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16.2: Structure and Function of the Respiratory System

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Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal
Butte College

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Seeing Your Breath

Why can you “see your breath” on a cold day? The air you exhale through your nose and mouth is warm, like the inside of your body. Exhaled air also contains a lot of water vapor because it passes over moist surfaces from the lungs to the nose or mouth. The water vapor in your breath cools suddenly when it reaches the much colder outside air. This causes the water vapor to condense into a fog of tiny droplets of liquid water. You release water vapor and other gases from your body through the process of respiration.

What is Respiration?

Respiration is the life-sustaining process in which gases are exchanged between the body and the outside atmosphere. Specifically, oxygen moves from the outside air into the body; and water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other waste gases move from inside the body into the outside air. Respiration is carried out mainly by the respiratory system. It is important to note that respiration by the respiratory system is not the same process as cellular respiration that occurs inside cells, although the two processes are closely connected. Cellular respiration is the metabolic process in which cells obtain energy, usually by “burning” glucose in the presence of oxygen. When cellular respiration is aerobic, it uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide as a waste product. Respiration by the respiratory system supplies the oxygen needed by cells for aerobic cellular respiration and removes the carbon dioxide produced by cells during cellular respiration.

Respiration by the respiratory system actually involves two subsidiary processes. One process is ventilation or breathing. This is the physical process of conducting air to and from the lungs. The other process is gas exchange. This is the biochemical process in which oxygen diffuses out of the air and into the blood while carbon dioxide and other waste gases diffuse out of the blood and into the air. All of the organs of the respiratory system are involved in breathing, but only the lungs are involved in gas exchange.

Respiratory Organs

The organs of the respiratory system form a continuous system of passages called the respiratory tract, through which air flows into and out of the body. The respiratory tract has two major divisions: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The organs in each division are shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\). In addition to these organs, certain muscles of the thorax (the body cavity that fills the chest) are also involved in respiration by enabling breathing. Most important is a large muscle called the diaphragm, which lies below the lungs and separates the thorax from the abdomen. Smaller muscles between the ribs also play a role in breathing. You can learn more about breathing muscles in the concept of Breathing .

Upper Respiratory Tract

All of the organs and other structures of the upper respiratory tract are involved in the conduction or the movement of air into and out of the body. Upper respiratory tract organs provide a route for air to move between the outside atmosphere and the lungs. They also clean, humidity, and warm the incoming air. However, no gas exchange occurs in these organs.

Nasal Cavity

The nasal cavity is a large, air-filled space in the skull above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. It is a continuation of the two nostrils. As inhaled air flows through the nasal cavity, it is warmed and humidified. Hairs in the nose help trap larger foreign particles in the air before they go deeper into the respiratory tract. In addition to its respiratory functions, the nasal cavity also contains chemoreceptors that are needed for the sense of smell and that contribute importantly to the sense of taste.

The pharynx is a tube-like structure that connects the nasal cavity and the back of the mouth to other structures lower in the throat, including the larynx. The pharynx has dual functions: both air and food (or other swallowed substances) pass through it, so it is part of both the respiratory and digestive systems. Air passes from the nasal cavity through the pharynx to the larynx (as well as in the opposite direction). Food passes from the mouth through the pharynx to the esophagus.

The larynx connects the pharynx and trachea and helps to conduct air through the respiratory tract. The larynx is also called the voice box because it contains the vocal cords, which vibrate when air flows over them, thereby producing sound. You can see the vocal cords in the larynx in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). Certain muscles in the larynx move the vocal cords apart to allow breathing. Other muscles in the larynx move the vocal cords together to allow the production of vocal sounds. The latter muscles also control the pitch of sounds and help control their volume.

A very important function of the larynx is protecting the trachea from aspirated food. When swallowing occurs, the backward motion of the tongue forces a flap called the epiglottis to close over the entrance to the larynx. You can see the epiglottis in Figure \(\PageIndex{3}\). This prevents swallowed material from entering the larynx and moving deeper into the respiratory tract. If swallowed material does start to enter the larynx, it irritates the larynx and stimulates a strong cough reflex. This generally expels the material out of the larynx and into the throat.

Lower Respiratory Tract

The trachea and other passages of the lower respiratory tract conduct air between the upper respiratory tract and the lungs. These passages form an inverted tree-like shape (Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\)), with repeated branching as they move deeper into the lungs. All told, there are an astonishing 1,500 miles of airways conducting air through the human respiratory tract! It is only in the lungs, however, that gas exchange occurs between the air and the bloodstream.

The trachea, or windpipe, is the widest passageway in the respiratory tract. It is about 2.5 cm (1 in.) wide and 10-15 cm (4-6 in.) long. It is formed by rings of cartilage, which make it relatively strong and resilient. The trachea connects the larynx to the lungs for the passage of air through the respiratory tract. The trachea branches at the bottom to form two bronchial tubes.

Bronchi and Bronchioles

There are two main bronchial tubes, or bronchi (singular, bronchus) , called the right and left bronchi. The bronchi carry air between the trachea and lungs. Each bronchus branches into smaller, secondary bronchi; and secondary bronchi branch into still smaller tertiary bronchi. The smallest bronchi branch into very small tubules called bronchioles. The tiniest bronchioles end in alveolar ducts, which terminate in clusters of minuscule air sacs, called alveoli (singular, alveolus), in the lungs.

The lungs are the largest organs of the respiratory tract. They are suspended within the pleural cavity of the thorax. In Figure \(\PageIndex{5}\), you can see that each of the two lungs is divided into sections. These are called lobes, and they are separated from each other by connective tissues. The right lung is larger and contains three lobes. The left lung is smaller and contains only two lobes. The smaller left lung allows room for the heart, which is just left of the center of the chest.

Lung tissue consists mainly of alveoli (Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\)). These tiny air sacs are the functional units of the lungs where gas exchange takes place. The two lungs may contain as many as 700 million alveoli, providing a huge total surface area for gas exchange to take place. In fact, alveoli in the two lungs provide as much surface area as half a tennis court! Each time you breathe in, the alveoli fill with air, making the lungs expand. Oxygen in the air inside the alveoli is absorbed by the blood in the mesh-like network of tiny capillaries that surrounds each alveolus. The blood in these capillaries also releases carbon dioxide into the air inside the alveoli. Each time you breathe out, air leaves the alveoli and rushes into the outside atmosphere, carrying waste gases with it.

The lungs receive blood from two major sources. They receive deoxygenated blood from the heart. This blood absorbs oxygen in the lungs and carries it back to the heart to be pumped to cells throughout the body. The lungs also receive oxygenated blood from the heart that provides oxygen to the cells of the lungs for cellular respiration.

Protecting the Respiratory System

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar epithelium

You may be able to survive for weeks without food and for days without water, but you can survive without oxygen for only a matter of minutes except under exceptional circumstances. Therefore, protecting the respiratory system is vital. That’s why making sure a patient has an open airway is the first step in treating many medical emergencies. Fortunately, the respiratory system is well protected by the ribcage of the skeletal system. However, the extensive surface area of the respiratory system is directly exposed to the outside world and all its potential dangers in inhaled air. Therefore, it should come as no surprise that the respiratory system has a variety of ways to protect itself from harmful substances such as dust and pathogens in the air.

The main way the respiratory system protects itself is called the mucociliary escalator. From the nose through the bronchi, the respiratory tract is covered in the epithelium that contains mucus-secreting goblet cells. The mucus traps particles and pathogens in the incoming air. The epithelium of the respiratory tract is also covered with tiny cell projections called cilia (singular, cilium), as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{7}\). The cilia constantly move in a sweeping motion upward toward the throat, moving the mucus and trapped particles and pathogens away from the lungs and toward the outside of the body.

What happens to the material that moves up the mucociliary escalator to the throat? It is generally removed from the respiratory tract by clearing the throat or coughing. Coughing is a largely involuntary response of the respiratory system that occurs when nerves lining the airways are irritated. The response causes air to be expelled forcefully from the trachea, helping to remove mucus and any debris it contains (called phlegm) from the upper respiratory tract to the mouth. The phlegm may spit out (expectorated), or it may be swallowed and destroyed by stomach acids.

Sneezing is a similar involuntary response that occurs when nerves lining the nasal passage are irritated. It results in forceful expulsion of air from the mouth, which sprays millions of tiny droplets of mucus and other debris out of the mouth and into the air, as shown in Figure \(\PageIndex{8}\). This explains why it is so important to sneeze into a sleeve rather than the air to help prevent the transmission of respiratory pathogens.

