How to Write a Hypothesis? Types and Examples
All research studies involve the use of the scientific method, which is a mathematical and experimental technique used to conduct experiments by developing and testing a hypothesis or a prediction about an outcome. Simply put, a hypothesis is a suggested solution to a problem. It includes elements that are expressed in terms of relationships with each other to explain a condition or an assumption that hasn’t been verified using facts. 1 The typical steps in a scientific method include developing such a hypothesis, testing it through various methods, and then modifying it based on the outcomes of the experiments.
A research hypothesis can be defined as a specific, testable prediction about the anticipated results of a study. 2 Hypotheses help guide the research process and supplement the aim of the study. After several rounds of testing, hypotheses can help develop scientific theories. 3 Hypotheses are often written as if-then statements.
Here are two hypothesis examples:
Dandelions growing in nitrogen-rich soils for two weeks develop larger leaves than those in nitrogen-poor soils because nitrogen stimulates vegetative growth. 4
If a company offers flexible work hours, then their employees will be happier at work. 5
Table of Contents
- What is a hypothesis?
- Types of hypotheses
- Characteristics of a hypothesis
- Functions of a hypothesis
- How to write a hypothesis
- Hypothesis examples
- Frequently asked questions
What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis expresses an expected relationship between variables in a study and is developed before conducting any research. Hypotheses are not opinions but rather are expected relationships based on facts and observations. They help support scientific research and expand existing knowledge. An incorrectly formulated hypothesis can affect the entire experiment leading to errors in the results so it’s important to know how to formulate a hypothesis and develop it carefully.
A few sources of a hypothesis include observations from prior studies, current research and experiences, competitors, scientific theories, and general conditions that can influence people. Figure 1 depicts the different steps in a research design and shows where exactly in the process a hypothesis is developed. 4
There are seven different types of hypotheses—simple, complex, directional, nondirectional, associative and causal, null, and alternative.
Types of hypotheses
The seven types of hypotheses are listed below: 5 , 6,7
- Simple : Predicts the relationship between a single dependent variable and a single independent variable.
Example: Exercising in the morning every day will increase your productivity.
- Complex : Predicts the relationship between two or more variables.
Example: Spending three hours or more on social media daily will negatively affect children’s mental health and productivity, more than that of adults.
- Directional : Specifies the expected direction to be followed and uses terms like increase, decrease, positive, negative, more, or less.
Example: The inclusion of intervention X decreases infant mortality compared to the original treatment.
- Non-directional : Does not predict the exact direction, nature, or magnitude of the relationship between two variables but rather states the existence of a relationship. This hypothesis may be used when there is no underlying theory or if findings contradict prior research.
Example: Cats and dogs differ in the amount of affection they express.
- Associative and causal : An associative hypothesis suggests an interdependency between variables, that is, how a change in one variable changes the other.
Example: There is a positive association between physical activity levels and overall health.
A causal hypothesis, on the other hand, expresses a cause-and-effect association between variables.
Example: Long-term alcohol use causes liver damage.
- Null : Claims that the original hypothesis is false by showing that there is no relationship between the variables.
Example: Sleep duration does not have any effect on productivity.
- Alternative : States the opposite of the null hypothesis, that is, a relationship exists between two variables.
Example: Sleep duration affects productivity.
Characteristics of a hypothesis
So, what makes a good hypothesis? Here are some important characteristics of a hypothesis. 8,9
- Testable : You must be able to test the hypothesis using scientific methods to either accept or reject the prediction.
- Falsifiable : It should be possible to collect data that reject rather than support the hypothesis.
- Logical : Hypotheses shouldn’t be a random guess but rather should be based on previous theories, observations, prior research, and logical reasoning.
- Positive : The hypothesis statement about the existence of an association should be positive, that is, it should not suggest that an association does not exist. Therefore, the language used and knowing how to phrase a hypothesis is very important.
- Clear and accurate : The language used should be easily comprehensible and use correct terminology.
- Relevant : The hypothesis should be relevant and specific to the research question.
- Structure : Should include all the elements that make a good hypothesis: variables, relationship, and outcome.
