proofreading exercises 3rd grade

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Editing and Proofreading Worksheets

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Boost your writing chops with our free, printable editing and proofreading worksheets! Grab tons of practice in going back over a piece of writing and fixing any errors in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and grammar. As hard as self-editing can be for children, our editing and proofreading worksheets pdf make it easy for them to edit with a compilation of exercises, which include identifying and matching proofreading marks, correcting errors in paragraphs, and fixing mistakes in informal letters, to name a few. Get ready to watch the young editors in action!

These worksheets are ideal for children in grade 2 through grade 8.

Matching Proofreading Marks to Their Meanings

Editing is as crucial to writing as writing itself. Give 2nd grade and 3rd grade kids a warm welcome to proofreading with our worksheets on matching proofreading symbols to their meanings.

Editing Paragraphs

When we edit and proofread, our writing becomes refined. Learners in grade 2 and grade 3 read the paragraphs, focus on the errors, and answer the editing and proofreading questions here.

Identifying Errors in Sentences & Writing the Number of Errors

Capitalize the first word in a sentence. Use a period at the end of a sentence. Let grade 4 and grade 5 kids stick to such rules as they use proofreading marks to indicate errors and write the number of errors for each type.

Rewriting Sentences Correctly

Funnel your energy into these editing and proofreading worksheets for 4th grade and 5th grade, where you correct the errors in capitalization, grammar, punctuation, and spelling and rewrite each sentence.

Correcting Errors in Informal Letters

Instruct grade 6 and grade 7 kids to rewrite the informal letters in these editing and proofreading worksheets pdf. Let them keep an eye out for errors, making corrections as they go.

Rewriting Newspaper Articles by Correcting the Errors

Watch 6th grade and 7th grade kids read and re-read short articles, correcting mistakes in spelling, capitalization, and grammar in these printable worksheets on editing and proofreading.

Correcting Sentences with Misplaced Modifiers

Everyday English abounds in sentences where modifiers are not placed beside the word/phrase concerned. These worksheets will ensure 8th grade learners will make no longer make such errors.

Correcting Sentences with Dangling Modifiers

Stop running into the dangling modifier dilemma once and for all! Let accuracy and perfection shine through grade 8 children's writing, as these exercises keep the young writers well-guided at all times.

Editing Run-on Sentences

The task in this printable set is for children to make sense of the run-on sentences by using coordinating conjunctions, commas, semicolons, and periods as they see fit.

Indicating Types of Errors in Passages

In these editing and proofreading worksheets pdf, learners are expected to not only identify the errors in short passages, but also use a checklist to indicate the kinds of errors.

Underlining Error-free Sentences

How keen of an eye do you have to spot errors? Observe each set of three sentences in these printable editing and proofreading worksheets, and hone in on the one free from errors.

Correcting Misspelled Words in Sentences

Flex your spelling chops in this pdf set featuring sentences with misspelled words. First, identify the word that is spelled wrong, underline it, and then write the correct spelling.

Related Printable Worksheets

▶ Punctuation

▶ Shift in Verb Tenses

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How to Proofread Sentences

We are all perfectly imperfect. 😽

Proofreading Checklist

Every sentence starts with a capital letter, and ends with a punctuation mark . ✅

The word I is capitalized. ✅

Commands and sentences end with a period . ✅

Questions end with a question mark and exclamations end with an exclamation point . ✅

All proper nouns are capitalized, like people's names and titles. ✅

Commas are used to join two independent clauses, after the greeting and closing of a letter, and correctly in dates. ✅

All words are spelled correctly. ✅

Let’s Practice!

I fell off my bike but i wasn’t hurt.

I fell off my bike , but I wasn’t hurt.

I like hamburgers and my mom likes hot dogs.

I like hamburgers , and my mom likes hot dogs.

What time is the football game.

What time is the football game?

Lesson Streak

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Learn grammar, learn handwriting.

Proofreading

Common Core Standards: Grade 2 Language , Grade 3 Language

CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.2.2, CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.3.2

This worksheet originally published in English Made Easy Key Stage 2 for ages 7 to 8 by © Dorling Kindersley Limited .

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proofreading 3rd grade

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Proofreading 3rd grade

STAAR Editing & Proofreading Worksheets Practice Sentence 3rd 4th 5th Grade

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Grammar Review Practice 3rd 4th Grade Grammar Paragraph Proofreading Worksheets

Editing and Proofreading Worksheets Practice Daily Grammar Review 3rd 4th Grade

Daily Proofreading Practice - Third Grade Journeys Units 1-6 Lessons 1-30 - DOL

Revising & Editing Practice 3rd Grade Grammar Paragraph Editing & Proofreading

Can You Fix This? 3rd Grade Proofreading Practice

3rd Grade Proofreading Worksheets

Bundle Pack Daily Proofreading / Language Practice (DLP) for 3rd Grade Journeys

Third Grade Journeys Spelling, Vocabulary, & Proofreading BUNDLE

Journeys Daily Proofreading Third Grade Units 1 - 5

Unit 1 Daily Proofreading and Language Practice (DLP) for 3rd Grade Journeys

Daily Proofreading Practice - Third Grade Journeys Unit 1 Lessons 1-5 - DOL

Third Grade Pets Chapter Questions & Proofread and Write Sentences

Daily Proofreading Practice - Third Grade Journeys Unit 4 Lessons 16-20 - DOL

Unit 2 Daily Proofreading and Language Practice (DLP) for 3rd Grade Journeys

Journeys Daily Proofreading Third Grade Unit 1

Daily Proofreading Practice - Third Grade Journeys Unit 5 Lessons 21-25 - DOL

Unit 3 Daily Proofreading and Language Practice (DLP) for 3rd Grade Journeys

Journeys Daily Proofreading Third Grade Unit 3

Unit 4 Daily Proofreading and Language Practice (DLP) for 3rd Grade Journeys

Journeys Daily Proofreading Third Grade Lesson 17

Journeys Daily Proofreading Third Grade Unit 2

Daily Proofreading Practice - Third Grade Journeys Unit 6 Lessons 26-30 - DOL

Unit 5 Daily Proofreading and Language Practice (DLP) for 3rd Grade Journeys

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3rd grade reading & vocabulary

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Third Grade Reading Comprehension Worksheets

Grade 3 stories and exercises.

Use these free, printable worksheets to practice and improve reading comprehension, vocabulary and writing. Included are fiction and non-fiction passages at a grade 3 level.  All worksheets are pdf files.

Leveled stories & reading worksheets

These leveled stories worksheets are from our series of leveled reading workbooks .  Each successive level provides greater reading challenge. Reading exercises follow each story.

Children's stories

Free children's stories for third grade . Each passages isfollowed by 6 questions. These fiction and non-fiction texts are 350-450 words long.

These historical passages and fables are followed by comprehension questions.  Exercises involve recalling information directly from the text as well as concepts such as prediction, inference and character traits.

Reading comprehension exercises for grade 3

These grade 3 reading worksheets focus on specific comprehension topics such distinguishing fact from opinion and sequencing events.

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Reading Worksheets, Spelling, Grammar, Comprehension, Lesson Plans

3rd Grade Reading Comprehension Worksheets

The 3rd grade reading comprehension activities below are coordinated with the 3rd grade spelling words curriculum on a week-to-week basis, so both can be used together as part of a comprehensive program, or each part can be used separately. The worksheets include third grade appropriate reading passages and related questions. Each worksheet (as well as the spelling words ) also includes a cross-curricular focus on earth science, physical science, history, social sciences, mathematics and life sciences. This allows students to build their reading comprehension skills and reinforce knowledge in other subject areas. There are 36 weeks of third grade worksheets, following most standard school year calendars.