How the Respiratory System Works with Other Organ Systems

The amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood must be maintained within a limited range for the survival of the organism. Cells cannot survive for long without oxygen, and if there is too much carbon dioxide in the blood, the blood becomes dangerously acidic (pH is too low). Conversely, if there is too little carbon dioxide in the blood, the blood becomes too basic (pH is too high). The respiratory system works hand-in-hand with the nervous and cardiovascular systems to maintain homeostasis in blood gases and pH.

It is the level of carbon dioxide rather than the level of oxygen that is most closely monitored to maintain blood gas and pH homeostasis. The level of carbon dioxide in the blood is detected by cells in the brain, which speed up or slow down the rate of breathing through the autonomic nervous system as needed to bring the carbon dioxide level within the normal range. Faster breathing lowers the carbon dioxide level (and raises the oxygen level and pH); slower breathing has the opposite effects. In this way, the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen, as well as pH, are maintained within normal limits.

The respiratory system also works closely with the cardiovascular system to maintain homeostasis. The respiratory system exchanges gases between the blood and the outside air, but it needs the cardiovascular system to carry them to and from body cells. Oxygen is absorbed by the blood in the lungs and then transported through a vast network of blood vessels to cells throughout the body where it is needed for aerobic cellular respiration. The same system absorbs carbon dioxide from cells and carries it to the respiratory system for removal from the body.

Feature: My Human Body

Choking is the mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the atmosphere into the lungs. It prevents breathing and may be partial or complete. Partial choking allows some though inadequate airflow into the lung—prolonged or complete choking results in asphyxia, or suffocation, which is potentially fatal.

Obstruction of the airway typically occurs in the pharynx or trachea. Young children are more prone to choking than are older people, in part because they often put small objects in their mouths and do not appreciate the risk of choking that they pose. Young children may choke on small toys or parts of toys or on household objects in addition to food. Foods that can adapt their shape to that of the pharynx, such as bananas and marshmallows, are especially dangerous and may cause choking in adults as well as children.

How can you tell if a loved one is choking? The person cannot speak or cry out or has great difficulty doing so. Breathing, if possible, is labored, producing gasping or wheezing. The person may desperately clutch at his or her throat or mouth. If breathing is not soon restored, the person’s face will start to turn blue from lack of oxygen. This will be followed by unconsciousness if oxygen deprivation continues beyond a few minutes.

If an infant is choking, turning the baby upside down and slapping on the back may dislodge the obstructing object. To help an older person who is choking, first, encourage the person to cough. Give them a few hardback slaps to help force the lodged object out of the airway. If these steps fail, perform the Heimlich maneuver on the person. You can easily find instructional videos online to learn how to do it. If the Heimlich maneuver also fails, call for emergency medical care immediately.

What is respiration, as carried out by the respiratory system? Name the two subsidiary processes it involves.
Describe the respiratory tract.
Identify the organs of the upper respiratory tract, and state their functions.
List the organs of the lower respiratory tract. Which organs are involved only in conduction?
Where does gas exchange take place?
How does the respiratory system protect itself from potentially harmful substances in the air?
Explain how the rate of breathing is controlled.
Why does the respiratory system need the cardiovascular system to help it perform its main function of gas exchange?

trachea; nasal cavity; alveoli; bronchioles; larynx; bronchi; pharynx

D. Bronchus

Describe two ways in which the body prevents food from entering the lungs.
True or False. The lungs receive some oxygenated blood.
True or False. Gas exchange occurs in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts.

B. food particles

D. All of the above

What is the relationship between respiration and cellular respiration?

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Attributions.

Snowboarders breath on a cold day by Alain Wong via Unsplash License
Conducting Passages by Lord Akryl , Jmarchn, public domain via Wikimedia Commons
Larynx by Alan Hoofring , National Cancer Institute, public domain via Wikimedia Commons
Lung Diagram by Patrick J. Lynch ; CC BY 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons
Lung Structure by National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, public domain via Wikimedia Commons
Alveoli by helix84 licensed CC BY 2.5 , via Wikimedia Commons
Ciliated Epithelium by Blausen.com staff (2014). " Medical gallery of Blausen Medical 2014 ". WikiJournal of Medicine 1 (2). DOI : 10.15347/wjm/2014.010 . ISSN 2002-4436 . licensed CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons
Sneeze by James Gathany, CDC , public domain via Wikimedia Commons
Abdominal Thrusts by Amanda M. Woodhead, public domain via Wikimedia Commons
Text adapted from Human Biology by CK-12 licensed CC BY-NC 3.0

The Respiratory System Essay

The respiratory system is the process responsible for the transportation and exchange of gases into and out of the human body. As we breath in, oxygen in the air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through a series of air pipes known as the airway and into the lungs. As air is drawn into the lungs and waste gas excreted, it passes through the airway, first through the mouth or nose and through the pharynx, larynx and windpipe – also known as the trachea. At this point it then enters the lungs through the bronchi before finally reaching the air sacs known as alveoli. Within the lungs, through a process known as diffusion, the oxygen is transferred to the blood stream through the alveoli (air ducts) where it is then transported inside …show more content…

Within the alveoli, the oxygen is transferred to the blood whilst simultaneously collecting waste carbon dioxide for excretion as we breath out. This transference is known as diffusion and is linked to the cardiovascular system. Diffusion is an automated process by where the levels of oxygen, water and carbon dioxide pass over a ‘semi-permeable membrane’ between the walls of the cells and blood vessels to create a level environment. This membrane only allows these three elements to pass whilst retaining other elements such as blood cells, hence semi-permeable. The high concentration on one side of the cells transfers through this membrane until the level is equal on both sides. The human body comprises of two respiratory sponges called lungs. The left lung is slightly smaller than the right as it makes room for placement of the heart . Due to this slightly smaller size, it only contains two lobes whereas the right lung has 3 lobes. Both lungs are host to the network of air sacs or alveoli which transport the air from the outside environment to the external and internal respiration processes. As we breathe in, the muscles in the chest wall force the thoracic area, ribs and connective muscles to contract and expand the chest. The diaphragm is contracted and moves down as the area inside the chest increases as air enters the lungs. The lungs are forced open by this expansion and the pressure inside the lungs becomes enough that it pulls

Complicated Respiratory System

The way the Respiratory System works is complicated . It also is surprisingly fast in what it does. First the Diaphragm moves downwards which causes the lungs to expand creating a vacuum for air . Air enters the mouth or nose and goes through the Pharynx and into the Larynx to the vocal cords .The air then goes down the Trachea and into two Bronchi which feed into the lungs .Then air reaches tiny little itty bitty sacs called Alveoli .Which pass oxygen into the bloodstream.When the Diaphragm moves upwards air moves out the lungs up the Trachea through the Pharynx and out the mouth or

Unit 3 Mammals

Air is entered through the mouth and then travels down to the lungs. As gases move between the air within the alveoli and the bloodstream within the capillaries, they must cross a thin barrier of alveolar cells and one layer of capillary cells. As oxygen within the alveolar air is of higher concentration than the oxygen within the bloodstream, oxygen

Emphysema Essay

The main system effected by Emphysema is the respiratory system. Positioned in the left and right sides of the thorax is the lungs which are protected by a membrane which gives the lungs huge elasticity to grow when they gather with air. When looking at the lungs microscopically, the lobes of the lungs are compiled of hundred of little alveoli sacs where the exchanging of oxygen and carbon dioxide happen (Shah, 2010). These alveoli can be located at the closing of the bronchioles and are encompassed by vessels where blood travels. Bronchioles are two tubules that transport oxygen into the lungs and are lined with microscopic cilia hairs.

Alveoli Research Paper

Air is inhaled from the mouth and/or nose and goes through the trachea. The trachea is then split into the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes travel through the lungs and eventually split into tiny tubes called the bronchioles, at the end of a bronchiole, there is a sac called the alveoli. The alveoli is surrounded by blood vessels called the capillaries. The initially inhaled air passes through the alveoli walls and into the blood.

Personal Narrative: My Journey Through The Respiratory System

I am an oxygen molecule and will be going on a journey through the respiratory system. I begin my journey in the nose. In the nose I am being inhaled and prickled by tiny little hairs that filter me. I am also being moistened by mucus, green/yellow slimy mucus. Now I am sliding through the adams apple or voice box, into the trachea and the pharynx. Leading me into the bronchi tubes I am being seperated into the tree like branches called brochioles in the lungs. As the tubes get smaller and smaller I make my way down to the alveoli, which are smaller air sacs that fill with air when you breathe. In the alveoli there are tiny blood vessles called capillaries. The walls of the alveoli and capillaries are very thin. Finally by the alveoli

Body Systems In Relation To Energy Metabolism Essay

The diaphragm separates the chest and the abdomen as well as this it has a large role in breathing. The diaphragm moves down when we breathe in which expands the chest cavity making room for air to enter through the nasal cavity or mouth. When we breathe out the diaphragm moves upwards, forcing the chest cavity to reduce in size and pushing the gases in the lungs up and out of either the nose or mouth.

