifies the type of place you’re going to write about.

Build your essay with strong imagery. Capture the time, date, weather, and mood of the place.

The introduction paragraph should end by explaining the place the rest of the essay is going to describe and why. This includes any key setting logistics like time, specific location, and who’s involved.

Body: Full of specifics and adjectives

Anecdotes are also helpful in the body paragraphs of a descriptive essay, for the same reasons noted above. The body of a great descriptive essay about a place should be packed full of vivid, sensory language. During the body of a descriptive essay, the reader gains a clear image and understanding of the place being described, as if he or she were actually there. To accomplish this, the body paragraphs use descriptive adjectives and colorful phrases such as, “The chaotic, clashing noise was deafening,” or, “The scent of freshly fallen rain cleansed the sunlit air, and I could see the horizon for miles.”

Use one or two strong adjectives to convey descriptions in your sentences. This creates a flow throughout the entire essay. Be sure to note, not every sentence requires an adjective or adverb.

If you’re having trouble with finding adjectives and adverbs, use strong action verbs instead.

Conclusion: Reminding readers of the meaning

Just as the introduction of a descriptive essay previews what place will be written about and why, the conclusion reminds readers of what was just described and why it’s important. The key is to not sound redundant. For instance, while the introductory paragraph hooks readers and then tells them what they can expect to read, the conclusion summarizes what was written and leaves readers with thought-provoking ideas to consider, helping them to understand how the essay may relate to their lives, or why it’s important to the reader.

Revisiting the production factory introduction example, the same essay’s conclusion may summarize with a statement highlighting the essay’s takeaways, such as, “The chaos and noise of the factory made it difficult to focus, but after working there for five years, I learned how to overcome that challenge. Now I can focus in even the most noisy of places.”

Steps to writing a great descriptive essay

1) choose a topic.

Depending on the purpose of your descriptive essay assignment, you may have varying flexibility in terms of what place you can choose to write about. Nonetheless, try to choose a topic that vividly stands out in your memory. The more you can remember about a place and how it felt, the better your descriptive paper is likely to be. For example, if you’re assignment asks you to write about a place you’ve traveled to, what destination comes to mind first? Perhaps it’s a foreign country. Or, if you haven’t traveled much, it could even be a different town.

2) Observe the details

If you’re writing about a place you’re currently at or can easily visit, spend time observing the details. Watch what the scenery looks like, including colors and objects. What sounds do you hear? What’s the temperature? What scents do you notice? How do you feel being there? All these questions will help guide your descriptive flow writing process (step six).

If you’re writing about a place you visited in the past, ask yourself the same questions. Perhaps look at old photos to jog your memory. Finally, if you’re asked to describe a place you’ve never been, use your imagination to answer similar questions. The more time you take to list details about what your place feels like, the easier the next steps will be.

3) Understand why your place is important

Ask yourself why you think it is important to share this with your readers. Having a clear understanding of your essays’ importance will not only help you write your introduction and conclusion, but it will also help you stay focused on describing the details that matter most.

4) Outline and organize your writing

Now it’s time to begin the actual descriptive writing process by organizing your ideas into an outline . Your outline doesn’t have to be formal; just a simple numbered list of points to include in your introduction, body and conclusion will suffice. This will guide your writing process and keep you focused.

5) Start with the introduction

Remember step number one and three, “your topic ” and “why your place is important?” Those are the two main highlights you’ll want to make clear in your introductory paragraph. When writing your introduction, be sure it explains what you’re about to describe and why you’re going to write about it.

6) Write the body in free-flow style

The body paragraph of your essay can sometimes be the most difficult part, depending on length, a great way to start is by free-flow writing. This means that you simply start writing your detailed description of the place you’re writing about, without editing or analyzing as you write. This often helps to overcome writer’s block while making sure that all the critical details you jotted down in step two, “observe the details,” get down on paper and into the body of your essay. You’ll be able to go back later and edit the body of your paper for organization, flow and grammar. As long as you start your free-flow within the bullet points of the outline you created, the process will be relatively simple and easy.

7) Revise the body of your essay

Now it’s time to go back and be sure all the free-flow writing you just did is clear, makes sense and follows your original outline. You may need to re-arrange a few sentences or even paragraphs. This is also a great time to check for spelling and grammar errors.

Next, read the body paragraph of your essay and pretend you’re someone else reading it for the first time. How does it sound? Does it make sense and flow? If not, ask yourself what would make your descriptions more understandable for the reader. Finally, remember that not every sentence of your descriptive essay needs to sound fancy, artistic, or be long. Vary your sentence length, breaking up long sentences with short sentences to make reading easier. Use exciting language, but don’t over-do it or adjectives will lose their power.

8) Finish your essay strong

Writing a strong conclusion is key to leaving a lasting impression with your readers. A great way to conclude your descriptive essay about a place is to reiterate, in a new way, how the place you’re describing impacted you and why you believe it’s important. You can also describe what you hope readers may learn from your essay.

9) Proofread your work

You can never re-read your essay too many times. Proofread your work at least twice for spelling and grammar errors. It’s often helpful to read your writing out loud, since that slows the reading process and helps us catch errors we may otherwise overlook.

Also, don’t be afraid to ask a friend to proof your work. If you’re still stuck or need help, the writing center has tons of resources just for you like expert advice, essay examples, and more.

Final words of wisdom

Like what you read? Check out our guide on how to write a persuasive essay .

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AN AMAZING TRIP TO LAGOS Lagos is one of the best loved and darling regions of Africa that captures the attention of hundreds of people from various corners of the world. Known to be the most vibrant, pulsating and happening destination of this planet it offers a charismatic and magical ambiance that attracts plenty of locals and hundreds of foreigners who just love to capture and enjoy the charm and bewitchment of this flamboyant destination. Lagos is located in the south-western part of Nigeria and occupies the region of more than 3,577 square kilometres and is very popular for being the superb and magnificent metropolis of the country. It is highly appreciated and famous for the jaw dropping and spell-casting islands; the worth-watching ones include Lagos Island, Victoria Island, Ikoyi, Iddo and plenty of others. Though the list of such fascinating and enticing spots is very long but some of the most popular and worth-seeing ones are discussed as below.

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Cultural Tourism in Nigeria

Introduction.

Tourism generally has to do a lot with social activities. A typical example is the adventure tourism which is a type of tourism that provides an opportunity for people to challenge nature and everything about it. This type of tourism provides opportunities for activities such as: Hand gliding and Para sailing which are grouped under hard adventure; while hot sports and wild life are grouped under soft adventure. The chambers dictionary has defined tourism as the events of tourists and those who make it available for them. Tourism as defined in a book says that it is the study of how good human beings can cope when they are away from their normal habitats, of the industry that meet his needs and lastly of the impacts that both he and the industry have on the host’s in such ways; sociocultural, economic and physical environments. Jafari 1977) Getting information from another book about tourism, differences in the definitions of tourism could be traced to the following approaches; Economic, technical and holistic. 1. Economic definitions emphasizes on the business area of tourism, but if it were to be criticized by leiper(1979) that it fails to even discuss about the tourist and his motivations or limitations in travelling. 2. Technical approach to the definition of tourism aims at mainly the governments and the tourism industry organizations that want to monitor the size and other important issues about tourists markets. . In 1942 holistic type defined tourism as “the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the travel and stay of non-residents, in so far as they don’t lead to permanent residence are not connected to any earning activity.

Cultural Tourism

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Cultural tourism is a part of tourism. This part of tourism is an activity in which a particular group of people in a definite area present their heritage or cultural assets for tourists to see and appreaciate. The UNWTO(united nations world tourism organization) produced two definitions based on two approaches which are:

• The narrow definition-derived from the professional, product-based approach to defining cultural tourism. This definition includes ‘movement of persons for basically cultural motivations such as; study tours, performing arts, cultural tours, travel to festivals and so many other cultural events, visits to sites, travel to study nature, folklore and pilgrimages(Richards 1996:22)
• The wide definition-is based on conceptual, process-based approach.

Has to do with the migration of persons because they satisfy the human need for diversity, tending to raise the cultural level of the individual and giving rise to new knowledge, experience and encounters(Richards 1996:22) Cultural tourism involves four elements according to my research and they are as follows:

• Use of cultural heritage assets
• Consumption of experiences and products
• The tourist(cultural tourists) According to ICOMOS (International council on monuments and sites) observed that “cultural tourism means many things to many people and herein it’s strengths and weaknesses”.

This part of tourism is also known as a form of special tourism where culture plays the role of either attracting tourists or motivating people to travel (McIntosh and Goeldner 1992: Zeppel 1992; Ap 1992).

Literature Review

Festivals and events In this section, festivals and events in Nigeria will be discussed fully and their impacts analysed. It will be wise to discuss what festivals are all about first before going on to other things.

