how to say speech in korean

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Korean Speech Levels and How To Use Them Properly

Table of Contents

The Significance of Korean Speech Levels

Honorifics are very important in Korean and are something you will encounter in Korean literally every day. From when you call a stranger who dropped a purse or a worker in a restaurant to when you talk to your parents or boss, every daily situation involves using honorifics.

The Confucianism-influenced Cultural Background

The reason for the importance of honorification in Korean is that it is required by the vertical hierarchy of Confucianism, where age and social status play a big part. An idiom 장유유서(長幼有序) is the one that shows the basis of Confucianism, which means there is a strict order that needs to be followed and obeyed between adults and children. Therefore, it is a huge deal in Korea to show proper respect to older people, which refers to physically older or of a higher social status.

What Are the Consequences If a Korean Person Doesn’t Use Honorific Terms Properly?

If a Korean chooses the wrong honorific, it can result in humiliation, embarrassment or even offending the listeners.

Sometimes we can hear the news that two men fought each other seriously and its cause turned out that one man started to use an informal/impolite speech manner, which is called 반말 (banmal) in Korean, to the other man.

It is an extreme case, but it gives away how important it is to use appropriate speech levels and honorifics in Korean society.   

What Are the Consequences If a Foreigner Doesn’t use Honorifics Properly?

If someone, whether he is a Korean or a foreigner, does not use honorifics properly, whether a Korean or a foreigner, it is easy to offend the listeners. Of course, people understand that it is hard for foreigners to use honorifics rightly, so in most cases, they just laugh it over. But in some cases, for example, if a foreigner says “안녕 (annyeong)”, the most casual version “hello” in Korean, to a university president, the listener could feel embarrassed or even offended.

The 3 Dimensions of Korean Speech Level

Korean speech levels vs formality.

Formality does not consider the relations between the speaker and the listener, but rather, the situation they are in. For example, a TV announcer usually speaks during news recording with a formal polite style (하십시오체), but then after recording when talking to a coworker about daily stuff, he would speak in an informal impolite style (해체).

Korean Speech Levels vs Politeness

Politeness is related to the relations between the speaker and the listener. Impolite could also mean as familiar or intimate. You speak with the polite form if the listener is older or in higher social status than you, and impolite one if the listener is younger or with a similar social status. For example, you would speak to a senior citizen in a store in a polite but informal style (해요체), but to your siblings in 해체 (impolite and informal style).

Korean Speech Levels vs Honoficity

Honorificity is not only for the listener but also for the parties mentioned in the conversation. For example, when you say to your mom, “엄마, 할아버지 지금 주무세요”, which means “mom, my grandfather is sleeping now”. Because the listener is the speaker’s mom, you use the polite final verb ending -요, and also because your grandfather is mentioned, you use ‘주무시다’, the honorific form of ‘자다 (to sleep)’.   

What are Korean Speech Levels? Short Definitions

There are seven speech levels; Hasoseo-che ( 하소서체 ), Hapsyo-che ( 하십시오체 ), Haoche ( 하오체 ), Hageche( 하게체 ), Haerache ( 해라체 ), Haeyoche( 해요체 ) and Haeche( 해체 ). Each level shows a different level of formality and politeness to the audience. Koreans show respect to the person they talk to or about by choosing the appropriate speech level.

There are three factors for Korean honorific speech:

• subject honorification ( 주체 높임법 )
• object exaltation ( 객체 높임법 )
• addressee honorification ( 상대 높임법 )

Subject honorification is to honor the subject of the sentence and object exaltation is to respect the object. Addressee honorification is used when honoring the audience. 

Comparison with English or European Languages

The honorific is one of the most difficult parts in Korean to foreigners because there are not many things like this in English or other European languages.

In English, there are not many changes according to situations like age or social rank difference and publicity of the situation. But in Korean, the language changes a lot because of those situations.

What Speech Elements Are Affected by Speech Levels?

As already mentioned, the Korean honorification has three kinds . 

To honor the subject in the sentence, you have to consider if you should add the honorific verb suffix “ -( 으 ) 시 ” in the verb or adjective, the honorific particles like “- 께서 ” and some honorific words. In “ 아버지께서 운전을 하신다 ”, the subject “ 아버지 father”, the honorific word of “ 아빠 ”, is honored with “- 께서 ” and “- 시 -” in the verb.

When the object is to be honored by the speaker, certain words will be replaced by honorific ones . For example, “ 많은 관심 감사드립니다 ”, which means “Thank you for all your caring”. Here, “ 드리다 ” in “ 드립니다 ” is an honorific form of “ 주다 (to give) ” for honoring the object “you” in the sentence. 

Addressee honorification is to signal formality or closeness between the speaker and the listener. It is reflected in the choice of suffix as a sentence ending. The sentence endings differentiate sentences into different speech levels. People divide Korean speech levels differently, between three to seven levels. We will consider 7 levels from the wider viewpoint. 

The 7 Korean Speech Levels by Definition

Of the following seven levels, the first five are categorized as “formal speech level( 격식체 )”, and the last two levels, as “informal speech level( 비격식체 )”.

Watch this free online lesson by LingoDeer to learn more about the 7 Korean speech levels!

Korean formal speech levels ( 격식체 )

1) hasoseo-che ( 하소서체 ).

Hasoseo-che ( 하소서체 ) is the highest and extremely formal speech level to show the utmost respect for the person you are addressing. It was used when addressing a king, queen, high official, or other members of the royal family in the past. 

There is no need to speak this way today and you can see this type of speech in some historical dramas and religious writing such as the Bible, when referring to a deity.

Declarative form: stem + – 나이다  

알다 + – 나이다 : 당신의 종을 아나이다 . You know your servant.

Interrogative form: stem + – 나이까

가다 + – 나이까 : 주여 , 어디로 가나이까 ? Lord, where are you going?

2) Hasipsio-che ( 하십시오체)

Hapsyo-che ( 하십시오체 ) is a very respectful, polite form of formal speech.  

It is commonly used in public speeches, broadcasts, business, and the service industry to speak to customers. It is used to speak to strangers, elders, anyone higher in social rank. It can also be used to speak to people of lower rank when you want to show them respect. The books are written in this form along with Haerache( 해라체 ).

Declarative form: stem + – ㅂ니다

읽다 + – 습니다 = 저는 매일 책을 읽습니다. I read books every day. 

Interrogative form: stem + – ㅂ니까 ? 

가다 + – ㅂ니다 = 지금 어디 갑니까 ? Where are you going now? 

3) Haoche ( 하오체 )

Haoche( 하오체 ) is used to address people that are in a lower or the same social position. It still maintains a moderate degree of respect. It should not be used when speaking to those ranked above us. Unlike Hapsyo-che ( 하십시오체 ), it does not lower the speaker to show humility.

In modern times, it is spoken only among some people of older generations and not used much in real life. You can find this style almost only in historical dramas. 

Due to the popularity of historical dramas, young ones sometimes use it online for a humorous effect. 

Declarative form: stem + – 소 /- 오

있다 + – 오 = 여기 책이 있소 . Here is a book.  

Interrogative form: stem + – 오 ?

하다 + – 오 ? = 여기서 무엇을 하오 ? What do you do here?

4) Hageche( 하게체 )

Hageche( 하게체 ) is a relatively outdated style of formal speech. It implies the speaker treats the audience with respect.  

It is used to speak to people who are the same rank or lower by some older people, like a director of a company speaking to lower-ranking employees, a mentor passing down advice to a mentee, between adult male friends or in some novels.

Declarative form: stem + – 네

지내다 + – 네 = 나는 요즘 잘 지낸다네 . I’m doing fine these days. 

Interrogative form: stem + – ㄴ / 는가 ? 

지내다 + – ㄴ / 는가 ? = 요즘 어떻게 지내는가 ? What are you doing these days?   

5) Haerache ( 해라체 )

Haerache ( 해라체 ), also known as “plain form”, is formal speech and it is one of the most commonly used forms.

It is used with those who are of the same or lower rank with no added degree of respect. But it is not considered disrespectful to use this form in the proper situation. For example, in a conversation between close friends or between adults and children.

We can often see this form in the dictionary, textbooks, newspapers, and indirect quotations like “he said that…” 

When it used in spoken language, it is to casually describe the present state such as “ 나 간다 now I am going” and to show exclamations like “ 아 , 슬프다 Ah, it’s sad.”

Declarative form: stem + ㄴ다 /- 는다

하다 + ㄴ다 /- 는다 = 내 남동생은 주말마다 축구를 한다 My younger brother plays soccer on weekdays.

Interrogative form: stem + – 냐 ? 

하다 + – 냐 ? = 너 지금 뭐하냐 ? What are you doing now?  

Korean informal speech levels ( 비격식체 )

1) haeyoche( 해요체 ).

해요체 is an informal, but polite speech. Regardless of the social rank and age of the addressee, it can show respect or politeness.

This is the most common speech style, used in everyday situations, so if we are not sure which speech level to use, it is usually the best choice. 

It is commonly used between strangers, between colleagues, and when the addressee is a superior, such as children speaking to their parents, students to teachers. 

Almost every sentence ends with – 요 . Only imperative form ends with – 세요 .

Declarative form: stem + – 요

공부하다 + – 요 = 저 지금 공부해요 . I am studying now. 

Interrogative form: stem + – 요 ?

공부하다 + – 요 ? = 지금 공부해요 ? Are you studying now?  

2) Haeche ( 해체 ) 

Haeche( 해체 ) is an informal, casual speech with no added degree of respect. It is called “Banmal 반말 ” (informal speech) in Korean. 

It is used to speak casually between close friends, siblings, relatives and when addressing younger people. Recently, many children use Banmal to their parents. Also, people use it when they are angry with each other and to insult others. 

Declarative form: stem + – 아 / 어 / 지

하다 + – 아 / 어 / 지 = 나 지금 게임 해 . I am playing game now. 

Interrogative form: stem + – 냐 / 니 ?

하다 + – 냐 / 니 / 까 / 나 ? = 너 지금 뭐 하냐 ? / 하니 ?

Four Commonly Used Korean Speech Levels

In modern-day Korea, only four styles of speech: Hasipsio-che ( 하십시오체), Haeyo-che (해요체), Haera-che (해라체), Hae-che (해체 ) are frequently used in everyday life. The first two styles are called polite speech (Jondanmal ) and the last two styles are called casual speech (banmal). 

Here is the summary for each speech level with example usage:

• Formal and polite/ 합니다/ Hasipsio -che ( 하십시오체 ): used by TV broadcasters, to elders
• Formal and casual/ 한다/ Haera-che ( 해라체 ): used in reported speech and written materials
• Informal and polite/ 해요/ Haeyo-che ( 해요체 ): used between strangers, colleagues
• Informal and casual/ 해/ Hae-che ( 해체 ) or banmal ( 반말 ): used between close friends and to younger people

As you can see from the four categories above, politeness does not equal to formality in the Korean language . 해라체, or formal form, is mostly used in written Korean, while polite form is used to express politeness, often by adding 시 to sentences

To help you better understand polite speech form and 시, let’s take a look at the sentence below.

“김치 좀 주세요.“

I’d like to have some kimch i, please.

Generally speaking, the verb 주다 does not carry any politeness. If you add 세요, which means “please”, it will sound more polite in the conversation. This is from 주체높임말 (which elevates the subject of the sentence and uses ‘-시-‘).

높임말 is simply expressing respect for someone mentioned in a conversation and does not carry any kind of “formality”.

For example,

“어머니가 만들어 주 신 점심을 먹었어”

I had lunch made by my mom.

As you can see, the sentence itself is not formal, it doesn’t end with 먹었습니다 or 먹었어요, after we translated this sentence into English, it doesn’t carry any politeness as well. However, in Korean, the word 시 was added to show respect to the mother and has no real meaning.

Feeling a bit overwhelmed? Take it easy, Korean grammar is much different compared to English, but it is not rocket science. Anyone with a good method can master it within one or two years. For Korean learning methods, check out our step-by-step guide to learn Korean the smart way.

Common Korean Greetings at Different Speech Levels

Let’s introduce some common Korean greetings in formal and informal ways.  

1.안녕하세요 Hello/Hi/Good morning/Good afternoon/Good evening

• Formal and polite: 안녕하십니까 ?
• Informal and polite: 안녕하세요
• Informal and casual: 안녕

It is the most common greeting for any time of day. 안녕하세요 can be used almost to anyone. 안녕하십니까 may sound too formal to use in daily conversations. You need to use 안녕 carefully only to close friends or younger ones.

2. 만나서 반가워요 Glad to meet you

• Formal and polite: 만나서 반갑습니다
• Formal and casual: 만나서 반갑다
• Informal and polite: 만나서 반가워요
• Informal and casual: 만나서 반가워

Its literal meaning is “I am glad we met” and can be used any time you meet someone. Or you can just say “반가워요” without “만나서”. If you have prior knowledge of that person, you can add “again 다시” and then say 다시 만나서 반가워요.

  3. 요즘 어떻게 지내세요? How are you these days?

• Formal and polite: 요즘 어떻게 지내십니까 ?
• Formal and casual: 요즘 어떻게 지내니 ?
• Informal and polite: 요즘 어떻게 지내세요 ?
• Informal and casual: 요즘 어떻게 지내 ?

It is used with a present tense verb “spend 지내다 ” and it is asking how you are nowadays. If you want to ask, “how have you been?”, you can slightly change the verb into the past tense and say “ 어떻게 지내셨습니까 / 지냈니 / 지냈어요 / 지냈어 ?”. You can use the adverb “well 잘 ”, instead of “how 어떻게 ”. There are other Korean expressions and all of them have the meaning of showing a general nuance of the well-being of the other.

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Published by Aejee Jang

Native speaker of Korean and majored in English literature and Korean language. Passionate amateur linguist & tutor, with an official certificate of Korean language teacher. As a travel lover and language freak, love to communicate with various sorts of people, dig languages and help others to see attractive points of languages. View all posts by Aejee Jang

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[…] Example sentences in this article are all in simple present tense and Hapsyo-che (formal honorific speech). For more information about Korean speech levels, click here. […]

[…] Conjugations happen differently depending on formality and politeness level.  […]

[…] we mentioned in our guide on Korean speech levels, due to the influence of Confucianism, the Korean society has a vertical hierarchy, where age and […]

[…] Korean Speech Levels, by LingoDeer. […]

[…] this point onwards she’ll use informal casual speech. Check this link for more information: https://blog.lingodeer.com/korean-speech-levels/ […]

please teach me korean. please

If I can learn a majority of Korean within the next two or three months, how much time should I use to study to learn most of it?

That was an extremely comprehensive and useful post. Thank you for taking the time to summarise so much information in such an understandable way. It was by far the best and most concise (yet detailed) explanation of the different Korean speech levels and what they represent I’ve found. Thank you.

This article is SO helpful!!!

[…] the word orabeoni (오라버니) which is oppa in Old Korean. There are certainly more nuances in Korean speech levels that I don’t yet understand, however, I think even learning about the existence of these […]

J’aime beaucoup ce type d’article. Le format est très bien ! J’aimerais en avoir davantage s’il vous plaît 😉 Merci

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Korean Honorifics and Speech Levels: Why, When, & How to use

Posted by Habbi Habbi Guest Contributor on October 17, 2022

In this post: Learn about Korean honorifics and speech levels. Formal vs informal speech changes, depending on who you are addressing. We discuss what they are, when to use them, and why it’s important to know them when navigating daily life in Korean. We also share how we’ve used them throughout our Korean bilingual book collection and why we chose one speech level over the other in certain cases.

Table of contents: 

• Why honorifics and speech levels matter  
• Honorifics : 
• Introduction : What you say to whom 
• Titles : For family members & others (e.g. parents, teachers, etc) 
• Pronouns, Nouns, and Verbs: Commonly used 
• Speech levels:
• Formal, Medium, Informal 
• Examples of how commonly used expressions (Hello, I Love You) would change depending on context  
• Combining Honorifics + Speech levels
• Some common examples comparing and contrasting the same sentence - said to 2 different people 
• How speech levels manifest in Habbi Habbi Korean collection 

Why honorifics and speech levels matter

In the Korean language, who you are speaking to determines the level of formality with which you speak to them. The concept is similar to what can be found in languages, such as Spanish, where you can speak to/address someone in formal (e.g. “usted”) or informal (e.g. “tu”) manners.

Another way to think of it: the way you talk to your best friend–your way of greeting, your word choice, your demeanor–is probably different from the way you would address the president of the country because the social context and difference in social status calls for it. 

The importance of speaking with the right level of respect is higher than what we are used to in English. In Korean, it is considered rude and inappropriate to speak without honorifics in moments when it is culturally expected. If you are talking to someone who is 

• older than you (e.g. a child to an adult) 
• has a higher social position than you (e.g. an employee to their boss) 
• or even a stranger whom you have no relationship with 

… it is expected that you address them a certain way, which is where honorifics and speech levels come in. 

Honorifics  = word choice that addresses the other person with respect by lowering yourself   Speech level  = level of politeness that matches the honorifics used 

Honorifics: When to you say what to whom 

I remember getting admonished by my grandma when I called my cousin (older by just two months) by his name - instead of “오빠” (oppa), the word for older brother. This was an early experience that showed me how important honorifics are in Korea. 