Explain The Structure Of The Respiratory System

This refers to the process of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide moving between the lungs and blood. Diffusion occurs when molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. This occurs during gaseous exchange as the blood in the capillaries surrounding the alveoli has a lower oxygen concentration of Oxygen than the air in the alveoli which has just been inhaled. Both alveoli and capillaries have walls which are only one cell thick and allow gases to diffuse across them. The same happens with Carbon Dioxide. The blood in the surrounding capillaries has a higher concentration of CO2 than the inspired air due to it being a waste product of energy production. Therefore CO2 diffuses the other way, from the capillaries, into the alveoli where it can then be

Explain The Blood That Travels To The Tissues And Organs In The Body

The blood that travels to the tissues and organs in the body have a high level of oxygen. Diffusion occurs between the capillaries and the body’s tissues and organs. Oxygen diffuses from the blood into the body’s cells and tissues, whereas carbon dioxide is diffused from the body’s tissues and organs into the blood where it then travels to the lungs. Here, it diffuses across the thin walls of the alveoli, where it is removed out of the body by exhalation.

Blood and Digestion

The lungs are sponges that fill with air, and fill every inch the surrounding thoracic cavity. The lungs contain lobes. The lobes divide each lung, and the right lung being bigger has more lobe divisions. The pulmonary veins enter here and exit here as well. Inside the lungs are clusters of air sacks that are called alveoli. The alveoli are part of the bronchioles that enter each lung. The oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs. The exchange happens from a small blood vassal nod the alveoli. When the oxygen exchange is completed the inhaled air moves into the blood. While the oxygen moves into the blood the carbon dioxide is exhaled by the lungs. Before the blood can be moved properly it has to be made into oxyhemoglobin.

Why Do Mammals Have A Closed Circulatory Gas Exchange

In general, mammals have a closed circulatory system allowing them to ventilate easily. Air is inhaled by mammals through their mouths when their diaphragm contracts before travelling down the trachea. Air enters the lungs through the trachea, which splits into two bronchi and then smaller bronchioles. All of these tubes are held open by rings of cartilage. It is on the bronchioles where alveoli are. Alveoli are the gas exchange surface in mammals. Alveoli provide a moist gas exchange surface in which oxygen diffuses from the water into the alveoli. The oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood capillaries surrounding them before the blood gets transported to the many cells needed because of respiration. The blood supply is extensive, which means that oxygen is carried away to the cells as soon as it has diffused into the blood.

Reabsorbed Lab Report

When we breathe, oxygen is absorbed through the lungs into the blood stream. The heart pumps oxygenated blood around the body through blood vessels (arteries). This oxygenated blood travels to all the body’s tissues and releases the oxygen for the cells to function. Cells then expel waste such as carbon dioxide which is then reabsorbed by the blood. This deoxygenated blood is carried back to the heart via veins this is then pumped back into the lungs the waste products are then exhaled and the blood is oxygenated again to be reabsorbed, carried back to heart, to start the process

Case Study: Malignant Neoplasm Of The Right Lower Lobe

Gas exchange occurs between the air and blood in the lungs. Since the oxygen saturation of air is higher in the lungs than in the blood, oxygen diffuses from air to blood. Carbon dioxide moves from the blood to the air within the lungs by diffusing down its concentration gradient. As a result of this exchange, the inspired air contains more oxygen and less carbon dioxide than the expired air. The lungs provide necessary oxygen to the body, in addition to removing carbon dioxide. More importantly, blood leaving the lungs has a higher oxygen and lower carbon dioxide concentration than the blood delivered to the lungs in the pulmonary arteries. This is because the lungs function to bring the blood into gaseous equilibrium in the air. Gas exchange between the air and blood occurs entirely by diffusion through the lung tissue

Pig Reproductive System Research Paper

The Respiratory System: The respiratory system includes: the lungs, alveoli, nares, glottis, trachea, bronchi, larynx, the esophagus, and diaphragm. Oxygen is inhaled and carried throughout the body through all of these parts of the body and released using the same parts. The location of these parts are primarily between the throat and ribs with veins being used to carry oxygen throughout the body.

Your Lungs Are 2 Wipe Like Organs

Your lungs are 2 wipe like organs in your mid-section. Your right lung has 3 segments, called flaps. Your left lung has 2 flaps. The left lung is littler in light of the fact that the heart takes up additional room on that side of the body. When you take in, air enters through your mouth or nose and goes into your lungs through the trachea (windpipe). The trachea partitions into tubes called bronchi (solitary, bronchus), which enter the lungs and gap into littler bronchi. These gaps to frame littler branches called bronchioles. Toward the end of the bronchioles are small air sacs known as alveoli. The alveoli retain oxygen from the breathed in air into your blood and expel carbon dioxide from the blood. This is removed from the body when

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system consists of different structures that all function together to deliver oxygen to the lungs and expel carbon dioxide from the body. The respiratory system consists of structures such as the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and the lungs. The primary function of the respiratory system is gas exchange but other functions also include sound production, assistance in abdominal compression, and coughing and sneezing. The lungs are the main organ of the respiratory system. The function of the lungs receiving the oxygen from the air we breathe and delivering the oxygen to the red blood cells contained in the blood. Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body to make sure the whole body is

High school biology

Course: high school biology > unit 8.

Meet the heart!
Circulatory system and the heart
The circulatory system review
Meet the lungs!
The lungs and pulmonary system

The respiratory system review

The circulatory and respiratory systems

The respiratory system

Common mistakes and misconceptions.

Incorrect : Physiological respiration and cellular respiration are the same thing.
Correct : People sometimes use the word "respiration" to refer to the process of cellular respiration, which is a cellular process in which carbohydrates are used to generate usable energy. Physiological respiration and cellular respiration are related processes, but they are not the same.
Incorrect : We breathe in only oxygen and breathe out only carbon dioxide.
Correct : Often the terms "oxygen" and "air" are used interchangeably. It is true that the air we breathe in has more oxygen than the air we breathe out, and the air we breathe out has more carbon dioxide than the air that we breathe in. However, oxygen is just one of the gases found in the air we breathe. (In fact, the air has more nitrogen than oxygen!)
Incorrect : The respiratory system works alone in transporting oxygen through the body.
Correct : The respiratory system works directly with the circulatory system to provide oxygen to the body. Oxygen taken in from the respiratory system moves into blood vessels that then circulate oxygen-rich blood to tissues and cells.

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The Respiratory System

Importance of the respiratory system.

The respiratory system is responsible for obtaining oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide and aiding in speech production and in sensing odors. From a functional perspective, the respiratory system can be divided into two major areas: the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The conducting zone consists of all of the structures that provide passageways for air to travel into and out of the lungs: the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and most bronchioles. The nasal passages contain the conchae and meatuses that expand the surface area of the cavity which helps to warm and humidify incoming air while removing debris and pathogens. The pharynx is composed of three major sections: the nasopharynx which is continuous with the nasal cavity; the oropharynx which borders the nasopharynx and the oral cavity, and the laryngopharynx which borders the oropharynx, trachea, and esophagus. The respiratory zone includes the structures of the lung that are directly involved in gas exchange: the terminal bronchioles and alveoli.

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Kumar V, Ramzi S, Robbins SL. Robbins Basic Pathology. 7th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Elsevier Ltd; 2005.

Martin RJ, Kraft M, Chu HW, Berns, EA, Cassell GH. A link between chronic asthma and chronic infection. J Allergy Clin Immunol [Internet]. 2001 [cited 2013 Mar 22]; 107(4):595-601. Available from: http://erj.ersjournals.com/gca?submit=Go&gca=erj%3B37%2F5%2F1037&allch

Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System. Authored by : OpenStax CNX. Provided by : OpenStaxCollege. Located at : http://cnx.org/contents/t2sgkCQ-@8/Organs-and-Structures-of-the-R. . License : CC BY: Attribution . License Terms : Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/b76b2090-243e-429a-8144-2e45bda6ab75@8.