Festivals are an important expression of human activity that contribute much to our social and cultural life and that they are also increasingly linked to generating business activity and providing income for their host communities(Ellen et all 2002). In some cases festivals are not observed with the motive of attracting tourists, their nature,destination,range of performers and productions in one place over a short period of time ,commonly in the summer months, encourages viewers(people) far and near/all over to come. They can take many forms, eg. music-rock, pop, jazz and folk types of music. There are also wine and cultural festivals.

Events Industry

This is an industry where festivals are grouped under. Cultural festivals in Nigeria Nigeria has so many festivals that have been in existence since the time of our ancestors, until the arrival of different religions as we have today but still yet festivals are taken as important occasion. Local festivals in Nigeria have a lot to do with different events such as; harvest festivals, betrothal festivals, crowning of a new chief and funerals. Today the western world and system has influenced our local festivals eg. ances that were performed by members of each village have now been transferred unknowingly to proffesionals. This country is rich in divers festivals which includes:

• Egungun festival celebrated in Ijebu ode town of ogun state in May.
• Odum festival celebrated by the ijaws of okirika in Benue state. Normally done in the month of April.
• Barakau normally celebrated with animal sacrifices by the Fika people of Potiskun in yobe state. Done in July.
• Nduku festival is known to be celebrated by the people of Ogume in Ndokwa local government area of Delta state. It is a November festival.
• Igue estival this one is celebrated by the benis of Edo state in the month December.
• New yam festival is done generally by the Ibo’s in Nigeria in the month of August.
• Gbagyi gbodogun takes place in Gadabuke village and celebrated by the agadabukeyi’s (natives of the village) in toto local government area in Nasarawa state. Often observed at the end of the year November/December.
• Oro festival is a tradional annual Yoruba event usually observed in the month of July. Among all these festivals listed out and summarized briefly, only three of them will be discussed and their impact as well in the next section.

The local festivals are:

• The Igue festival
• New yam festival(Iri ji ohuru/iwa ji)

Gbagyi Gbodogun Festivals and impacts Igue festival

Is the one am going to be discussing about first. It is done in the ancient city of the Benin kingdom, Benin located in Edo state in the southern part of Nigeria and takes place in the month of December. It marks the anniversary of the death of the past obas in Bini Kingdom. Igue festival usually goes on for seven days, and then on the seventh day, the conclusion is now celebrated. Sacrifices and offerings are made to the gods, songs are also sung along during the period.

The sacrifices offered are primarily used to cleanse the land, so that it becomes clean enough for the gods to be appealed. The people involved are the oba (king) of the Benin kingdom, his chiefs, subjects and the Benis of Benin, Edo state. In the past, their practices used to be sacrificing human beings for cleansing of the land to the gods until the present Oba Erediauwa came into power and stopped it. Presently such things don’t take place in the festival again, though sacrifices are being made, humans are no longer sacrificed, rather with animals for example goat.

Apart from these, the Benis practice so many other things while celebrating the Igue festival which includes; the chiefs dressing in their finest traditional attires, joining the oba in songs and dances, by name Ugie Ewere. They do this with the Eben Emblem. Masquerades also perform the local dances to entertain the audience. While the festival is still on, all the Ihogbe presents symbolic Ewere leaves to the Oba. As the festival is celebrated yearly, the Oba celebrates Ugie Ewere (the anniversary of his marriage to Ewere some years back).

The Bini people also use the festival as an opportunity for offering thanks to the gods for sparing their lives and request for more blessings. Public holidays are always given, and people are told not to move for that period of time. Impacts of igue festival The igue festival leaves its impacts in the lives of the Benin Edo people in these ways:

• Economically; there are more activities in the area. For example a lot of people engage themselves in buying and selling in preparation of the event.
• Socially; the festival creates a good publicity and image for the area. Eg. he people who come for the festival may want to re-visit the place, not just for a particular reason but to have a feeling of the environment.
• Geographically; as people come from other tribes to witness the event, it gives the community an opportunity to be developed and supports environmental enhancement. New yam Festival (Iri ji Ohuru/iwa ji); to eat a new yam/to break a new yam, that is what the words written in another language called Ibo means. Most times it depends on the village, but it is normally celebrated in the market place, where the god of the community/village is kept.

The Iwa ji festival (new yam festival) is celebrated in the month of August. This festival, is all about celebrating a new yam(which is one of the most important food and first crop to be harvested in the eastern region) Old yams are brought out and discarded/consumed and the breaking of the new yam follows, it is usually done by the Igwe(king) or the chief priest depending on the destination, The people involved are the members of the village, chiefs or elders of the village, chief priest and the Igwe.

In order for the festival to be a successful one, so many practices are involved which includes; sacrifices are made to the gods, to appease and thank them for fruitfulness, before the festival begins this is usually done by the chief priest(it is believed that their positions bestows the privilege of being intermediaries between the gods and their community),they come with the biggest sized yam for the festival, because it shows the amount of abundant fruitfulness including dishes served.

Old yams are discarded or consumed in order to pave way for the new ones, Masquerades are invited to perform and entertain people, traditional gunshots announces the opening of the ceremony at times, children are being cleansed with rituals (ima cha ahu-to clean the body) because they belief that before a person takes in anything new, it is important to cleanse the body. This belief is popular among the Easterners. Most times the yam dishes are shared between friends and well-wishers in order to enjoy and celebrate with them.

Sons and daughters of the Ibo community come back home from wherever they are in the world. Late Dim chukwuebuka Odumegwu Ojukwu described the events as “the most igbo of Igbo events”, because it clearly shows the culture of the Ibos. Impacts of the new yam festival This festival impacts on lives of the locals of the eastern region in Nigeria, and they are; Positive impacts * Culturally; it strengthens the bond of the Igbos (the relationship). it reminds people of how love and unity existed and reigned among them before the civil war in the east. Socially; so many people feel happy during and after the event, because it brings their loved ones (sons and daughters) from far and near. For example Grandparents will be happy to see their children and grandchildren. * Economically; it yields the locals so much money, after they are done buying and selling. A good example for this is-people who were present at the occasion taste the yam, and would want to buy more maybe to take home or for many other reasons. Negative impacts * Culturally; sometimes people are being used for sacrifices to the gods all in the name of tradition or preserving the culture.

In addition, so many individuals get initiated into cults or fraternities which they never planned for. These initiations could be traced to the cleansing and sacrifices to the gods. Also People are being initiated into so many things. This happens because of the cleansing, sacrifices and others not mentioned. Gbagyi Gbodogun;the event takes place in northern part of Nigeria. it is being observed by the agadabukeyi’s or the Gwari people of Gadabuke village in toto local government area,in Nasarawa state. It is celebrated annually at he end of the year November/December. The festival is all about cultural values and tradition all showcasing with little sacrifices because religion has dominated tradition today. It helps to make the young ones get to know more about their customs and traditions. The people involved are the king, chiefs, governors, advocates and the villagers. Traditional dances, masquerades also display-the dance called Dawiya(the native name),their local or cultural food is being displayed and served as well by name Zhepo.

Martial arts, like the traditional martial arts are being done also,magics such as; pounding a tuber of yam on a person, and it is not painful(odi e shi-which means it is not painful in a language called Igbo),cutting an individual with a very sharp knife and it doesn’t hurt, eating razor blade and it doesn’t cut the persons mouth, pouring water into a basket and it does not lick. They normally drink palm wine, and the local food Zhepo with something to go with it. for example, garden egg soup and ponded yam.

Ceremonial cleansing is being done also before the festival, traditional wears are being worn and they are called Ajesinda. This is the local food called Zhepo The Zhepo and garden egg soup mixed together Impacts of Gbagyi gbodogun Positive impacts The festival effects the locals in so many ways, a few of them are; * Socially; it is exciting for example when people watch the masquerades dance and the magicians act, it is pleasing to the eye and heart at times. Fun; people get to enjoy themselves while celebrating the festival. eg. he people acting as masquerades find it interesting scaring people (when they run, because of fear), the traditional dancers also have fun while performing at the festival. * Culturally; it awakens the gbagyi people about their culture for them to remember, to preserve, conserve and leave the culture Authentic just the way it has always been from the first days, if not because of science and technology or the 21st century age that came in and has really impacted into it. Negative impacts

• Socially; the festival reunites the Gwari people. For example Gbagyi eople come together from far and near to celebrate, and through this, people get to meet new individuals.
• Culturally; youths try stupid things. Eg. they go home and practice what they have seen the magicians do at the festival just to know if it true or not. At times they aspire to be magicians and have magical powers to do whatever they wished to do.

Critical Analysis

•  Is it fair for human beings to be killed all in the name of preserving culture? For example in the Igue festival human beings were being sacrificed to appease the gods. I personally believe that, no human being should be killed except the person has committed any crime punishable according to law and order.
• Can a festival be authentic, even after the foreign tourist’s impacts on them? Most at times, when foreigners grace these local events, they tend to introduce the western system to the locals who accept it and put it into practice. It takes a person who is properly educated and learned to know how to preserve their culture despite the influence of the foreign tourists.