As previously mentioned, honorifics are the words you use to address someone and show respect. It starts with the title you use to address the person, and thereafter the noun(s) , pronouns , verbs you address them with. Basically, the honorifics you use changes every part of your speech. 

*Note: When beginning to learn Korean, it is not expected that you have a full grasp of honorifics since it is so complex. However, it is definitely good to learn them as you learn in order to better navigate the culture!

Titles in Korean honorifics 

When it comes to titles , hierarchy matters. Is the person older than you? Use honorifics. Is the person in a higher social position than you (e.g. employee vs. boss, student vs. teacher)? Use honorifics. Do you not know the person very well/at all? Use honorifics. 

Korean titles for Family members 

You can most easily see honorifics reflected in the way we address family members. F or example:

• We don’t call older siblings or cousins by their names - that would be disrespectful.
• We address our mother vs mother in law differently - because the proximity and intimacy of our relationships are different. So, I show respect to my in-laws by addressing them with a more formal suffix -nim . 
• The titles use change depending on whether I am male or female 

*more formal way

Fun Freebie : We have a helpful (and free) “Family Tree” Printable Worksheet to help with all the different family titles!

Korean titles for Others 

You may have noticed that on Korean TV (news, dramas, variety shows), we see people using 씨 (-shi) and 님 (- nim) when addressing people or attached to user names, in the case of social media. On when to use each 

• [Name] 씨 (-shi) is used when you and the other person are in similar hierarchy but not very close in relationship (Example: 싸이 씨 / Mr . Psy)  
• [Name] 님 (-nim) is used when you need to more formally show respect (Example: 회장 님 for a President of a company). This is similar to Mr./Mrs./Miss. 

**** Depending on how the name ends, the suffix changes  * This suffix for: Younger and/or close to you - like friends  ** This suffix for: Formal / honorifics for young girls  *** This suffix for: Formal / honorifics for young boys  

Fun fact: This is why in Korea, figuring out each other’s age is the first thing people do when meeting someone new. You’ll often hear people asking “나이가 어떻게 되세요?” (how old are you?) or “몇 년생이세요?” (what year were you born?) because it determines whether you can be friends and agree to informal language or need to establish honorifics!

Pronouns, nouns, verbs in Korean honorifics 

We could go on (and on!) talking about the details in Korean honorifics and the wide range of vocabulary you need to learn for it, but for the purposes of this piece, here are a few common honorifics you can hear in everyday life.

Speech level: Formal vs Informal Korean 

If we were approaching the Korean speech levels as linguists, we could talk about the many different styles and forms, which are very technical. However, for our purposes, we will approach them in 3 commonly used situations: 

• Formal 존댓말 (High):   You will also hear it used on the news or TV and see it in text in news articles, books; also often used at work or with someone of distinctly higher social status (e.g. President) 
• Formal 존댓말 (Medium):  This is the polite form that can be used in most d ay-to-day situations ; often used with someone older or whom you don’t have a close relationship with. Some families may use this with relatives - pending the family's style or preference. 
• Informal 반말:  As long as both parties have mutually agreed, it is ok to use! This is often used with friends, someone younger / same age, those you have a close relationship with, and also family and relatives - pending the family's style and preference. 

• In Korean, when saying “hello/hi” we say/write it as a question
• ~니까 is the question form of ~니다

Combining Honorifics + Speech Levels: some examples

Let’s now put it all together, with a few common examples and see how speech would change in different contexts, with honorifics (word choice) and speech levels (level of politeness that matches). 

• Titles different based on who you are addressing 
• Pronouns / Nouns / Verbs that match
• Speech levels ( formal high, formal medium , informal ) for the context and person
• A classmate: 안녕 ?
• A teacher: 선생님 , 안녕 하세요 ?
• Difference: title, sentence ending ~요
• To a friend: 친구야 , 밥 먹었 어 ?
• To your grandmother: 할머니 , 식사 하셨어 요 ? 
• Difference: title, word choice for “meal” and conjugation of “to eat,” sentence ending in ~요
• Older female cousin is visiting your house: 언니/누나 , 어서 와 !
• A guest is entering a restaurant: 손님 , 어서 오세 요 ! 
• To your younger cousin: 내가 전화 할게 ~
• To your parents: 제가 전화 할게 요 ~ / 제가 전화 하겠습 니다 ~ / 제가 전화 드릴게 요 ~ / 제가 전화 드리겠습 니다 ~  
• Difference: I pronoun, verb conjugation for “to give” (a call), sentence ending ~요, ~니다
• Someone close in relationship: 필요한 게 있으면 말 해
• Someone not close: 필요한 게 있으시면 말씀해 주세 요  
• Difference : verb conjugation for “to have” (something you need), honorific form of “to tell”

Saying good night/sleep well:

• To a friend or younger sibling: 잘자!
• To an elder or adult: 안녕히 주무세요!
• Difference : informal way is literally “sleep well,” whereas formal is a set phrase including the honorific verb conjugation for “to sleep”

Using Honorifics and Speech Levels in our Habbi Habbi Korean Collection 

When choosing the speech form to use in each book, there are a few things we considered:

• Our reader / audience 
• Purpose of the book
• Message of the book
• Characters’ interactions within the book (if any)

Since the majority, if not all, of our readers are children and their families, we chose the medium level of formal speech “~요” (a.k.a. the polite form) over the high level of formal speech “~니다” since that is the speech level that can be most commonly used in most daily life situations. It is also the speech level that children would use to interact with and express themselves to close adults in their lives, such as family members, teachers, and adults in their community.

Example: In Book of First Phrases  

You will notice that pages 4 and 5 show the children using the formal speech “~요” when talking to adults, whereas the adults respond in informal speech since they are older.

In contrast, the rest of the pages in Book of First Phrases show children talking to each other in informal/casual language: 

For books that have a 3rd person narrator ( Foodie Friends , Book of Seasons , and Apples + Arithmetic), we chose formal speech since that is the norm in children’s books: 

I Am Kind and Book of Chores are written in formal speech. 

If you liked this, you may also appreciate the following other articles about Korean for kids: 

• Korean numbers : Charts, Pronunciation, Tools, and more 
• Korean children’s books for beginners 
• Korean family free : Learn to address family members with Free Printable 

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Home » Articles » 67 Practical Korean Phrases to Ace Your First Korean Conversation

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written by Caitlin Sacasas

Language: Korean

Reading time: 10 minutes

Published: Apr 5, 2024

Updated: Jun 6, 2024

67 Practical Korean Phrases to Ace Your First Korean Conversation

Are you looking for the perfect list of  practical Korean phrases  to help you have your first conversation? Wondering what “aniyo” is in Korean? What’s “thank you” or “hello” in Korean? Look no further – we have the perfect lists of the most commonly used Korean phrases!

No fluff here! All the Korean words and phrases listed below are helpful phrases you’ll actually use when speaking Korean.

Table of contents

15 basic korean words and phrases, 10 korean greetings to say “hello” and “goodbye” in korean, 13 common korean phrases for everyday life, 19 survival korean phrases for getting around in korea, 12 basic korean phrases for real conversations with new korean friends, learn the core 111 korean words, create a korean script so you’re ready to start speaking korean today, start speaking korean from day one, master your korean pronunciation, learn how to read korean hangul, ace your first conversation with these korean phrases.

You’ll probably use some of the most basic Korean phrases for any conversation. Here are some words and phrases to get you ready for your first–and any–conversation:

• Hello: 안녕하세요 ( annyeong haseyo )
• Yes: 네 ( ne ) or 예 ( ye )
• No: 아니요 ( aniyo )
• Maybe: 아마도 ( amado )
• Please: 주세요 ( juseyo )
• Thank you: 감사합니다 ( gamsahamnida ) or 고마워요 ( gomawoyo )
• You’re welcome: 천만에요 ( cheonmaneyo )
• Okay: 예 ( ye ) or 괜찮다 ( gwaenchanhda )
• I’m sorry: 미안해요 ( mianhaeyo )
• I don’t know: 몰라요 ( mollayo )
• Excuse me (for apologies): 실례합니다 ( sillyehamnida )
• Excuse me (for someone’s attention): 저기요 ( jeogiyo )
• Good: 좋아요 ( johayo ) or 좋은 ( joheun )
• Bad: 안좋아요 ( anjohayo ) or 나쁜 ( nappeun )
• And: 하고 ( hago )* See note below

Pro tip about “and” in Korean: There are many ways to say “and”. The one above is the most colloquial, but you might also come across 과 ( gwa ) or 와 ( wa ). These two are also standard, but just a bit more bookish or formal. The two listed here are particles and change depending on the last sound of the word that comes before it.

You use 과 ( gwa ) if the word before it ends in a consonant. You use 와 ( wa ) if the word ends in a vowel. Luckily, with the colloquial 하고 ( hago ), you don’t need to worry about this.

This is common with many Korean particles.

By the way, you can hear Benny using some of these practical Korean words and phrases from day one! Check out his very first Korean conversation here:

As in other languages, some of the most common Korean phrases are greetings! You’ll need them to sound polite and friendly, so here are some of the most common greetings in Korean.

You’ll notice that there are a few ways to say “goodbye”. That’s because depending on  how  you’re leaving, it changes slightly! Don’t worry – I tell you how to choose which one to use.

(But if you ever forget, you can say  annyeong . It’s more casual, but it will get the job done!)

• Hi: 안녕 ( annyeong )
• Hello on the phone: 여보세요 ( yeoboseyo )
• Good morning: 좋은아침이에요 ( joeun achimieyo )
• How are you: 어떻게 지내세요? ( eotteohge jinaeseyo ) or 잘 지내요? ( jal jinaeyo )
• Long time no see: 오랜만이에요 ( oraenmanieyo )
• Bye: 안녕 ( annyeong )
• Goodbye (to the person leaving when you’re staying): 안녕히 가세요 ( annyeonghi gaseyo )
• Goodbye (when you’re leaving and the other person is staying): 안녕히 계세요 ( annyeonghi gyeseyo )
• Take care: 잘 가요 ( jal gayo )
• Welcome (to a store or place): 환영합니다 ( hwanyeonghamnida )

Want to learn more ways to start a conversation in Korean? Check out  this article about Korean greetings .

There are some common Korean phrases you’ll need to talk with people in different situations. You’ll run into these common Korean phrases all the time. Some even every time you eat!

• Good luck: 화이팅 ( hwaiting , literally: “fighting”) or 행운을 빕니다 ( haengun-eul bimnida )
• Cheers: 건배 ( geonbae )
• Amazing: 대박 ( daebak )
• Have you eaten?: 밥 먹었어요? ( bab meogeosseoyo? )
• Bon appetit: 잘 먹겠습니다 ( jal meokgetseumnida )
• Thank you for this meal: 잘 먹었습니다 ( jal meogeotseuminda )
• Congratulations: 축하해요 ( chukahaeyo )
• No problem: 문제 없어요 ( munje eopseoyo )
• Of course: 당연하죠 ( dangyeonhajyo )
• Just one moment, please: 잠시만 기다려 주세요 ( jamsiman gidaryeo juseyo )
• Sleep well: 잘 자요 ( jal jayo )
• Get home safely: 안전하게 집에 가다 ( anjeonhage jib-e gada )
• Don’t worry: 걱정 하지마 ( geokjeong hajimaseyo )

We wrote even  more Korean phrases for beginners  and those preparing to travel to Korea, so check that out, too!

Want to avoid getting lost, confused, or otherwise stuck while on a trip to Korea? These are the most helpful phrases for when you’re trying to get by in Korean!

• Do you speak English?: 영어하세요? ( yeongeo haseyo? )
• Do you speak Korean?: 한국어하세요? ( hangugeo haseyo? )
• I understand: 이해해요 ( ihae haeyo )
• I don’t understand: 이해 못 해요 ( ihae mos haeyo )
• What did you say?: 뭐라고 했어? ( mworago haesseo? )
• Can you speak slowly please?: 천천히 말 해주세요  cheoncheonhi mal hae juseyo? )
• Please repeat: 반복하세요 ( banbog haseyo )
• Please write it down: 적어주세요 ( jeogeo juseyo )
• I speak a little Korean: 한국어를 조금한다 ( hangugeo-leul jogeumhanda )
• What does this mean?: 이것은 무엇을 의미 하는가? ( igeoseun mueos-eul uimi haneunga? )
• What is  _  in Korean?:  _  한국말로 뭐예요? ( hangugmallo mwoyeyo? )
• How much is it?: 얼마에요? ( eolmayeyo? )
• Where is  _ ?:  _  어디에 있어요? ( eodie isseyo? )
• Where is the bathroom?: 화장실은 어디에 있어요? ( hwajangsireun eodie isseyo? )
• Over there: 저기 ( jeogi )
• Straight: 직진 ( jigjin )
• Right: 오른쪽 ( oleunjjok )
• Left: 왼쪽 ( oenjjok )
• Can you help me please?: 도와 줄수있으세요? ( dowa julsu isseuseyo? )

Related learning: Hear about another learner’s experience with Korean in this episode of the Language Hacking:

Now, no conversation is complete without a few questions thrown in! You’ll need to know how to ask some simple questions for your first conversation. These basic Korean phrases are a great place to start:

• What’s your name?: 이름이 뭐예요? ( ireum-i mwoyeyo? )
• My name is…: 제 이름은… ( je ileum-eun )
• Nice to meet you: 반갑습니다 ( bangapseubnida )
• Where are you from?: 어디에서 왔어요? ( eodieseo wasseoyo? )
• I’m from…: …에서 왔어요 ( eseo wasseoyo )
• How old are you?: 몇 살이에요? ( myeot sarieyo )
• I’m ** … ** years old: ** … ** 살이에요 ( sarieyo )
• What’s your job?: 직업이 뭐에요? ( jigeobi mweoeyo? )
• Where do you work?: 어디에서 일합니까? ( eodieseo ilhamnikka? )
• What are your hobbies?: 취미가 뭐니? ( chwimiga mwoni? )
• And you?: 그리고 너? ( geuligo neo? )
• Have a nice day: 좋은 하루 보내세요 ( joheun haru bonaeseyo )

[IMAGE: IG. Caption: ‘When Benny started learning his first Korean phrases, he got a webtoon version of himself made!’ Link:  https://www.instagram.com/p/Com1IWdSCJ3/  ]

Practical Steps to Having Your First Conversation in Korean

Now that you’ve seen the most common Korean phrases and words to learn for your first conversation, it’s time to prepare!

Having your first Korean conversation can be super nerve-wracking. But the whole point of learning the language is to speak and have conversations with new people, right?

So we have to work past our nerves and do the thing!

That said, what is the  best  way to get over your nerves?

Come prepared.

I’ve listed some of my favorite tips for getting through your first Korean language exchange. If you do these things, you’ll feel way more confident!

I’ve also included extra resources for each tip, so you can continue to learn Korean and grow your skills.

In every language, there are about 100 words that make up around 50% of all spoken speech.

Crazy, isn’t it?

A lot of these words are small, connecting words like “the” and “in” in English. But there are many common nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs we use  all the time . Korean is no different.

So check out this article to learn the  111 core Korean words  you need to know.

Keep in mind though, that it’s also important to learn words relevant to  you , specifically. That’s where our next tip comes in.

Take a look at the phrases above we already covered. Let’s say you asked someone what their hobbies are. Then they asked, “What about you?”

Well, do you know how to say your hobbies in Korean?

If not, then it’s time to make a script!

Write out how you think your conversation may go. Script your answers, so when you’re asked questions, you know how to respond. Like this:

“What are your hobbies?” 취미가 뭐니? ( chwimiga mwoni? )

“I like to play guitar and watch Star Wars.” 기타를 연주하고 스타 워즈를 보는 것을 좋아해요. ( gita-leul yeonjuhago seuta wojeu-leul boneun geoseul johahaeyo )

If you think the conversation may dig deeper into that topic, take it even further:

“Cool! I love Star Wars, too. Which Episode is your favorite?” 대박! 나도 스타 워즈를 좋아해요. 가장 좋아하는 에피소드는 뭐니? ( Daebak! Nado seuta wojeu-leul johahaeyo. Gajang johaha-neun episode-neun mwoni? )

“I really love Episode 5: Empire Strikes Back. I didn’t like the latest movie, The Rise of Skywalker.” Empire Strikes Back을 정말 좋아합니다. 최신 영화 The Rise of Skywalker가 마음에 좋아하지 않아요. ( Empire Strikes Back-eul jeongmal johahaeyo. Choesin yeonghwa The Rise of Skywalker-ga maeume johahaji anhayo. )

( I’m not speaking from personal preference or anything… )

You know how to talk about things  you  care about during your conversation!

Here are some more tips for creating a  language exchange script and how to find a partner .

Next step? Start speaking. Today. Right now.

You’ve got this list of phrases. You’re working on your Korean script. Now start saying them  out loud and often . Repeat them every day.

Get used to how Korean sounds are formed with your mouth and how they sound rolling off your tongue.

Depending on your native language, that can be quite a change. So to prevent stumbling in-person, get used to saying the things you want to say.

Speaking from day one  is the whole basis of our language learning method here at  Fluent in 3 Months , and that’s because  it works.