Discussion: The Respiratory System Essay

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The respiratory system is responsible for gaseous exchange in the body. This is the process by which respiratory gases are transported in the body. The lungs are the main organs that are responsible for the process. Gaseous exchange occurs in the lobules, which consist of pulmonary capillaries, bronchioles, and alveoli. Alveolar cells are classified into type one, the thin squamous, used in gaseous exchange, and type two, the cuboidal ones for surfactant production and serve as progenitor cells. There are four surfactants, SP-B and SP-C, for surface tension, and SP-A and SP- D are proteins used in immune and inflammatory responses (Iheanacho et al., 2020). Lung compliance determines to what extent they inflate and is controlled by the surface tension of the lungs, water content, chest wall, and elastic and collagen fibers.

Tabitha has infant respiratory distress syndrome, which results from insufficient or lack of surfactant factor that coats the inner layers of the alveoli. Its primary purpose is to keep the lungs open for breathing till the birth of the baby. Its absence or insufficiency will lead to thickening and inflammation of the alveoli, leading to the collapse of the lungs during exhalation (Dyer, 2019). This leads to compromised breathing and limited oxygen supply to the brain and body tissues.

Emphysema is an obstructive disease of the lungs caused by a lack of elasticity. This effect leads to overstretching and breaking of the alveolar walls, causing a reduction of gaseous exchange in the surface area. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is a form of emphysema that may result in lung infection as it destroys enzymes produced by the white blood cells (Argano et al., 2021). This makes the lungs to be at risk of disease and damage. Emphysema impedes airflow to the bronchi and trachea, leading to compromised breathing.

Jenny has pulmonary fibrosis, which is a restrictive condition of the lungs that increases lung stiffness. Fibrosis is scarring caused by unresolved chronic inflammatory disease (Iheanacho et al., 2020). If the typical structure of the lungs is not restored, the breathing is compromised, leading to heavy breathing. The process of fibrosis is sometimes part of the healing, but if it fails to be complete, the pulmonary vessels’ functions are impaired.

Argano, C., Scichilone, N., Natoli, G., Nobili, A., Corazza, G. R., Mannucci, P. M., Perticone, F., & Corrao, S. (2021). Pattern of comorbidities and 1-year mortality in elderly patients with COPD hospitalized in internal medicine wards: Data from the RePoSI Registry . Internal and Emergency Medicine , 16 (2), 389-400. Web.

Dyer, J. (2019). Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Tackling a worldwide problem. Pharmacy and Therapeutics , 44 (1), 12-15.

Iheanacho, I., Zhang, S., King, D., Rizzo, M., & Ismaila, A. S. (2020). Economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): A systematic literature review . International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease , 15 , 439-445. Web.

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Biology Article

Human Respiratory System

Respiratory system of humans.

Breathing involves gaseous exchange through inhalation and exhalation. The human respiratory system has the following main structures – Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Explore in detail.

Table of Contents

What Is Respiratory System

Respiratory Tract

Respiratory system definition.

“Human Respiratory System is a network of organs and tissues that helps us breathe. The primary function of this system is to introduce oxygen into the body and expel carbon dioxide from the body.”

What is the Respiratory System?

As defined above, the human respiratory system consists of a group of organs and tissues that help us to breathe. Aside from the lungs, there are also muscles and a vast network of blood vessels that facilitate the process of respiration.

Human Respiratory System Diagram

To gain a clearer understanding, we have illustrated the human respiratory system and its different parts involved in the process.

Human Respiratory System Diagram showing different parts of the Respiratory Tract

Features of the Human Respiratory System

The respiratory system in humans has the following important features:

The energy is generated by the breakdown of glucose molecules in all living cells of the human body.
Oxygen is inhaled and is transported to various parts and are used in the process of burning food particles (breaking down glucose molecules) at the cellular level in a series of chemical reactions.
The obtained glucose molecules are used for discharging energy in the form of ATP- (adenosine triphosphate)

Also Read: Difference between trachea and oesophagus

Respiratory System Parts and Functions

Let us have a detailed look at the different parts of the respiratory system and their functions.

Humans have exterior nostrils, which are divided by a framework of cartilaginous structure called the septum. This is the structure that separates the right nostril from the left nostril. Tiny hair follicles that cover the interior lining of nostrils act as the body’s first line of defence against foreign pathogens . Furthermore, they provide additional humidity for inhaled air.

Two cartilaginous chords lay the framework for the larynx. It is found in front of the neck and is responsible for vocals as well as aiding respiration. Hence, it is also informally called the voice box. When food is swallowed, a flap called the epiglottis folds over the top of the windpipe and prevents food from entering into the larynx.

Also check: What is the role of epiglottis and diaphragm in respiration?

The nasal chambers open up into a wide hollow space called the pharynx. It is a common passage for air as well as food. It functions by preventing the entry of food particles into the windpipe. The epiglottis is an elastic cartilage, which serves as a switch between the larynx and the oesophagus by allowing the passage of air into the lungs, and food in the gastrointestinal tract .

Have you ever wondered why we cough when we eat or swallow?

Talking while we eat or swallow may sometimes result in incessant coughing. The reason behind this reaction is the epiglottis. It is forced to open for the air to exit outwards and the food to enter into the windpipe, triggering a cough.

The trachea or the windpipe rises below the larynx and moves down to the neck. The walls of the trachea comprise C-shaped cartilaginous rings which give hardness to the trachea and maintain it by completely expanding. The trachea extends further down into the breastbone and splits into two bronchi, one for each lung.

The trachea splits into two tubes called the bronchi, which enter each lung individually. The bronchi divide into secondary and tertiary bronchioles, and it further branches out into small air-sacs called the alveoli. The alveoli are single-celled sacs of air with thin walls. It facilitates the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules into or away from the bloodstream.

Lungs are the primary organs of respiration in humans and other vertebrates. They are located on either side of the heart, in the thoracic cavity of the chest. Anatomically, the lungs are spongy organs with an estimates total surface area between 50 to 75 sq meters. The primary function of the lungs is to facilitate the exchange of gases between the blood and the air. Interestingly, the right lung is quite bigger and heavier than the left lung.

Respiratory System Functions

The functions of the human respiratory system are as follows:

Inhalation and Exhalation

The respiratory system helps in breathing (also known as pulmonary ventilation.) The air inhaled through the nose moves through the pharynx, larynx, trachea and into the lungs. The air is exhaled back through the same pathway. Changes in the volume and pressure in the lungs aid in pulmonary ventilation.

Exchange of Gases between Lungs and Bloodstream

Inside the lungs, the oxygen and carbon dioxide enter and exit respectively through millions of microscopic sacs called alveoli. The inhaled oxygen diffuses into the pulmonary capillaries, binds to haemoglobin and is pumped through the bloodstream. The carbon dioxide from the blood diffuses into the alveoli and is expelled through exhalation.

Exchange of Gases between Bloodstream and Body Tissues

The blood carries the oxygen from the lungs around the body and releases the oxygen when it reaches the capillaries. The oxygen is diffused through the capillary walls into the body tissues. The carbon dioxide also diffuses into the blood and is carried back to the lungs for release.

The Vibration of the Vocal Cords

While speaking, the muscles in the larynx move the arytenoid cartilage. These cartilages push the vocal cords together. During exhalation, when the air passes through the vocal cords, it makes them vibrate and creates sound.

Olfaction or Smelling

During inhalation, when the air enters the nasal cavities, some chemicals present in the air bind to it and activate the receptors of the nervous system on the cilia. The signals are sent to the olfactory bulbs via the brain.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the human respiratory system.

The human respiratory system is a system of organs responsible for inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide in humans. The important respiratory organs in living beings include- lungs, gills, trachea, and skin.

What are the important respiratory system parts in humans?

The important human respiratory system parts include- Nose, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.

What is the respiratory tract made up of?

The respiratory tract is made up of nostrils, nasal chamber, larynx, pharynx, epiglottis, trachea, bronchioles, bronchi, alveoli, and lungs.

What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

The important functions of the respiratory system include- inhalation and exhalation of gases, exchange of gases between bloodstream and lungs, the gaseous exchange between bloodstream and body tissues, olfaction and vibration of vocal cords.

What are the different types of respiration in humans?

The different types of respiration in humans include- internal respiration, external respiration and cellular respiration. Internal respiration includes the exchange of gases between blood and cells, external respiration is the breathing process, whereas cellular respiration is the metabolic reactions taking place in the cells to produce energy.

What are the different stages of aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration is the process of breaking down glucose to produce energy. It occurs in the following different stages- glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, and electron transport system.

Why do the cells need oxygen?