In a nutshell, Even if Nigeria is rich in cultural festivals, there are some practices that are not supposed to be sustained anymore and there are some that are meant to be preserved and maintained. For example, sacrificing of human beings. On the other hand, it is good for foreign tourists to come for the events and educate the locals more about festivals, but the locals also need to be educated on how to preserve their culture.

• http://emeagwali. com/nigeria/cuisine/igbo-new-yam-festival. html
• Robertico Rosendo croes. (2000), Anatomy of demand in international tourism, a case study of Aruba, Van Gorcum. ihttp://www. nasarawastatetourism. com/events/GbagyiGbogun. html
• Bob Mckercher, Hilary du cros. (2002), cultural tourism the partnership between tourism and cultural heritage management, U. S. A. the Haworth hospitality press. http://nigerianartatoyasaf. blogspot. com/2012/02/in-benin-igue-festival-2011-c elebrates. html
• Peter Robinson, Sine hietmann, peter Dieke. (2011), Research themes for tourism, UK, CAB international. http://www. onlinenigeria. com/festivals/? blurb=471
• Milena Ivanovic. (2008), Cultural tourism, Cape Town, South Africa, Juta & company. ltd.

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How to write a descriptive essay about a place?

Essay describing a place is one of the main papers you need to write at college. The purpose of this type of paper is to develop a topic through details. If you have an opportunity to go to the place you want to describe, it would be helpful. Observation supported by sensations will allow creating a powerful paper expanding readers imagination and triggering emotions. The goal will be reached.

We all have a beautiful location in our mind that means something. The assignment has to include a clear description of the place and to draw its picture in readers' mind. In this article, we are giving tips on how to write a descriptive essay about a place that impacted you and how to get a high grade.

Guide to composing a descriptive essay about your favorite place

• Introduction . Start the essay by making readers curious. An interesting fact or an anecdote creates a certain mood and grabs readers’ attention. Consider what can draw readers’ attention and make them follow your story. Mention the name, address, and give the reason why it has a soft spot in your heart.
• Main part – description . The body of the essay has to describe emotions regarding the place. All the feelings, tastes, smells, and sights describing your favorite place help readers to imagine. A lot of students write about locations they used to go with parents and grandparents in their childhood. It can be a country home or a caravan you used to stay at. Describe nature, colors of trees, the smell of flowers and fresh grass, the sound of river and birds singing, the look of neighborhood area, taste of the food you used to enjoy.
• Such details heat the imagination and help to transfer readers to the location you describe. For example, you can get inspiration from the following sentences: “The house we went to every summer was on the hill covered with little trees I used to sit under during hot sunny days. I still cannot forget the smell of fresh bread my grandmother used to bake every day. Even when I went fishing with my father by the river that was 200 meters away from our house, we could smell pastry, and we knew it was time to pack our rods and go for lunch.”
• Conclusion . A winning essay has to be meaningful. Learn how to describe a place in an essay by expressing thoughts and feelings. A good paper should make readers excited and curious about visiting the area. The fact that the location made a difference in writer's life has to be proved. Tell how this experience changed you and provide a clear example.

Extra tips on descriptive writing about my favorite place

Consider some more tips for creating such type of college assignment.

• Choose one idea that will be visible in all paragraphs of the paper.
• Create the list of questions about the taste, sight, touch, smell, and sound of your topic, then answer them. The more questions, the better description.
• Write the list of feelings and sensations related to the place you describe. Use expositive words to make a paper rich.
• Find interesting facts about the area if it is well-known. Historical and unique facts bring more attention to the topic.
• If you have a few places to talk about and cannot choose one, write down ideas and see which place you can describe as clearly as possible.
• Writing a descriptive essay on a place is an art and you need to learn how to do it. Review photos of the location to refresh your memory and give a better description.
• Create an outline and follow the plan. This helps authors to stick to structure and make an essay look professional.
• Remind readers the idea of writing an assignment in a sentence with the thesis statement in conclusion.
• Review and edit an essay to make sure it does not contain errors, and there are no parts that take readers away from the topic. Avoid slang and clichés.
• Give it to someone to read. Someone else's opinion can be helpful. Moreover, someone can spot mistakes you did not notice.

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English Language Lesson Note for Jss2 First Term

Lesson note on english language jss2 first term – edudelight.com, first term e-learning note english language.

SCHEME OF WORK ENGLISH LANGUAGE JSS2

• Speechwork:  Revision of Vowel Sounds

                      Grammar: Revision of Parts of Speech

Reading: Writing to Understand the Writer’s Purpose Unit 1, The Hippopotamus Part 1

                        Writing: Writing an Outline for a Narrative

                        Essay – How I spent My Last Holiday

     Literature in English: Figures of Speech: Alliteration, Personification, Irony, Paradox, Hyperbole

• Speechwork: Revision of Consonant Sounds with Emphasis on Consonant Cluster.
• Grammar: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Reading:  The Hippopotamus part 2 (continuation)

Writing: Descriptive Essay: Writing an Outline on a Place of Interest I visited.

• Speechwork: Vowel Contrast – /iә/ and /eә/.

       Grammar: More on Active Voice and Passive Voice.

Reading: Identification of Words that Pointto the Writer’s Intention: The Process of Growing Rice

                        Vocabulary Development: Word Families – In the Hospital page 93

                        Writing: Elements of Composition

• Speechwork: Vowel Contrast /әu/ and /au/

                        Grammar: More on Tenses (Present, Past, Future)

                        Reading: Critical Reading: Planting page 39-40

                        Vocabulary Development: The Armed Forces

                        Writing: Descriptive Essay – A Local Festival

• Speechwork:  Review of Consonant Sounds /t/,/d/,/k/,/g/,/p/,/ b/.

Grammar:  Present    Tense     Aspects

Reading: To Identify the Meanings of Words in Various Contexts: Broadcasting Page 53-54

• Vocabulary Development: Religion

Writing: Review of the Format of Formal and Informal Letters

• Speechwork: Contrasting /p/ and /t/
• Grammar: Past Tense Aspects

Reading: The Lorry Trip page 79-80

                        Vocabulary Development; Register of Sports.

                        Writing: Narrative Essay: A Frightening Experience

• Speechwork: Consonant Contrast /f/ and /v/
• Grammar: Conjunctions

Reading: Okonkwo page 92-93

Vocabulary Development: Journalism

Writing: Informal Letter: A Letter to Your Father on Why You Like Your New School.

Literature: More on Figures of Speech: Onomatopoeia, Personification, Antithesis, Euphemism, Apostrophe, Oxymoron.

• Speechwork: Consonant Contrast: /l/ and /r/

Grammar: Making Requests and Commands page 94

Writing: Descriptive Essay: My Favourite Teacher

• Speechwork: Consonant /h/

Direct and Indirect Speech

Writing: Formal Letter: A Letter of Invitation

• Oral English for Schools and Colleges (Revised Edition) by San Onugbo, M.A. Ife
• Basic English Book 4 HarbensKaur
• Silver Burdett English Centennial Edition by Betty G. Gray et al
• Contemporary English Grammar by JayanthuDakshina Murthy, ed by Indu mala Ghosh et al.
• Exam  Focus English for JSCE by Bolajiaremo et al.
• Evans Effective English JSS 2 Revised Edition by Michael Montgomery et al.
• New Oxford Secondary English Corse book for JS 2 by Ayo Banjo et al.
• New Student’s Companioned by Chris Talbot.
• Speechwork; Revision of Vowel Sounds
• Grammar: Revision of Parts of Speech: Nouns, Pronouns,Verbs, Adjectives
• Comprehension: The Hippopotamus Part 1
• Writing: Writing an Outline for a Narrative
• Literature In English: Figures of Speech

A.   Speechwork: Revision of Vowel Sounds

Content: Vowel Sounds Lesson note

There are forty-four sound segments in English comprising twenty vowels and twenty- four consonants.

The production of vowel sounds take place as the air stream flows from the lungs to the mouth without any obstruction.

The vowel in English is classified into two main groups: pure vowels also called monophthongs and diphthongs. The monophthongs are further sub – divided into short vowels and long vowels.