Functions of a hypothesis
The following list mentions some important functions of a hypothesis: 1
- Maintains the direction and progress of the research.
- Expresses the important assumptions underlying the proposition in a single statement.
- Establishes a suitable context for researchers to begin their investigation and for readers who are referring to the final report.
- Provides an explanation for the occurrence of a specific phenomenon.
- Ensures selection of appropriate and accurate facts necessary and relevant to the research subject.
To summarize, a hypothesis provides the conceptual elements that complete the known data, conceptual relationships that systematize unordered elements, and conceptual meanings and interpretations that explain the unknown phenomena. 1
How to write a hypothesis
Listed below are the main steps explaining how to write a hypothesis. 2,4,5
- Make an observation and identify variables : Observe the subject in question and try to recognize a pattern or a relationship between the variables involved. This step provides essential background information to begin your research.
For example, if you notice that an office’s vending machine frequently runs out of a specific snack, you may predict that more people in the office choose that snack over another.
- Identify the main research question : After identifying a subject and recognizing a pattern, the next step is to ask a question that your hypothesis will answer.
For example, after observing employees’ break times at work, you could ask “why do more employees take breaks in the morning rather than in the afternoon?”
- Conduct some preliminary research to ensure originality and novelty : Your initial answer, which is your hypothesis, to the question is based on some pre-existing information about the subject. However, to ensure that your hypothesis has not been asked before or that it has been asked but rejected by other researchers you would need to gather additional information.
For example, based on your observations you might state a hypothesis that employees work more efficiently when the air conditioning in the office is set at a lower temperature. However, during your preliminary research you find that this hypothesis was proven incorrect by a prior study.
- Develop a general statement : After your preliminary research has confirmed the originality of your proposed answer, draft a general statement that includes all variables, subjects, and predicted outcome. The statement could be if/then or declarative.
- Finalize the hypothesis statement : Use the PICOT model, which clarifies how to word a hypothesis effectively, when finalizing the statement. This model lists the important components required to write a hypothesis.
P opulation: The specific group or individual who is the main subject of the research
I nterest: The main concern of the study/research question
C omparison: The main alternative group
O utcome: The expected results
T ime: Duration of the experiment
Once you’ve finalized your hypothesis statement you would need to conduct experiments to test whether the hypothesis is true or false.
Hypothesis examples
The following table provides examples of different types of hypotheses. 10 ,11
Key takeaways
Here’s a summary of all the key points discussed in this article about how to write a hypothesis.
- A hypothesis is an assumption about an association between variables made based on limited evidence, which should be tested.
- A hypothesis has four parts—the research question, independent variable, dependent variable, and the proposed relationship between the variables.
- The statement should be clear, concise, testable, logical, and falsifiable.
- There are seven types of hypotheses—simple, complex, directional, non-directional, associative and causal, null, and alternative.
- A hypothesis provides a focus and direction for the research to progress.
- A hypothesis plays an important role in the scientific method by helping to create an appropriate experimental design.
Frequently asked questions
Hypotheses and research questions have different objectives and structure. The following table lists some major differences between the two. 9
Here are a few examples to differentiate between a research question and hypothesis.
Yes, here’s a simple checklist to help you gauge the effectiveness of your hypothesis. 9 1. When writing a hypothesis statement, check if it: 2. Predicts the relationship between the stated variables and the expected outcome. 3. Uses simple and concise language and is not wordy. 4. Does not assume readers’ knowledge about the subject. 5. Has observable, falsifiable, and testable results.
As mentioned earlier in this article, a hypothesis is an assumption or prediction about an association between variables based on observations and simple evidence. These statements are usually generic. Research objectives, on the other hand, are more specific and dictated by hypotheses. The same hypothesis can be tested using different methods and the research objectives could be different in each case. For example, Louis Pasteur observed that food lasts longer at higher altitudes, reasoned that it could be because the air at higher altitudes is cleaner (with fewer or no germs), and tested the hypothesis by exposing food to air cleaned in the laboratory. 12 Thus, a hypothesis is predictive—if the reasoning is correct, X will lead to Y—and research objectives are developed to test these predictions.