Check out more  tips for how to speak in your target language .

Now that you’re speaking, you’ll need to work on your pronunciation.

Korean pronunciation is a bit different from English and other European languages. It takes some getting used to. It takes even more practice to  listen and understand .

The best way to master your Korean pronunciation is to listen often and repeat always.

My favorite way to do that is with  KoreanClass101 . It’s the best Korean podcast out there, with all kinds of lessons to help you learn Korean fast. They even have lessons on pronunciation.

You can pop in your headphones, and practice repeating while cleaning the house. Or play it in the car during your commute.

The key is getting used to how Korean sounds, learning to understand what is spoken and getting comfortable saying it yourself.

Check out KoreanClass101  here to work on your pronunciation.

Wait… why learn how to  read  Korean if your goal is to  speak ?

Well, it’s because the romanization of Korean words is  not  consistent. If you base the sound on how it’s romanized, you’ll most likely mispronounce the word.

That’s where hangul comes in. If you know how to read hangul, you’ll be able to pronounce Korean better.

You aren’t trying to make Korean fit the limited sounds in English. Instead, you’re learning it as it’s designed to sound.

Besides, when you can read hangul, you can get into all  kinds  of amazing Korean resources with ease. That’s where the fun really starts!

This is  a handy guide to learn Hangul fast . You can also check out  these tips to make learning Korean easy .

Now you’re ready to have conversations in Korean. Way to go!

To further improve your level, check out these articles:

• Learn How to Say “Thank You” in Korean (Master Your Manners)
• How to Learn the Korean Alphabet and Write in Korean [Step-by-Step Guide]
• 111 Must-Know Korean Verbs
• Easy Korean Numbers: Counting in Korean from 1 – 100+
• Korean Slang: 80+ Everyday Words and Phrases to Sound Like a Native
• Korean Greetings: 10+ Ways to Say “Hello” in Korean
• Innovative Language Review – Complete Pod101 Language Course Review (with Screenshots and Video Results)

Original article by Caitlin Sacasas. Reviewed and updated by the Fluent in 3 Months team on [publish date].

Caitlin Sacasas

Content Writer, Fluent in 3 Months

Caitlin is a copywriter, content strategist, and language learner. Besides languages, her passions are fitness, books, and Star Wars. Connect with her: Twitter | LinkedIn

Speaks: English, Japanese, Korean, Spanish

Have a 15-minute conversation in your new language after 90 days

Learn Korean Online: Using Formal and Informal When Speaking Korean

Korean  is a difficult language to learn, but it’s made much easier by following a concrete set of steps. If you are visiting Korea, the first thing to understand is the difference between formal and informal speak.

For English speakers, learning Korean is a process that can be both frustrating and fun. Like any foreign language, Korean grammar and vocabulary are often best practiced with a partner using flashcards. If you have access to media such as Korean dramas, podcasts, or tv shows, or can join a  language exchange , this will supplement what you learn in Korean classes.

The more Korean culture you take in, the better! Whether you’re practicing in Seoul or Seattle, use these learning resources to take your Korean language skills to the next level.

Formal vs. Informal when speaking Korean

For  language learners  who come from respect-based cultures, the friendliness of the American language can be a little off-putting. As part of the formal vs informal process, we’re going to focus on Korean pronunciation and Korean vocabulary.

This is especially true for languages that have both formal and informal speech that is used based on the relationship of the speaker to the audience that he or she is addressing. 

Perhaps one of the most well known languages with both formal and informal forms is Spanish. To illustrate:

Singular Informal, tu             vs.             Singular Formal, usted

Over seven years ago my husband and I joined a Korean American faith community in the northwest suburbs of Chicago. One thing that we quickly noticed was that there is a strong sense of respect and hierarchy in Korean American culture.

From the way you receive a refill of water from an elder (hold out cup with both hands) from the way that you address an elder when speaking, the language and culture reflect a deep-seated belief in the importance of etiquette and polite interactions.

When considering the language itself, there is both an informal and formal way of addressing your audience. Here’s a quick summary between the two:

Formal Language

If you are addressing someone considered higher in status, importance, age, etc. (e.g. a granddaughter speaking to her grandmother) then you must use special nouns or verb endings to be respectful.

If you use them incorrectly, you run the risk of insulting your audience. The special nouns and verbs used are called “ honorific ”. When using pronouns, the general rule is to add the honorific suffix –nim to the word:

 Father (in general) abeoji     vs.  Your friend’s father, abeonim

Informal Language

If you are addressing someone that is considered less than you in status, importance, age, etc. (e.g. an older brother speaking to his younger sibling) then the informal noun and verb form is used.

Perhaps one of the most common uses of formal vs. informal language is the initial greeting in Korean:

Hello (formal), n-nyung-ha-se-yo vs. Hello (informal), an nyoung

While languages with both formal and informal forms rules of communication might at first seem suffocating, over time I have learned to appreciate the distinctions between addressing a peer and addressing someone who has earned the right, if by nothing else than the wisdom of age, to be esteemed.

At the end of the day, the formal form has much to teach:

• Humility: there is always someone who knows more than me
• Age Matters: there is wisdom in old age and it is still important to revere and honor those who have lived longer
• Accountability: I fall somewhere within the hierarchy, too, and should be an example to others who are still growing and learning

So, the next time you struggle through the differences between formal and informal in Korean and when to use what form, keep in mind that the purpose of language is communication for relationship.

Oftentimes what you are communicating goes deeper than what is being said; it is building a deep and respectful bond.

The best way to learn Korean online?

How long has it been since you picked up a brand new hobby or habit? Think back to that process. Repetition likely played a big role in making it possible, and this is the best way to learn Korean. 

You want to follow this technique by immersing yourself in the Korean language. To begin with, take a sentence and repeat it over and over. If you have someone to do this with you, take advantage of the opportunity whenever possible.

Once you have a bit of basic Korean down, try to switch tenses. Put what you’re saying in past tense, future tense, and repeat until you can move easily between them.

Practice with a native Korean speaker

Alongside repetition, the best way to learn Korean is through immersion with a native Korean speaker. Repetition and immersion actually go hand in hand, as they work perfectly together. Live Lingua offers affordable lessons with a native Korean speaker  where you’ll work one on one to progress at the level and speed that is right for you. Your first lesson is free!

Live Lingua has over ten years of experience building the best immersive language learning platform for anyone with Skype. No matter your ability level,  there is no intimidation because it’s just you and your instructor.  Here’s the rundown on Korean lessons with Live Lingua.

Memorize the need-to-know common sentences

This is especially poignant if you plan to travel to South Korea. You must be able to ask basic questions at the airport, your hotel, and at cafes. Here are the essential common Korean phrases to practice. If you get started now, especially if you have an upcoming trip to South Korea, you’ll be much more comfortable once you’re in a live speaking situation.

Listen to Korean media

Korean pop, commonly known as K-pop , is currently the most popular Korean media with the international audience. Listening to songs by Korean artists can help you become more comfortable with sentence structure and can even boost memorization.

Korean ((한국어, 조선말, Hangugeo, Chosŏnmal)  is not only  the official language spoken in North and South Korea, but also in Yanbian, a Korean Autonomous Prefecture in China. It is a difficult and charming language, historically and culturally rich, and still debated where it comes from. If you are curious about the Korean world, follow these simple steps to learn it!

Learn Hangeul, the Korean alphabet.

The alphabet is the first and good step to learn a new language, in particular those far from ours. The Korean alphabet is relatively easy, even if it might sound strange to you.

L’Hangeul was invented  during Joseon Dynasty in 1443. It has 24 letters, 14 consonants and 10 vowels. However, if we include 16 diphthongs and double consonants, there are 40 letters in total. This language has  about  3000 Chinese characters, called Hanja , to represent words borrowed from China. Unlike Japanese Kanji , Hanja is used  in limited contexts

such as  academic articles, Buddhist texts, dictionaries, newspaper highlights, surnames and  classical literature before Second World War. It is not adopted in North Korea anymore.

How to count in Korean

Counting in Korean can be difficult because there are two different ways, depending on the situation: a Korean, of course, and a Korean system with  some Chinese characters. The Korean system is used to indicate numbers of objects and people (between 1 and 99) and age. For example: 3 children, 7 bottles of beer, 28 years of age. Here is how to count up to 10 :

1 = 하나  “hana”

2 = 둘  “dool”

3 = 셋  “set”

4 = 넷  “net”

5 = 다섯  “da-sut”

6 = 여섯  “yuh-sut”

7 = 일곱  “il-gop”

8= 여덟 “yuh-duhl”

9= 아홉  “ahop”

10 = 열  “yuhl”

They use the Korean-Chinese system for dates, money, addresses, phone numbers, and numbers greater than 100. Here is how to count up to 10 with this system:

1 = 일  “il”

2 = 이  “ee”

3 = 삼  “sam”

4 = 사  “sa”

5 = 오  “oh”

7 = 칠 “chil”

8 = 팔  “pal”

9 = 구  “goo”

10 = 십  “ship”

Common Korean Phrases

Try learning the words and sentences to say:

Hi/Hello = 안녕 “an-nyoung”

Yes = 네  “ne”

No = 아니요 “aniyo”

Thanks = 감사합니다 “gam-sa-ham-nee-da”

My name is… = 저는 ___ 입니다 “chonun… imnida”

How are you?  = 어떠십니까?  “otto-shim-nikka”

Nice to meet you = 만나서 반가워요 “Manna-seo banga-woyo”

Goodbye = 안녕히 계세요  “an-nyounghi kye-sayo”

Try to learn the different speech forms.

It is important to learn the difference between levels of formalities in spoken Korean. In Korean, the ending of verbs changes according to the age and status of the interlocutor as well as the social context. It is important to understand how the formality of speech works so that you can have a proper conversation.

• Informal – Used to address people with same  age or younger, in particular close friends. • Forma – Used to talk to older people and in formal social contexts. • Honor – Used in very formal contexts such as TV news or army. Seldom used in normal conversations.

Basic Korean Phrases

Korean is one of the most unique languages in the world, a difficult one to learn as it doesn’t easily link to other languages. The closest languages are even quite different — Japanese and Swedish. 

These greetings in Korean and common Korean phrases will get you going.

Hello and Goodbye – 안녕하세요 (An-nyeong-ha-se-yo)

Please — 주세요 (Ju-se-yo)

Honored to meet you – 반갑습니다 (Ban-gap-sum-ni-da)

Excuse me/pardon – 잠시만요 (Jam-shi-man-yo)

I’m sorry -죄송합니다/미안합니다 (Chway-seong-ham-ni-da/Mi-an-ham-ni-da)

Where is the bathroom? — 욕실은 어디 있어요 (Hwa-jang-shil-o-di-ye-yo)

One beer, please — 맥주 한잔 부탁드립니다 (maeg-ju han-jan-bu-tag-deu-lib-ni-da)

How much? – 얼마예요 (ol-ma-ye-yo)

I don’t speak Korean very well – 한국말 잘 못해요 (Han-guk-mal-jal-mot-hae-yo)

Can you help me? — 너 나 좀 도와 줄 수있어? (neo-na-jom-dow-a-jul-su-iss-eo)

To get a little dirty, see our guide on How To Curse In Korean.

How To Order In A Korean Restaurant

One aspect of religious life for Korean Americans is the idea of a shared meal. In honor of the many friends Korean families invite to meals (and the women who cook for more than 200 people each week), here are some of my favorite Korean dishes:

1. Tteokbokki: Rice Cakes in Hot Sauce

Tteokbokki has become a type of soul food for me as I’ve worked and lived alongside Korean Americans. The dish is fairly simple consisting of cylinder shaped rice cooks cooked in a hot red sauce. The bland mushiness of the rice cakes paired with the kick of the sauce creates a warm dish that is perfect on a cold winter’s day.

2. Kalbi: Korean BBQ

If you have never been to a Korean BBQ restaurant run, don’t walk, until you find one! There is nothing in this world like freshly grilled Kalbi. Kalbi is tender beef with a touch of sweetness that has been cut extremely thin to grill quickly. The best way to eat Kalbi is around a large table with plenty of family and friends to enjoy!

3. Bibimbap: Mixed Meal

For many Westerners, their first experience with Korean food is a nice big bowl of Bibimbap. Aptly translated “Mixed Meal”, bibimbap consists of rice, mixed vegetables, chili pepper and sliced beef placed separately in a large bowl. The meal is complete when a fried egg is placed on top, a little red pepper paste is added, and then all is mixed. I imagine this to be a leftover meal of sorts in Korean homes. It screams of comfort food.

4. Mu Guk: Korean Radish Soup

Mu Guk is a mild tasting soup that consists of a water broth, Korean radishes (called mu), sliced beef and scallions. The broth also contains a small amount of soy sauce, garlic and sesame oil (a staple oil in Korean cooking). I’ve eaten this mild soup on cold winter days and hot summer afternoons. It can either fill you with warmth or sweat the toxins out as it is served extremely hot in temperature!

5. Jajangmyeon: Noodles in Black Bean Sauce

Jajangmyeon and I had a love/hate relationship for many years. If you can get over the initial look of this dish then what awaits is culinary delight. Thick Jajangmyeon noodles create a base for the dish. Black bean sauce is then paired with pork, a variety of vegetables and a little sugar to create a thick paste that tops the noodles.

6. Miyuk Guk: Seawood Soup

Last, but not least, is my personal favorite. Miyuk Guk is a broth-based soup that is loaded with cooked seaweed and beef (or seafood). Since seaweed is filled with iron the soup is given to post-partum mothers to help replenish the iron lost while giving birth. It is also traditionally consumed on birthdays.

My list of foods could go on and on as I have a deep love affair with Korean food. Now I leave you to go and taste for yourself the wonderful tastes and flavors that Korean food has to offer! 잘 먹겠습니다 (Bon appetit!)!

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Lesson 52: Quoting in Korean (~ㄴ/는다고)

Click here for a Workbook to go along with this lesson.

This Lesson is also available in Español

Vocabulary Introduction

Quoting with Verbs: ~ㄴ/는다고 Quoting with Adjectives: ~다고 Quoting with 이다: ~(이)라고 Other Uses of ~ㄴ/는다고

Asking Questions with Quoted Sentences

Using Quoted Sentences with ~는 것

Click on the English word to see information and examples of that word in use. Use these sentences to give yourself a feel for how each word can be used, and maybe even to expose yourself to the grammar that you will be learning shortly.

A PDF file neatly presenting these words and extra information can be found here .

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “식씬”

Notes: A few adjectives that describe sizes have a similar looking word that represents the noun form of that adjective. For example:

크다 = big 크기 = size (bigness)

길다 = long 길이 = length

넓다 = wide 넓이 = width

Common Usages: 길이를 재다 = to measure the length 길이를 줄이다 = to decrease length 길이를 늘이다 = to increase length

Examples: 이 밧줄의 길이가 짧아요 = The length of this rope is short

이 바지 길이가 길어서 잘라야 해요 = These pants (the length of these pants) are too long so I need to cut them

밧줄의 길이가 너무 부족하다고 했어요 = I said that the length of this rope is not enough (insufficient)

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “바쭐”

Common Usages: 밧줄을 감다 = to wind a rope 밧줄을 당기다 = to pull a rope 밧줄을 자르다 = to cut a rope

Examples: 안 쓰는 밧줄을 막대기에 감아 놓았어요 = I coiled the rope that we aren’t using around the rod

이 밧줄의 길이가 몇 센티이냐고 물어봤어요 = I asked what the length of this rope is in centimeters

Common Usages: 여주인공 = heroine

Examples: 이 영화의 주인공은 매우 인기가 많은 배우예요 = The main character of this movie is a very popular actor

아무래도 다음 영화에서 주인공이 죽을 것 같아요 = The hero/star/main character will probably die in the next movie

Common Usages:

단편소설가 = short story novelist 장편소설가 = “long story” novelist (Korean people use 장편 to refer to the opposite of 단편 – but 장편 (meaning a long story) usually just refers to a regular novel.)