A list of monophthongs /pure vowels

• /i:/ as in seat, key, chief, people, mete, quay
• /I/ as in sit, pretty, women, village, enough, waited
• /e/ as in pen, head, any, bury, ferry, bread, rest
• /әe/ as in cap, had, hand, plan, tank, sad, mat
• /a:/ as in hard, father, heart, path, dark, far, arm
• /D/ or/Ɔ/ as in cot, cock, wash, clock, hot, lot, shop
• /Ɔ:/ as in court, fork, cork, tall, law, bought, fore
• /Ʊ/ as in good, foot, cook, book, should, woman
• /u:/ as in moon, rude, loose, lose, soup, flute, juice
• /˄/ as in sun, mother, come, cup, fun, money, but
• /3:/ as in firm, bird, first, shirt, skirt, term, serve
• /ә/ as in allow, above, around, doctor, sister, alive, forget, religious

A list of diphthongs

• /ei/ as in play, rake, pale, state, cake, day, wake
• /ai/ as in pie, my, height, plight, mite, bright
• /ͻi/ as in oil, boy, buoy, toil, foil, noise, joy
• /әu/ as in go, hoe, home, no, know, coat, goat, rose
• /au/ as in house, now, cloud, rowdy, brow, howl
• /iә/ as in fear, cheer, beer, idea, serious, here, near
• /eә/ as in pair, air, hair, bare, there, fare, bare, chair
• /uә/ as in tour, moon, poor, pure, sure, lure

Write five different words that have each of the sounds treated above.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSSCEpg 143 – 145

B.   Grammar: Revision of Some Parts of Speech

Content: Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives lesson note.

As the body of a person has different works or functions, so a sentence is made up of different words performing different functions. Each word is named according to the function it performs in a sentence.

What is a noun?

A noun is a naming word which names people, things, animal, places and ideas e.g. Ade, boy, man, girl, Bisi, woman, child, chief, king, princess, ant, goat, London, school, church, beauty, anger, empathy etc.

Agirl was looking for her book.

The book is on the table.

What is a pronoun?

A pronoun replaces a noun in a sentence to avoid repetition e.g she, he, they, we, them, us, her, it, you, herself, whom, that, why etc. She is a good student. I love my dog.

What is an Adjective?

An adjective qualifies a noun, i.e. it tells us more about a noun. E.g beautiful, ugly, emotional, tall, old, fantastic etc.

A beautiful woman.

She is beautiful.

An unkempt hair

What are verbs?

Verbs are words that tell the action of the nouns which are usually the subject or objects of the sentence. e.g beat, sleep, sing, talk, jump, dance, has, have, does, may etc. I talk a lot. She dances well.

Evaluation : Name the different parts of speech and give three examples each.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE p. 41-69

C. Topic: Comprehension

Content: Why the Hippo Lives in Water Part 1

This passage discusses the reason why Isantim (hippopotamus) lives in water.

Answer the questions which accompany the passage page 21. Effective English J SS 2p 22- 23

D . Topic: Writing

Content: Narrative Essay

A narrative essay is an essay that tells or recounts a story, event or an incident. The past tense is used in this type of essay.

• Body ( introductory paragraph, paragraphs by points, concluding paragraph)

Writing an Outline for How I Spent My Last Holiday:

• When the holiday started
• Your feelings towards the holiday i.e happy, unhappy
• Places of interest you visited
• Remarkable things you did or achieved during the holiday

Evaluation : In not less than 250 words, write a meaningful account of how you spent your last holiday.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE p.15-16

E. Literature: Figures of Speech

Content: personification, hyperbole, paradox, irony, alliteration..

Figures of speech refer to expressions used in a special way for a concise and forceful effect.

• Personification; inanimate objects are treated as human beings. E.gMy car is coughing. The trees are waving. The sun is smiling.
• Hyperbole: is an overstatement or exaggeration for emphasis or a satirical effect. E.g I will fly to the moon to prove my love for you.

I can eat a mountain bowl of Eba.

I saw a sea of blood at the accident scene.

• Paradox: contains two opposite ideas which make it seem impossible but possible after deep consideration e.g. The child is the father of the man.

More haste, less speed.

Nigeria’s unity lies in her diversity.

• Irony: stating the direct opposite of one’s intention or getting the exact opposite of one’s expectation. E .g: You must be very clever for scoring 20%  in your examination.

Chief Bigo is so wealthy that he can even take from a beggar.

• Alliteration: is the repetition of the same consonant sounds in sequence.

bothboy and ball

“Orunmila”makemy medicine potent.

Evaluation : Write out two examples of each figure of speech explained.

Reading assignment : Exam Focus English JSSE Page 157 – 158.

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION QUESTIONS

Fill in the blanks with suitable verbs.

• The worst of the problems ______ been dealt with.
• The boy likes sisters to _______ active in sport
• Most of the waiter in our town _______ from the nearly dam.
• Neither she nor her brother _______ gone to school
• A number of boys from that school _____ going to camp.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT

Fill in the blank space with the most appropriate option from the list given in the bracket.

• The man sells many books and ____in his book shop. ( many stationary, a stationary, much stationary)
• The storm did _____damage to the house. (a, an, much)
• The principal has bought ______ for the science laboratory. ( equipment, much equipment)
• He eats ______ every day. ( egg, eggs, egg)
• Dr. Bowen is _____ European but Mr. Woois ______ American. (an/an, a/a, a/an)
• He worked for ______ hour. ( a , an, many)

READING ASSIGNMENT

Effective English J S 2 Practice 2 page 26

• Speechwork: Review of Consonant Sounds.
• Comprehension: Why The Hippo Lives in Water 2
• Writing: Descriptive Essay
• Topic: Review of Consonant Sounds

Content: Consonant Sounds Examples

Symbols                      Examples of words in which they occur

/p/                                pet, price, puppy, lip, copper

/b/                                bet, bride, rib, rubber, tube

/t/                                 tick, type, pit, matter, light

/d/                                dip, ditch, hoard, deep, field, dance

/k/                                kick, clean, cot, school, seek, cup, quay

/g/                                green, goggle, dog, good, goose, smuggle

/tᶴ/                                chief, chase, church, preach, teach, cheese, search

/dӠ/                              dodge, urge, gesture, fridge, germ, joy, page

/f/                                 farm, elephant, phrase, laugh, suffer, graph

/v/                                bevy, of, receive, vouch, five, review, weave

/ө/                                thin, author, length, breath, thick, thirst

/ә/                                breathe, brother, those, that, bathe

/s/                                 sip, cease, kiss, piece, purse, ice, icing

/z/                                zip, zebra, refuse, reason, poise, disease

/ᶴ/                                 short, crush, English, notion, nation, brush, lash

/Ӡ/                                treasure, pleasure, vision, casual, visual, beige

/m/                               made, summer, norm, plumber, come, fathom

/n/                                nine, naught, born, knit, bin, gnaw, knew

/   /                               king, going, slang, singer, among, evening, tongue

/L/                                love, tall, kill, fellow, clay, look, live, slum

/r/                                 rough, merry, writer, wrong, cry, rate,risk

/j/                                 yam, Europe, ewe, yes, you, yeast, new universe

/w/                               warm, linguist, queen, q u alm, guava, banquet, win, wipe

Evaluation: Write out five examples different from the ones given for each of the sounds above.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE, page 143 – 145

Topic: Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

Content: Meaning and Usage

Verbs as action and stative words can be used transitively or intransitively.

A transitive verb expresses an action which passes across to  one or more persons or things. ( Note that the word transitive’ originally came from the Latin word ‘transire’ which means “to pass across”). Transitive verbs take direct objects.

Kanu                           kicked the ball

Subject                                    T.V                  object

Olu and saka               have                 many books.

    Subject                      T. V               object

All the boys have hoes.

    Subject                    T.V       object

An intransitive verb is used without any objects. Examples

Janes    was singing.

   S       IV

The fishsmelled.

The babiescried.

      S    IV

A dogbarks.

    S       IV

A cockcrows.

     S     IV

Ieateveryday.

S     IV         ADV

The intransitive verbs which are called linking verbs include: set, lags, appear, feel, grow, look, prove, remain, seem, taste, smell, turn etc.

Intransitive verbs may be turned into transitive verb, if a preposition is used.

Example: She laughed at him.

I looked at the painting.

We talked about the film.

They wished for happiness.

I have asked for permission.

Evaluation :  Write five sentences using transitive and intransitive verbs each.

Reading Assignment : English Grammar by P.O Olatunbosun Page 65 – 68

Content: Why the Hippo Lives in Water?

This passage discusses the reason the hippopotamus lives in water.

Evaluation : answer the questions which accompany the passage. Effective English JS2 22 – 23

Reading Assignment : Effective English J SS 2 page 39

Content: Descriptive Essay

A descriptive essay attempts to describe objects, people, events, ideas, or situation as they are. Examples include My School, My Pet, A Computer etc.

The descriptive essay should contain such details that throw  light on the subject or object of description and it should give a mental picture of what is being described.

Introduction

Body written in paragraphs

An Outline on the Topic“A place of Interest I Visited”.

Here are some guidelines to help you write this essay:

• Introduction: describe places of interest you have visited and the most spectacular among them.
• Body: describe the location, the scenery, events which take place there; describe the things you saw there and people who visited the place; talk about the reason why you like the place
• Conclusion.