Be sure to check out all of our reading comprehension worksheets .

Adapting to Survive

Week 10 Reading Comprehension (C-10). A passage about how living things have certain adaptations that allow them to survive. Cross-Curricular Focus: Life Science.

An Independent Nation

Week 35 Reading Comprehension (C-35). Reading segment about the time leading up to U.S. Independence. Cross-Curricular Focus: History / Social Sciences.

Classifying Triangles

Week 17 Reading Comprehension (C-17). Passage and questions about equilateral, isosceles, and scalene triangles. Cross-Curricular Focus: Mathematics.

Community Connections

Week 26 Reading Comprehension (C-26). A passage about our communities and the interactions we have with other people. Cross-Curricular Focus: History / Social Sciences.

Competing for Resources

Week 13 Reading Comprehension (C-13). A reading passage that describes how plant and animals compete for limited resources. Cross-Curricular Focus: Life Science.

Converting Energy to Motion

Week 2 Reading Comprehension (C-2). A passage and questions about how energy can be stored and converted. Cross-Curricular Focus: Physical Science.

Displaying Data

Week 23 Reading Comprehension (C-23). A reading segment describing the use of data to make graphs. Cross-Curricular Focus: Mathematics.

Elements and Atoms

Week 7 Reading Comprehension (C-7). Reading passage describing the relationship between elements and atoms. Cross-Curricular Focus: Physical Science.

Week 25 Reading Comprehension (C-25). A passage and comprehension questions about using estimation on math problems Cross-Curricular Focus: Mathematics.

Evaluating in Math

Week 3 Reading Comprehension (C-3). A reading passage and questions about the meaning of “Evaluate” when it is used in mathematics. Cross-Curricular Focus: Mathematics.

Forms of Matter

Week 1 Reading Comprehension (C-1). A reading passage and comprehension questions about the different forms of matter. Cross-Curricular Focus: Physical Science.

Galileo and His Telescope

Week 19 Reading Comprehension (C-19). A story about the origins of Galileo’s telescope Cross-Curricular Focus: Physical Science.

Geometric Shape Names

Week 15 Reading Comprehension (C-15). A reading passage and questions about how geometric shape names use number prefixes. Cross-Curricular Focus: Mathematics.

Habitat Destruction

Week 12 Reading Comprehension (C-12). A short passage about human impact on plants and animals. Cross-Curricular Focus: Life Science.

In danger of Extinction

Week 14 Reading Comprehension (C-14). A passage about the Koala and how it faces possible extinction. Cross-Curricular Focus: Life Science.

Kinds of Angles

Week 18 Reading Comprehension (C-18). A description and comprehension questions about the different types of angles. Cross-Curricular Focus: Mathematics.

Location, Location, Location

Week 29 Reading Comprehension (C-29). A brief passage about a location’s resources, climate and terrain affect livability. Cross-Curricular Focus: History / Social Sciences.

Making Predictions

Week 22 Reading Comprehension (C-22). A comprehension passage about using predictions before reading. Cross-Curricular Focus: Study Skills.

National Symbols

Week 27 Reading Comprehension (C-27). Reading passage about our national symbols like the flag and bald eagle. Cross-Curricular Focus: History / Social Sciences.

Phases of the Moon

Week 16 Reading Comprehension (C-16). Reading comprehension passage about the different phases of the moon. Cross-Curricular Focus: Earth Science.

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Editing and Proofreading Worksheets

Who doesn't like to write pieces with sentences super clear, ideas fantastically organized, and most importantly, vocabulary and grammar uncompromisingly immaculate? In order for this to happen, it's inevitable that students have a good grasp of the editing and proofreading process, which is what we seek to facilitatein this set of pdf worksheets ideal for grade 2 through grade 8. Let the young ones step in and take the helms, while learning how to edit and proofread their works. This is set to change your writing big time! Start off your practice with our free worksheets!

Correcting the Spelling

Lauren Leto once said, "If you can spell "Nietzsche" without Google, you deserve a cookie." Even the best writers are vulnerable to spelling errors. In this printable worksheet, kids color the correctly-spelled words.

• Grab the Worksheet

Proofreading a Paragraph on T-Rex

The pleasure of proofreading is when you have a relatively long text, and nearly every sentence has something waiting to be corrected in it. Let 4th grade kids spot and correct errors in this passage about T-Rex.

Proofreading Marks | Basic Chart

This chart is engaging mainly thanks to the instant help it gives the aspiring writers in the class, in the form of common proofreading marks. They learn each mark coupled with its meaning.

• Download the Chart

Proofreading Marks | Advanced Chart

Familiarize young proofreaders with these symbols and abbreviations and encourage them to use these marks to correct spelling mistakes, improve punctuation, and enhance the readability.

Spelling it Correctly

Little drops of water make the mighty ocean. It's often the tiniest detail that makes the biggest difference to your writing. Here, 2nd grade and 3rd grade children read each word carefully, and correct the mistake in its spelling.

How many mistakes are there?

Proofreading is not a luxury you give your writing; it's an integral part of the writing process itself. In this pdf worksheet, kids look for errors in capitalization, punctuation, spelling and grammar.

Proofreading and Rewriting

All English teachers agree that kids who fish their writing for errors and fix them, shine the brightest in ELA classes, and we can't agree more. This printable exercise gives practice with rewriting sentences correctly.

Proofreading Sentences | Labor Day

Labor Day, with all its fun and frolic, is an occasion we all so passionately wait for. Why not ask children in grade 4 and grade 5 to proofread six sentences abounding in the Labor Day spirit and festivities?

Proofreading a Passage on Liberty Bell

Let children know that, once they successfully answer this pdf worksheet, their proofreading skills are set to go places. They read a passage about the Liberty Bell, make corrections and rewrite the passage.

Proofreading | Nocturnal Animals

Watch children fire in all cylinders, as they start editing and proofreading this passage. They peruse the piece, point out its mistakes using proofreading marks, and sport that triumphant smile on their face.

Proofreading | The United States

Relish the bliss of proofreading transforming into an absolute riot with this paragraph correction worksheet! Children scout for mistakes and use proofreading marks to show these.

Proofreading a Passage on Caffeine

Get ready to be amazed, as 5th grade and 6th grade children dig in to impress you with their proofreading skills. Give them a pat on their back, as they identify and fix errors in grammar, punctuation, and spelling in this exercise.

Misplaced Modifiers

Modifiers placed incorrectly can mean misery while we read a sentence. Identifying and fixing misplaced modifiers are an indispensable part of editing. This printable worksheet provides practice in this editing aspect.

Misplaced Modifiers | More Practice

Misplaced modifiers can sometimes be easy to fix, but there are other times when this becomes a little more demanding affair. Help grade 7 students, as they try and fix the misplaced modifiers in these sentences.

Dangling Modifiers

When misplaced modifiers become more problematic to deal with, and start to increasingly jeopardize clarity, we call them dangling modifiers. In this exercise, 7th grade and 8th grade students spot and fix dangling modifiers.

Dangling Modifiers | More Practice

Let the high-flying learners work at their own time and pace, as you give them further work with dangling modifiers. In this practice pdf, they find out if the modifier is dangling or not, and fix the mistake, if it's one.

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» Punctuation

» Shift in Verb Tenses

» Commonly Confused Words

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Proofreading Worksheets

Related ela standard: l.5.3.