Null hypothesis testing is a method to decide between two assumptions or predictions between variables (null and alternative hypotheses) in a statistical relationship in a sample. The null hypothesis, denoted as H 0 , claims that no relationship exists between variables in a population and any relationship in the sample reflects a sampling error or occurrence by chance. The alternative hypothesis, denoted as H 1 , claims that there is a relationship in the population. In every study, researchers need to decide whether the relationship in a sample occurred by chance or reflects a relationship in the population. This is done by hypothesis testing using the following steps: 13 1. Assume that the null hypothesis is true. 2. Determine how likely the sample relationship would be if the null hypothesis were true. This probability is called the p value. 3. If the sample relationship would be extremely unlikely, reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. If the relationship would not be unlikely, accept the null hypothesis.
To summarize, researchers should know how to write a good hypothesis to ensure that their research progresses in the required direction. A hypothesis is a testable prediction about any behavior or relationship between variables, usually based on facts and observation, and states an expected outcome.
We hope this article has provided you with essential insight into the different types of hypotheses and their functions so that you can use them appropriately in your next research project.
References
- Dalen, DVV. The function of hypotheses in research. Proquest website. Accessed April 8, 2024. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1437933010?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Scholarly%20Journals&imgSeq=1
- McLeod S. Research hypothesis in psychology: Types & examples. SimplyPsychology website. Updated December 13, 2023. Accessed April 9, 2024. https://www.simplypsychology.org/what-is-a-hypotheses.html
- Scientific method. Britannica website. Updated March 14, 2024. Accessed April 9, 2024. https://www.britannica.com/science/scientific-method
- The hypothesis in science writing. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://berks.psu.edu/sites/berks/files/campus/HypothesisHandout_Final.pdf
- How to develop a hypothesis (with elements, types, and examples). Indeed.com website. Updated February 3, 2023. Accessed April 10, 2024. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/how-to-write-a-hypothesis
- Types of research hypotheses. Excelsior online writing lab. Accessed April 11, 2024. https://owl.excelsior.edu/research/research-hypotheses/types-of-research-hypotheses/
- What is a research hypothesis: how to write it, types, and examples. Researcher.life website. Published February 8, 2023. Accessed April 11, 2024. https://researcher.life/blog/article/how-to-write-a-research-hypothesis-definition-types-examples/
- Developing a hypothesis. Pressbooks website. Accessed April 12, 2024. https://opentext.wsu.edu/carriecuttler/chapter/developing-a-hypothesis/
- What is and how to write a good hypothesis in research. Elsevier author services website. Accessed April 12, 2024. https://scientific-publishing.webshop.elsevier.com/manuscript-preparation/what-how-write-good-hypothesis-research/
- How to write a great hypothesis. Verywellmind website. Updated March 12, 2023. Accessed April 13, 2024. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-hypothesis-2795239
- 15 Hypothesis examples. Helpfulprofessor.com Published September 8, 2023. Accessed March 14, 2024. https://helpfulprofessor.com/hypothesis-examples/
- Editage insights. What is the interconnectivity between research objectives and hypothesis? Published February 24, 2021. Accessed April 13, 2024. https://www.editage.com/insights/what-is-the-interconnectivity-between-research-objectives-and-hypothesis
- Understanding null hypothesis testing. BCCampus open publishing. Accessed April 16, 2024. https://opentextbc.ca/researchmethods/chapter/understanding-null-hypothesis-testing/#:~:text=In%20null%20hypothesis%20testing%2C%20this,said%20to%20be%20statistically%20significant
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How to Write a Hypothesis
There it is — that word “hypothesis,” just waiting to trip you up. You know it’s important, you know it’s supposed to guide your project, but it feels like a big ask: predicting an outcome when you’re not even sure where to start.
It’s tempting to overthink it, but writing a hypothesis doesn’t require a PhD-level prediction. Think of it like an educated guess that points your project in the right direction.
A strong hypothesis gives your research purpose and clarity, making each step feel a little more manageable. And when your hypothesis is on point, the whole process flows more smoothly. Whether you’re working on a science experiment, writing a psychology paper, or need tips on how to write a DBQ , a well-thought-out hypothesis keeps you focused and cuts down on those 'what do I do next?' moments.