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISIONAL QUESTIONS

Complete each sentence with:  him, her or it.

• Fatima wanted the photograph, so I gave _to_.
• My radio is broken. I can’t mend ___.
• Bayo is my friend. I know __ well.
• Chike asked for my ruler, so I lent _to_.
• My sister is over there. I went to speak to _

Exam Focus JSCE, page 82 -83

• Speech work: Vowel Contrast /iә/ and /eә/
• Grammar: More on Active and Passive Voice
• Comprehension: The Process of Growing Rice.
• Vocabulary Development: Health
• Writing: Elements of composition
• Topic: Vowel Contrast

Content:          /iә/                                           /eә/

                        sheer                                        share/seer

                        cheer                                        chair

                        fear                                          fare

                        beer                                         bear/bare

                        tier                                           tear

                        deer/dear                                dare

                        peer                                         pear/pair/pare

here                                         there

Evaluation : Write out ten pairs for the sounds.

Reading Assignment : Oral English for Schools and Colleges by Sam Onuigbo, pages 20-29

Topic: More on Active and Passive Voice

Content: definition and examples.

A sentence is in the active voice when the subject of the doer of the action is at the beginning of the sentence.

• The dog bit me.
• She gave me some fruits
• Grandmother told us an interesting story.
• I am kicking a ball.

A sentence is in the passive voice when the object or receiver of the action is at the beginning of a sentence. Sometimes the subjects may be left out if it is not important or not known.

I was bitten by the dog

I have been robbed!

We were told to sit down and keep quiet.

A ball is being kicked by me.

Evaluation : Write out five sentences in the active voice and change them to passive voice.

Reading Assignment : English Grammar by P.O Olatunbosun page 65- 68

Content: The Process of Growing Rice page 38 – 39

This passage discusses the process of growing rice. A nursery is made for the seedlings before they are planted. A nursery is aplace where seedlings are raised or grown before they are transplanted.

Evaluation : Effective English JS2, p 3,Practice 2

Reading Assignment : Effective English JS 2, page 39

D. Topic: Vocabulary Development

Content: Health p 94 – 95

Health is the condition of a person’s body or mind. It is also the state of being physically and mentally healthy.

Words to do with health are:

• Clinic : A small hospital where treatment is given.
• Dispensary : A room where medicines are given out.
• Surgeon : A doctor who performs operations.
• A specialist : A doctor who specializes in one branch of medicine.
• Patient : A person who receives care from a doctor.
• Pediatrician : A specialist for children’s disease
• Pharmacy : A section where medicines are bought.

Evaluation : Write out twenty words to do with health.

Reading Assignment : Exam focus English JSCE page 118 – 119; Effective English JS 2 page 102

E. Topic: Writing

Content: Elements of Composition

Composition is also known as continuous writing which involves the use of a lot of sentences to express an idea, one’s opinion or explain a concept.

A composition has a beginning, middle and an end. These parts have specific names- the introduction, the body and the conclusion.

An introduction has two important jobs. First, it should capture the reader’s interest and tell what the entire composition is about. It is the first paragraph of the composition. The sentence that states the central idea of the composition is called the thesis statement.  This helps the writer focus on the main point. It provides the central idea that all other ideas in the composition must relate to closely.

The body contains paragraphs that tell more about the central idea. It may consist of any number of paragraphs that prove or illustrate the thesis statement. In the body, a writer uses supporting paragraphs to provide more information about the thesis statement. The length of the body may vary. The writer may need only two paragraphs to explain the central idea or four or five paragraphs to make the idea clear. The body is always the longest section.

The conclusion ties all the ideas in the composition together. It restates the central idea and may summarise supporting ideas. It should signal completion.

Introduction                            Introduction( with thesis statement)

                                Supporting paragraph

Body                                        Supporting paragraph

                                                Supporting paragraph

Conclusion                               Conclusion      

Evaluation : Write four supporting paragraphs for this thesis statement: Friendship is important for many reasons.

Reading Assignment : Effective English JS2, page 79

• Write out the following sentences into the passive voice:
• Yinka scolded the boy for fighting in class.
• The fisherman caught a lot of fish yesterday.
• I am sure Akpan took my pen by mistake
• Our principal usually gives a short speech dating assembly.
• The hungry children ate the food.
• Exam focus English JSCE page 19 Revision Exercise 13.8

Weekend Assignment

Effective English JS 2 Page 103 Practice 2, and page 127 Practice 3.

• Speech work: Vowel  Contrast /әu/ and /au/
• Grammar: Tenses
• Comprehension: Planting
• Vocabulary Development: Armed Forces

a.         Topic: Vowel Contrast

                        Content:          /әu/      and      /au/

                                                cloak                cloud

                                                boat                 bow

                                                crow                crowd

                                                load                 loud

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE p143

Topic: Tense

Content: Present, Past, Future Tense Lesson note

Tense occurs only in verbs. It refers to the change that takes place in the form of the verb to indicate time.

THE PRESENT TENSE

Present tense expresses an action taking place now. Except in the case of the verb ‘be’, the only change that takes place in the form of the verb to indicate the present tense occurs when the verb agrees with a third person singular subject.

Examples:     Sule always reads after meals.

             The bus arrives at 8a.m

            The sun sets in the West.

            Sugar is sweet.

In the case of the verb ‘be’, one more change takes place in the form of the verb to indicate the present tense.

The examples given above are in the simple forms. Other present tense forms include the present continuous, present perfect and present perfect continuous.

Present Continuous : E.gI am working.

Present Perfect : E.gI have worked.

Present Perfect Continuous :E.g I have been working.

THE PAST TENSE               

The past tense is used to talk about a past action.

Regular verbs form their past tense by adding ‘-ed’ to the simple form of the verb, while irregular verbs form their past tense in different ways.

Examples: Regular

There are four past tense forms in English. The past simple, past continuous:

Past Simple :E.g I worked.

Past Continuous :E.g I was working.

Past Perfect : E.gI had worked.

Past Perfect Continuous :E.g I had been working.

THE FUTURE TENSE

Future Tense is used to express a future action by using the modal auxiliary verbs ‘shall’ and ‘will’ e.g

I shall travel soon.

You will see the manager when he arrives.

Or by using the form ‘be going’ and ‘to’ infinitive or by using the present progressive and an expression indicating the future:

Examples: Emekais going to succeed.

It is going to rain today.

Adamuis leaving tomorrow.

The future tense is also used to refer to a future action in a conditioned sentence; used to give command or provide explanations, used in the passive form. Examples:

If you fail your exams, father will scold you.

The meeting will start at eight sharp.

You will dowhat I say.

The fried rice will be cooked in a few minutes.

The swimming pool will be closed next week for renovations.

Evaluation : Write out the past tense and past participle forms of these verbs: split, swing, fight, drive choose, grind, make, mean, sew, shut, talk, put, see weep, taste.

Reading Assignment : The Student’s Companion by Chris Talbot, pages 84 – 94

• Topic: Comprehension

Content: Planting

This passage discusses the process of planting rice after the field to be used has been prepared thoroughly.

Evaluation : Effective English JS 2 p

40 practice 3 and 4

• Topic: Vocabulary Development

Content: Register on the Armed Forces

The armed forces include: the army (for fighting on the land), the navy ( for fighting at sea) the air force ( for fighting in the air. The army, navy and air force are sometimes called the services. Let us look up the words on page 193. Effective English J S 2

Evaluation : Effective English J S 2 Practice 2p 196

• Topic: Writing

Content: Descriptive Essay ( A Local Festival )

A descriptive essay is written to give the reader a mental picture of a person, place or object. That is to say, given a descriptive essay on a person. Place, object, the reader should be able to have a good picture of the person, place or object in his or her mind.

To write good descriptive essays, one must be a good observer and also must be able to choose specific details that recreate for the reader specific images.

The descriptive essay must cover different aspects of the subject or object of description e.g physical traits, hobbies, likes, dislikes, psychological traits character, social traits, location whendescribing an event or place, time etc.

Features include the title, introduction, body and conclusion.

An Outline for A Local Festival

• Paragraph 1 – introduction – brief description of festival and the particular one to be described.
• Paragraph 2 – state what the festival is about , time and location
• Paragraph3 – describe the events such as people in attendance.
• Paragraph 4 – describe the attires worn, food prepared and any spectacular thing observed.
• Paragraph 5 – summarise and conclude.

Evaluation: Develop the outline into a comprehensive essay.

Reading Assignment : Effective English JS 2, page 74 – 75

GENERAL EVALUATION/REVISION

Fill in the blanks using the present tense forms of the verbs suggested in brackets:

Most Cigarette – smokers who __(switch) to cigars __ ( believe) that they __ ( not, inhale) and therefore __ (be) safe from the hazards of tobacco smoke. But a study by doctors at central hospital, London ___( show) that heavy cigarrete smokers (tend0__ to inhale deeply even when they ___(inhale), the hemoglobin in his blood ___(combine ) with some carbon monoxide in the smoke to form a substance which __ (prevent ) blood from performing its normal function; carrying oxygen.