Learn to edit and revise work is as demanding as learning to be good writer, ask an editor of any publication in digital form or print. We often start by reviewing our own work. I would argue it is best to start by editing the work of others. When we reread our own work, we hear what we intended to write, not what is actually written on the page. Peer editing is a great way to promote this task in your classroom. When begin editing work you will learn better uses of grammar and mechanics. We encourage you to start by reading your work out loud. This will help you easily pinpoint errors and mistakes. These worksheets will help you kick off your proofreading career in a positive manner.

Proofreading Worksheets To Print:

Identifying Proofreading Marks - Pencils work great with this one. Match the proofreading marks with their meanings.

Proofreading for Homophones - You can really think of this one as a spelling worksheet . Homophones are words that sound the same but have different meanings.

Punctuation Matching - Find those marks that match it all up for you. Something is missing within or at the end of each sentence.

Can You Spot the Errors? - There are a couple of loose spaces in there. Read the paragraph and circle the best option for each numbered section.

Always Check Before You Hit Send! - Grandma sent you a letter. She didn't reread her letter before sending, so now you have to decode it to find out what she wrote.

Spell it Right! - Underline all the spelling errors in the paragraph below. Be careful; some words may be spelled correctly, but it could be the wrong spelling for that context.

Fixing Punctuation Errors - This paragraph is littered with punctuation errors. Circle all the punctuation errors in the paragraph.

Proofreading Bios - Each bio has a few grammatical errors. Rewrite the two mini bios so that they are error free.

Finding Mistakes in Each Other's Writing - Write a short story and purposefully make 5 writing mistakes.

Explain the Errors - Circle the error in each sentence. Explain why it is incorrect and how to fix it.

Did June Spell That Correctly? - June wrote a story, but she is a terrible speller. For each numbered word, identify whether or not it is spelled correctly.

Proofreading Partners - Write a short story in the space provided. Switch papers with a partner.

Sentence-by-Sentence Proofreading - Circle the error in each sentence, and rewrite the sentence on the line.

Fill-in-the-Blank Punctuation - This paragraph is missing some of its punctuation! Fill in each blank with the correct punctuation.

Choose the Best Answer - Read each sentence and circle the letter that explains how to fix the error in the sentence.

More Related Worksheet Topics:

Extraneous Details - Learn how to identify them and remove them properly. Some times less is more when it comes to writing.

Paragraph Correction - Placing the sentences in the correct order can really put it together for you. We will look at all the different ways to go about this.

Revising and Editing - This focuses on a mix of your work and the work of others. There is a standard process that you can use.

Revising and Editing Writing - Take your own writing and learn to make it step up. This is often difficult because we read it back to ourselves in the manner we meant to read it in.

Revising, Editing, and Rewriting - This helps put it all together. A nice solid review of all the skills we need to perform this well.

Writing Process - This actually provides you a checklist to follow through the entire process.

How to Proofread?

Proofreading means to read a piece of content to detect for general writing errors, grammatical mistakes, and spelling errors so that you can make sure that the final piece of writing is accurate and correct in all aspects. Proofreading is the last step of the writing process and must be completed carefully. Professional writers proofread their document so that their final document is well written, precise, and easy to read. Students do know how to write an assignment and other literary work but do not know how to proofread it. Proofreading is not an easy process but with a little bit of practice, it becomes easier. Given below are some tips that help one a lot to proofread the document efficiently and easily:

Reading Carefully

Careful reading is a key tool for proofreading. Read every word carefully to make sure that your work is free of errors. Look for spelling mistakes, grammatical errors, and punctuation mistakes.

Look for One Problem at One Time

If you are a beginner in proofreading, then proofread for one type of problem at one time. For example, in the first sitting, look for spelling mistakes only and in second sitting, look for grammatical errors. This technique will help to stay focused while proofreading your document.

Use Computer Software

With the advancement of technology, many different forms of proofreading software is available. When you are done proofreading manually, it might be a good idea to use software to double check. I find that most people get in the habit of going over the errors detected by the software and then manually editing it. I find the reverse to be much more rewarding. Use a spelling checker and other grammatical software to make your final piece of writing accurate in all aspects. The best known software at this time is called Grammarly and they have a pretty extensive free app.

Ask Someone to Proofread

Ask an honest friend to reread the content for you. Ask for the pattern that is confusing him or her, spelling mistakes that you may have ignored, and other errors. Ask for his or her advice regarding how can you further improve your document and try to consider his advice.

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Want to see how Tennessee measures third grade reading? Try a TCAP practice test

The standardized Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program tests, also known as TNReady or TCAPs, kick off this week statewide.

Last year's rollout of a controversial third grade reading and retention law placed the TCAP under intense scrutiny. As the law took effect in 2023, the sole measurement of reading proficiency was each third grader's score on the English language arts section of the TCAP. But experts, teachers and education leaders argue it's not a reading proficiency test but rather a test of reading comprehension.

State lawmakers added a provision to the reading law to allow universal reading screening assessments to be considered in decisions on holding children back or not.

So what exactly does the English language arts section of the TCAP entail for third graders? A practice test, available online through the Tennessee Department of Education offers some insight.

Want to try your hand at one? Here's a look at what was on the spring 2023 English language arts section of the TCAP for third graders.

(Quick note: We've adapted the format of the practice test so it fits better here. None of the reading materials, questions or multiple choice answers have been changed.)

Part 1: Rory's funny story

Read the passage and answer the questions that follow.

"Rory's Funny Story" by Janice Graham

1 Everybody in Rory’s class had a Funny-but-True story to tell. The teacher, Mrs. Evans, had the best Funny-but- True stories of all. On Monday she told about her cat playing the piano. On Tuesday she told how she found a nibbled-on piece of bologna in the toe of her red high-heeled shoe. On Wednesday she told about a mysterious truck dumping a mountain of rocks in her driveway. The neighborhood kids climbed and played on it until the truck came back to move the mountain to the right address.

2 Mrs. Evans had a million funny stories. But Rory couldn’t think of even one to tell.

3 “It’s time again for our Funny-but-True stories,” announced Mrs. Evans on Thursday. “Who has one today?”

4 Rory slumped in his chair.

5 “I have a Funny-but-True!” cried Dana, waving wildly. “My big sister lost her new diamond engagement ring. She was really worried. My mom looked in all the places my sister had been. And there it was in a basket of laundry, sparkling in the dirty socks!”

6 The class smiled, and some people chuckled. Rory leaned forward and plopped his chin on his desk. Nothing funny ever happened to him.

7 Friday’s Funny-but-True was the best one yet. Tad told how his sister had found a hairy black tarantula the size of her hand in the bathroom medicine chest. After she was through screaming her head off, she decided to keep the spider for a pet. Rory sighed. The class would laugh about that one all through lunch recess. Somewhere in his life there had to be one Funny-but-True story. But Rory knew his weekend would be just the same old boring thing.

8 Rory’s dad promised they would try out the new dome tent in the backyard Friday night. “Just my luck,” thought Rory when a lightning storm blew up. He shuffled into the house to find his dad had turned it into a campground. The new tent filled up the living room like a big blue elephant. “What next?” thought Rory.

9 On Saturday, Rory’s four-year-old sister decided to see if her baby bunny could swim. Just in time Rory saved the soggy bunny from a bucket of water. While Mom gently blow-dried the little rabbit, he explained to his sister that bunnies can’t swim. “Silly kid,” thought Rory.