Examples: 소설가의 설명은 아주 섬세해요 = The novelist’s explanation is very delicate

소설가가 되기 위해서는 많은 책을 읽고 공부해야 돼요 = In order to become a novelist, you need to read many books and study

Common Usages: 일반자동차 = regular car 대형자동차 = large sized car 소형자동차 = small sized car 자동차보험 = car insurance 자동차사고 = car accident 자동차주차금지 = no parking (of cars) 자동차를 빌리다 = to rent a car

Examples: 저는 자동차를 빌릴 거예요 = I will rent a car

자동차를 사면 자동차 보험을 꼭 들어야 해요 = If you buy a car, you must get car insurance

이 길은 가파르기 때문에 자동차 사고가 많이 나요 = Many car accidents happen on this road because it is steep

Examples: 홈플러스와 같은 대형 마트가 보통 고객들이 먹을 수 있는 시식이 많아요 = Big markets like Home Plus usually have a lot of samples customers can eat

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “임녁”

Common Usages: 입력신호 = input signal 입력단자 = input terminal 자료를 입력하다 = to input data

Examples: 이 내용을 핸드폰에 입력해 주세요 = Please input this information into your phone

이 정보를 내일까지 다 입력해 줄 거라고 약속했어요 = I promised that I would input all of this information by tomorrow

Notes: Just like in English, 출력 can be used to refer to something that is printed or taken out of a machine somehow. For example:

인쇄기가 망가져서 이 서류를 출력하지 못해요 = The printer is broken so we can’t print/output this document

출력해야 할 내용이 있어서 복사기를 먼저 찾아야 해요 = I have something (some contents) that I need to print so I first need to find copier

It can also be used to refer to the power capacity of some machine. For example:

Common Usages: 현금인출기에서 돈을 뽑다 = to take out money from an ATM

Examples: 이 길은 시위자들에 의해 막혀 있어요 = This road is blocked because of the protesters

거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다 = The people who were on the street were protesters

회사장은 많은 시위자들로부터 드디어 빠져 나왔어요 = The CEO finally escaped (came out of) the crowd of protesters

Common Usages: 불평불만 = complaint 불만족스럽다 = to be dissatisfied

Examples: 정부에게 불만을 표현하고 싶은 사람이 많은가 봐요 = It looks like there are a lot of people who want to express their complaints towards the government

This word can be used to indicate that one changes their physical direction. For example:

그 사람에 얼굴을 보기 싫어서 돌아섰어요 = I didn’t want to see that person’s face, so I turned around

싫어하는 사람이 저에 다가와서 그 사람을 피하려고 등을 지고 돌아섰어요 = A person I don’t like was approaching me, so I turned around to avoid him

It can also be used to indicate that one changes their mind or attitude. When used like this, it is often used with 마음. For example:

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “느리다”

Notes: 늘이다 is used when one increases length. 늘리다 is used when increasing width of volume (Another usage of 늘리다 is also the active form of 늘다)

Common Usages: 길이를 늘이다 = to increase the length of

This word is used to indicate that one physically points at something. For example:

제일 좋아하는 여자를 가리킬 거예요 = I will point to the girl that I like the most

길을 잃어서 한 남자에게 방향을 물으니 저기를 가리켰어요 = I got lost, so I asked a man directions, and he pointed there.

Similarly, it is used to indicate that some form of measurement reader is pointing towards a number. For example:

Common Usages: 상상력 = imagination (imaginative power)

Examples: 아내랑 이혼하는 것을 상상할 수도 없어요 = I can’t even imagine divorcing my wife

제가 이렇게 더러운 도매시장에서 일하는 것을 상상할 수도 없어요 = I can’t even imagine working at a dirty wholesale market like this

저는 모든 나라가 민주주의 국가로 변하는 것을 상상할 수 없다고 말했어요 = I said that I can’t imagine all countries changing to democratic nations

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “심따”

Common Usages: 꽃을 심다 = to plant flowers 나무를 심다 = to plant a tree

Examples: 그 씨앗을 어디에 심는지 신경을 안 써요 = I don’t care where you plant those seeds

이 장소에서 나무를 심고 싶다고 말했어요 = I said that I want to plant a tree in this location

The noun form of this word (“위로”) translates to “consolation.”

위로금 = money given to console somebody (this is common in Korea) 진심으로 위로하다 = to console from the bottom of one’s heart (sincerely) 위로해 줘서 감사합니다 = thank you for consoling me

Examples: 저의 친구의 아버지가 돌아가셔서 저는 친구를 위로했어요 = My friend’s father passed away so I consoled my friend

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “조그마타”

Examples: 아빠가 오늘 잡은 물고기가 너무 조그맣다고 했어요 = Dad said that the fish he caught today is/was very tiny

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “월뜽하다”

Common Usages: 월등히 = exceptionally 실력이 월등하다 = for one’s skills to be exceptional

Examples: 저는 이 소설가가 다른 소설가들보다 월등히 낫다고 생각합니다 = I think this novelist is much (exceptionally) better than other novelists

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “불만족쓰럽따”

Examples: 아무리 일을 열심히 해도 저는 왠지 불만족스러워요 = Regardless of how hard I work, for some reason I am not satisfied

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “몹씨”

Examples: 저의 몸이 몹시 피곤해요 = My body is really tired

The pronunciation of this word is closer to “지금껃”

Notes: You will see a few other words with ~껏attached. Sometimes ~껏 denotes the time “until” the time period indicated. Another example of this is 지금껏.

Other times ~껏 denotes that something is done “as much” as the noun allows for it. Common examples of this are:

마음껏 = as much as one wants 힘껏 = as much as one can (as much as one’s power will allow)

For help memorizing these words, try using our mobile app .

There are 625 vocabulary entries in Unit 3. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package here .

Introduction

In this lesson, you will learn something that hasn’t been presented at all up to this point. Here, you will learn how to quote people (including yourself) when making sentences. After learning this, you will understand how important it is to know how to quote people in speech, as you will realize how often it comes up. Anyways, here we go, let’s learn how to quote.

Quoting with Verbs: ~ ㄴ/ 는다고

Quoting in Korean is counter-intuitive for an English speaker. With some Korean knowledge most people would assume that quoting would be done using the ~는 것 principle. For example, if I were going to say:

I know that he likes you

I could use the ~는 것 principle to create this sentence in Korean:

나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 것을 알아 = I know that he likes you

If I changed the word 알다 (to know) to 말하다 (to say), you would think that I could write this:

나는 그가 너를 좋아하는 것을 말했어

However, this is not how quoting is done in Korean. The ordering of quoted sentences is still the same as ~는 것 sentences, but ~는 것 is not used. So, let’s take out ~는 것 in that sentence:

나는 그가 너를 좋아하?????? 말했어

In quoted sentences, the actual “quoted” part gets conjugated into the plain (or “diary”) form. If you are unfamiliar with the plain form, I suggest you read Lesson 5 . Let’s look at a quick table showing the plain form for three common verbs:

You actually conjugate the “quoted” part of a sentence as if it were its own sentence into this form. After the sentence is conjugated to the plain form, you must place “고” at the end of it. For example:

한다고 간다고 먹는다고

Let’s look at the example we were looking at before. Instead of writing this:

We should write:

나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말했어 = I said that he likes you

Notice that 좋아하다 in the quoted portion of the sentence is conjugated to the present tense. This is because the sentence I created was “I said that he likes you.” In other situations, the quoted part of the sentence could be conjugated to the past and future tenses. If we wanted, we could also write:

나는 그가 너를 좋아했다고 말했어 = I said that he liked you 나는 그가 너를 좋아하겠다고 말했어 = I said that he will like you

You can also change the conjugation of the final verb (in these cases “말하다”) to indicate when the quote is said. For example:

나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말하고 있어 = I am saying (telling you) that he likes you 나는 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말할 거야 = I will say that he likes you

If you want to indicate to whom this quote is said to, you can attach ~에게/한테/께 to the person being spoken to. For example:

나는 엄마에게 그가 너를 좋아한다고 말할 거야 = I will tell mom that he likes you

Let’s look at another example with the different conjugations of the quoted verb:

선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착했다고 말했다 = The teacher said that the students arrived late 선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착한다고 말했다 = The teacher said that the students arrive late 선생님은 학생들이 늦게 도착하겠다고 말했다 = The teacher said that the students will arrive late

Below are many examples of this quoted ending being used with verbs:

저는 밥을 안 먹었다고 말했어요 = I said that I didn’t eat (rice) 나는 너에게 같이 가야 한다고 했어 = I said (to you) that we have to go together 출력이 아직 안 된다고 말했어요 = I said that the output still doesn’t work 나는 아빠에게 집에 안 가겠다고 말할 거야 = I’m going to tell my dad that I won’t go home 나는 선생님에게 열심히 공부했다고 말했어 = I told the teacher that I studied hard 저는 오늘 1시 정각에 도착하겠다고 말했어요 = I said that I would arrive at 1:00 on the hour

이 길에 큰 자동차가 운전하면 안 된다고 말했어요 = I said that big vehicles are not allowed to drive on this road

저는 그 밧줄의 길이를 늘여야 된다고 이미 말했어요 = I already said that we need to make the length of that rope longer

현금인출기에서 현금을 뽑으러 은행에 가야 된다고 말할 거예요 = I’m going to say that I need to go to the bank to take out cash from the ATM

You should know by now that Korean people love shortening their sentences. Because ~ㄴ/는다고already indicates that the sentence is quoted, you do not necessarily need to say “말하다” and instead, you can just say “하다.” For example:

그는 공부하지 않았다고 했어요 = He said that he didn’t study 저는 밥을 안 먹었다고 했어요 = I said that I didn’t eat (rice)

Up to now, you have only learned how to quote a clause when it ends in a verb. Let’s look at how we can do this with adjectives.

Quoting with Adjectives: ~ 다고

Quoting a clause that ends in an adjective is done just like with verbs, in that the predicating adjective is conjugated using the plain form. However, remember that the plain form conjugation for adjectives in the present tense is different from verbs. In Lesson 5 , you learned that the dictionary form of an adjective (that is, the word by itself without changing it at all) is the same as its plain form conjugation. Therefore,

The plain form conjugation of 행복하다 is 행복하다 and not 행복한다 The plain form conjugation of 월등하다 is 월등하다 and not 월등한다

However, remember that the plain form conjugation for adjectives in the past tense (and also future tense) is the same as verbs. Let’s look at some examples of clauses that end with adjectives and are used as a quote in a sentence:

아빠가 오늘 잡은 물고기가 너무 조그맣다고 했어요 = Dad said that the fish he caught today is/was very tiny

우리 아빠는 자기가 어렸을 때 너무 행복했다고 했어요 = My dad said that he was very happy when he was young

우리가 같이 먹었을 때 저는 배고프지 않다고 했어요 = When we ate together, I said I wasn’t hungry (I said I’m not hungry)

대부분 사람들이 이 영화의 주인공이 아주 잘생겼다고 말해요 = Most people say that the main character of this move is very handsome

서울 사람들은 서울시 고등학교 교육과정이 불만족스럽다고 말해요 = The people of Seoul say that they are not satisfied with the Seoul high school curriculum

Also remember that있다 and 없다 are adjectives when they are used to indicate that one has, or does not have an object. This means that 있다 and 없다 should be quoted like other adjectives (also remember that ~ㄹ/을 수 있다/없다 falls in this category as well). For example:

학생이 이해할 수 없다고 했어요 = The student said he can’t understand 저는 학교에 갈 수 없다고 했어요 = I said I can’t go to school

그는 다음 주 목요일에 여행할 수 있다고 했어요 = He said that he will be able to travel next Thursday

저는 현금이 없다고 해서 현금인출기에 갔어요 = I said that I don’t have cash, so we went to the ATM

저는 여자 친구에게 같이 가고 싶은 데가 있다고 말했어요 = I told my girlfriend that there is a place that I want to go with her (together)

제가 계속 아무 것도 필요가 없다고 했지만 엄마가 선물을 사 줬어요 = I kept saying that I don’t need anything, but my mom bought me a present

Also remember that 싶다 is an adjective as well. Therefore, when quoting 싶다, it should be conjugated as an adjective. For example:

나는 새로운 차를 사고 싶다고 했어 = I said that I want to buy a new car 이 장소에서 나무를 심고 싶다고 말했어요 = I said that I want to plant a tree in this location

Now that we know how to quote verbs and adjectives, let’s look at how we can quote 이다.

Quoting with 이다 : ~( 이 ) 라고

Quoting a clause that ends in 이다 is slightly different than quoting verbs and adjectives.

When quoting이다 in the past tense, it is done simply by adding ~고 to the past conjugation of 이다 in the plain form. For example:

그가 선생님이었다 = He was a teacher 그가 선생님이었다고 했어요 = He said he was a teacher

거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다 = The people who were on the street were protesters 경찰관은 거리에 있었던 사람들이 시위자들이었다고 했어요 = The police officer said that the people who were on the street were protesters

When quoting 이다 in the present tense, 라 replaces 다 when writing “이다.” For example:

그가 의사이 다 고 했어요 (this is incorrect) 그가 의사이 라 고 했어요 = He said he is a doctor

When the noun before 이다 (the noun 이다is attached to) ends in a vowel (as in the example above), “이” can be omitted. For example, both of these are correct:

그가 의사 이라 고 했어요 = He said he is a doctor 그가 의사 라 고 했어요 = He said he is a doctor

When the noun before 이다 (the noun 이다 is attached to) ends in a consonant, 이다 cannot be omitted. For example:

우리 선생님은 제가 나쁜 학생 이다 고 했어요 (this is incorrect) 우리 선생님은 제가 나쁜 학생 라 고 했어요 (this is also incorrect) 우리 선생님은 제가 나쁜 학생 이라 고 했어요 = Our teacher said I am a bad student

An immediate practical application for this is when you want to quote a verb or adjective to the future tense. In Lesson 9 , you learned how to use ~ㄹ 것이다 to create a future tense meaning. For example:

나는 내일 친구를 만날 거야 = I will meet my friend tomorrow 저는 내일 학교에 갈 것입니다 = I will go to school tomorrow 저는 영어를 공부할 거예요 = I will study English

When using this form “것” (which is often shortened to “거”) is simply a noun and the conjugating word is 이다. Therefore, you can quote a future tense clause by using this future tense conjugation, and applying the quoting rules of 이다. For example, look at the following sentence:

나는 밥을 먹을 것이다

That clause/sentence can be quoted by adding the appropriate ending to 이다. For example, any of these would be correct:

나는 밥을 먹을 것이라고 했어 = I said that I will eat 나는 밥을 먹을 거이라고 했어 = I said that I will eat 나는 밥을 먹을 거라고 했다 = I said that I will eat

Here are many more examples: 저는 밖에 갈 수 없을 거라고 했어요 = I said I can’t go outside/won’t be able to go outside

저는 우리 가족에게 이 사람이 저의 여자 친구라고 했어요 = I told my family that this person is my girlfriend

나는 너에게 그것이 해야 하는 일이라고 벌써 말했어 = I already told you that that is something you have to do

제가 제일 하고 싶은 것은 밥을 먹는 거라고 했어요 = I said that the thing I want to do most is eat (rice)

제가 제일 좋아하는 여자를 가리킬 거라고 했어요 = I said that I will point to the girl that I like the most

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I would like to take a moment to explain the ambiguity of when “이” in 이다 can be removed when attaching a grammatical principle.

First of all, whenever 이다 is attached to a noun that ends in a consonant, “이” should be included when attaching another grammatical principle to 이다. For example, here are some grammatical principles being added to 이다, when added to a noun that ends in a consonant.

You have learned these before:

선생님이고 선생님이면

You haven’t learned these grammatical principles yet, but the concept is still the same:

선생님이거든 (~거든 is introduced in Lesson 91 ) 선생님이잖아 (~잖아 is introduced in Lesson 90 )

When adding any of these grammatical principles to 이다 when it is attached to a noun ending in a vowel, the “이” can be omitted. For example:

의사이고 or 의사고 are both acceptable 의사이면 or 의사면 are both acceptable

의사이거든 or 의사거든 are both acceptable 의사이잖아 or 의사잖아 are both acceptable

In these examples “이” is being omitted because it is blending with the pronunciation of the noun and grammatical principle. When the noun ends in a vowel, your tongue can flow immediately from the noun to the upcoming grammatical principle, and the pronunciation isn’t altered if “이” is included or not. Because of this, including 이 and not including 이 are both seen as correct.

However, if we did the same thing with nouns ending in a consonant, not only can your tongue not flow properly from the noun to the grammatical principle, the pronunciation is significantly different. Therefore, omitting 이 in cases where the noun ends in a consonant would be incorrect.

Try pronouncing “의사이고” and “의사고” and listen to how small the difference is Try pronouncing “선생님이고” “선생님고” and listen to how large the difference is (and also realize that it is hard to say)

I touched on this way back in Lesson 9 when I first introduced 이다 and its conjugations, as this same idea can be applied to the past tense conjugation of 이다 as well.

When conjugating 이다 to the past tense and then attaching an additional grammatical principle, the pronunciation of “이” can merge with the pronunciation of the grammatical principle if the noun ends in a vowel. For example:

의사였고 (or 의사이었고) 의사였으면 (or 의사이었으면)

의사였거든 (or 의사이었거든) 의사였잖아 (or 의사이었잖아)

However, “이” cannot merge with the pronunciation of an upcoming grammatical principle if the noun ends in a consonant. For example:

선생님이었고 (not 선생님였고 or 선생님었고) 선생님이었으면 (not 선생님였으면 or 선생님었으면)

The same phenomenon happens when we are quoting with 이다. When adding ~(이)라고 to 이다, if the noun ends in a vowel, it can be either:

의사라고 or 의사이라고.

However, if adding ~(이)라고 to 이다 and the noun ends in a consonant, it can only be

선생님이라고 (and not 선생님라고)

Here are tables that I made that break it down depending on if the word ends in a vowel or consonant.

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Other Uses of ~ ㄴ / 는다고

In addition to 말하다, there are many verbs in Korean that prefer to be used with a quoted clause. I’d like to show you a few of them.