Our body cells require oxygen to release energy. The oxygen inhaled during respiration is used to break down the food to release energy.

What is the main difference between breathing and respiration in humans?

Breathing is the physical process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide in and out of our lungs. On the contrary, respiration is the chemical process where oxygen is utilized to break down glucose to generate energy to carry out different cellular processes.

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Lungs – Five Paragraph Essay on the Respiration System

Students will blog a five paragraph essay (complete with an introductory, three body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph) about what happens when people inhale and exhale. A clear thesis statement should be presented and a third body paragraph should detail cellular respiration.

eettalfonso

72 comments.

Breathing me in, I come in through the nose. Quickly, I go through th throat and into a tube. In one of the lungs I go through the bronchi. I get absorb by cell bodies with nutrients and turns into energy. I get used by a human body so they won’t die. The respiratory system makes the heart pump blood and oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, and exhaled while getting rid of waste. The steps of the air entering our lungs. First, the air enters our body through our nose or mouth. Next, the air passes through our throat, in our throat there are the pharynx and the larynx (voice box). Finally, air passes into the trachea (strong tube) witch divides into two branches (bronchi). Before the air enters your body it has to go through three steps. The air is now in the lungs. First, the bronchi leads the air to a air sac called alveoli. Next, the alveoli is surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Then, in the capillaries, oxygen in the air enters the blood, in the capillaries carbon dioxide leaves the blood then it enters alveoli. Finally, CO2 is exhaled. Cellular respiration happens in animal cell in the whole body. First, in the capillaries blood cells absorbs oxygen from the air in the alveoli. Secondly, nutrients and oxygen exits out of the body cell and goes into other body cells. Third, carbon dioxide and HO2 exits from the body cells, then it goes back into the blood cells in the capillaries. To be oxygenated the capillaries takes carbon dioxide-rich cells back to the lungs. In the whole body is where cellular respiration happens. The body needs oxygen to do things to make it survive. The body need oxygen and nutrients to make energy. Without oxygen the heart won’t pump blood. What else would happen if the heart won’t pump blood?

Frightningly I get sucked into somebodys nose or mouth. Then I get filtered and get warmed up and flow through tubes in your throat than arrive at the at the lungs. Quickly I travel to the trachea and then flow to the aveoli. I am what you breath evryday. The respretory system is important to get you oxegen in your body. The respretory system is what helps you breath. When you breath in air through your mouth or nose it gets filtered and warmed up. Then,the air travels through throat passed the larynx and pharynx. Soon I enter the trachea. Breathing is how you get oxyegen. The lungs are necessary for the respretory system. Once you enter the lungs,you than come upon the trachea. The trachea splits into two branches. Quickly you go through the branches into the aveoli. Lungs are apart of the respretory system. Cellurlar resperation happens in the lungs of the respretory system. When the air enters the aveoli the oxygen passes through by diffusion. The aveoli is surrounded by capillaries. Blood cells in the capillaries have a little amount of oxygen. Then cells in the capillaries have more carbon dioxide than air,so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood cells to the air in the aveoli,then carbon dioxide is exhaled out of the organs of the respretory system. Oxygen has to be in your body at all times. The respretory system helps you get oxygen in your body. It is what helps keep you alive. Seeing people pulute our home is very sad. They are trashing their lungs by smokeing and breahting it out into the air that we breathe. The more this happens the harder it gets to get oxygen in our lungs. We need pure oxygen.

Floating in the air I get suck in through the nose to your throat. Quickly, I pass the throat to the trachea. Then the trachea divides into two tubes leading to the lungs. When I’am inside the lungs the tubes branch out into smaller branches like trees. The respiratory system help the oxygen in the body get rid of the waste. The first stage of the respiratory system is simple. First of all, the air enters into the nose. Secondly, the air passes the throat and then past the pharynyx and larynx. Lastly, the air passes into the trachea and divides into the two branches. The respiratory system is easy. The second stage about the respiratory system happens in the lungs. First, the lungs and the two bronchi leads to the air sacs alveoil. Second, alveoil is surronded by tiny blood vessel that are called capillaries. Then, in the capillaries

Entering through your nose or mouth is where i get inhaled into your throat. Quickly I go down a dark tube called the trachea. Going to the branches from the bronchi empties me into very thin walled air sacs called alveoli. The respiratory system helps your body get oxygen

The first stage of the respiratory system is the air goes in your body in a couple steps. First, air enters through your nose or mouth. Your nose warmths the air and filters the dirt. Second, air passes your throat. While passing your throat the air passes the pharynx and the larynx (voice box). Third, air passes into the trachea which divides into to branches (Bronchi). In a couple steps the air goes in your body.

The second stage in the respiratory is something that keeps us alive. First, bronchi leads to the air sacs called alveoli. Second , the alveoli is surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Third in the capillaries oxygen in air enters the blood in capillaries carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the alveoli where co2 is exhaled. Something important is the respiratory system for us.

Quickly, I get inhaled into someone’s nostril and i enter the throat. In the tracea, i go into the right tube leading to the lungs. To enter the bronchi, I get emptied into the alveoli. The respiratory system is vital and helps you live.

The first stage in the respiratory system is breathing in. First, air enters the nose and mouth, the nose warms air filters it. Next, air passes your throat and in the throat there are two things, the larynx and the pharnx. Then, air passes into the tracea which divides into two bronchi. The first step in the respiratory system is inhaling.

The second stage in the respiratory system accures in the lungs. First, the bronchi

Flaoting in the air, i could feel someone inhaling me in their mouth.Quickly, i go through a tube called the trachea. When i go to the the right side , i go to the bronchi. To absorb blood to the alveoli is valuable. I go through a body so that its life can continue. The respetory system is important to the body so it can give away of the waste that the body has.

There are two ways for air to enter . It is used in a procces. It enters in the mouth or nose. Also, it passes throughthe throat then the trachea. They are called phaynk and laynk. There are vessels that are aroubd the alveoli.

Floating in the air I suddenly get sucked in through somebody’s nose. In the throat I enter the trachea. Quickly, I go to the right side of the lung and into the bronchi. Now with more oxygen in the alveoli we will get absorbed by blood. The respitory system gives your body oxygen, blood absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

You need the respiratory system to breathe. First, air enters your mouth and nose. Your nos warms and filters the air. Then, air passes your throat through the pharynx and larynx. Finally, air passes into the trachea witch divide into bronchi. The respiratory system is how you breathe.

The respiratory system continues in the lungs. First, in the lungs two bronchi lead to the alveoli. Alveoli are surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Finally, in the capillaries, oxygen in air enters blood in the capillaries and carbon dioxide leaves the blood in the capillaries and carbon dioxide is exhaled.

Cellular respiration is the last stage in the respiratory system. First, animal cells need oxygen to carry out cellular respiration. The capillaries collect oxygen from air in the alveoli and nutrients from the small intestine. Then, the mitochondria break down the sugar with oxygen, releasing the energy stored in the sugar. Finally, carbon dioxide and water diffuse from cells and back into the capillaries. The last stage of the respiratory system is cellular respiration. INCOMPLETE

Floating in air, I feel someones nose breathing in then I got sucked up. Quickly, I slide down through the throat and entered the trachea. Into the right side of the lung I travel through one of the bronchi. In the alveoli I awaited with my fellow molecules to be absorbed by the alveoli. I got used by a human body so it can continue it’s journey. Being a respiratory system is kind of hard.

The first stage of the respiratory system is important. First, the air enters to the nose and the mouth. The nose warms the air up and filters any dirt or dust. Next, the air passes your throat it’s called pharynx and larynx. Finally, the air passes into the trachea which divides into two branches. The trachea is a strong tube. Respiratory system is important to our whole body.

The second stage of the respiratory system is the lungs. First, the bronchi leads to air sacs called alveoli. The alveoli is surrounded by tiny blood vessels called the capillaries. In the capillaries, oxygen in the air enters blood in the capillaries. Carbon dioxide leaves the blood and enters the alveoli. Then carbon dioxide is exhaled. The lungs in the respiratory system is very important to us so we can breathe.