10 On Sunday Rory and his family piled into the car and headed for Grandma’s house. Passing drivers stared and pointed. When they got there, Rory discovered that their cat, Tiger, had ridden to Grandma’s on the roof of the car. “Dumb cat,” thought Rory.

11 “Time for Funny-but-Trues!” said Mrs. Evans on Monday. Rory looked around the room. He was sure Dana or Tad had another great story, but nobody spoke up.

12 “Rory, how about you?” asked Mrs. Evans.

13 Rory shook his head. “Nothing funny ever happens to me.”

14 “Oh, I bet funny things happen all the time,” said Mrs. Evans.

15 “Tell us about your weekend.”

16 Rory told about sleeping in a tent in the living room. The class looked surprised. He saw a few smiles. Next he told about the bunny’s swimming lessons. A few people giggled. When he told about Tiger riding on the roof of the car all the way to Grandma’s house, the class broke into roars of laughter.

17 Rory tried, but he couldn’t stop laughing either.

The following item has two parts. Answer Part A and then answer Part B.

Part 2: Tatenda teaches his town

"Tatenda Teaches His Town" by Cecil Dzwowa

1 Like many families in Sanyati, a small countryside town in western Zimbabwe¹, Tatenda’s family does not have a television. One day after school, Tatenda arrived home tired and decided to rest on the sofa. But just before he sat down, he noticed something unusual in the house. “At first, I thought Dad had bought a television set, but when my mother said it was a computer, I was disappointed.”

2 It’s not that Tatenda didn’t like computers; he just didn’t know how to use them.

3 For almost two weeks, the gift lay idle in the house. Tatenda and his father didn’t even know how to turn it on. “Nobody in our neighborhood knew how to operate a computer,” Tatenda said.

4 But things changed when Amina, a young family friend, came from Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital city, to visit. Amina knew all about computers and was a good teacher, too.

¹Zimbabwe: a country in Africa

Pressing the Wrong Buttons

5 At first, Tatenda and Amina were frustrated as Tatenda struggled to learn. “I was always pressing the wrong buttons,” Tatenda remembered. “But I kept on going because I was eager to learn.” Amina realized then that she could not keep Tatenda away from the computer. After three weeks, Tatenda mastered some computer basics, such as opening and closing files. But he was taking a long time to learn.

6 Tatenda kept on practicing after Amina left. His speed slowly improved. By the time Amina returned, Tatenda felt comfortable with the computer.

7 Meanwhile, Tatenda’s friends wondered what had happened to him. Tatenda had not told them about his new gadget. He no longer played soccer after school like he used to. “Even if he came, he did not spend much time with us. He always had an excuse for going back home,” his friend Saidi said.

8 Tatenda’s friends worried. Were Tatenda’s parents preventing him from playing with them? Did one of them do something wrong? Did Tatenda have new friends?

9 One day, Saidi, along with two other friends, Themba and Solomon, surprised Tatenda at home. When they arrived, Tatenda was so busy on the computer that he did not hear them. His mother opened the door and let his friends inside. They couldn’t believe what they saw — a computer and Tatenda operating it.

10 “It was too late,” Tatenda recalled. “My secret was out.”

Master of the Keys

11 But it was a new beginning for the three friends. After that surprise visit, they came to see Tatenda work on the computer. Then Tatenda let them press a button or two and shake the mouse for fun. Slowly, he taught them how to use the computer. Saidi took about three months to learn the basics; Themba, about four months; and Solomon, a year.

12 It wasn’t long before the neighborhood kids wanted to learn, too! “There were so many kids coming to see him that we had to move the computer out of his room into a bigger room,” his mother said.

13 And even more kids came. Tatenda worried. The computer began to experience problems because the kids were pressing too many buttons. So he came up with a plan. He began charging for lessons. But this did not stop more kids from coming. Those whose parents did not have money paid with chickens or goats.

14 Tatenda has taught computer skills to 30 students from his local school, and the number continues to grow. There are 600 students there and no computer. Two of the teachers at his school are also his students. “He is a bright kid and a good teacher,” said Mrs. Magumise, one of Tatenda’s schoolteachers.

15 With the money earned from teaching, Tatenda has bought a television and radio for his family. And he plans to buy a new computer. He also plans to keep on teaching. The people of Sanyati couldn’t be more pleased. Tatenda has single-handedly introduced computers to his town and is simply known there as “Teacher.”

This item has two parts. Answer Part A and then answer Part B.

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NFL Draft: Undrafted free agent signings include Frank Gore Jr. to Bills, Sam Hartman to Commanders

The nfl draft is over, but players are still joining new teams.

The 2024 NFL Draft is in the books. But that doesn't mean players joining teams is over.

Undrafted free agents are now beginning to sign, and NFL history shows us a lot of gems can be found among them.

Among the buzziest moves so far: Southern Miss running back Frank Gore Jr., son of NFL legend Frank Gore, is reportedly signing with the Buffalo Bills , while Missouri State wide receiver Terique Owens, son of Pro Football Hall of Famer Terrell, is reportedly signing with his father's old team the San Francisco 49ers . Notre Dame quarterback Sam Hartman is also reportedly signing with the Washington Commanders .

For all 257 picks from this year's draft, head to our draft hub .

Top NFL Draft stories

How did your team fare on Day 1? Two of them got Fs, and another a D, though there were plenty of As going around too. Charles McDonald's first round instant grades

Quarterbacks who go first overall don't usually walk into good situations. That's not the case with Caleb Williams and the Bears. Frank Schwab's first round winners and losers

The Falcons stunned the NFL by drafting Michael Penix Jr . eighth overall after signing Kirk Cousins this offseason. They say it's a succession plan. They really need it to work. Dan Wetzel

A surprise pick buoyed a record-tying number of first-round QB selections. Here's how it all unfolded. Jori Epstein

A strong second round yielded a bunch of quality picks. How did your team do on Day 2? Charles McDonald grades

Jim Harbaugh's been away from the NFL for awhile, but the first two days of his first draft with the Chargers show little signs of rust. Frank Schwab Day 2 winners and losers

Bill Belichick and Nick Saban's major broadcast debuts as analysts came during this draft, and if they're any indication, both are going to be really good at this. Dan Wetzel

Brenden Rice , son of Pro Football Hall of Famer Jerry, was selected by the Chargers on Day 3. Frank Schwab

Congratulations, Alabama safety Jaylen Key , you're 2024's "Mr. Irrelevant." And increasingly the honor isn't so irrelevant. Frank Schwab

Titans sign an 1,195-yard rusher as an undrafted free agent:

Former Washington RB Dillon Johnson is signing with the #Titans , per source. — Tom Pelissero (@TomPelissero) April 27, 2024

Former BYU QB Kedon Slovis — the onetime USC freshman sensation — is signing with the #Colts , per source. pic.twitter.com/0zfvQrMkVH — Tom Pelissero (@TomPelissero) April 27, 2024

If we're talking about names among undrafted free agents, this should probably be mentioned:

Former Louisville CB Storm Duck is signing with the #Dolphins , per source. — Tom Pelissero (@TomPelissero) April 27, 2024

Missouri State WR Terique Owens, son of Terrell, is signing with the #49ers as an undrafted free agent, source says. — Mike Garafolo (@MikeGarafolo) April 27, 2024

Former Southern Miss RB Frank Gore Jr. — son of future Hall of Fame RB Frank Gore Sr. — is signing with the Buffalo Bills, per sources. pic.twitter.com/x7MnieGPyL — Cameron Wolfe (@CameronWolfe) April 27, 2024

Now the undrafted free agent feeding frenzy begins. One big name: Notre Dame QB Sam Hartman signs with the Commanders:

Former Notre Dame QB Sam Hartman is signing with the #Commanders , per source. pic.twitter.com/HHiTsmSoMZ — Tom Pelissero (@TomPelissero) April 27, 2024

We have our 2024 Mr. Irrelevant, folks!