This guide from our custom essay writing services will show you exactly how to craft a hypothesis that works — one that’s straightforward, logical, and effective.
What is a Hypothesis?
A hypothesis is basically a clear, educated guess about what you think might happen in your experiment or research. It’s giving you a solid place to start and something specific to test. It doesn’t have to be correct — it just needs to make sense and be testable.
At its core, a hypothesis does three things:
- Sets Direction: It gives you a clear path, so you're not just experimenting blindly. For example, “If I water this plant with soda instead of water, it’ll grow taller.” Now, you know exactly what to test.
- Focuses Your Research: It makes it easier to gather relevant data, so you’re not wasting time on unrelated information.
- Shows Your Thinking: It lets others see what you’re trying to figure out, making your experiment or paper much easier to follow.
A hypothesis often follows a simple “if-then” format. Here are a couple of examples to make this easier to visualize:
Example: “If I increase my study time by one hour each night, then my test scores will improve.”
Example: “If I reduce screen time before bed, then I’ll fall asleep faster.”
Each of these hypotheses gives you a direct goal and a measurable outcome. You’re not aiming to prove you’re right; you’re exploring possibilities based on your best guess. This helps keep your research organized and shows that you’re thinking critically about the question you’re trying to answer.
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Characteristics of a Hypothesis
A good hypothesis keeps you on track and makes sure your research is heading somewhere meaningful. Here’s what makes a hypothesis strong, clear, and helpful:
- Testable: You need to be able to test it with an experiment, survey, or some kind of data. “If I drink coffee every morning, my energy levels will improve by noon” is testable because you can measure your energy levels after trying it.
- Specific: Vague guesses won’t cut it. A good hypothesis is clear about what you're testing and what you expect to happen. Instead of “Plants grow better with sunlight,” try “If I place one plant in full sunlight and another in shade, the one in sunlight will grow taller after two weeks.”
- Based on Some Knowledge or Observation: Hypotheses aren’t wild guesses. They’re grounded in things you already know or have observed. If you’ve noticed that your friend who studies an hour extra tends to score higher, your hypothesis might be, “If I study an extra hour a day, my test scores will improve too.”
- Measurable Outcome: You should be able to measure the result to see if your hypothesis holds up. This could be a score, a growth rate, or even a comparison like “better” or “faster.” For example, in “If I exercise for 30 minutes a day, my stress levels will go down,” you could measure your stress before and after to see the effect.
- Simple and Clear: A hypothesis shouldn’t read like a legal document. The simpler, the better, as long as it’s still specific. Think about what you’re testing and keep it straightforward, like, “If I cut out soda, I’ll feel more energetic.”
A strong hypothesis has these characteristics because they make it easier to design a good experiment, stay organized, and actually get meaningful results.
When to Start Writing a Hypothesis
Writing a hypothesis comes into play when you’re ready to explore or solve something specific — usually after you've done a bit of background research. A hypothesis is built on your observations, knowledge, and a sense of what you think might be going on. It helps you turn your curiosity into a testable statement, giving your research direction from the get-go.
Think of it like this: you observe something intriguing or encounter a problem, and you want to get to the bottom of it. A hypothesis becomes your educated guess about what’s really happening, one you’ll confirm or challenge through research or experimentation.
Hypothesis: “If a plant gets six hours of sunlight a day, it will grow faster than one that gets only two hours.”
Now, you’ve gone from general curiosity to a specific, testable statement you can design an experiment around.
A hypothesis is especially useful for scientific or quantitative research. It helps you define exactly what you’re looking for and sets a clear starting point for gathering data. Whether you’re observing, measuring, or experimenting, the hypothesis shapes how you approach each step.
Different Types of Hypotheses
Hypotheses come in several forms, each suited to specific research needs and methods. Here’s a look at different types of hypotheses and how they’re used.
1. Alternative Hypothesis (H1)
The alternative hypothesis predicts a relationship or effect between variables. It’s used to show that something is happening and that there’s a measurable difference or change.
Alternative Hypothesis Example :
Example: “Plants grow better when given filtered water compared to tap water.”
Example: “Professional musicians are more likely to have higher auditory memory than non-musicians.”