Complete each of the following sentence with the best option from the alternatives lettered A to E

• All the following except ____can be found in a court of law.a. judges b. police officers c. magistrates d. moderators e. persecutors
• A country’s Armed Forces are made up of its ­­­­____ a. Army, Navy and Airforce b. Police, Army and Airforce c. Judge, Airforce and Police Forces d. Army, Magistrates and Air Force e. Navy, Army and Police Force
• The statement ‘The accused was acquitted and discharge means that the accused was ____ a.found guilty and set free b. found guilty but severely warned c. found innocent and set free d. found guilty and jailed e. found guilty but conditionally set free
• The accused has ____ against the judgment. a. written b. spoken c. decided d.register e. appealed
• Someone complained against in a court of law is the ___ a. lawyer’s client b. defendant c. defence d. plaintiff e. accused

Effective English page 41 Practice 2; page 52, Tests 2 and 3

• Speech work: Review of Consonants /t, k, b, d, g/
• Grammar: Present Tense Aspects
• Reading: Broadcasting p. 53 – 54
• Writing: Review of Formal and Informal Letters
• Topic: Consonants

Content: /p, t, k, b, d, g/

/p/                    /t/                     /k/                    /b/                    d/                     /g/

pin                   test                  cup                  brush               dim                  goat

pit                    teeth                cut                   burn                 dig                   aghast

keep                    burnt             cake                 book                wicked             grave

prompt             step                  kettle               rebuke             board               dug

contemporary     picked          quay                curb                 designed

spoken             acquaintance   rebuke

Evaluation : Write out five examples for each sound.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JS 2, pages 142 – 144

Topic: Reading Comprehension

Content: Broadcasting

The passage discusses the steps by which sound from the radio are heard and the ways in which TV pictures are sent to our TV sets.

Evaluation : Answer the questions on the passage.

Reading Assignment: Effective English JS 2 p. 54, practice 2 and 3.

• Topic: Grammar

Content: Present Tense Aspect        

Tense is a term used in grammar to indicate the time of an action or event. The present tense is used to show that an action takes place at present.

Example : She speaks English well.

                We are fond of music.

The present tense is divided into four classes namely simple present tense, present continuous tense, present perfect tense, present perfect continuous tense.

• Simple Present Tense is used to indicate regular occurrences i.e. actions that take place regularly, sometime, daily, weekly, often etc.

He speaks English well.

She writes very beautifully.

It rains today.

We like talking.

You stop here.

They believe God.

I hope to see you again.

• Present Continuous Tense is used to show what is really happening now. It is made with the be form of the verb: be+ progressive verb.

Example: am playing; are laughing

            I am writing a letter.

            She is reading a novel.

            He is watching T.V.

            You are sitting in the garden.

            They are learning music.

            We are laughing.

• Present Perfect Tense: expresses an action that occurred at an indefinite past time and that may still be going on. It is made with has or have + the past participle.

Example: has read, have read

I have read a novel.

We have waited for her.

You have waited for her.

He has stoppedhis work.

She has written a letter.

They have built the house.

It has rained heavily

Has she eaten her breakfast yet?

She has just left.

• Present Perfect Continuous Tense is used to show that an action has been taking place since a point of time in the past and in progress till now. It is made with has/have + been + present participle.

She has been cooking since morning.

It has been raining heavily.

We have been waiting for her.

You have been building the house.

Evaluation : Write each sentence, completing it with the correct present tense of the verb in sentences.

• Rivers (be) often difficult to navigate.
• People (have) control over the level of the water.
• Water in a canal (do) not flow.
• Some canals (be) waterways that connect rivers.

Content: Religion

Religions generally seek to discover values and to attract men to them through worship and discipline.

Religion is avery powerful force and many have died for it. Of the many religions of the world today, only a few have a larger followers.

These include Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Animism. There are, however, people who do not believe in group religion or in any god. These people are atheists.

Christianity is founded on the teaching of Jesus Christ and it has many denomination. The teachings of Jesus, the saviour are set forth in the holy Bible. Christians called the ‘Holy Bible’. Christian doctrines teach God’s love and crucifix is called the symbol of the Christian faith. Believing in communalworship, Christian gather in the church and pray. Christians are monotheists.

The Muslimare believers in Islam and followers of the doctrines of Prophet Mohammed as set down in the ‘Holy Koran’. They believe in one God called ‘Allah’ and they worship in mosques on Fridays.

According to the tenets of Islam, a good Muslim should go on a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his lifetime. He should also pray five times a day and may marry more than one wife.

Religion is such a driving force and people who show excessive zest in religious issues are referred to as fanatics.

Evaluation : Write twenty words to do with religion and their meanings.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 113

Content: Format of Informal and Formal letters

A letter is apiece of continuous writing by which you send a message to serve other person when you cannot speak to the person directly.

There are three kinds of letters, these are informal, formal add semi- formal letters. In this lesson, informal and formal letters will be the focus.

Informal letters, are also known as private letters, are the letters one writes to one’s close friends, classmates or relations who are younger or about one’s age.

• The writer’s address and the date at the top right hand corner of the page.
• The salutation (opening greeting), close to the lefthand margin.
• Body : which consists of:

a. The opening paragraph (concerned with greetings and pleasantries) 

b. The second and third paragraphs treat the main topic of the letter.

c. Concluding paragraph (concerned with more greetings and with a message to those recipients of the letter.

4.         Complimentary closing

Other important features include:

• The use of shortened forms in the main body of the letter ( it’s, you’d etc.)
• The use of informal words and expressions (e.g mummy, daddy, grannie, damn terrible).
• The use of  proverbs and jokes
• The use of simple and chatty language.

Government Technical College,

P.O Box 16,

Malunfashu,

Katsina State,

18 th   July, 2003.

                                    Body of the letter

                                                                                                Yours sincerely,

                                                                                                Umar.

A formal letter is an official/ abusiness letter. It is therefore the kind of letter you would write to your school principal or class teacher requesting to do something, to a police officer reporting a robbery incident, to a commissioner in your state pleading for help with a communicate project etc.

Features of formal letter

• The writer’s address and the date at the top right-hand corner of the page.
• The recipient’s address at the left hand corner of the page.
• The opening salutation below the recipient’s address and subject heading below the salutation, centre of the line.
• Body consists of the first paragraph which goes straight to the subject matter; the main body of the letter consisting of just a single paragraph where the need for the letter is carefully explained, the final paragraph expresses gratitude.
• The complimentary closing: yours faithfully
• The signature of the writer.
• The writer’s full name.

                                                                                                                        G

Goodluck Street,

                                                                                                                Kollington,

                                                                                                              Alagabdo,

                                                                                                                Lagos state.

                                                                                                              10 th August, 2021.

The Supervisor,

Good Shepherd Schools,

3, Olayinka street,

Lagos State.

            Dear sir or Dear Madam,

                                                Application for Permission to Be Absent from School

Body of the Letter

                                                                                                                   Yours faithfully,

                                                                                                                    Signature

                                                                                                                Johnson Folakemi.

Evaluation: Differentiate between a formal and an informal letter.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 6 – 14.

Correct the following sentences:

• It is high time that you realize your mistake.
• She is having a long hair.
• I am teaching English language since 1990.
• I will return the book as soon as I read it.
• Kumari had entered the room when I was writing.

Choose the most appropriate options from the alternative given:

• Out of the following verbs, only __ is always transitive. A. describe b. sleep c. eat
• In the sentences, she ate the bread throughout the day, direct object is __ a. she b. the day c. the bread
• In the sentence, “He spoke with enthusiasm”. The word ‘spoke’ is ___ A. a transitive verb b. a mono transitive verb c. an intransitive verb
• Unfortunately, ‘He is now a complete gentleman’, the subject is __ a. fortunately b. He c. a complete gentleman
• The passive form of the sentence ‘The bad road caused the accident’ is __ a. The accident is caused by the bad road b.  The accident was caused by the bad road c. The accident had been caused by the bad road

Effective English JS 2 page 104.

• Speechwork: Consonant Contrast /p/ and /t/
• Reading Comprehension: The Lorry Trip
• Vocabulary Development: Sports
• Writing: Narrative Essay

Content: Consonant Contrast /p/ and /t/

/p/                                /t/

pit                                tip

pat                               tap

pip                               tip

pot                               top

part                              tart

peep                             team

pea                               tea

Evaluation : Write ten examples for each of the consonant sounds above.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE 143 – 144

Content: Past Tense Aspects

The past tense is used to show that an action was completed or done in the past.

Examples:        He went to Ibadan yesterday.