Mr. Irrelevant With the FINAL pick in the 2024 #NFLDraft , the New York #Jets select Jaylen Key, S, Alabama. We made it, everybody. — Connor Hughes (@Connor_J_Hughes) April 27, 2024

#Broncos use the Deputy Mr. Irrelevant pick (No. 256) on South Carolina offensive lineman Nick Gargiulo. — Parker Gabriel (@ParkerJGabriel) April 27, 2024

Pick No. 255:

Penn State CB Kalen King falling all the way to the seventh round is interesting. High hopes for him a year ago. Packers might've gotten themselves one here, if they can get him turned back around. — Albert Breer (@AlbertBreer) April 27, 2024

With their final pick in the 2024 draft, the Rams use No. 254 on guard KT Leveston. — Sarah Barshop (@sarahbarshop) April 27, 2024

13 Michigan players drafted. Cornelius Johnson reunites with Jim Harbaugh:

*Triple dip #Chargers select Michigan WR Cornelius Johnson at No. 253 overall. https://t.co/l8VOpiOBHI — Daniel Popper (@danielrpopper) April 27, 2024

With their final pick of this year's draft -- No. 251 -- the #49ers select Florida State LB Tatum Bethune. — Nick Wagoner (@nwagoner) April 27, 2024

With their final pick at 250 in the seventh round, the Ravens take Purdue S Sanoussi Kane. — Jeff Zrebiec (@jeffzrebiec) April 27, 2024

With pick No. 249:

Michigan has tied its all-time program record with 11 draft picks with 2017. OL LaDarius Henderson is off the board to the Houston Texans in the seventh round. Henderson was a transfer from Arizona State. pic.twitter.com/TA1KP4vklo — Clayton Sayfie (@CSayf23) April 27, 2024

Guard out of Holy Cross with pick No, 248:

Nice. With the 248th pick of the 2024 NFL Draft, we have selected C.J. Hanson! pic.twitter.com/CqwSLIukh1 — Kansas City Chiefs (@Chiefs) April 27, 2024

With the 246th pick of the 2024 NFL Draft, the Houston Texans select Auburn's Marcus Harris. #WarEagle pic.twitter.com/oiNfMkr1tZ — Auburn Tigers | AL.com (@aldotcomTigers) April 27, 2024

With their final pick of the 2024 NFL Draft, the Buccaneers have selected Washington TE Devin Culp, at pick number 246 in the seventh round. — Scott Smith (@ScottSBucs) April 27, 2024

At pick No. 245:

Packers draft Tulane QB Michael Pratt. Like this pick. Green Bay's back to dipping into the quarterback well every year, like in the Ron Wolf years. — Albert Breer (@AlbertBreer) April 27, 2024

With the No. 244 selection:

The Cowboys did not draft a running back. They used their second seventh-round pick on Auburn DT Justin Rogers — Jon Machota (@jonmachota) April 27, 2024

Browns at 243: Cincinnati DT Jowon Briggs. High-effort, high-motor guy. Browns deep at DT so obviously wanted him in the program, knew he'd go elsewhere if he went undrafted. That's a wrap on the 2024 draft class. Plenty more coverage to come. — Zac Jackson (@AkronJackson) April 27, 2024

Titans at pick No. 242:

Safety James Williams out of Miami is the Titans pick. Fourth defender for Ran Carthon this draft — Buck Reising (@BuckReising) April 27, 2024

Got ourselves a @uscfb Trojan ✌️ Welcome to the 305, @tahj_washington ! pic.twitter.com/sEdSLYXDhf — Miami Dolphins (@MiamiDolphins) April 27, 2024

Panthers take one of Harbaugh's guys at 240 -- Michigan LB Michael Barrett. The Beast: "Barrett doesn’t have the size teams desire in base and lacks playmaking reaction time, but he plays fast and physically with a forceful demeanor. He is a bargain bin version of Nick Bolton." — Joe Person (@josephperson) April 27, 2024

Saints select Eastern Kentucky OT Josiah Ezirim with the No. 239 pick:

New Saints Josiah Ezirim (6-6, 329) was a defensive lineman in high school and early in college before converting to the o-line and starting at RT the last two years. ... So this is a developmental pick, but one who was widely projected to be drafted in the late rounds. — Mike Triplett (@MikeTriplett) April 27, 2024

USC defensive lineman Solomon Byrd was just picked by the Houston Texans in the seventh round of the NFL Draft. He’ll join Calen Bullock in Houston. — Connor Morrissette (@C_Morrissette) April 27, 2024

WITH THE 237TH PICK ➡️ C MATT LEE @IEL_LLC | 📺: 2024 Draft on NFLN pic.twitter.com/i5iipgzU1B — Cincinnati Bengals (@Bengals) April 27, 2024

Jaguars select Texas Tech edge rusher Myles Cole with their final pick in the NFL draft — Mark Long (@APMarkLong) April 27, 2024

#Colts select Oklahoma DT Jonah Laulu to round out the 2024 class. — George Bremer (@gmbremer) April 27, 2024

Another Ute off the board to Denver. The #Broncos are drafting Utah WR Devaughn Vele. He had 98 catches for 1,288 yards and eight TDs over the past two seasons. — Parker Gabriel (@ParkerJGabriel) April 27, 2024

The Cowboys are selecting Louisiana-Lafayette OT Nathan Thomas with pick No. 233 in the seventh round. Traits, length, and a mauler in the run game. 6-foot-5, 323 pounds makes him one of the biggest tackles on the roster. Potential guard flex and a high ceiling. — Nick Harris (@NickHarrisDC) April 27, 2024

The #Vikings are taking Texas A&M Commerce's DL Levi Drake Rodriguez with the No. 232 pick in the NFL Draft. — Alec Lewis (@alec_lewis) April 27, 2024

The Patriots select Florida State TE Jaheim Bell with their seventh-round pick (No. 231): 🏈 6-foot-2, 241 pounds 🏈 42 games, 20 starts (first South Carolina, then FSU) 🏈 95 receptions, 1,260 yards, 9 TDs 🏈 More than 40% of snaps out of the slot in 2023 — Mike Reiss (@MikeReiss) April 27, 2024

The #Vikings are taking Wake Forest C Michael Jurgens with the No. 230 pick in the NFL Draft. — Alec Lewis (@alec_lewis) April 27, 2024

The #Raiders draft Pittsburgh CB MJ Devonshire with pick No. 229. He was ranked No. 183 on @dpbrugler 's big board. He was a 2-year starter and had his best season last year with 32 tackles, 14 pass deflections and 4 interceptions. — Tashan Reed (@tashanreed) April 27, 2024

At 228 in the seventh round, the Ravens select Michigan State center Nick Samac. The Ravens final pick is at 250. — Jeff Zrebiec (@jeffzrebiec) April 27, 2024

Browns at 227: South Dakota cornerback Myles Harden. He'll try to make the team as a slot corner and special teamer. — Zac Jackson (@AkronJackson) April 27, 2024

With their 12th and potentially final pick of this year's draft, the Cardinals select Miami CB Jaden Davis in the seventh round, pick No. 226. — Josh Weinfuss (@joshweinfuss) April 27, 2024

The Bengals draft slot corner/safety Daijahn Anthony. He has played corner, safety and nickel. He broke up 11 passes last year. He has 32 1/2 inch arms and gives them more versatility. — Charlie Goldsmith (@CharlieG__) April 27, 2024

Air Force safety Trey Taylor, the cousin of ex-Raven Ed Reed, goes to the Raiders in the seventh round. — Jeff Zrebiec (@jeffzrebiec) April 27, 2024

Chargers end one of the biggest falls of the draft with Brenden Rice.