1) To think: 생각하다 If one “thinks” something, quoted sentences are used. For example:

저는 그 여자가 별로 안 예쁘다고 생각해요 = I think that girl isn’t that pretty 캐나다와 미국이 비슷하지 않다고 생각합니다 = I think Canada and the US aren’t similar 저는 이 소설가가 다른 소설가들보다 월등히 낫다고 생각합니다 = I think this novelist is much better than other novelists

2) To believe: 믿다 If one “believes” something, quoted can be used. For example:

저는 우리 팀이 이길 거라고 믿어요 = I believe that our team will win 저는 착하게 산다고 믿어요 = I believe I live my life being kind

3) To call something: 부르다 When talking about what an object is “called,” ~을/를 can be attached to the object, and ~(이)라고 can be attached to the word that it is referred to. For example:

사람들은 그 건물을 한국타워라고 불러요 = People call that building “Korea tower”

밥을 많이 먹을 수 있는 사람들을 식신이라고 불러요 = People who can eat a lot are called “식신”

캐나다에서 사람들은 이런 종류의 음식을 푸틴이라고 불러요 = In Canada, people call this type of food “Poutine”

Using this type of sentence is a more natural way to tell somebody what your name is. The common way for foreigners to introduce themselves in Korean would be:

“제 이름은 김의지입니다”

Although correct, it is kind of a direct translation of “my name is…” in English. In Korean, it is more common/natural to introduce yourself using ~(이)라고. In most cases, you add something before your name to describe yourself even more. For example:

안녕하세요, 저는 캐나다에서 온 김의지라고 합니다 = Hi, my name is 김의지, and I come from Canada (I am 김의지, from Canada)

Here is another example. This would be a common way for a high school student to introduce himself/herself:

안녕하세요, 저는 강남고등학교 2학년 3반 김의지라고 합니다 = Hi, my name is 김의지, and I am in class 3, in the second grade of 강남 high school.

4) To promise: 약속하다 When “promising” to do an action, it is common to add a future tense quoted construction to the action you promise to do. For example:

현금을 내일 주겠다고 약속했다 = I promised to give you (the) cash tomorrow 지금부터 열심히 하겠다고 약속했다 = I promised to work hard from now on 제가 아빠에게 숙제를 다 할 거라고 약속했어요 = I promised dad that I would do all my homework 이 정보를 내일까지 다 입력해 줄 거라고 약속했어요 = I promised that I would input all of this information by tomorrow

5) Finishing a sentence with 그렇다 In Lesson 23 , you learned about 그렇다 and how it can be applied to many situations. Often times you will hear the final word of a sentence with a quote (instead of being 말하다, 하다 or any of the other words specified above) as 그렇다. For example:

오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 말했어 오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 했어 오빠가 이거를 안 한다고 그랬어 = My older brother said he wasn’t going to do this

The three sentences above don’t really need to be distinguished. The use of 그렇다 as the final word is something that I hear often in speech, but I can’t really detect any difference in meaning.

It is also possible to use these quoted conjugations to ask what a person says. For example, if you want to ask what somebody said, you can attach ~(이)라고 to 뭐 (뭐 is introduced in Lesson 22 ). For example:

뭐라고? = What did you say?

This can be said more formally by putting ~요 at the end of the construction. For example:

뭐라고요? = What did you say?

If you want, you can add 하다 or 말하다 to these as well. For example:

뭐라고 했어요? = What did you say? 뭐라고 말했어요? = What did you say?

These can also be used to ask a person what somebody else said. For example:

아빠가 뭐라고 말했어요? = What did dad say? 의사가 뭐라고 말했어요? = What did the doctor say?

If you are talking to somebody, and you are not sure if you heard them perfectly, you can ask for clarification about what they said. To do this (assuming you heard most of what they said), you can take their sentence and turn it into a quote. The final 말하다 or 하다 is usually not used, and the quoted conjugation ends in the form of a question. For example:

Person 1: 밥을 먹기 싫어 = I don’t want to eat (rice) Person 2: 밥을 먹기 싫다고? = (You said that) you don’t want to eat (rice)?

Person 1: 저는 내일 캐나다에 갈 거예요 = I’m going to Canada tomorrow Person 2: 내일 캐나다에 갈 거라고요? = (You said that) you’re going to Canada tomorrow?

You don’t necessarily need to repeat their whole sentence. Depending on the situation (or what you already knew, or what you hear), it might be appropriate to just repeat one or some of the words. For example:

Person 1: 저의 몸이 몹시 피곤해요 = My body is really tired Person 2: 피곤하다고요? = (You said) tired?

Person 1: 이 상황이 점차 나빠지고 있어요 = This situation is gradually getting worse Person 2: 나빠지고 있다고요? = (You said) getting worse?

If you were the first person in either of those situations, you could respond to the miss-communication by the second person by just stressing the quoted verb or adjective as a response. For example:

Person 1: 그는 돈이 없다고 했어요 = He said that he doesn’t have money Person 2: 돈이 있다고? = (Did you say) he has money? Person 1: 아니요, 없 다고요 = No, (I said that) he doesn’t have money

One last thing before we finish. I want to talk about a quoted sentence within ~는 것.

Most of the first part of Unit 2 ( Lessons 26 – 33 ) focused on the purposes of ~는 것. In those lessons, you started to see things like this:

내가 가는 것 내가 먹는 것

You may have noticed by now (not on our website, but I’m sure you are supplementing your studies with various resources) that these are sometimes written/said like this:

내가 간다는 것 내가 먹는다는 것

Before we get into what it means – notice how it is written.

The verb that ~는 것 is being added to has been conjugated into the plain form. To refresh your memory, the present tense (for verbs) of this conjugation would be:

가다 = 간다 먹다 = 먹는다

Past tense would be:

가다 = 갔다 먹다 = 먹었다

Future tense would be:

가다 = 가겠다 먹다 = 먹겠다

Adding ~는 것 after any of these plain form conjugations is an abbreviation of a quoted clause.

간다는 것 is abbreviation of 간다고 하는 것 갔다는 것 is an abbreviation of 갔다고 하는 것 가겠다는 것 is an abbreviation of 가겠다고 하는 것

By describing an upcoming noun with a verb that is conjugated (and abbreviated) this way, the clause describing the noun is a quotation, which means that it was once said. It’s better to explain with examples in this case, so let’s look at one:

그가 나를 싫어하는 것을 알아 = I know that he doesn’t like me 그가 나를 싫어한다는 것을 알아 = I know that (it is said that) he doesn’t like me

While the two examples above have a very similar meaning (in both examples, the end result is that the speaker knows that the person does not like him), in the second example, the speaker is pointing out that somebody said “he doesn’t like me”. Specifically who said that clause is ambiguous, and would have to be understood by context. In this case it could be the person himself who said that quote (the person who doesn’t like him) or some other third party. I would never translate that sentence above to the following, but just to show you what I mean:

그가 나를 싫어한다는 것을 알아 = I know that he said that he doesn’t like me 그가 나를 싫어한다는 것을 알아 = I know that somebody said that he doesn’t like me

Nonetheless, as I mentioned earlier, the translation and result of these sentences and the sentence above without a quoted clause is the same, and a separate translation doesn’t necessarily need to be made in English because it is often very hard to accurately describe the situation.

그가 나를 싫어하는 것을 알아 = I know that he doesn’t like me 그가 나를 싫어한다는 것을 알아 = I know that he doesn’t like me

In place of “것” in these cases, it is quite common to find the words “사실” (fact) and“소문” (rumor). These are often used because these are nouns whose meaning inherently implies that something was said. For example:

그 여자가 다른 남자랑 애기가 있다는 소문이 있습니다 = There is a rumor that that woman has a baby with another man

그 여자의 남편이 비서랑 바람을 피운다는 소문이 있어요 = There is a rumor that that woman’s husband is having an affair with his secretary

Instead of:

그 여자의 남편이 비서랑 바람을 피우는 것이 있어요 = There is a rumor that that woman’s husband is having an affair with his secretary

This same principle can be used in the past tense as well (remember to use the plain form):

그녀가 시험에 떨어졌다는 소문을 들었어요 = I heard a rumor that she failed the test 그녀는 아이가 죽었다는 사실을 숨겼어요 = She hid (the fact that) her child died 부장님이 작년에 미국에 갔다는 것을 잊어버렸어요 = I forgot (the fact) that the boss went to America last year

You can actually use this principle in this future tense as well, but fasten your seat belts – because it gets tricky. Remember the best way to conjugate to the future tense. Instead of saying “먹겠다” it is more common to say “먹을 것이다.” Well, in these cases, notice that the final word is “이다”. This means that you need to added the quoted conjugation onto 이다 (which you learned how to do in this lesson).

It would break down like this:

먹을 것 + 이다 + ~라고 하는 것 = 먹을 것이라는 것 or 먹을 거 + 이다 + ~라고 하는 것 = 먹을 거라는 것

For example:

그녀가 곧 결혼할 거라는 사실을 잊어버렸어요 = I forgot (the fact that) that she will be getting married soon 대통령이 한국에서 떠날 거라는 소문이 있다 = There is a rumor that the president will leave Korea soon.

Also remember how to conjugate adjectives using this plain form (in the present tense). Remember once again that, for example, when conjugating verbs, you need to do:

But with adjectives in the plain form, you just leave them as they are:

행복하다 = 행복하다 예쁘다 = 예쁘다

So, using an adjective before ~ㄴ/는다는 것 would look like this: 너의 여자 친구가 예쁘다는 것을 잊어버렸어 = I forgot (the fact that) that your girlfriend was pretty

That’s it for this lesson!

There are 1200 example sentences in Unit 3. All entries are linked to an audio file. You can download all of these files in one package here .

Okay, I got it! Take me to the next lesson! Or, Click here for a Workbook to go along with this lesson.

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Learn Korean Greetings: How to Say Hello in 10 Ways

Erin E. Honigman

There's a common saying that first impressions last the longest, so it's important to make a good one. While that is true, South Koreans will be impressed upon meeting second language learners if you speak even the most basic Korean.

Because learning to speak Korean can be intimidating and a little bit (okay, VERY) complicated, tourists generally aren't expected to know, well, any Korean at all. It's true; I can't count the number of times taxi drivers or restaurant servers have complimented my Korean after I've only said a simple hello .

So, if it's as easy as saying hello , why not make the perfect first impression with native Korean speakers? You can really knock the socks off of native speakers by using the correct Korean greeting in any given situation. Study our list of Korean greetings, and you'll improve your Korean greeting skills in no time.

Understanding the Korean Honorific System

Beginner and higher level Korean learners alike are probably already familiar with basic greetings, but saying hello is a bit more complicated than you think. Social interactions and discourse in Korea are based around a complicated social hierarchy , so different greetings are appropriate in various situations.

You might not think about it often, but just about every language has different ways to express different levels of formality . In South Korea, using honorifics and different levels of respect can be traced back as far back the creation of Hangul in the fifteenth century. From its earliest documented use, Hangul , the Korean writing system, showed that different levels of speech already existed between upper class royalty and lowers class commoners.

Modern Korean langauge continues to utilize a complicated honorific system, primarily because the culture is very much centered on respect for seniority.

Indeed, respect for your seniors, whether it's in your family, at school, at the workplace, or among your friends, is a pillar of South Korea's Confuscianist roots. This kind of hierarchy presents itself in various aspects of Korean culture , not just in speech.

For example, when drinking alcohol with someone older than you, you should turn your head away as you take a drink and avoid eye contact. When you recieve something from someone above you, you should use two hands to accept. Do not touch someone who is not a close friend or relative. This includes shaking hands.

Elderly people are treated with the upmost respect. Young people are expected to give up seats on buses and subways for senior citizens. Even in front of grandparents, young Koreans are expected to behave formally.

Three Different Levels of Speech

Korean speech officially has seven levels of honorifics. Lucky for us, some are outdated and only used if you want to read religious texts or watch period-dramas. In everyday situations, generally only a few levels of speech are used: formal, polite, informal.

Formal : Use this kind of speech with strangers or people who have seniority over you, in work or in age.

Polite : this is familiar speech for speaking with aquaintances whom you may know but not very well. It is a more neutral way of communicating.

Informal : This level of speech is used between friends of a similar age or close relatives. Adults use this level to speak to children.

Feeling confused, yet? Don't worry. Help is on the way.

Top 10 Ways to Greet Someone in Korean

As you can imagine, the Korean honorific system tends to be a little complicated and a bit of a headache for second langauge learners like myself. But hey, you're in luck. Most Koreans do not expect foreigners to understand the subtle nuances of the Korean language,especially when you're first saying hello. If you want to be on the safe side, you can just use the formal greetings with everyone. If you're up for a bigger challenge, here are various ways to greet people in Korean.

An-nyeong Ha-sib-ni-kka (안녕하십니까) This is one of the most formal ways to greet someone. You probably won't use it yourself, but if you listen closely, you'll hear this greeting on the television or in a place of business. It can also vary in meaning to a specific time of day: good morning, good afternoon, good evening.

An-nyeong ha-se-yo (안녕하세요) The most commmon way to say hello in Korean, this greeting is polite but not overly formal. You can use it in almost any context, so annyeong haseyo is a safe bet when you're unsure how to say hello. It's common to slightly bow while using this greeting- a habit that I can't break now, even when speaking English!

An-nyeong (안녕) The casual version of the same greeting, annyeong, can almost be translated to mean "hi." Only use this greeting with close friends or family, as you might offend someone if you use it wrong.

Yeo-bo-se-yo? (여보세요)? This gretting has nothing to do with the honorific system. This is the way you can answer the phone if you don't know who's calling. You can also use it sarcastically, say if your friend is texting too much over lunch. Yeo-bo-se-yo? Anyone home? Pay attention to me!

How are you?

Eo-tteoh-ge Ji-nae-se-yo? (어떻게 지내세요?) This is a way to directly ask someone, "how are you doing?" Most often you'll hear the response, jal-ji-ne-yo (잘지내요), which means "I'm fine." It is a polite greeting.

An-nyeong ha-se-yo? (안녕하세요?) No, your eyes don't deceive you. This is the same polite greeting as number two. However, if you use raised tonation to turn this greeting into a question, the phrase literally translates to "are you at peace?"

Bab meogeoss-eo? (밥 먹었어?) Okay, if you use any translation device, you'll wonder why this phrase is here. Literally, this phrase means "did you eat?". However, when greeting someone in Korean, friends use this term to check on one another and see how they're doing. So as an informal greeting, "did you eat" becomes to "how are you?" A friend never let's a good friend go hungry!

More ways to say greet someone in Korean

Ya! (야!) If you want to call out to your friends and get their attention, you can yell this phrase, meaning "hey!" Definitely only use this with close friends. It is super informal and a stranger will think you are being impolite.

Mu-seun ir-i-ya? (무슨 일이야?) This is a Korean slang term, and it's definitely an informal way to greet someone in Korean. You can use this with your friends to say, "what's up?"

Oraen-man-i-e-yo (오랜만이에요) Finally, use this term to greet someone whom you haven't seen in a while. This is a polite way to say "long time no see." However, if you want to make it formal, just change the ending to -ib-ni-da, so the phrase becomes oraen-man-ib-ni-da. Likewise, you can make the phrase more casual and informal with an alternate ending, oraen-man-e.

So, Now What?

Greetings are the first step of making conversation or making new friends. So, now that you have this handy list of Korean greetings, you're ready to go out and start conversing in Korean! If you're still feeling shy, don't fear! You can practice these greetings with one of Speechling 's fabulous online tutors. With one on one coaching, you'll be ready to to say hello to everyone in no time!

Speechling is a nonprofit app and website that combines human coaching with technology to improve your foreign language speaking.