The third stage of the respiratory system is the Cellular Respiratory system. First INCOMPLETE

I am floating, now inhaled by someones nose. Passing the throat. Quickly I pass the trachea. Into one of the bronchi. To wait with oxygen molecules to be absorbed by the blood from the alveoli. Getting to be used by someone to make it stay alive. To have the respiratory system is seriously really needed because you need it enable to live and breathe, your body also needs the oxygen to function while it is getting rid of waste. The first stage in the respiratory system is moving air. First, air enters the nose and the mouth. It is better to breath in through your nose because it warms and filters the air too. Secondly, air passes your throat, In your throat there are two things called the pharynx and your larynx, the larynx is your voice box. Finally, air passes through the trachea witch will divide into two separate branches, then will become bronchi.The respiratory system is moving air in the first stage. The second stage of the respiratory system is inside the lungs. First, bronchi witch is in the lungs leads to air sacs called alveoli. Secondly, the alveoli is surrounded by tiny blood vessels called capillaries. Finally, in the capillaries the oxygen in the air enters the blood in the capillaries . carbon dioxide will then leave the blood and alveoli is then exhaled. In the lungs is where the second step in the respiratory system happends. Animal cells and plant cells need oxygen to carry out cellular respiration. First, blood cells that are in the capillaries collect the oxygen from the alveoli,the blood cells will also be collecting nutrients from the small intestine. Second, the capillaries throughout the body come with other body cells. Finally , the oxygen and the nutrients diffuse out of the blood cells and into other blood cells. Both animal and plant cells need oxygen to carry out cellular respiration. Having the respiratory system is important because you need it to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. To breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide is important because if I weren’t able to breathe in or out I would probably not even be alive. With the amount of pollution the world has, it is getting more and more dangerous to breathe in air/oxygen.

Floating in the air, I see a person just then he inhaled then I went inside his nostrils in his nostrils I feel something tickling me it hair. I pass through his throat then I enter a tube known as the trachea. As I enter the right side of the lung I travel through one of the bronchi. As I await with my fellow oxygen to be recycled by the blood in the alveoli is fun. I get to be used all up by a humans body to continue , its life. The respiratory system, is so the body gets the oxygen it needs to function while getting rid of the waste.

The first stage is about the respiratory system moving air. First, air enters your body through your nose and your mouth. Then, air passes your throat where your pharynx and your larynx are located. Finally, air gos into your trachea which divides into two branches which is called the bronchi. In the respiratory system air is moving around.

The second stage is about the respiratory system in the lungs. First, the trachea splits into two. Then, it leads into air sacs called the alveoli. Next, there is blood vessels that surround the alveoli called capillaries. Finally in the capillaries oxygen in the air enters the blood. In the capillaries carbon dioxide leaves the blood then enters the alveoli where CO2 is exhaled. In the lungs the second step of the respiratory system is how the lungs work.

This is what happens to the oxygen after it absorbs by your blood. First, oxygen travels inside red blood cells along with nutrients to cell bodies throughout your body. Then, in the capillaries , a cell body absorbs the oxygen and the food then turns it into energy.

Getting sucked in the nose, I rapidly go down the throat. In the throat, I quickly pass the trachea. Quickly, I enter the bronchi. Next I reach the alveoli. Your body needs the respiratory system so you get the oxygen you need and the waste you need to release.

The first stage in the respiratory system is about how you breathe in. First, the air enters the nose and mouth.

Suddenly,i got sucked up by a human nose. Traviling,to the blood cells i went down alot of stuff.The first thing that i went down was the throat.In the throat i knew that i needed to go down even further so i went down and i was in the trachea as soon as i entered it i had to go even more so i was at the aveoli. When was in the aveoli i saw some capillaries (capillaries is a tiny blood vessel)the capillaries will meet with a cell and the cell will adsorb me. everyone needs a respiratory system so you can get air we need and get rid of waste.

In the animal cells is where cellular respiration is. First blood cells in the capillaries collect oxygen from the air in the alveoli and nutrients from the small intestine. Second capillaries throughout your body contacts with other body cells Third between sugar and oxygen produces carbon dioxide and water. Lastly the capillaries take carbon dioxide-rich cells back to the lungs so they can be oxygenated. Animal cells have cellular respiration in them.

The respiratory system needs the body to function to get rid of waste. You can not live without your respiratory system. Why is it important to breathe?

The third stage of the respiratory system is the Cellular Respiratory system. First, the red blood in the capillaries collect oxygen from the air in the alveoli, and nutrients form in the small intestine. Secondly, as the capillaries throughout the body comes in contact with other body cells, the oxygen and the nutrients diffuse out of the blood cells and into other body cells. Next, the body cell makes oxygen and sugar enters the Mitochondria. Then, the milochondria breaks down the sugar with oxygen, releasing the energy stored in the sugar. The Cellular Respiration system is like any other system.

A Respiratory System carries oxygen into the lungs. The lungs is an important body part. When the oxygen goes through the lungs to the bronchi, the oxygen can go into any of the two branches. Then when the oxygen goes to the alveoli it is surrounded by capillaries. Do you know what is inside your body or how your body works.

4th stage is about how is the respiratary system.You need your respiratary system.Because air goes though your nose or mouth.Second ,the epiglottis and go though the throat and the trachea.Next,air goes in the brronchi and the right lung and the left lung.But not the alveoli or diaphragm. 1st stage is about in the lungs.First,in the lungs brronchi lead to air sacs-alveoli.Second,alveoli surrounded by ting blood vessels-capillaries.Next,in capillaries,oxygen in air enters blood in capillaries.Third,carbon dioxide leaves the blood enters alveoli carbon dioxide is exbaled. 2nd stage is about the respiratary system.First,air got in the noes though the epiglottis though the throat though the trocheainto the bronchi though the lungs into alveoli through the diaphragm. 3rd stage is about the circulatory.First,artery goes though the vein.Second,then the veins goes to the heart.Third,the blood in the heart goes to the capillary. INCOMPLETE

4th stage is about how is the respiratary system.You need your respiratary system.Because air goes though your nose or mouth.Second ,the epiglottis and go though the throat and the trachea.Next,air goes in the brronchi and the right lung and the left lung.But not the alveoli or diaphragm. First stage is about in the lungs.First,in the lungs brronchi lead to air sacs-alveoli.Second,alveoli surrounded by ting blood vessels-capillaries.Next,in capillaries,oxygen in air enters blood in capillaries.Third,carbon dioxide leaves the blood enters alveoli carbon dioxide is exbaled. Second stage is about the respiratary system.First,air got in the noes though the epiglottis though the throat though the trocheainto the bronchi though the lungs into alveoli through the diaphragm Third stage is about the circulatory.First,artery goes though the vein.Second,then the veins goes to the heart.Third,the blood in the heart goes to the capillary. incompete

Having me sucked in her nostrils drawn me inside the nose. Safely,I enter the throat and then though a tube,the trachea. .The left side of the lungs I go though one of the bronchi and then go with my friend oxygen molecules to get absorbed by the blood in the alveoli. Getting used by a person body keeps them living. The restpitorary system is useful so that the body can get enough oxygen it wants. Air passing and entering the lungs is important. First, air enters from the nose and mouth. The air is warmed and cleaned when it passes though the nose. Secondly, air passes though the throat which we use to talk, there are two the larynx which is the voice box and the other one is called the pharyny. Fanilly, air passes in the treachea which is a strong tube that divides into two branches which is now called the bronchi..Inportantly, air going though and entering the lungs is one part that is important.

Human respiratory system essay

Our body is made up of different systems. All of these systems collaborate together to make our human body function properly. Without all of these we wouldn't be able to go through life normally. If you take just one away, the whole body will cease to work properly. The main systems are the nervous, respiratory, circulatory, immune, digestive, excretory, skeletal, muscular, and the reproductive system. One of them is the respiratory system. This is the system that deals with breathing and the respiration process. They all work together in harmony and unison to keep us alive.

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The respiratory system, transports air to our lungs and diffuses oxygen into our blood. It also removes carbon dioxide. This system is also known as the “Gas Exchange System". You inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. There are four processes. The first, is breathing in with your nose, the air then travels down your windpipe. Then the diaphragm, which flattens out making the lungs expand and fill with air. Afterwards, the air travels to our lungs into the bronchi.

The alveoli allow oxygen to be passed into the red blood cells while the carbon dioxide is getting diffused out. The system consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. In the lungs are bronchi, bronchides, and alveoli. The nose filters, moistens, and warms the air. The pharynx is where the trachea and the esophagus divide into two.

The larynx is the voice box. The trachea is the windpipe where air travels from the throat to the lungs. The bronchi are the major air passages that lead to lungs and that diverge from the windpipe. The lungs are a pair of organs that consists of two elastic sacs with two passages. That is where the oxygen gets absorbed and the carbon dioxide removed. The diaphragm plays a major role in breathing, because it increases the volume of the chest and inflates the lungs. Alveoli are located in the bronchioles. The bronchioles are bronchi that divide into narrower bronchioles and the decreased airflow of one who has asthma. The respiratory system serves an essential purpose to the human body.