The #Chargers select USC WR Brenden Rice at No. 225 overall. The son of Jerry Rice stays in California to begin his NFL career. — Mike Garafolo (@MikeGarafolo) April 27, 2024

With their final pick, the Commanders take former Notre Dame EDGE Javontae Jean-Baptiste at No. 222. — Nicki Jhabvala (@NickiJhabvala) April 27, 2024

And we've reached the seventh round! With pick 221, the Buffalo Bills select OL Travis Clayton, who comes from the International Pathway Program. Clayton is British That's their last scheduled pick of the draft — katherine fitzgerald (@kfitz134) April 27, 2024

And that'll do it for the sixth round. 37 picks to go.

With the 220th pick, the Bucs select UTEP G Elijah Klein. — Brianna Dix (@briannadixNFL) April 27, 2024

Dolphins WR Malik Washington: "I'm joining the best wide receiver room in the NFL." — Marcel Louis-Jacques (@Marcel_LJ) April 27, 2024

The kicker picks will continue until morale improves.

Jaguars select Arkansas K Cam Little No. 212 overall in 2024 NFL Draft — John Oehser (@JohnOehser) April 27, 2024

Kicker run: The #Rams selected Stanford K Joshua Karty with No. 209 overall — Tom Pelissero (@TomPelissero) April 27, 2024

Would Joe Milton be interested in transitioning to the tight end position? Joe Milton: “That’ll never happen.” — Mark Daniels (@ByMarkDaniels) April 27, 2024

Patriots QB Joe Milton said he's close with Drake Maye. "No matter who you are, no matter where you go, you have to compete. So, that's what I'm looking forward to." pic.twitter.com/yMnPZyOfUm — Doug Kyed (@DougKyed) April 27, 2024

We're in that stage of the draft.

From our NFL Draft coverage: We got puppies. pic.twitter.com/85bZf6aowc — Ian Rapoport (@RapSheet) April 27, 2024

Kicker pick! The #Vikings are drafting Alabama’s Will Reichard as No. 203 overall. — Tom Pelissero (@TomPelissero) April 27, 2024

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Cursive is making a comeback: Gov. Stitt signs law requiring it to be taught in schools

Law codifies cursive writing for kids in third through fifth grade.

As Oklahoma kids today grow up with technology integrated into their world, there’s still at least one “old fashioned” thing they’ll learn: cursive handwriting .

Gov. Kevin Stitt signed a bill into law this week requiring that cursive handwriting be taught in state schools.

Two Democrats, Oklahoma City Rep. Jason Lowe and Tulsa Sen. Kevin Matthews, sponsored the bill. Lowe said in a news release that cursive handwriting — as well as grammar, handwriting and spelling — is shown to improve neural and motor function.

Lowe seems to be on target. A 2012 study found handwriting — not typing or tracing letter shapes — activated a unique “reading circuit” in the brain. More recent studies are finding strong evidence to suggest handwriting benefits memory, stronger learning pathways, thinking and fine motor skills, according to Psychology Today .

It’s also helpful to read historical documents and letters from family and friends. Matthews said, “I feel that children should be able to uniquely sign their name, read historical documents and understand what their grandparents and relatives have written in the past.”

Two dozen states have required teaching cursive in schools

Oklahoma joins 23 other states in requiring schools to teach the writing and reading skill, according to mycursive.com , a website that is dedicated to tracking cursive writing requirements in the United States. The law will affect schools beginning next school year. By the end of fifth grade, students should be able to read and legibly write in cursive.

Tony Rose, executive director of educational services at Edmond Public Schools, said the district's third- through fifth-grade teachers already teach some form of cursive. It’s required by the Oklahoma Education Standards . The new legislation puts the standard into the law books.

Rose said cursive writing helps students build their comprehension of language. Even though students live in a digital world, they still need a well-rounded education, he said.

“It puts our students at a disadvantage if they can’t read it or write it,” he said.

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2024 NFL draft: Prospects, picks, rankings, stats, mocks

Jordan Reid names three running backs he likes in the 2024 NFL draft. (1:25)

The Chicago Bears are nearly on the clock at No. 1, kicking off the 2024 NFL draft . It will be the first of 257 total selections over a three-day period from Thursday to Saturday.

The big questions heading into the draft: Which quarterback will the Commanders take at No. 2? Will the Patriots trade the No. 3 pick or take a QB of their own? How many receivers will be taken in the first two rounds? Which teams could shake up the first round?

To get you ready for all the action, here is a one-stop shop for everything you need to know about the draft -- times, location, draft order, top prospects, rankings, mock drafts, stats to know and more. Read about the draft's best players , your team's pressing needs and how things might play out . Let's start with some of the basics.

ESPN Draftcast | Best available players

Where, when and how to watch the draft

The 2024 draft will be held in Detroit around Campus Martius Park and Hart Plaza. Some of the players who will be on-site: USC QB Caleb Williams ; LSU QB Jayden Daniels , WRs Malik Nabers and Brian Thomas Jr .; North Carolina QB Drake Maye ; Ohio State WR Marvin Harrison Jr .; Washington WR Rome Odunze ; Alabama's EDGE Dallas Turner , CB Terrion Arnold and OT JC Latham ; UCLA EDGE Laiatu Latu ; Toledo CB Quinyon Mitchell ; and Missouri DL Darius Robinson .

What is the draft order?

There will be 257 picks in this year's draft. The Bears -- who acquired the pick from Carolina last year for the 2023 No. 1 pick -- have the first selection, while the Jets have the final spot to take Mr. Irrelevant . The Cardinals, Packers and Rams have the most picks in the draft with 11 each, while the Bears have the fewest with four picks (including two in the first round). The Panthers, Browns and Texans currently do not have a pick in the first round.

1. Chicago Bears (from CAR) 2. Washington Commanders 3. New England Patriots 4. Arizona Cardinals 5. Los Angeles Chargers 6. New York Giants 7. Tennessee Titans 8. Atlanta Falcons 9. Chicago Bears 10. New York Jets

More : Full draft order ... Draft needs for all 32 teams (ESPN+)

Dan Graziano and Robert Griffin III give their predictions for what the Commanders will do at No. 2.

How good is the 2024 draft class?

How you classify this draft is a matter of the criteria you prioritize. It's not often we see a group that is likely to include three quarterback picks to begin the proceedings, so that alone makes this a strong draft. Quarterbacks move the needle more than any other position in the sport, and there could be five or six taken in Round 1. Wide receiver and offensive tackle (two additional premium positions) also have great depth this year.

However, the overall depth of this class does not stack up to recent drafts, which in part traces back to several high-profile prospects opting to return to college given the existence of NIL . Particularly weak positions in this year's class include running back, tight end (beyond Georgia's Brock Bowers ) and safety. My opinion is that the quarterback, receiver and offensive tackle depth alone is enough to make this a rock-solid draft, though. -- Field Yates, NFL draft analyst

How do the prospects in this class rank?