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Learner’s Dictionary Essential American English Essential British English Browse the English–Korean Dictionary Or, browse the Cambridge Dictionary index Treasure troves and endless supplies (Words and phrases meaning ‘source’) Word of the Day Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio to move something by pulling it along a surface, usually the ground Learn more with +Plus Recent and Recommended {{#preferredDictionaries}} {{name}} {{/preferredDictionaries}} Definitions Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English English Learner’s Dictionary Essential British English Essential American English Grammar and thesaurus Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English Grammar Thesaurus Pronunciation British and American pronunciations with audio English Pronunciation English–Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Simplified)–English English–Chinese (Traditional) Chinese (Traditional)–English English–Dutch Dutch–English English–French French–English English–German German–English English–Indonesian Indonesian–English English–Italian Italian–English English–Japanese Japanese–English English–Norwegian Norwegian–English English–Polish Polish–English English–Portuguese Portuguese–English English–Spanish Spanish–English English–Swedish Swedish–English Dictionary +Plus Word Lists Chris Megerian, Associated Press Chris Megerian, Associated Press Jonathan J. Cooper, Associated Press Jonathan J. Cooper, Associated Press Gary D. Robertson, Associated Press Gary D. Robertson, Associated Press Leave your feedback Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/watch-live-trump-appears-at-campaign-rally-in-tucson-arizona-first-since-debate-with-harris WATCH: Trump appears at campaign rally in Tucson, first since debate with Harris Former President Donald Trump appeared at a campaign rally in Tucson, Arizona, as he looks to stabilize his campaign, which continues to struggle to recalibrate nearly two months after Harris replaced President Joe Biden at the top of the Democratic ticket. Watch the event in the player above. Trump said Thursday that as president he’d seek to end taxes on overtime wages. It’s his latest appeal to the working-class voters he’s counting on to return him to the White House. Trump has also pledged to end taxes on tips and Social Security wages. The proposals would take a significant bite out of federal revenue, ballooning the deficit unless accompanied by significant spending cuts. “It’s time for the working man and woman to finally catch a break,” Trump said. Harris has announced her own proposal to stop taxing tips. READ MORE: Killing taxes on tips sounds good, but experts say it doesn’t solve the real problem Arizona is a state where the presidential race could be shaped, at least in part, by down-ballot races. Kari Lake, a prominent Republican election denier who lost her campaign for governor in 2020, is running for the U.S. Senate seat that’s being vacated by Kyrsten Sinema. Lake exemplifies the rightward shift of the state party in the Trump era. She’s opposed by Democratic Rep. Ruben Gallego, who was leading in several recent polls, although the race was close in another. Republicans have won Arizona in nearly every presidential election since World War II, but Biden eked out a narrow victory in 2020. The rise of Arizona Democrats has been driven by the arrival of transplants from blue states and a political realignment that has seen suburban voters — particularly college-educated women — shift away from Republicans. Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, Harris’ running mate, held a rally in the state on Tuesday ahead of the debate, and the Democratic ticket campaigned together there last month. Republicans still outnumber Democrats in Arizona, but one-third of voters are independent. Ohio Sen. JD Vance, Trump’s running mate, appeared last week in a heavily Republican area of metro Phoenix with Charlie Kirk, the founder of an influential conservative youth group. Trump was last in Arizona two weeks ago for a news conference along the U.S.-Mexico border, where he drove one of his most effective attacks on Harris over the number of people crossing the border to seek asylum, followed by a rally at a former hockey arena in the Phoenix area. Both candidates will stay on the road in the coming days. Trump will head to Los Angeles on Thursday night for a fundraiser, then plans to speak to the media on Friday morning before raising more money in the Bay Area and continuing on to Las Vegas for another rally. Meanwhile, Harris is going to Johnstown and Wilkes-Barre in Pennsylvania on Friday. Cooper reported from Phoenix and Robertson from Raleigh, North Carolina. Support Provided By: Learn more Educate your inbox Subscribe to Here’s the Deal, our politics newsletter for analysis you won’t find anywhere else. Thank you. Please check your inbox to confirm. Korean greetings – Various ways to acknowledge someone Last modified: Aug 19, 2024 | 18 min read | By Laura Toyryla In this article, you can find all of the most useful and common Korean greetings , which will help you get started in using Korean faster. After all, many of these are Korean phrases you’ll use in your very first conversation in Korean! Even if you have no intention of becoming fluent in the Korean language , learning different greetings and other basic dialogue will be of tremendous help during your travels. 1 Why is it important to learn Korean greetings? 2 What are Korean Greetings? 3.1 “Hello” in Korean 3.2 “Good Morning” in Korean 3.3 “Welcome” in Korean 3.4 “Nice to Meet You” in Korean 3.5 “How Are You” in Korean 3.6 “Have a Nice Day” in Korean 3.7 “Happy Birthday” in Korean 3.8 “Congratulations” in Korean 3.9 “Long Time No See” in Korean 3.10 “Please Look After Me” in Korean 4.1 “Happy New Year” in Korean 4.2 Korean Lunar New Year greetings 4.3 Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving) greetings 4.4 Korean Christmas greetings 5 How to end an email in Korean 6.1 Korean bow 6.2 Korean handshake Why is it important to learn Korean greetings? If you have been exploring our lessons for some time now, you may have already come across multiple greetings. Learning the common Korean greetings is one of the first things you will learn in any language. And it’s also one of the most important aspects of learning a language if you want to be able to communicate properly, starting from a basic level. No matter how fun traveling can be, it can be quite daunting to visit a new country, especially if you are hearing an entirely unfamiliar and new language . It’s not always a guarantee that native Korean speakers you interact with can speak enough English, and especially the street signs may feel like confusing blabber to you. Unfortunately, we cannot translate those street signs for you right now, but we can ease your arrival in South Korea a little bit with these greetings in Korean . What are Korean Greetings? Just like in your mother tongue, Korean greetings are also simple ways to start learning and initiate conversations with both strangers and familiar faces. They can be used in shops and restaurants , and other similar establishments. They can be used with Korean friends and family, and they can be used when meeting someone new . Some of them are useful for any scenario, while others may be perfect to use in a certain situation. By greeting a person in Korean, you can not only impress them but also make them feel more at ease. Even if you switch the potential conversation to English right after, knowing how to greet a person in the Korean language is a great show of respect and appreciation towards them. Common Korean Greetings Below, you can find all the basic Korean greetings that will be useful to you when you visit South Korea. We’ve included how they’re written in Korean along with the romanization to help you read them easily. However, we encourage our learners to focus on learning Korean characters as much as possible and not rely on romanization for Korean pronunciation. This will help you accurately learn the proper pronunciation , which is more helpful in the long run. We’ve included the standard, formal and informal ways of saying them. Let’s start! “Hello” in Korean Depending on the level of formality required in the situation , there are three ways to say “hello” in Korean: 안녕하십니까 (annyeonghasimnikka), 안녕하세요 (annyeonghaseyo), and 안녕 (annyeong). Standard “hello” in Korean 안녕하세요 (annyeonghaseyo) is the standard version of “hello” in Korean. It’s undoubtedly the most common way to say “hello,” as it is applicable to nearly any situation. Thus, it’s also likely to be the first word you’ll be taught in a Korean class. You can use 안녕하세요 (annyeonghaseyo) whenever you walk into a store, when greeting your teacher, or when meeting with someone you know but may not be that close with. You actually can also use this when greeting an unfamiliar person, too, in most cases. Formal “hello” in Korean On the other hand, if you want to say “hello” in Korean using its most formal version, you can say 안녕하십니까 (annyeonghasimnikka). You can hear this being used in announcements and speeches, for example. It is also quite often used in Korean news. This is a great way to say “hello” on your very first meeting with someone and want to show extra respect to them. Especially if the new person is someone who is much older than you or has a higher level of authority , 안녕하십니까 (annyeonghasimnikka) should be used. For example, if you are about to meet your friend’s parents for the first time, you would want to greet them with 안녕하십니까 (annyeonghasimnikka). Informal “hello” in Korean Finally, there’s also hello in casual speech: 안녕 (annyeong). If you are greeting someone who is younger than you or is a close friend, you can drop the formalities and simply say 안녕 (annyeong). However, you may want to refrain from using casual/informal speech on more formal occasions or around older people in Korea. You can think of 안녕 (annyeong) as a way to say “hi” in Korean. “Hello” in Korean for phone calls If you need to say “hello” over the phone when answering a call , you can use the Korean phrase 여보세요 (yeoboseyo) instead. You can learn more about this by reading our article dedicated to “Hello” in Korean . “Good Morning” in Korean There are various ways to say “good morning” to someone, depending on who you are speaking with. Standard “good morning” in Korean One way to say “Good morning” in Korean is 좋은아침이에요 (joeunachimieyo). This is the standard way of speaking and is thus appropriate to use in most situations, except when a higher degree of formality is expected. Its literal translation is, “The morning is good.” Additionally, you can also greet someone in the morning by asking 잘 잤어요? (jal jasseoyo?). This is the Korean equivalent of “ Did you sleep well ?” and is an incredibly common way for local people in South Korea to greet each other in the morning time. Formal “good morning” in Korean However, sometimes, you may need to be more formal when greeting someone in the morning. In this case, you can ask them if they’ve slept well by saying either 잘 주무셨어요? (jal jumusyeosseoyo) or 안녕히 주무셨어요? (annyeonghi jumusyeosseoyo). They both essentially have the same meaning. Although in the latter’s case, the implication is more on asking whether someone slept peacefully rather than well. Alternatively, you can also use 좋은 아침th입니다 (joeun achimimnida) in a formal speech in the morning hours. Informal “good morning” in Korean Finally, it is also possible to greet someone with “Good morning” in an informal way. If you are greeting a close friend, you can get casual and say 잘 잤어? (jal jasseo) or 좋은 아침 (joeun achim). You can learn more about this greeting by reading our article dedicated to “Good Morning” in Korean . If you’d like to say “good night” instead, we also have a separate article for “good night” in the Korean language here . “Welcome” in Korean There are multiple ways to welcome someone in Korean, for example, when they are visiting your home. Standard “Welcome” in Korean You can typically say 어서 오세요 (eoseo oseyo). This is the standard form for saying welcome in Korean, and it is applicable in many different situations. Formal “Welcome” in Korean If the situation is more formal, such as if you are arriving for a job interview, the proper phrase used is 어서 오십시오 (eoseo osipsio). As you can see, it uses a more formal grammar pattern for speaking. Informal “Welcome” in Korean Also, if you are greeting a close friend or a much younger person in a casual way, you can simply use 어서 와 (eoseo wa). It is the informal version of “welcome,” perfect to use when you are closely bonded with someone. Uncommon way to say “welcome in Korean” You may have also heard of the Korean word 환영하다 (hwanyeonghada) as one that means “welcome.” It is not incorrect, as this is something that you can find in the dictionary. It is also a word that you’ll be taught in your first Korean class, right alongside 안녕하세요 (annyeonghaseyo). However, this is not actually a common way you’ll hear in use when someone greets you with a “welcome” in Korean. You can learn more about this by reading our article dedicated to “Welcome” in Korean . “Nice to Meet You” in Korean Just like with other greetings in Korean up until now, there are also three ways to say nice to meet you in Korean: 만나서 반갑습니다 (mannaseo bangapseumnida), 만나서 반가워요 (mannaseo bangawoyo), and 만나서 반가워 (mannaseo bangawo). Standard “Nice to meet you” in Korean 만나서 반가워요 (mannaseo bangawoyo) is the standard way of saying “nice to meet you.” It’s still under polite speech and can be used in any situation. However, it is recommended to use this mostly in cases where you are speaking to someone of the same age or rank. Otherwise, it’s better to stick to being formal when saying, “nice to meet you.” Formal “Nice to meet you” in Korean If you want to say “nice to meet you” in a more formal version, you can use the phrase 만나서 반갑습니다 (mannaseo bangapseumnida). This is great to use when meeting someone for the first time, especially if you are in a business setting. It is also the perfect form to use when addressing a larger group of Koreans or when meeting someone of a higher rank. Informal “Nice to meet you” in Korean Lastly, 만나서 반가워 (mannaseo bangawo) is the informal way to greet somebody with “nice to meet you.” You will likely only use this in situations where you are talking to children upon meeting them for the first time. You can learn more about this by reading our article dedicated to “Nice to Meet You” in Korean . “How Are You” in Korean There are different ways to say “How are you?” in Korean, in different levels of formality, including. If you’d like to learn all the different possible greetings for saying “How are you?” in Korean, we have an article dedicated to How Are You in Korean . Directly below, we will introduce you to three possible ones you can get started on using right away. Standard “How are you” in Korean 잘 지냈어요? (jal jinaesseoyo) is the standard way of asking, “How are you?”. Or specifically, whether someone has been living well. As a response, you may get a short “yes” or a longer explanation. If you want to phrase your question as one that might prompt a more detailed answer, switch 잘 (jal) with the question word for “how,” 어떻게 (eotteoke) . You can use this with anyone you are not close to, excluding situations where a higher level of formality is expected. Formal “How are you” in Korean For a formal question, you may use 잘 지내셨어요? (jal jinaesyeosseoyo). It literally means, “Have you been living well?”. This is also typically answered by a “ yes ” or “ no .” But just like in the standard version, you can replace 잘 (jal) with 어떻게 (eotteoke) if you want a more detailed response. You can use this question with those of higher status or age than you. However, if you are being asked this question, don’t forget to answer using the standard form of speech rather than formal. Informal “How are you” in Korean Finally, 잘 지냈어? (jal jinaesseo) is what you can use when speaking at an informal level. You can use this when greeting a close friend you haven’t seen in a while. “Have a Nice Day” in Korean Here are three ways in which you can say “Have a nice day” in Korean: 좋은 하루 보내십시오 (joeun haru bonaesipsio), 좋은 하루 보내세요 (joeun haru bonaeseyo), and 좋은 하루 보내 (joeun haru bonae). Although other expressions are used more often than “have a nice day,” you will not be wrong or weird for saying this when greeting someone goodbye . Standard “Have a nice day” in Korean 좋은 하루 보내세요 (joeun haru bonaeseyo) is the standard version of the greeting. You can use this with just about anyone, and the polite form -세 (-se) inclusion ensures you are not accidentally sounding rude to someone you are not close to. Formal “Have a nice day” in Korean 좋은 하루 보내십시오 (joeun haru bonaesipsio) is how you say “have a nice day” when being formal. You may say this at the end of a job interview , for example. Informal “Have a nice day” in Korean 좋은 하루 보내 (joeun haru bonae) is said when you want to be casual and informal. You can use it with your close friends, but it can also be appropriate to use with your classmates. You can learn more about this by reading our article dedicated to “Have a Nice Day” in Korean . “Happy Birthday” in Korean As with the other greetings, there are three ways to wish someone a Happy Birthday in Korean: 생신을 축하드립니다 (saengsineul chukadeurimnida), 생일 축하해요 (saengil chukahaeyo), and 생일 축하해 (saengil chukahae). Standard “Happy birthday” in Korean 생일 축하해요 (saengil chukahaeyo) is the standard level speech version for the greeting. It can be used in most situations to wish someone a happy birthday. Formal “Happy birthday” in Korean 생신을 축하드립니다 (saengsineul chukadeurimnida) is the formal way to wish someone a happy birthday. You can use this with people much older than you, such as your parents or grandparents . Informal “Happy birthday” in Korean The informal 생일 축하해 (saengil chukahae) is perfect when you are wishing a happy birthday to a close friend or a child. You can learn more about this by reading our article dedicated to “Happy Birthday” in Korean . “Congratulations” in Korean There are 5 different ways to say “congratulations” in Korean, most of which are used in formal settings. We’ll show you the most common way to say it in this video below: Standard “Congratulations” in Korean The most common way to express “congratulations” in Korean is 축하해요 (chukahaeyo). This is the standard form of speech u sed in less formal but polite situations, such as with acquaintances and colleagues, or when you want to be friendly but still polite. Another way to say it is 축하드려요 (chukhadeuryeoyo). This is a polite and formal version, but slightly less formal than 축하드립니다 (chukadeurimnida). It is suitable for respectful but less formal interactions, such as with elders, bosses, or someone you respect, but in a more casual setting. Formal “Congratulations” in Korean 축하드립니다 (chukadeurimnida) is a v ery formal and respectful way to congratulate someone. It is used in very formal settings or when addressing someone of much higher status, such as elders, superiors, or in formal speeches. Another formal way to say it is 축하합니다 (chukhahamnida). This is c ommonly used in general formal contexts, such as formal gatherings, official events, or when addressing someone you don’t know well. Informal “Congratulations” in Korean Lastly, 축하해 (chukhahae) is used for i nformal and casual situation. You can use it with friends, peers, or people younger than you. “Long Time No See” in Korean Here is how you can say “long time no see” in Korean: 오랜만이에요 (oraenmanieyo) and 오랜만이야 (oraenmaniya). Standard “Long time no see” in Korean There is no formal speech version of this greeting. The standard version 오랜만이에요 (oraenmanieyo) is applicable in most situations. Informal “Long time no see” in Korean And, of course, you can be informal with your close friends and Koreans younger than you, in which case you would use 오랜만이야 (oraenmaniya). You can learn more about the greeting by reading our article dedicated to Long Time No See in Korean . “Please Look After Me” in Korean 잘부탁드립니다 (jalbutakdeurimnida) is the way to say “please look after me” in Korean. This is a Korean greeting that is perhaps quite unique to Korean culture. It can be said at the start of a presentation or after introducing yourself in a school or work setting. You may also hear idols and other Korean celebrities say this a lot. Essentially it can be seen to translate as “please treat me well” or “please be nice to me.” South Korean Greetings for the holidays Here you can find greetings specifically fit for situations where you celebrate some type of holiday. “Happy New Year” in Korean You can wish someone “Happy New Year” in Korean by saying 새해 복 많이 받으십시오 (saehae bok mani badeusipsio), 새해 복 많이 받으세요 (saehae bok mani badeuseyo) and 새해 복 많이 받아 (saehae bok mani bada), depending on which level of formality is required. This can be used both during the global New Year’s Night and on the Lunar New Year. Standard “Happy New Year” in Korean 새해 복 많이 받으세요 (saehae bok mani badeuseyo) is the standard form for saying Happy New Year. It is appropriate to use in most situations. Formal “Happy New Year” in Korean 새해 복 많이 받으십시오 (saehae bok mani badeusipsio) is the formal way to greet a person with Happy New Year. It is used in greeting cards but also in formal situations and with people you want to be extremely respectful towards, such as your boss or the elderly. Informal “Happy New Year” in Korean 새해 복 많이 받아 (saehae bok mani bada) is the informal way to greet someone with Happy New Year. You can use it with close friends and those younger than you, such as children. You can learn more about this by reading our article dedicated to “Happy New Year” in Korean . Korean Lunar New Year greetings Here are a few greetings that you can use to wish someone a happy Lunar New Year’s holiday. 