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In Act 1, Scene 3 of William Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice , Shylock asks Antonio:

… shall I bend low, and in a bondman’s key with bated breath and whisp’ring humbleness say this: “Fair sir, you spet on me on Wednesday last… and for these courtesies I’ll lend you thus much moneys”?

Shylock is mockingly implying that he is holding his breath in eager anticipation of lending Antonio money. Although written many years before the physiology of respiration was understood, Shakespeare recognised that breathing is a dynamic process that responds to changes in the environment.

In this course, you have learnt how exchange of O 2 and CO 2 is mediated by physical factors such as pressure gradients and chemical changes such as bicarbonate buffering and pH. The airways, musculoskeletal system, lungs and nervous system act in concert to make sure that adequate levels of O 2 are maintained throughout the body.

Here is a summary of the main points that have been covered in this course:

The respiratory system comprises structures that conduct air into and out of the lungs. The conduction zone includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, bronchi and bronchioles. Gas exchange occurs in the respiration zone of the bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 is influenced by pressure (atmospheric and partial), surface tension, lung compliance and airway resistance. These factors are altered by respiratory disorders such as asthma, smoking and COPD, which also influence lung capacity.
The majority of O 2 is carried in the blood bound to haemoglobin that is present in erythrocytes. Most of the CO 2 is carried in the blood as bicarbonate, whereas a smaller percentage also binds to haemoglobin.
Recessive polymorphisms in the haemoglobin genes can cause anaemias such as sickle cell anaemia and thalassaemia, but may confer protection against infectious disease.
Changes in P CO 2 and P O 2 are detected by chemoreceptors located in the heart, blood vessels and brain. Respiratory centres in the medulla communicate via the peripheral nervous system with the muscles that control ventilation.

This OpenLearn course is an adapted extract from the Open University course SK299 Human biology [ Tip: hold Ctrl and click a link to open it in a new tab. ( Hide tip ) ] .

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Essay Examples on Respiratory System

The respiratory system is an essential part of the human body, responsible for the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health and well-being. Writing an essay about the respiratory system can help to increase awareness and understanding of its importance.

When choosing a topic for an essay on the respiratory system, it is important to consider the different types of essays that can be written. For an argumentative essay, topics could include the impact of air pollution on respiratory health or the benefits of regular exercise for lung function. In a cause-and-effect essay, topics could explore the relationship between smoking and lung disease or the effects of air quality on respiratory health. For an opinion essay, topics could focus on the importance of clean air for respiratory health or the role of government policies in promoting lung health. Finally, for an informative essay, topics could cover the anatomy and function of the respiratory system or the common respiratory disorders and their treatments.

For example, a thesis statement for an essay on the respiratory system could be "The respiratory system is a vital organ system that is essential for human survival and overall health." This statement provides a clear focus for the essay and sets the tone for the rest of the paper.

In the paragraph of an essay on the respiratory system, one could start with a thought-provoking question such as "Have you ever stopped to think about how important your breathing is to your overall health?" This can help to engage the reader and draw them into the topic. Another approach could be to provide a brief overview of the respiratory system and its functions, setting the stage for the rest of the essay.

In the paragraph of an essay on the respiratory system, one could summarize the key points discussed in the essay and reiterate the importance of maintaining respiratory health. One could also encourage readers to take proactive steps to care for their respiratory system, such as avoiding exposure to air pollutants and practicing good respiratory hygiene. This can help to leave a lasting impression on the reader and reinforce the significance of the topic.

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Respiratory and Circulatory System

This essay will explore the functions and interconnections between the respiratory and circulatory systems in the human body. It will discuss how these systems work together to maintain vital bodily functions. PapersOwl showcases more free essays that are examples of Anatomy.

How it works

The human body is comprised of multiple separate systems that work together to maintain homeostasis, regular, stable internal conditions. The maintenance of internal function depends on a variety of variables: body temperature, fluid balance, concentration of sodium, potassium and calcium ions, and blood sugar levels. The respiratory system is responsible for the function of a series of organ in taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is responsible for the organ system that pumps blood throughout the body to transport nutrients help fight diseases, stabilize temperature and pH.

The two systems work together to provide oxygen to organ tissues so that they may function properly. All systems as a whole rely on one another for stable functions, but the respiratory and circulatory systems work together in seeing through most important factor to homeostasis.

The heart pumps blood to and from the lungs in a process that eliminate carbon dioxide, a metabolic waste, and enriches the blood with oxygen. The respiratory system includes the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs and diaphragm. Respiration occurs when we inhale allowing oxygen to enter through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen travels through the larynx and trachea which splits into two attaching to both the left and right lungs as it again splits of into bronchi. In the lungs, the bronchial tube divides once again into small tubes that connect to alveoli.

Alveoli are sac-like air spaces in the lungs where exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place. The oxygen passes through and diffuses through the capillaries, while the carbon-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon into the alveoli which then follows the path the oxygen took to exit the body. The contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm triggers the chain which reaction that is breathing. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscle that spans the width below the chest cavity. The contraction expands the diaphragm pulling oxygen into the lungs. When it relaxes carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs after the exchange in the alveoli.

The circulatory system’s major organ is the heart, it also includes the blood vessels that travel through the whole body. Veins and arteries are the bloods vessels that carry blood throughout the body. Veins transport oxygen-poor blood toward the heart: arteries transport oxygen-rich blood away from the heart. The system work in three distinct parts: pulmonary circulation- to and from the heart and lungs, coronary circulation- the movement of blood through the tissues of the heart, and systemic circulation- which supplies nourishment to all the body’s tissues. Blood travels through the four chambers of the heart. The pulmonary artery carries carbon-rich blood to the lungs right traveling through the right atrium and right ventricle. In the lungs the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen takes place in the alveoli. The now oxygen-rich blood travels out of the lungs through the pulmonary vein passes through the left atrium and left ventricle out to nourish organ tissues: brain, bones, skin, kidney, gastrointestinal organs, spleen, liver, among the rest. Complications in the circulatory system causes complications in the respiratory system and throws off homeostasis throughout the whole body, because organs are not receiving the oxygen needed to work effectively. Such complications arise in individuals with sickle cell anemia, diabetes, and HIV. The sickle patient we diagnosed, tested and treated, proved to have poor lung capacity.

As a group of doctors we determined the cause to be linked to acute chest syndrome which is caused by the mutation of hemoglobin, the red blood cell tasked with carrying oxygen, into a C-shape that clogs the capillaries directly interfering with the delivery of oxygen. Our diagnosis was confirmed when the blood smear showed the patients blood cells to be deformed in the C-shape earlier described. An individual with diabetes may show symptoms of kussmaul breathing, or rapid breathing, a result of diabetic ketoacidosis, a short term complication of diabetes caused by high blood glucose levels and high levels of ketones in the blood. The patient we determined to have diabetes also showed results for poor lung capacity. Because AIDS weakens the immune system making it more susceptible to infection, lung infections that lead to shortness of breath and difficulty breathing. The immune system heavily relies of the helper t cell to fight off infection, but because HIV targets and kills these cells, the circulatory lacks white blood cells and the capability to adequately fight off infection. Our fourth patient also resulted to have poor lung capacity, but in was in due to hormonal effects that loosen ligaments causing the increase of the chest diameter and flared ribs then in which causes the lung capacity to decrease. In order to maintain a healthy relationship between the circulatory and respiratory system, people must take up a healthy lifestyle to strengthen the lungs and supply the body will natural energy.

Running trains the lungs to keep a steady breathing rhythm to develop by requiring the circulatory system to pump blood faster throughout the body. Straying from straining lungs through bad habits, such as smoking, is key in keeping your lungs healthy and strong. Oxygen is necessary for tissue cells to obtain energy. The respiratory and circulatory work together to ensure that the organs in our body receive oxygen nourishment so that our other body systems, such as digestive, immune, and reproductive system may then work as expected. Our year-long lesson and labs that involved evaluating the body’s function have provided a solid knowledge of the body systems functions in working collectively to maintain homeostasis.

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Lung Health & Wellness

Protecting Your Lungs

Sometimes we take our lungs for granted. They keep us alive and well and for the most part, we don't need to think about them. That's why it is important to prioritize your lung health.

Your body has a natural defense system designed to protect the lungs, keeping dirt and germs at bay. But there are some important things you can do to reduce your risk of lung disease. Here are some ways to keep your lungs healthy.