Scouts Inc.'s top 10 prospects :

1. Caleb Williams , QB, USC ( Highlights ) 2. Marvin Harrison Jr ., WR, Ohio State ( Highlights ) 3. Malik Nabers , WR, LSU ( Highlights ) 4. Joe Alt , OT, Notre Dame ( Highlights ) 5. Jayden Daniels , QB, LSU ( Highlights ) 6. Drake Maye , QB, North Carolina ( Highlights ) 7. Dallas Turner , EDGE, Alabama ( Highlights ) 8. Rome Odunze , WR, Washington ( Highlights ) 9. J.J. McCarthy , QB, Michigan ( Highlights ) 10. Quinyon Mitchell , CB, Toledo ( Highlights )

Scouts Inc.'s top six quarterbacks :

1. Caleb Williams , USC ( Highlights ) 2. Jayden Daniels , LSU ( Highlights ) 3. Drake Maye , North Carolina ( Highlights ) 4. J.J. McCarthy , Michigan ( Highlights ) 5. Bo Nix , Oregon ( Highlights ) 6. Michael Penix Jr ., Washington ( Highlights )

Our analysts' personal boards :

More about the standout players : Position rankings and our consensus board ... College football coaches pick draft sleepers (ESPN+) ... Louis Riddick's favorite prospects, sleepers ... Best prospects at 90 different traits (ESPN+) ... 13 prospects who could impact new kickoff rule ... Our favorite prospect-to-pro comps ... Biggest risers of the year

Booger McFarland and Mel Kiper Jr. debate whether Malik Nabers or Marvin Harrison Jr. is the best WR in the NFL draft.

Mel Kiper Jr.'s favorite prospects

Kiper, who has analyzed the draft for ESPN since 1984, recently released a list of his favorite prospects in the class -- at every position. Here's what Kiper wrote about Tennessee running back Jaylen Wright :

Wright made my list of risers after the combine , where he put up a 4.38-second 40-yard dash, an 11-foot-2 broad jump and a 38-inch vertical leap, all of which ranked close to the top at his position. He is a supreme athlete, and his tape matches that too. In 2023, he averaged 7.4 yards per carry, which ranked third in the FBS, and 4.1 yards after contact per carry, which ranked ninth. How did he have only four touchdowns? Wright hits the hole decisively, but I also love that he is a stellar pass-blocker. He can handle blitzers and play on third downs in the NFL. He caught only 30 passes in three seasons for the Vols, but he has the tools to develop as a pass-catcher. Wright is my second-ranked running back, but I projected only one back (Texas' Jonathon Brooks ) in the first two rounds of my latest mock draft , just based on the value of the position. I see Wright being picked early in Round 3 and making an impact as a rookie.

Read Kiper's full list of prospects here (ESPN+).

Latest mock drafts

Are you looking for the most up-to-date mock drafts from all of our draft analysts? Well, you found them. See whom each analyst has going to every team in the first round (and in some cases, beyond). Here's the latest from ESPN+:

You can find every mock draft here .

More : Debating need, value for Round 1 picks (ESPN+) ... Barnwell's All-trades mock draft ... Bowen's perfect fits for 20 prospects (ESPN+) ... Roster hole solutions for nine teams ... 10 realistic team fits for top prospects

What to expect if your team needs a quarterback

This QB class could end up as the best of the past decade -- and I expect there to be around 11 signal-callers drafted this year. Williams is the presumed No. 1 pick, but the pecking order gets interesting after that point.

It's widely expected that Washington will stay at No. 2 and pick between Daniels and Maye. The Patriots at No. 3 have multiple options (including trading back), but they still have major question marks under center themselves. Whoever doesn't hear their name called at No. 2 between Maye or Daniels will likely be selected with the next pick. Other QB-needy teams such as the Vikings, Raiders and Broncos are also likely to be in the running for a QB in Round 1, perhaps McCarthy, Penix or Nix. The top six quarterbacks figure to be gone by midway into the second round.

For teams that aren't able to get a top quarterback early, Spencer Rattler (South Carolina) and Michael Pratt (Tulane) could be late-Day 2 or early-Day 3 picks. -- Jordan Reid, NFL draft analyst

More : Scouts, execs stack 11 draft QBs (ESPN+) ... Try to match Round 1 QBs to new teams ... Seven clichés about trading up in the draft ... Why don't top QBs force their landing spots? ... Pick ranges for the top passers (ESPN+) ... Statistical comps for six QBs (ESPN+)

Pre-draft buzz

What are our experts hearing in the rumor mill ahead of Thursday's draft?

Second tier of WRs : Texas wide receiver Xavier Worthy is a sneaky favorite to be the fourth wide receiver off the board, according to conversations with NFL teams over the past week. He set a combine record (since at least 2003) with his 4.21-second run in the 40-yard dash, coming on the heels of three great seasons of production as a receiver and punt returner for the Longhorns.

With Harrison, Nabers and Odunze all expected to be drafted inside the top 10, Worthy's range starts at No. 15 with the Colts. They met with Worthy at the combine and then brought him back to the facility -- using one of the 30 slots each team is given to bring prospects to its facility for private meetings -- during the pre-draft process, according to team sources. The love for Worthy is real around the league, and I don't expect he'll have a long wait on draft night. -- Matt Miller, NFL draft analyst

Vikings' level of activity: Execs around the league are closely watching Minnesota, which has actively worked the phones leading into Thursday. I've spoken to multiple teams in the top 10 that say Minnesota -- which owns the 11th and 23rd picks -- has called about a potential trade up.

It appears the Vikings have a quarterback target in mind, and most teams think it's either Maye or McCarthy. But with no picks on Day 2, the Vikings will stay nimble. And maybe they decide to stay put, taking the best player available with one of their picks and the best quarterback available with the other. But they are prepared to do something. -- Jeremy Fowler, NFL national writer

Here are the latest rumblings via ESPN+:

10 things to know from ESPN Stats & Information

Projecting the draft's top players.

Over the past couple of weeks, I've used metrics to predict how good players will be in their first five years in the NFL. Does the 2024 class of quarterbacks have multiple elite QBs in the mix? Why are teams facing a down year for running backs? Which receivers do the metrics project to be even better than Marvin Harrison Jr. ? And what pass-rushers should teams not want to face? All of those questions are answered in the position reports below, via ESPN+. -- Aaron Schatz, NFL analyst

Quarterbacks | Running backs | Wide receivers | Edge rushers

Read about the prospects

Which prospects have particularly interesting backgrounds?

NFL Draft Day Predictor

Our Draft Day Predictor is a publicly available tool that uses expert mock drafts, Scouts Inc. grades and team needs to forecast pick probabilities for prospects in the upcoming draft. That means we can predict when the best players will get picked and the chance they will be available at certain slots. Additionally, our 2024 NFL Draft Day Predictor simulator puts users in the GM chair, giving them the opportunity to make picks and conduct trades. -- Seth Walder, analytics writer

Frequently asked draft questions

Reading scores lag across WNY

Editor’s note: This is the first of a two-part series. Our second story is here . 

It’s not just Buffalo where students are struggling to read and write.

Only 39 percent of third through fifth graders in Western New York’s 99 school districts scored at grade level on recent English Language Arts tests.

What’s more, 31 percent of students lack even basic reading and writing skills. In some districts, including Buffalo and Niagara Falls, that figure approaches or exceeds 50 percent.

The problems extend from the city to the countryside, urban neighborhoods to suburban cul de sacs, according to an Investigative Post analysis of New York State Education Department data.

Poverty plays a big role. Reading curriculum is important and school environment also impacts scores, educators say.