                        Palomadied four years ago.

                        We were in Ekiti last year.

                        They stayed in a hotel for weeks.

                        It was hot yesterday.

The past tense is divided into four classes namely simple past tense, past continuous tense, past perfect tense, past perfect- continuous tense.

• The Simple Past Tense: It shows that an action was completed in the past. It expresses an action that takes in the past; used in conditional statements used to express habitual past action and to change a direct to indirect speech.

Example:   I went to school in Ogbomosho.

                        We waited for her.

                        You sand a song.

                        He learnt English.

                        She wrote a letter.

                        It rained heavily.

                        They built the house.

• Past Continuous Tense : It is used to show that an action was in progress or incomplete in the past. It is made up of was or were + verb + ing, i.e was singing or were playing

Example:   I was reading a novel.

            We were waiting for her.

            You were singing a song.

            He was learning English.

            She was writing a letter.

            It was raining heavily.

            They were building the house.

            While Iwas reading, my maid was washing the plates.

            As he was walking to the station, he tripped and fell.

• Past Perfect Tense : It is used toshow a past action that took place before another. It is made with had+past participle i.e. had eaten, had goneetc.

Example:         I had read a novel.

                        We had waited for her.

                        You had sung a song.

                        He had learnt English.

                        She had written a letter.

                        It had rained heavily.

                        They had built the house.

After I had said my prayers, I played the piano.

Everyone had gone to bed when she came home.

He told us that they had bought a new television set.

• Past Perfect Continuous Tense : It is used to show that an action had been in progress up till another action began.

It is made with had+been+past participle i.e, had been singing etc.

Examples: I had been reading a novel.

                        We had been waiting for her.

Evaluation : Write the tense of each of verb below:

Will embark, floats, shall have docked flowed, have changed, has navigated, had steered, announced, will have cleared had departed, is walking, were fighting.

Reading: Student’s Companion Junior High School by Cihrus Talbot page 84 – 92

Content: The Lorry Trip Page 79 – 80

The passage discusses a trip by a lorry and how some f the passengers slipped and fell into an oily road while trying to settle down in the lorry.

Evaluation: Answer the questions on Practice 3 and 4. Effective English JS 2 page 80 – 81

Reading Assignment : Effective English JS 2 page 92 – 93

Content: Sport is defined by the Oxford Dictionary as an activity that one does for pleasure and which requires physical effort or skill, usually done in a special area and according to fixed rules. Words associated with sport are player,competitor, athlete, medalist, score, defender, attacker, referee, coach, basketball, athletics, football, netball, volleyball, boxing, table, items, swimming, wrestling, stadium, field, tracks, gymnasium, penalty, goal, competition, race, match, cut, jab, break, record, team, etc.

Evaluation: Write out other words to do with sports.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 118

A narrative essay is an essay that tells or recounts a story, an event or incident. The past tense is used in this type of essay. Writing an outline for A frightening Experience

Evaluation : Develop the outline into a full essay

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 15- 17

GENERAL EVALUATION/ REVISON

Each sentence contains an error involving a form of be, have, or do. Write the sentences correctly.

• The weather were beautiful all summer long.
• Wasn’t you an expert on canal trips?
• We has always waited to travel on a canal boat.
• The boat leaved ripples in its wake.
• Did you see what she thrown into the water?
• People had spreaded out on deck to get some sun or to troka  nap.
• Write the correct verb in parentheses.
• Difference of opinion (was, were) expressed.
• By the entrance (is, are) statues of two lions.
• Behind the band (comes, come) the mascot.
• One of the customers (has, have) a complaint.
• Brown or black shoes (looks, look) fine.
• Either the road signs or the map (was, were) wrong.
• Both a ruler and a pencil (is, are) needed.
• No one but him (plays, play) shortstop.
• The team (has, have) all given their best efforts.
• Six hours (is, are) the time it takes to get there.
• Answer questions on page 58 – 59, Revision Exercise C.
• Speech work: Consonant Contrast /f/ and /v/
• Reading Comprehension: Extracts from ‘Things Fall Apart’
• Vocabulary Development: Newspaper page 235
• Writing: Informal Letter
• Literature: More on Figures of Speech

Topic: Consonant

Content: Consonant contrast /f/ and /v/

/f/                     /v/

fan                   van

fat                    vat

fine                  vine

fast                  vast

few                  view

fault                 vault

ferry                very

safe                  save

staff                 starve

belief               believe

strife                strive

Evaluation : Write ten examples for each sound.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 143-144

Topic: Parts of Speech

Content: Conjunction

A conjunction is a word used to join expressions. Expressions joined together by conjunctions are words, phrases and clauses. Examples:

There are three main kinds.

Coordinating, correlative, subordinating conjunctions

• Coordinating conjunctions join groups of similar words and sentences e.g and, but, or

            They want John and Tina. (two words)

            They have finally finished and will soon leave. (two main clauses).

            They played their best but they did not win. (two main clauses).

            Hussein and Musa are good swimmers. (two words)

• Correlative conjunctions are made up of pairs of words. They join individual words or groups of words. Examples: either—— or, neither—–nor, both——-and, not only——but also hardly——-when, no sooner——-than etc.

Lost in the desert, we had neither food nor water.

The crowd likes both my paintings and my sculpture.

The machine not only picks the peas but also shells them.

EitherNgoziorUsman is acceptable.

I had hardly reached home when the phone began ringing.

We had no sooner started for the cinema than our uncle arrived.

• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join clauses of unequal rank. They join subordinate clauses to main clauses. Examples after, before, since, until, when, while, now that, as, where, because, although, even, if, as though, in order that, last, so that, except that, unless etc.

            After I had finished my work, I took a nap.

            I like listening to music while I read.

            They were angry because the group last without them.

The baby cries although he has just been fed.

He acts as if he owns this company.

Watch out for the step last you trip.

Let me know if you can’t make it to the practice.

Although I was angry, I didn’t show it.

Evaluation : Make sentences with these conjunctions: besides, since, when, therefore, until.

Reading Assignment: The New Student’s companion page 115 – 117.

Content: An Extract from ‘Things Fall Apart’

The passage is an extract from Achebe’s Things Fall Aprt. Okonkwo has just taken part in the killing of Ikemefuna, his adopted son. The oracle of the village has said that the boy must die but one of the elders tells okonkwo that he ought not to take part in his son’s death.

Evaluation : Practice 2 (1 – 10) Effective English JS 2 page 92.

Content: Words to do with Newspaper page 235

The press means the newspapers, magazines and the people who produce them

Proprietor: The owner of a newspaper. He/She employs an editor to run it for him.

An Editor is in charge of the day- to-day work of the paper.

Journalists are people who work in various ways to produce the text of the newspaper. They include: reporters who go out to collect stories and items of news and correspondents who specialize in one kind of topic or in one area.

Column is the text of a newspaper printed in columnsrunning down the page. Sometimes, a journalist writes a daily or weekly article that appears in roughly the same position in each issue of the paper, this journalist is called a columnist.

Evaluation : Practice 4 (1-7) Effective English JS 2 page 236

Reading Assignment : Effective English JS 2 page 235-236

Content: Informal Letter

In week 5, you are taught an informal letter and its features. Your task inthis lesson is to write an informal letter to your daddy.

Evaluation : Write a letter to your daddy on why you like your newschool

ReadingAssignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 6 -14

• Topic: Literary Devices

Content: Figures of Speech

• Onomatopoeia is a word that echoes or imitates the sounds of the things they represent. Examples: cuckoo, crash, squeak, sizzle, shuffling, rustling, squish, creaking etc.
• Euphemism: This is the presentation of unpleasant thing in a pleasant way.

Examples: The king has joined  his ancestors. (died)

The mad woman has been put in the family way. (made pregnant).

• Antithesis: This is the choice and arrangement of words to emphasize contrast. Examples:                                    Man proposes and God disposes

I toil day and night.

• Oxymoron: Words of opposite meaning or suggestion are used together with one serving as a qualifier for the other.

Examples: A wise fool.

                        A bitter sweet experience.

                        Panting is a sweet sorrow.

                        Death is a cruel kindness.

                        Her pregnancy is an open secret.

• Apostrophe: This is essentially an address to an absent person, a dead person or non- living thing. Examples: O death! Where is thy sting?