Don't Smoke

Cigarette smoking is the major cause of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease ( COPD ), which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Cigarette smoke can narrow the air passages and make breathing more difficult. It causes chronic inflammation, or swelling in the lung, which can lead to chronic bronchitis. Over time cigarette smoke destroys lung tissue and may trigger changes that grow into cancer.

If you smoke, it is never too late to benefit from quitting. We can help whenever you are ready.

Avoid Exposure to Air Pollutants That Can Damage Your Lungs

Indoor air quality.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) refers to the air in the buildings and structures that we work, live, and play in as well as the immediate area around these buildings and structures.
IAQ is important for ALL of us since we spend up to 90% of our time indoors.
It can be surprising to learn that indoor air can be even more polluted than the air outdoors.
Secondhand smoke, chemicals in the home and workplace, mold and radon all can cause or worsen lung disease.
You can take steps to improve your indoor air quality .

Talk to your healthcare provider if you are worried that something in your home , school or work may be making you sick.

Outdoor Air Pollution

The air quality outside can vary from day to day and sometimes is unhealthy to breathe. Knowing how outdoor air pollution affects your health and useful strategies to minimize prolonged exposure can help keep you and your family well. Climate change and natural disasters can also directly impact lung health.

To protect your lungs from outdoor pollution consider the following:

Avoid exercising outdoors on bad air days
Avoid exercising near high traffic areas
Check Airnow.gov to find out the daily air conditions in your area
Don’t burn wood or trash

Get Regular Check-ups

Regular check-ups help prevent diseases, even when you are feeling well. This is especially true for lung disease, which sometimes goes undetected until it is serious. During a check-up, your healthcare provider will listen to your breathing and listen to your concerns.

It is best to catch a lung condition in its earliest stages. That is why it is important for you to know what some of the common signs and symptoms are for lung conditions .

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Whether you are young or old, slender or large, able-bodied or living with a chronic illness or disability, being physically active can help keep your lungs healthy. Learn more about how exercise can strengthen your lungs.

Public Health and Your Lungs

Health begins where we live, learn, work and play, and it's important to ensure that safeguards are in place to protect us and prevent disease.

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COMMENTS

The Respiratory System: [Essay Example], 1432 words
Get original essay. The major organs that make up the respiratory system consist of the three major parts: the airway, the lungs, and the muscles of respiration. Within those three major parts, there are organs that aid and pave the way for a healthy respiratory system. The airway, which includes the nose (Nasal cavity), mouth (Oral cavity ...
Human respiratory system
The respiratory tract conveys air from the mouth and nose to the lungs, where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the alveoli and the capillaries. Sagittal view of the human nasal cavity. The human gas-exchanging organ, the lung, is located in the thorax, where its delicate tissues are protected by the bony and muscular thoracic cage.
16.2: Structure and Function of the Respiratory System
The organs of the respiratory system form a continuous system of passages called the respiratory tract, through which air flows into and out of the body. The respiratory tract has two major divisions: the upper respiratory tract and the lower respiratory tract. The organs in each division are shown in Figure 16.2.2 16.2.
Respiratory System: Organs, Facts, Anatomy & Function
Respiratory System. Your respiratory system is made up of your lungs, airways (trachea, bronchi and bronchioles), diaphragm, voice box, throat, nose and mouth. Its main function is to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide. It also helps protect you from harmful particles and germs and allows you to smell and speak.
The Respiratory System Essay
The Respiratory System Essay. The respiratory system is the process responsible for the transportation and exchange of gases into and out of the human body. As we breath in, oxygen in the air containing oxygen is drawn into the lungs through a series of air pipes known as the airway and into the lungs. As air is drawn into the lungs and waste ...
The Purpose and Function of the Respiratory System: [Essay Example
Get original essay. The respiratory system, transports air to our lungs and diffuses oxygen into our blood. It also removes carbon dioxide. This system is also known as the "Gas Exchange System". You inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. There are four processes.
The respiratory system review (article)
The respiratory system. The process of physiological respiration includes two major parts: external respiration and internal respiration. External respiration, also known as breathing, involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation). During internal respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide ...
Respiratory system: Anatomy and functions
The respiratory system, also called the pulmonary system, consists of several organs that function as a whole to oxygenate the body through the process of respiration (breathing). This process involves inhaling air and conducting it to the lungs where gas exchange occurs, in which oxygen is extracted from the air, and carbon dioxide expelled ...
Importance of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system is responsible for obtaining oxygen and getting rid of carbon dioxide and aiding in speech production and in sensing odors. From a functional perspective, the respiratory system can be divided into two major areas: the conducting zone and the respiratory zone. The conducting zone consists of all of the structures that ...
Discussion: The Respiratory System
Updated: Apr 2nd, 2024. The respiratory system is responsible for gaseous exchange in the body. This is the process by which respiratory gases are transported in the body. The lungs are the main organs that are responsible for the process. Gaseous exchange occurs in the lobules, which consist of pulmonary capillaries, bronchioles, and alveoli.
The Respiratory System
The respiratory system includes the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory system has two important functions: it brings oxygen into our bodies, which we need for our cells to live and function properly; and it helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function.
Human Respiratory System
The respiratory tract in humans is made up of the following parts: External nostrils - For the intake of air.; Nasal chamber - which is lined with hair and mucus to filter the air from dust and dirt.; Pharynx - It is a passage behind the nasal chamber and serves as the common passageway for both air and food.; Larynx - Known as the soundbox as it houses the vocal chords, which are ...
The Essential Role of the Respiratory System
The Essential Role of the Respiratory System. The respiratory mechanism assumes a pivotal role in the sustenance of life, orchestrating functions of paramount importance for our existence. At its essence, this intricate apparatus facilitates gas interchange, bestowing oxygen upon the corpus while expelling carbon dioxide, a metabolic byproduct.
The Process of Respiration: [Essay Example], 1389 words
The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, and larynx. The significance of the upper respiratory tract can be summarized like this, "…our respiratory system works closely with our circulatory system in order to deliver important gases such as oxygen to our cells and tissues.
Lungs
Students will blog a five paragraph essay (complete with an introductory, three body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph) about what happens when people inhale and exhale. ... Respiratory system is important to our whole body. The second stage of the respiratory system is the lungs. First, the bronchi leads to air sacs called alveoli. The ...
Human respiratory system essay (400 Words)
450+ experts on 30 subjects Starting from 3 hours delivery. Get Essay Help. The respiratory system, transports air to our lungs and diffuses oxygen into our blood. It also removes carbon dioxide. This system is also known as the "Gas Exchange System". You inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. There are four processes.
Respiratory System
Words: 476 Pages: 2 4689. The respiratory system, also known as the pulmonary system, consists of all organs involved with breathing. The organs included are the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. The respiratory system does two very important things. First, it brings oxygen into our bodies.
Overview Of The Respiratory System Essay
100 Words Essay about the Respiratory System. The respiratory system is a vital group of organs and cells that work together to make breathing possible. It includes taking in oxygen and letting go of carbon dioxide. The lungs, airways (like the trachea and bronchi), and breathing muscles (like the diaphragm) all work together to make up this ...
Blood and the respiratory system: Conclusion
The respiratory system comprises structures that conduct air into and out of the lungs. The conduction zone includes the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, bronchi and bronchioles. Gas exchange occurs in the respiration zone of the bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli. Exchange of O 2 and CO 2 is influenced by pressure (atmospheric and partial ...
Essay Examples on Respiratory System
The respiratory system is an essential part of the human body, responsible for the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's overall health and well-being. Writing an essay about the respiratory system can help to increase awareness and understanding of its importance.
Respiratory and Circulatory System
The respiratory system includes the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs and diaphragm. Respiration occurs when we inhale allowing oxygen to enter through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen travels through the larynx and trachea which splits into two attaching to both the left and right lungs as it again splits of into bronchi.
Tips to Keep Your Lungs Healthy
Climate change and natural disasters can also directly impact lung health. To protect your lungs from outdoor pollution consider the following: Avoid exercising outdoors on bad air days. Avoid exercising near high traffic areas. Check Airnow.gov to find out the daily air conditions in your area. Don't burn wood or trash.

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Essay Examples on Respiratory System

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Respiratory and Circulatory System

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Don't let plagiarism ruin your grade

Protecting Your Lungs

Don't Smoke

Avoid Exposure to Air Pollutants That Can Damage Your Lungs

Outdoor Air Pollution

Get Regular Check-ups

Public Health and Your Lungs

24 Hours Only: Your Gift, DOUBLED

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