“Similar to a lot of other areas in the country, we do have a reading crisis in the area,” said Ken Settles, WNY Education Alliance’s director . “I don’t think parents are aware of the struggles their own children oftentimes are having in schools.”

Investigative Post analyzed the results of standardized ELA tests of students in the third, fourth, and fifth grades conducted last spring. The analysis covered 99 public school districts in the eight counties of Western New York: Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, Genesee, Niagara, Orleans and Wyoming .

Key findings include:

• More than half of students read at grade level in only 19 districts.
• Students from wealthier families are more than twice as likely as those from poorer ones to attain grade level — 54 percent vs. 26 percent.
• Economically disadvantaged students are also more likely than wealthier students — 42 versus 17 percent — to score at the lowest range on tests,  indicating they lack the basic skills needed to read and write at grade level.  
• Districts reporting the highest percentage of students reading at grade level include some of the wealthiest: Williamsville (72 percent), Clarence (68 percent) and Orchard Park (62 percent).
• Larger districts with the lowest percentage of students reading at grade level include some of the region’s poorest urban communities: Lackawanna (14 percent ) , Niagara Falls (19 percent), Dunkirk (23 percent) and Buffalo (25 percent).
• Some of the smallest, rural districts with fewer than 500 students, have the lowest percent of pupils scoring at grade level: Andover in Allegany County (12.5 percent), Pine Valley in Chautauqua County (12.5 percent) and West Valley in Cattaraugus County (23 percent).

The problem isn’t limited to Western New York. For example, 32 percent of fourth graders nationwide are reading at grade level, according to the National Assessment of Educational Progress . Statewide, 46 percent of third through fifth graders read at grade level.

“It’s all of Western New York and beyond,” Settles said. 

Changing the curriculum

The state’s ELA assessment is administered every year to determine reading and writing skills. 

Students scoring at levels three and four are deemed proficient or better . Level two students display skills “partial but insufficient for the expectations” of their grade.

Those scoring at level one display “insufficient” and “limited” knowledge, skills, and practices expected of them.

Nationally, there’s been a push in recent years to address low reading scores by turning to the “science of reading,” an evidence-based, phonics-centered style of instruction rooted in how the brain learns to read.

Gov. Kathy Hochul endorsed the movement earlier this year, when she proposed “Back to Basics”  legislation supporting the curriculum for New York schools. Hochul said she would include $10 million in the 2025 state budget to train teachers in science of reading instructional best practices.

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Many educators and advocates welcome the governor’s plan, saying it could help students who struggle the most. 

The curriculum is already used in New York City schools and is taking hold in a growing number of Western New York districts. Those using the “science of reading” approach — either in part or in whole — include Clarence, Cleveland Hill in Cheektowaga, Orchard Park, Lockport and North Collins, as well as Buffalo.  

According to educational experts, a third of students will learn to read with almost any type of instruction. But without the structured approach of phonics-based instruction, those experts say the remainder of students will be left behind. “Reading is the foundation of our education system, but New York State is currently not meeting basic reading proficiency levels,” Hochul said when announcing her “Back to Basics” plan. “We cannot continue to allow our kids to fall further behind.”

Movement in Buffalo

In Buffalo, the focus is on phonics.

The most recent tests showed 25 percent of third through fifth graders read and wrote at grade level. Forty-nine percent of students scored at level one, indicating they're way behind.

The numbers are well below the region’s average. Nonetheless, scores are going up. A year before, 20 percent of students in those grades scored at proficient levels.

Buffalo is “beginning to change the tide,” Superintendent Tonja Williams said.

A  school bus waits outside Waterfront Elementary in Buffalo. Photo by Garrett Looker

A greater focus on phonics — as well as social and emotional health — is beginning to move the district forward, Buffalo officials said.

“A lot of work has been done with professional development of teachers and their mindsets,” Williams said. “It’s about having a belief that your students can and will achieve. So the team has done a lot of work around that.”

With 84 percent of students economically disadvantaged — defined as students who qualify for free or reduced lunch — Buffalo is the poorest district in the region.  

The struggles of poverty are a reality for many students, but not an excuse for low ELA scores, the superintendent said.

“When you’re growing up in a household where you’re not sure if you’re going home and there is good and nutritious food — and lights, and heat, and all of those things — it’s very hard to be successful in school,” Williams said. 

“We don’t let that be an excuse,” she said.

In Niagara Falls, superintendent Mark Laurrie says he, too, sees the effects of poverty in the classroom.

With 74 percent of his students deemed economically disadvantaged, 19 percent of Niagara Falls’ third through fifth graders were reading at grade level last year.

The most recent Niagara Falls reading scores are 2 percentage points higher than the previous year.

Each day is building the bridge to education, one piece at a time, Laurrie said.

“At other places, that bridge is built and you can just walk right across,” Laurrie said, referring to other wealthier school districts.

In fact, “The No. 1 indicator of a child’s outcome is income,” said Annahita Ball, who studies educational justice as an associate professor in the University at Buffalo ’s School of Social Work.

“It’s not about how many hours the kids study, it’s not about if their parents make them do their homework before or after they watch TV. It’s about your income and the resources that you have,” Ball said.

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“It’s clear that students from wealthier backgrounds are coming to school with more foundational skills, more oral language development, and are more prepared for school. Starting points are very different,” said Settles, the WNY Education Alliance director.

But most importantly, the learning rates of children are not different, Settles continued. 

“It’s not that there’s a difference in learning, or student growth, or capability,” Settles said. “It’s the starting points are different, and those are largely a function of poverty.”

Beyond poverty’s effect

Even in some wealthier districts, reading and writing scores can be low. 

In Hamburg and Starpoint, like Williamsville, roughly 20 percent of students are economically disadvantaged.  But while 72 percent of Williamsville students scored at grade level, about 40 percent of third through fifth graders in Hamburg and Starpoint reached that level on ELA tests. 

There are also some rural districts, including Pine Valley in Chautauqua County, with lower ELA proficiency scores and significantly smaller economically disadvantaged populations than in Buffalo.

With 55 percent of Pine Valley students economically disadvantaged, 13 percent are reading and writing at grade levels.

Some other districts, meanwhile, including Cheektowaga’s Cleveland Hill and Allegany County’s Cuba-Rushford, have high poverty yet higher-than-expected ELA scores.

Long-term impact

The importance of learning to read in elementary school cannot be overstated, regardless of family income, educators say.

If a child is unable to read at proficient levels by the third grade, then a lifetime of struggles — including lower incomes — could be in store, literacy experts and advocates fear.

Poor reading ability follows a student from their elementary years through to graduation, researchers at Yale University found.

But many of those young readers never make it that far.

Students who are unable to read proficiently by the time they finish the third grade are four times more likely to drop out of high school, according to the Annie E. Casey Foundation . Rates are more severe for students from low-income backgrounds.

Beyond school, students may become one of the thousands of adults throughout Erie and Niagara counties who are “functionally illiterate,” according to Amy Mazur, Literacy Buffalo Niagara ’s director of operations.  Currently, one in six adults in Erie and Niagara counties only have the most basic literacy skills. 

“The single most important determinant in a person’s success in life is their ability to read,” Mazur said. “They might be able to read, but it’s a very literal type of reading.”

Tomorrow: Two school districts, one rural, one suburban, that are beating the odds.

Garrett Looker

Related stories.

• School districts succeeding at reading
• Pushing for phonics-based reading instruction
• Poor attendance fuels low reading scores
• Garrett Looker’s reporting on literacy
• Reading skills of Buffalo pupils rebounding, but still lag