설날 잘 즐기세요! (seollal jal jeulgiseyo!) Enjoy Lunar New Year! 행복한 설날 보내세요! (haengbokhan seollal bonaeseyo!) Have a happy Lunar New Year! 설날 휴가 잘 보내세요! (seollal hyuga jal bonaeseyo!) Have a great Lunar New Year’s holiday! All of these are standard-level greetings, which are appropriate to use in most situations. You can read more about how to celebrate Korean Lunar New Year in our article dedicated to Korean Lunar New Year . Chuseok (Korean Thanksgiving) greetings Here are a few Korean greetings you can use during Chuseok, which is Korean Thanksgiving: 추석 잘 보내세요! (Chuseok jal bonaeseyo!) Have a Happy Chuseok! 즐거운 한가위 보내세요! (jeulgeoun hangawi bonaeseyo!) I hope you have a Happy Thanksgiving! 좋은일만 가득하세요! (joeunilman gadeukaseyo!) I wish you all the best! 즐겁고 행복한 추석 보내시길 바랍니다. (jeulgeopgo haengbokan chuseok bonaesigil baramnida.) I wish you a happy and enjoyable Chuseok. 가족들과 함께 즐거운 추석 보내세요! (gajokdeulgwa hamkke jeulgeoun chuseok bonaeseyo!) Have a great Chuseok with your family! You can read more about how to celebrate Korean Thanksgiving in our article dedicated to Chuseok . Korean Christmas greetings The most basic way in which you can greet someone during the Christmas holidays is by saying 메리 크리스마스! (meri keuriseumaseu!). This means wishing someone “ Merry Christmas !”. You can also use the following greetings: 휴일 잘 즐기세요! (hyuil jal jeulgiseyo!) Happy holidays! 행복한 크리스마스 보내세요! (haengbokhan keuriseumaseu bonaeseyo!) Have a happy Christmas! 즐거운 성탄절 보내시고 새해 복 많이 받으세요! (jeulgeoun seongtanjeol bonaesigo saehae bok mani badeuseyo!) Have a Merry Christmas and Happy New Year! How to end an email in Korean If you need to send an email in Korean, here are some ways on how “Take care” in Korean  You can express “take care” in Korean as 몸조심하세요 (momjosimhaseyo). If you want to say it informally, you can use  몸조심해 (momjosimhae). “Thank you always” “Thank you always” in Korean is 항상 고마워요 (hangsang gomawoyo) or 항상 감사드려요 (hangsang gamsadeuryeoyo) (honorific) While the informal version is 항상 고마워  (hangsang gomawo). I you’re using a sign-off, here’s an example of how to say it if your name is “Jaime:” 제이미 드림 (jeimi deurim) or 제이미 올림 (jeimi ollim) (honorific)   You can also say 제이미로부터 (jeimirobuteo) if you want to express it informally. Polite Requests You can also end your email with polite requests. For the example below, this specifically translates to “I look forward to your kind cooperation.” Standard : 잘 부탁해요  (jal butakaeyo) or 잘 부탁드려요 (jal butakdeuryeoyo) ( honorific )  Informal : 잘 부탁해 (jal butakae) Korean greeting gestures Besides verbal Korean greetings, some gestures are also quite important to express when meeting with someone. For other gestures used in Korea, specifically hand gestures, you can read our article on Korean hand gestures instead. As you may know, bowing is an important way to greet someone in some cultures, including South Korea . As there are a few different ways to bow, it is crucial to know beforehand what type of bow is expected in each situation. Many of these are accompanied by greeting someone with “hello.” This is how you can greet a colleague or a classmate of a similar rank or your superior when you pass them by multiple times over the course of the day. It is barely more than a simple nod and is especially done in places like elevators or public transportation , where there is no room to bow any deeper. Respectful bow With this bow, you will bow at most 45 degrees. Here you’ll bow starting from your waist, so don’t only use your neck for it. This is a common greeting that can be done in most greeting situations while seeming respectful enough toward the other person. In stores and at airports, you may see personnel doing this bow with their hands clasped in front of their waist. 90 Degree Bow As the name entails, in this bow, you are bending yourself down all the way to 90 degrees. It is done when you want to be incredibly respectful, as well as show obedience and servitude to the person you are bowing to. A big bow is the type of bow where you are kneeling on the floor and bending so that your hands touch the ground or floor in front of you. These types of bows are typically seen during special occasions like Lunar New Year and Thanksgiving, as well as weddings and funerals. Sometimes, they may be done in front of the elderly, when greeting someone after a long time of not seeing them, or when wanting to show more respect or remorse. Korean handshake While handshakes are not as prevalent in Korean culture as they are in Western societies, they do exist. They are more common with men than they are among women and are mostly done in business settings . What is notable about Korean handshakes is that both hands are used, with one hand supporting the other forearm, and the grip is typically kept soft and light. The best thing about these Korean greetings is that they are not difficult to learn. You can use them to speak Korean even if you are otherwise far from being fluent, and with them, you can easily make a Korean person feel really good. They can also be an excellent starting point in your Korean learning journey. Let us know in the comments if your mother tongue also has similar greetings and what other types of greetings they have! Perhaps you’d also like to go on to learn more useful Korean phrases next? Related Posts Korean Onomatopoeia (의성어) – Animal sounds you will love Last modified: Aug 22, 2024 | 3 min read | By 90 Day Korean Korean Phrases – Basic Expressions and Sentences for Travel & Everyday Life with Audio Last modified: Jul 31, 2024 | 34 min read | By 90 Day Korean Korean Words – 100+ Basic Vocabulary For Beginners Last modified: Sep 09, 2024 | 13 min read | By 90 Day Korean Leave a Comment Cancel Reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Choose your skill level and start getting fast results with your Korean: Trump’s Repetitive Speech Is a Bad Sign If the debate was a cognitive test, the former president failed. Produced by ElevenLabs and News Over Audio (NOA) using AI narration. Tuesday’s presidential debate was, among other things, an excellent real-world test of the candidates’ cognitive fitness—and any fair-minded mental-health expert would be very worried about Donald Trump’s performance. The former president has repeatedly bragged over the past several years that he has passed various mental-status exams with flying colors. Most of these tests are designed to detect fairly serious cognitive dysfunction, and as such, they are quite easy to pass : They ask simple questions such as “What is the date?” and challenge participants to spell world backwards or write any complete sentence. By contrast, a 90-minute debate that involves unknown questions and unanticipated rebuttals requires candidates to think on their feet. It is a much more demanding and representative test of cognitive health than a simple mental-status exam you take in a doctor’s office. Specifically, the debate serves as an evaluation of the candidates’ mental flexibility under pressure—their capacity to deal with uncertainty and the unforeseen. Just to be clear: Although I am a psychiatrist, I am not offering any specific medical diagnoses for any public figure. I have never met or examined either candidate. But I watched the debate with particular attention to the candidates’ vocabulary, verbal and logical coherence, and ability to adapt to new topics—all signs of a healthy brain. Although Kamala Harris certainly exhibited some rigidity and repetition, her speech remained within the normal realm for politicians, who have a reputation for harping on their favorite talking points. By contrast, Donald Trump’s expressions of those tendencies were alarming. He displayed some striking, if familiar, patterns that are commonly seen among people in cognitive decline. Much of the time, following Trump’s train of thought was difficult, if not impossible. In response to a question from the moderator David Muir about whether he regretted anything he’d done during the January 6 insurrection, Trump said: I have said “blood bash—bath.” It was a different term, and it was a term that related to energy, because they have destroyed our energy business. That was where bloodbath was. Also, on Charlottesville, that story has been, as you would say, debunked. Laura Ingraham, Sean Hannity, Jesse—all of these people, they covered it. If they go an extra sentence, they will see it was perfect. It was debunked in almost every newspaper. But they still bring it up, just like they bring 2025 up. They bring all of this stuff up. I ask you this: You talk about the Capitol. Why are we allowing these millions of people to come through on the southern border? How come she’s not doing anything—and I’ll tell you what I would do. And I would be very proud to do it. Evading the question is an age-old debate-winning tactic. But Trump’s response seems to go beyond evasion. It is both tangential, in that it is completely irrelevant to the question, and circumstantial, in that it is rambling and never gets to a point. Circumstantial and tangential speech can indicate a fundamental problem with an underlying cognitive process, such as logical and goal-oriented thinking. Did Trump realize that his answer was neither germane to the question nor logical? Eleven days before the debate, at a campaign event in Pennsylvania, Trump responded to criticism of his rambling speech by claiming that it is part of a deliberate strategy to frustrate his opponents. “I do the weave,” he told the audience. “You know what the weave is? I’ll talk about, like, nine different things that they all come back brilliantly together. And it’s like—and friends of mine that are, like, English professors, they say: ‘It’s the most brilliant thing I’ve ever seen.’” Viewers can judge for themselves whether the disjointed statements they heard during the debate cohered brilliantly in the end. Read: How swing voters reacted to the Trump-Harris debate The speech Trump excuses as the “weave” is one of many tics that are starting to look less strategic and more uncontrollable. Last week, David A. Graham wrote in The Atlantic that the former president has a penchant for describing objects and events as being “ like nobody has ever seen before .” At the debate, true to form, Trump repeatedly fell back on the superlative. Of the economy under his presidency: “Nobody’s ever seen anything like it.” Of inflation under the Biden administration: “I’ve never seen a worse period of time.” Of the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan: “That was one of the most incompetently handled situations anybody has ever seen.” Harris, for her part, also showed some verbal tics and leaned on tired formulations. For instance, she invited viewers more than 15 times to “understand” things. But Trump’s turns of phrase are so disjointed, so unusual, and so frequently uttered that they’re difficult to pass off as normal speech. Trump’s speech during the debate was repetitive not only in form but also in content. Politicians regularly return during debates to their strongest topics—that’s just good strategy. Harris twice mentioned Project 2025 , which voters widely disapproved of in recent polling , and insisted three times that Americans want to “move forward” or “chart a new way forward.” Trump likewise expounded at every opportunity on immigration, a weak issue for Harris. But plenty of the former president’s repetitions seemed compulsive, not strategic. After praising the Hungarian strongman Viktor Orbán, Trump spoke unprompted, at length, and without clarity about gas pipelines in the United States and Europe, an issue unlikely to connect with many voters. A few minutes later, he brought up the pipelines again. The moderators cut him off for a commercial break. Even in cases where Trump could have reasonably defended himself, he was unable to articulate basic exculpatory evidence. When Harris raised his infamous “very fine people on both sides” remark regarding the 2017 white-supremacist march in Charlottesville, Virginia, Trump could have pointed out that even at the time, he had specified, “I’m not talking about the neo-Nazis and the white nationalists—because they should be condemned totally.” But he did not. Read: The mistake that could cost Trump the election In psychiatry, the tendency to conspicuously and rigidly repeat a thought beyond the point of relevance, called “perseverance,” is known to be correlated with a variety of clinical disorders, including those involving a loss of cognitive reserve. People tend to stick to familiar topics over and over when they experience an impairment in cognitive functioning—for instance, in short-term memory. Short-term memory is essentially your mental sketch pad: how many different thoughts you can juggle in your mind, keep track of, and use at the same time. Given the complexity of being president, short-term memory is a vital skill. If a patient presented to me with the verbal incoherence, tangential thinking, and repetitive speech that Trump now regularly demonstrates, I would almost certainly refer them for a rigorous neuropsychiatric evaluation to rule out a cognitive illness. A condition such as vascular dementia or Alzheimer’s disease would not be out of the ordinary for a 78-year-old. Only careful medical examination can establish whether someone indeed has a diagnosable illness—simply observing Trump, or anyone else, from afar is not enough. For those who do have such diseases or conditions, several treatments and services exist to help them and their loved ones cope with their decline. But that does not mean any of them would be qualified to serve as commander in chief. About the Author More Stories Anxiety Is Like Exercise It’s Not the Economy. It’s the Pandemic. Korean Text to Speech Easily convert text to speech in Korean, and 100 more languages. Try our Korean text to speech free online. No registration required. Create Audio Text to speech Korean voices are life-like and help you create audio files and videos in Korean easily, much faster than recording the voiceover yourself. Use Narakeet as Korean text reader online: just upload a Word document with your script, or a Powerpoint presentation with the narration text in presenter notes. Narakeet has 38 Korean text to speech male and female voices. Play the video below (with sound) for a quick demo. Korean voice over In addition to these voices, Narakeet has 700 text-to-speech voices in 100 languages . For more options (uploading Word documents, voice speed/volume controls, working with Powerpoint files or Markdown scripts), check out our Tools . Korean reader online available from Narakeet is natural and realistic. Korean voice generators can produce audio voice overs much faster and more conveniently than hiring Korean voice over artists. Here are some things you can make with Narakeet quickly: Korean text to speech language lessons Text to speech Korean YouTube videos Korean TTS social media stories Text to speech Korean male announcements Korean word reader Female text to speech Korean voice overs Korean voice recorder Text to voice Korean audiobooks Korean voice over for video clips TTS Korean voice messages Korean text reader online Korean text reader Korean male voice generator Korean female voice generator Korean text to speech technology has come a long way in recent years. With the development of advanced voice translation software, it is now possible to easily convert written Korean text into a spoken voice. This technology can serve as a Korean voice translator, allows users to hear the pronunciation of Korean words and phrases. In addition to text to voice translation, speech synthesis in Korean can also be used for improving Korean pronunciation. For example, a Korean pronunciation generator can help users learn the correct way to say words and phrases in Korean. This is especially useful for language learners who want to improve their accent and fluency. The use of text to speech services can provide a faster and more cost-effective alternative to working with korean voice over talent. With advanced hangul reader voice generation technology, it is now possible to quickly and easily create high-quality audio versions of written Korean text. This not only saves time and money, but also allows for greater flexibility in terms of the voices that can be used. For example, a Korean voice generator can create a wide range of different voices and accents, making it easy to find the perfect fit for any project. Additionally, the use of text to speech technology can help to improve the accuracy and consistency of the spoken word, ensuring that the end result is always of the highest quality. Korean accent text to speech Korean speech synthesis is a technology that allows computers to generate speech in the Korean language. This technology is very useful for online content production, as it allows creators to easily add Korean voiceovers to their videos or podcasts. With Korean speech synthesis, creators can add Korean narration to their content, which can help to make it more engaging and accessible to Korean speakers. Additionally, this technology can also be used to create audio versions of written content, such as news articles or e-books, making it more accessible to those who prefer to listen rather than read. In addition to creating Korean language audio, you can use our Korean TTS voices as a Korean accent generator for English language. Most voices will read English out correctly, as if a person with a Korean accent would read the text. Narakeet helps you create text to speech voiceovers , turn Powerpoint presentations and Markdown scripts into engaging videos. It is under active development, so things change frequently. Keep up to date: RSS , Slack , Twitter , YouTube , Facebook , Instagram , TikTok How a fringe online claim about immigrants eating pets made its way to the debate stage Around 9:30 p.m. Tuesday, tens of millions of television viewers watched as Donald Trump spread an unsubstantiated and racially charged rumor running wild online. “In Springfield they’re eating dogs,” the former president said, referring to an Ohio city dealing with an influx of Haitian immigrants. “They’re eating the cats. They’re eating … the pets of the people that live there. And this is what’s happening in our country, and it’s a shame.” The extraordinary moment — the airing of a claim worthy of a chain email while participating in a prime-time presidential debate — probably puzzled most of the 67.1 million people tuned in for Trump’s clash with Vice President Kamala Harris. But the rumor, which has been criticized as perpetuating racist tropes, was already thriving in right-wing corners of the internet and being amplified by those close to Trump, including his running mate, Sen. JD Vance of Ohio. No one involved in Trump’s debate preparations or in a position to speak for his campaign agreed to discuss the strategy on the record or answer questions about how it mutated from a fringe obsession to a debate stage sound bite.  “Just, suffice to say, he was aware of it. He decided to bring it up,” Tim Murtaugh, a senior Trump adviser, told NBC News. “Now it’s a major story. We would otherwise probably not be talking about immigration if not for that.” Others close to Trump expressed misgivings about the execution. “Immigration should be talked about, because Harris as border czar has failed,” said a Trump adviser, who, like others, was granted anonymity to speak candidly. “Did that issue come out in the best way? Probably not. But it’s not something to be shied away from.” Sen. Lindsey Graham, a Trump ally from South Carolina, questioned the former president’s focus.   “I don’t know about dogs and cats,” Graham said in an interview Thursday. “But there are numerous young women who have been raped and murdered by people who were in our custody here illegally, and we let them go. That’s what I’d be talking about. That should be the face of a broken immigration system, not cats and dogs.” While the fallout has been a combination of bafflement and outrage, the makings of the moment are rooted in grievances that have long defined and animated Trump and his followers — and on the platforms where those grievances blossom. Trump, who launched his first presidential campaign with a speech that broadly characterized Mexican immigrants as dangerous criminals, has kept immigration and border security issues central to his third White House bid.  Meanwhile, the right-wing social media ecosystem that rose up around his 2016 run has calcified as an additive and disruptive force: Trump now has his own social media network , Truth Social, and ally Elon Musk controls X, formerly Twitter. Vance in particular has reveled in fighting the culture wars and other right-wing causes online and often assumes a trolling posture on X while acting as a filter of information between the fringe and the mainstream. Vance and others close to Trump have argued that, even if the claims are false, they have served a purpose by pushing the Springfield story into the spotlight. “The media didn’t care about the carnage wrought by these policies until we turned it into a meme about cats, and that speaks to the media’s failure to care about what’s going on in these communities,” Vance told CNN after Tuesday’s debate. “If we have to meme about it to get the media to care, we’re going to keep on doing it, because the media could, should, care about what’s going on.” The issue in Springfield, about 45 miles from Columbus in southwest Ohio, involves thousands of Haitian immigrants who have settled in the city in recent years, many of them there legally under federal programs after having fled violence and political turmoil. Residents and political leaders, including Vance, have for months raised economic and public safety concerns, asserting that an influx of as many as 20,000 immigrants to a city that in 2020 counted a population of 59,000 has strained resources. Claims about pets being abducted, slaughtered and eaten are more recent.   Blood Tribe, a national neo-Nazi group, was among the early purveyors of the rumor in August, posting about it on Gab and Telegram, social networks popular with extremists. While the group’s leader has taken credit for Trump’s indulgence of the claims, Blood Tribe’s reach is unknown; its accounts on those sites have fewer than 1,000 followers. Some Blood Tribe members also planned a couple of events in the real world, like a small Aug. 10 march in Springfield protesting Haitian immigration and an appearance at a city commission meeting later that month. The rumor soon crossed over to mainstream social media, like Facebook and X. NewsGuard, a firm that monitors misinformation, traced the origins to an undated post from a private Facebook group that was shared in a screenshot posted to X on Sept. 5.  “Remember when my hometown of Springfield Ohio was all over National news for the Haitians?” the user wrote. “I said all the ducks were disappearing from our parks? Well, now it’s your pets.” Around that time, other social media posts about the rumor sprouted and went viral, some of them based in part on residents’ comments at public hearings . On Sept. 6, there were 1,100 posts on X mentioning Haitians, migrants or immigrants eating pets, cats, dogs and geese, according to PeakMetrics, a research company. The next day there were 9,100 — a 720% increase. The number of posts spiked again Monday, to 47,000, when Vance advanced the rumor on X . “Months ago, I raised the issue of Haitian illegal immigrants draining social services and generally causing chaos all over Springfield, Ohio,” Vance wrote, referring to remarks he had made at a Senate hearing. “Reports now show that people have had their pets abducted and eaten by people who shouldn’t be in this country.” Vance, as he noted in his post, had been raising the issue for months, but in less provocative terms.  “Now go to Springfield, go to Clark County, Ohio, and ask the people there whether they have been enriched by 20,000 newcomers in four years,” he said in early July, before Trump selected him as his running mate, at NatCon, a right-wing nationalist conference. “Housing is through the roof. People, middle-class people in Springfield who have lived there sometimes for generations cannot afford a place to live.” Soon after Vance’s post Monday, Springfield police officials told the Springfield News-Sun — and, later, NBC News and other national media — that they had received no credible reports of such incidents. Vance issued a follow-up post the next day, writing that his office had received reports of “pets or local wildlife” being “abducted by Haitian migrants.” “It’s possible, of course, that all of these rumors will turn out to be false,” he added. But by that point, Trump was fully on board with them. At 5:19 p.m. Tuesday, less than four hours before his debate with Harris, Trump posted to Truth Social a meme showing cats armed for war and wearing MAGA hats. Fifteen minutes later, he shared a second meme depicting him surrounded by cats and ducks.  Then came the debate. When moderator David Muir of ABC News asked about his opposition to a bipartisan border bill, a distracted Trump first insisted on responding to a jab Harris had landed about people leaving his campaign rallies early. His meandering answer eventually turned to Springfield, where, he said, “they’re eating dogs … and cats.” Discomfort and disapproval from Trump’s fellow Republicans were soon palpable. “I want to be clear on this. That is a very minor, minor issue happening in the United States,” Rep. Byron Donalds, a Trump loyalist from Florida, told NBC News when asked about the pets remark in the post-debate spin room. Those looking for someone to blame offered several suspects. Laura Loomer, a right-wing political activist and conspiracy theorist who had been posting about the rumor, traveled with Trump to the debate Tuesday.  “Why do you want to speak to me? I don’t work for President Trump,” Loomer responded when reached by NBC News. Loomer and Trump did not speak on the plane ride, a source familiar with the trip said. And a Trump aide noted that Loomer “is not a member of our staff.” “The president is the most well-read man in America, and he has a pulse on everything that is going on,” the aide added.  The Springfield rumor “made it to his desk. He was made aware of what these residents were saying.” Others focused their suspicions on Vance, given how he had forced the issue into the spotlight. “It’s all JD,” a source linked to the campaign said. Another source close to Trump’s campaign said Trump and Vance did not discuss the Springfield issue ahead of the debate. “I don’t know what he was thinking,” a different Trump ally said of his choice to bring up the Springfield rumor unprompted.  The blame, this person said, solely rests with Trump. “You don’t prep Donald Trump,” the ally added. “You can make suggestions.” Henry J. Gomez is a senior national political reporter for NBC News Brandy Zadrozny is a senior reporter for NBC News. She covers misinformation, extremism and the internet. Allan Smith is a political reporter for NBC News. Julie Tsirkin is a correspondent covering Capitol Hill. Advertisement Supported by In S​outh Korea, Misogyny Has a New Weapon: Deepfake Sex Videos Men in chat rooms have been victimizing women they know by putting their faces on pornographic clips. Some Korean women say the only thing new about it is the technology. Share full article By Choe Sang-Hun Reporting from Seoul In 2020, as the South Korean authorities were pursuing a blackmail ring that forced young women to ​make sexually ​explicit videos for paying viewers, they found something else floating through the dark recesses of social media: pornographic images with other people’s faces crudely attached. They didn’t know what to do with these ​early attempts at deepfake pornography. In the end, the National Assembly enacted a vaguely worded law against those making and distributing it. But that did not prevent a crime wave, using A.I. technolog​y, that has now taken the country’s misogynistic online culture to new depths. ​In the past two weeks, South Koreans have been shocked to find that a rising number of young men and teenage boys had taken hundreds of social media images of classmates, teachers​ and military colleagues — almost all young women and girls, including minors — and used them to create sexually exploitative images and video clips with deepfake apps. They ​have spread the material through chat rooms on the encrypted messaging service Telegram, some with as many as 220,000 members.​ The deepfakes usually ​combine a victim’s face with a​ body in a sexually explicit pose, taken from pornography​. The technology is so sophisticated that it is​ often hard for ordinary people to tell they are fake, investigators say. As the country scrambles to address ​the threat, experts have noted that in South Korea, enthusiasm for new technologies can sometimes outpace concerns about their ethical implications. But to many women, these deepfakes are just the latest online expression of a deep-rooted misogyny in their country — a culture that has now produced young men who consider it fun to share sexually humiliating images of women​ online. “Korean society doesn’t treat women as fellow human beings,” said Lee Yu-jin, a student whose university is among the hundreds of ​middle schools, high schools and colleges where students have been victimized. She asked why the government had not done more “before it became a digital culture to steal photos of ​friends and us​e them ​for sexual​ humiliation.” We are having trouble retrieving the article content. Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings. Thank you for your patience while we verify access. If you are in Reader mode please exit and  log into  your Times account, or  subscribe  for all of The Times. Thank you for your patience while we verify access. Already a subscriber?  Log in . Want all of The Times?  Subscribe . Katy Perry’s Defiant VMAs Speech Calls for Detractors to Log Off: ‘There Are No Decade-Long Accidents’ By Steven J. Horowitz Steven J. Horowitz Senior Music Writer Katy Perry’s Defiant VMAs Speech Calls for Detractors to Log Off: ‘There Are No Decade-Long Accidents’ 2 days ago Taylor Swift, Chappell Roan and Megan Thee Stallion Win Big at MTV Video Music Awards, Plus Full List of Winners 2 days ago Future Announces ‘Mixtape Pluto’ Release Date 2 days ago Katy Perry gave a defiant speech while accepting the MTV Video Vanguard Award at the 2024 VMAs, telling detractors to “touch grass” and that there are “no decade-long accidents.” Related Stories The Postwar Streaming Market: A Special Report Movie Theaters Are Full Again. But Will They Stay That Way? Popular on Variety The speech itself began with Perry asking the audience if they could believe she did the performance “on my first day of my period.” She followed by referencing her legacy since she made her mainstream debut with 2008’s “One of the Boys,” and that “there are so many things that have to align to have a long and successful career as an artist.” After thanking her team, family, Katy Cats and LGBTQ+ community, she shouted out Bloom for “doing the dishes” — a nod to a viral line from a recent interview where she said she would reward a man with sexual favors for performing the everyday chore — as well as her daughter Daisy. Of the songs performed, Perry ran through “E.T.,” “California Gurls” and “I Kissed a Girl,” as well as new songs “Lifetimes” and “I’m His, He’s Mine.” The latter, which features Doechii, will release on Friday. 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Glen Taylor Subpoenaed NBA in $1.5B Timberwolves Ownership Fight The Best Loofahs and Body Scrubbers, According to Dermatologists Wynonna Earp Post Mortem: Emily Andras Opens Up About Vengeance Reunion’s Very Big, Spoilery Twists 499 IMAGES The Ultimate Guide to Texting in Korean Korean Speech Levels and Seven Level of Politeness Korean Speech Levels (with PDF summary) How To Say "How do you say?" in Korean 3 Ways to Speak Korean Korean Speech Levels and How To Use Them Properly VIDEO 100 Informal Korean Phrases for Beginner Top 5 Essential KOREAN Phrases for Daily life (for Absolute Begginers) #korealearning Say "Hello" in Korean! Korean conversation for beginners! Speech ||   Let’s hear what he wanna say || we ask Allah || victory || #prayer # victory 30 Essential Korean Words for Daily Life I Time and Date 5 Essential Korean Phrases for Greetings #korealearning COMMENTS Korean Speech Levels How to say "informal speech" in Korean. On the other hand, the word for "informal speech level" is 비격식체 (bigyeoksikche). In the sections below, we will cover each speech level in more detail. The 7 Korean Speech Levels. Here, we will quickly overview the 7 Korean speech levels. 하소서체 (hasoseoche) This is the most formal ... Korean Speech Levels and How To Use Them Properly There are seven speech levels; Hasoseo-che (하소서체), Hapsyo-che (하십시오체), Haoche (하오체), Hageche (하게체), Haerache (해라체), Haeyoche (해요체) and Haeche (해체). Each level shows a different level of formality and politeness to the audience. Koreans show respect to the person they talk to or about by choosing the ... Giving a Speech in Korean https://bit.ly/3sYPgqt ← if you want to learn more vocabulary, phrases, and example sentences you can use in real-life situations, click here to download you... Google Translate Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Korean Honorifics They are used to communicate politeness and to show very high levels of respect. In the example below, let's use "happy birthday" in Korean. Formal without honorifics. 생일 축하합니다 (saengil chukahamnida) 생일 (saengil) is the normal word for "birthday," and 입니다 (imnida) is the formal speech level. Standard without ... Korean Honorifics and Speech Levels: Why, When, & How to use This was an early experience that showed me how important honorifics are in Korea. As previously mentioned, honorifics are the words you use to address someone and show respect. It starts with the title you use to address the person, and thereafter the noun (s), pronouns, verbs you address them with. Basically, the honorifics you use changes ... 67 Practical Korean Phrases to Ace Your First Korean Conversation 15 Basic Korean Words and Phrases. You'll probably use some of the most basic Korean phrases for any conversation. Here are some words and phrases to get you ready for your first-and any-conversation: Hello: 안녕하세요 (annyeong haseyo) Yes: 네 (ne) or 예 (ye) No: 아니요 (aniyo) Maybe: 아마도 (amado) Please: 주세요 (juseyo) Using Formal and Informal When Speaking Korean The Korean system is used to indicate numbers of objects and people (between 1 and 99) and age. For example: 3 children, 7 bottles of beer, 28 years of age. Here is how to count up to 10 : 1 = 하나 "hana". 2 = 둘 "dool". 3 = 셋 "set". 4 = 넷 "net". Korean conversation You just need to put some effort into memorizing the phrases, along with the possible responses to them. #1. "Do you speak English?" in Korean. If your Korean language skills are rather limited, you can say 영어를 할 수 있습니까? (yeongeoreul hal su isseumnikka?). This is a great way to start a conversation. Korean Levels of Speech 1. Hasoseo-che (하소서체): This is a very formal and polite level of speech. Addressing a king, queen, or high official uses this level. Additionally, historical dramas or religious texts use this level. People do not commonly use Hasoseo-che and the information is mainly for reference. This is a 존댓말 (jondaemal) form. What is "Speech" in Korean and how to say it? How to say "Speech" in Korean and in 45 More languages. Hungarian beszéd. Castilian Spanish el discurso. Japanese スピーチ. French le discours. Mandarin Chinese 演讲. Italian il discorso. German die Rede. Russian речь. Korean translation of 'speech' Korean Translation of "SPEECH" | The official Collins English-Korean Dictionary online. Over 100,000 Korean translations of English words and phrases. TRANSLATOR Lesson 52: Quoting in Korean (~ㄴ/는다고) Anyways, here we go, let's learn how to quote. Quoting with Verbs: ~ ㄴ/ 는다고. Quoting in Korean is counter-intuitive for an English speaker. With some Korean knowledge most people would assume that quoting would be done using the ~는 것 principle. For example, if I were going to say: SPEECH SPEECH translate: 말, 연설. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Korean Dictionary. How to say "Speech" in Korean (연설) Speech (연설) How to say "Speech" in Korean (연설) We have audio examples from both a male and female professional voice actor. Male Voice. Learn Korean Greetings: How to Say Hello in 10 Ways An-nyeong Ha-sib-ni-kka (안녕하십니까) This is one of the most formal ways to greet someone. You probably won't use it yourself, but if you listen closely, you'll hear this greeting on the television or in a place of business. It can also vary in meaning to a specific time of day: good morning, good afternoon, good evening. SPEECH speculate. speculate about. speculation. speculative. speech. Indonesian-English dictionary. Translation for 'speech' in the free English-Korean dictionary and many other Korean translations. How to say speech in Korean What's the Korean word for speech? Here's a list of translations. Korean Translation. 연설. yeonseol. More Korean words for speech. 연설 noun. yeonseol address, oration, harangue, valedictory, declamation. DeepL Translate: The world's most accurate translator DeepL Translate English to Korean. Type to translate. Drag and drop to translate PDF, Word (.docx), PowerPoint (.pptx), and Excel (.xlsx) files with our document translator. Click the microphone to translate speech. The dictionary is unavailable for this language pair. English-Korean Translator Free English to Korean translator with audio. Translate words, phrases and sentences. WATCH: Trump appears at campaign rally in Tucson, first since ... Arizona is a state where the presidential race could be shaped, at least in part, by down-ballot races. Kari Lake, a prominent Republican election denier who lost her campaign for governor in 2020 ... How to Quote in Korean Direct quoting in any language is when we want to quote something word for word. This is done commonly in English. For example. James said "I don't want to go home now". This should be a simple idea and it is equally simple in Korean. We take the quoted sentence and attach "라고 + (하다 / or another quoting verb)". Attorney General Merrick Garland says Justice Department 'will ... Every one of those cases," Trump claimed. "And then they say, 'Oh, he's a criminal.' They're the ones that made them go after me." During his speech, Garland noted he was tapped to ... Election Live Updates: Harris and Trump Ride Post-Debate Wave Mr. Trump's speech was his first campaign event since a debate performance on Tuesday night that some of his allies have admitted fell short. Mr. Trump insisted to around 2,000 supporters in ... Korean greetings Standard "Congratulations" in Korean. The most common way to express "congratulations" in Korean is 축하해요 (chukahaeyo). This is the standard form of speech u sed in less formal but polite situations, such as with acquaintances and colleagues, or when you want to be friendly but still polite.. Another way to say it is 축하드려요 (chukhadeuryeoyo). Trump's Repetitive Speech Is a Bad Sign Trump's speech during the debate was repetitive not only in form but also in content. Politicians regularly return during debates to their strongest topics—that's just good strategy. Korean Text to Speech Easily convert text to speech in Korean, and 100 more languages. Try our Korean text to speech free online. No registration required. Text to speech Korean voices are life-like and help you create audio files and videos in Korean easily, much faster than recording the voiceover yourself. Use Narakeet as Korean text reader online: just upload a ... How a fringe online claim about immigrants eating pets made its way to By the time Trump talked about Haitian immigrants "eating dogs" and "eating the cats" on Tuesday night, the baseless claim had been thriving in right-wing corners of the internet. Deepfake Sex Videos in South Korea Seen as Old Misogyny With New Tech The country has an underbelly of sexual criminality that has occasionally surfaced. A South Korean was convicted of running one of the world's largest sites for images of child sexual abuse. A K ... Katy Perry's Defiant VMAs Speech Calls for Detractors to Log Off The speech itself began with Perry asking the audience if they could believe she did the performance "on my first day of my period." She followed by referencing her legacy since she made her ... assignment essay homework paper phd resume review speech thesis