Evaluation : Write out two examples for each figure of speech taught.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 157

General Evaluation (Revision)

Combine the following pairs of  sentences using the conjunctions: and, or, but

• I like fish. I love steak.
• Mom called the doctor. He recommended rest.
• You can go to Lekki. You can stay home.
• Just listen to me. Please don’t criticize.
• I enjoy sailing. Scuba diving is more fun.
• Fill in the blank space in each of the following sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets in front of each sentence.
•  I ____ the book in the shelf last week. (put)
• A snake____ the boy last week (bite).
• My teacher _____ me yesterday. (teach)
• He was ____ when I saw him. (eat)
• He has ____like a fish. (swim)
• The New Student’s Companion by Chris Talbat page 118 – 119 Exercise 21 (A-H)
• Speechwork: Consonant Contrast /l/ and /r/
• Grammar: Making Requests and Commands
• Writing: Descriptive Essay: My Favorite Teacher

Content: Consonant Contrast /l/ and /r/

/l/                     /r/

lip                    rip

lot                    rot

lack                  rack

lag                   rag

loom                room

ply                   pry

bleed               breed

blew                brew

flesh                fresh

Evaluation : Write ten words for each sound.

Reading Assignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 143 – 144

Topic: The Sentence

Content: Making Request and Commands.

Requests are usually expressed by using please.

e.g.      Please, lend me your pencil.

Don’t be angry, please.

            It may also be expressed by will/can + infinitive with or without please.

Examples:        Will you pass the salt, please?

                        Will you pass the salt?

                        Can you hold this for me , please?

                        Can you hold this for me?

Using would/ could instead of will/can is more polite.

Examples:        Would you pass the salt (please)?

                        Could you hold this for me (please)?

            Other requests are:

            Would you be kind enough to show me the way?

            I wonder if you could lend me your umbrella.

They are used to express an order. There are positive and negative commands. E.g

            Positive Commands

            Go home.

            Touch it.

            Shut the door.

            You are to wait here until I return.

            Will you shut up?

            Negative Commands

            Don’t go home.

            Don’t touch it.

            Do not shut the door.

            Don’t you touch it.

Evaluation : Practice 2 Effective English JS 2 page 95.

Reading Assignment : Effective English JS 2 page 94 – 95

My Favourite Teacher

Here are some guidelines to help you write this essay.

• Title, Introduction: describe the teacher’s physical attributes – age, height, complexion etc.
• Background/educational qualification, marital status
• Likes/interests/hobbies
• Achievement/accomplishment
• Intellectual traits: level of intelligence etc.
• Give any other details

Evaluation : Write a descriptive essay on your favourite teacher.

Make negative statements with no, nothing, no one and nobody.

• Someone heard him.
• He learned something.
• I have got some.
• Somebody asked a question.
• She had some money.
• Fill in the blank space in each of the following sentences.

Present progressive Tense, Present Tense, Past tense, Perfect 1

• I am finding out. I ___ it out. I ___ it out. I ___ it out.
• We are going out. We ___ out. We ___ out. We ___ out.
• He ___ it. He gives it. He ___ it. He ___ it.
• He is weaving. He ___. He ___. He___.
• He is speeding. It ___. It ____. It_____.
• The underlined sentences contain some tense errors. Give the correct form of the underlined parts of the sentences:
• My mother have come to see  me.
• Oh! His mother had died.
• Bisi and Tundegoes to the same   college.
• I am understand your problems.
• The letter had being written.
• Practice 3,Effective English JS2 page 95.
• Speech work: consonant /h/
• Grammar: Direct and Indirect Speech.
• Writing: formal Letter: A Letter of Invitation

Content /h/

hit, hood, hawk, home, herd, hide, hall, whole, who, whore, whom, head, behave, adhere, abhor, inhabit, perhaps, behold, behind, ahead, inhale, inhibit, rehearse, inherit.

            /h/ does not occur at the end of a word and it is not pronounced in words like ‘hour’, ‘honour’, ‘honest’, ‘heir’, ‘vehicle’, ‘exhibit’ and ‘exhaust’.

Evaluation: Write out twenty examples for /h/.

ReadingAssignment : Exam Focus English JSCE page 143 – 144

Topic: Speech

Content: Direct and Indirect Speech

What a person says can be shown by using direct speech or indirect speech.

• Direct Speech is the actual words of the speaker used within inverted commas.

I said “I don’t understand you.”

She asked, “What are you doing here?”

The sweeper said, “There is nobody in the library.”

• Indirect Speech reports what a person saidearlier to someone else without the use of inverted commas.

I said that I didn’t understand him.

She asked me what I was doing there.

The sweeper said that there was nobody in the library.

Points to Remember.

1a. In indirect speech, the tense used follows that of the main verb in the direct speech

Direct: “I will help you,” she promised.

Indirect: She promised that she would help us.

1b. Tense changes in reported speech. If the reporting verb is a present tense, the future tense remains unchanged.

            Example:

            Paloma says, “Ishall go to Delhi tomorrow.”

            Paloma says that she will go to Delhi tomorrow.

      1c. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, the reported verb is subjected to change.

                        Direct speech                          Indirect Speech

                        Simple present                         Simple Past

                        Present Continuous                   Past Continuous

                        Present Perfect                         Past perfect

                        Present perfect continuous        past perfect continuous

                        Simple past                              past perfect

                        Past continuous                        past perfect continuous

                        Past perfect                              No change

                        Past perfect continuous             No change

Some Examples

• John said “I cook rice everyday.”

John said that he cooked rice everyday.

• John said “I am cooking rice.”

John said that he was cooking rice.

• John said, “I cooked rice”.

John said he had cooked rice.

• John said, “I have cooked rice.”

John said that hehad cooked rice.

• John said, “I have been cooking rice.”

John said that hehad been cooking rice.

• John said “I was cooking rice.”

John said that he had been cooking rice.

2.         Reported Speech expressing a universal truth or habitual fact is not changed. Example: My father said, “Honesty is the best policy.”

My father said that honesty is the best policy.

The teacher said “The earth moves round the sun.”

The teacher said that the sun moves round the sun.

• Pronoun changes,

Direct                          Indirect

I/you                            he/she/they

You                             him/her/them

We                               they

My                               his/her

Your                            my

Our                              their

Me                               him/her, them

Us                                them

• Change place and time

Direct                           Reported

Here                             there

Today                          that day

These                           those

This morning                that morning

Yesterday                    the day before

Tomorrow                    the next day

Next week                    the following week

Next month                  the following month

Tonight                        that night

Ago                              before

• Other examples:
• Sekinat asked, “Where is Chukwu?”

Sekinat asked us where Chukwu was.

• Lara said, “Would you like a cup of tea?”

Lara asked me whether/if I would like a cup of tea.

• Mr. Taiwo said, “Do your work quietly”

Mr. Taiwo told us to do our work quietly.

• She said, “Sit down, please.”

She invited us tosit down.

            Evaluations: Change the direct speech to reported speech.

• The professor said, “ I work all day.”
• He said, “I will be visiting Italy in December.”
• The weather man announced, “It may rain today.”
• “I can be a great president.” said Martin.

Reading Assignment : ExamFocus English JSCE page 93 – 94; English Grammar by P.O

Olatunbosun page 90 – 94

Topic: Writing – A Formal Letter of Invitation

In week four, you were taught formal letter. Your task in this lesson is to write a formal letter of invitation.

Evaluation :Your school is organizing a talk show o the topic Child abuse. As the secretary of the organizing committee of the school, write a formal letter of invitation to be sent out to neigbouring schools, highlighting the various benefits they stand to gain in the talk show.

Choose the correct option

• She didn’t know ____ when his boss called. a. He was where  b. Where he was  c. Was he where  d. Where was he
• Malaria, which can be fatal let untreated, is transmitted by the female, ____ by the male mosquito. a. Not  b. however. c. despite  d. instead.
• A good student must know _____ a. to study hard  b. to be a good student   c. how to study effectively  d. the way of efficiency in study.
• Perspiration increases ____ vigorous exercise or hot weather.  a. during  b. when  c. at the time  d. for
• Physical fitness exercises can cause injuries ____ the participants are not careful. a. that b. to  c. if   d. with
• For each question, choose the best answer from the options given.
• “We’re going out for dinner tonight,” announced Dad. Dad told us that ______ a. we were going out for dinner that night  b. we’re going out for dinner tonight  c. we were going out for dinner the following night   d. we would be going out for dinner the previous night.
• “Where’s the class monitor?” asked the headmaster. The headmaster wanted to know _____. a. where was the class monitor b. where the class monitor was   c. where is the class monitor   d. where the class monitor would be.
• “I’m sure Ibrahim was not telling the truth when he spoke to us yesterday,” commented Abdullah. Abdullah commented that he was sure that Ibrahim was not ______. a. tells them the truth when he speaking to them yesterday  b. told them the truth when he spoke to them yesterday  c. telling them the truth when he spoken to them that day   d. telling them the truth when he spoke to them the previous day
• “What are you doing here?” asked Asake. Asake asked me _____. a. what am I doing here  b. what I was doing here   c. what was I doing here    d. what were I doing here
• “I’m going home now,” he said. He said that he was _____.  A. going home now   b. going home then c. went home now   d. gone home then
• English Grammar by P.O Olatunbosun, Page 93 Exercise 16, 4(a-g).

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