2. Null Hypothesis (H0)
The null hypothesis is the “no effect” hypothesis. It’s the default assumption that there’s no relationship or difference between variables. Researchers use it to test if their results are significant enough to reject it.
Null Hypothesis Example :
Example: “There is no difference in happiness levels between people who drink coffee daily and those who don’t.”
Example: “Students who study in groups do not score differently on exams than those who study alone.”
3. Complex Hypothesis
A complex hypothesis involves multiple variables — more than one independent variable and/or more than one dependent variable. It’s used when you’re testing several factors at once to see how they interact.
Complex Hypothesis Example :
Example: “People who both (1) consume high-sugar diets and (2) have sedentary lifestyles are more likely to experience insulin resistance.”
Example: “Students who (1) get at least eight hours of sleep and (2) regularly exercise will show better academic performance than students who don’t.”
4. Statistical Hypothesis
A statistical hypothesis is used in quantitative research and predicts data outcomes based on statistical analysis. This type usually applies mathematical methods to test if the observed effect is significant.
Statistical Hypothesis Example :
Example: “Approximately 5% of the population is left-handed.”
Example: “In a sample of college students, the average time spent on social media is three hours per day.”
5. Logical Hypothesis
A logical hypothesis is grounded in reasoning and background knowledge, rather than direct observation or experiment. It’s used to explore ideas that are theoretically plausible and can lead to further investigation.
Hypothesis Example :
Example: “If a person raised in a zero-gravity environment moved to Earth, they would struggle with muscle control.”
Example: “Ancient cave paintings found near rivers suggest that early humans might have relied heavily on fishing.”
6. Empirical Hypothesis
An empirical hypothesis, also called a working hypothesis, is one that can be tested through direct observation and experimentation. This type of hypothesis is usually applied in real-world experiments.
Example: “People who use wearable fitness trackers will report higher motivation to exercise than those who don’t.”
Example: “Regular handwashing among healthcare workers reduces the spread of infections in hospitals.”
7. Causal Hypothesis
A causal hypothesis specifically states a cause-and-effect relationship between variables. This hypothesis is often used when you’re aiming to determine the impact of one variable directly causing a change in another.
Example: “If students increase their study time, their test scores will improve.”
Example: “If pollution levels rise in urban areas, respiratory issues among residents will increase.”
Each type of hypothesis has its unique role in research. By choosing the right one, you’re setting up your research to address the question in the most effective way possible. Knowing when to use a null and alternative hypothesis can also help frame your research focus, especially in studies comparing different conditions or groups.
Hypothesis vs Prediction
It’s easy to mix up a hypothesis and a prediction — they both seem like educated guesses, right? But they’re actually quite different.
A hypothesis is a broader statement that suggests a possible relationship between variables and can be tested through research. It’s the starting point for understanding the “why” or “how” behind something.
A prediction , on the other hand, is a specific expectation about what will happen under certain conditions, often based on that hypothesis.
In other words, a hypothesis is your main idea or proposed explanation, while a prediction is the outcome you expect to see if that hypothesis holds up. Think of a hypothesis as the foundation, and a prediction as the building blocks you add on top.
Here’s a breakdown to make it clearer:
Hypothesis vs Prediction Examples
Hypothesis: If students get eight hours of sleep each night, they will perform better on tests than those who don’t.
Prediction: A group of students who sleep for eight hours will score an average of 10% higher on tests than a group that sleeps five hours.
Hypothesis: Consuming less sugar lowers anxiety levels in adults.
Prediction: Adults who reduce sugar intake by 50% over two months will report lower anxiety on a standardized test compared to those who maintain their usual intake.
Understanding the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction can help you set up your research with both a strong foundation and clear expectations, allowing you to see if your hypothesis holds up in real-world tests.
Looking for inspiration? If you need ideas beyond a hypothesis, informative essay topics can be a great starting point to organize your thoughts and spark new ideas.
Writing a hypothesis isn’t complicated; it’s all about turning a question you’re curious about into a clear, testable statement. Here’s how to do it, step by step, so you have a strong foundation for any research project.
1. Define Your Research Question
Every hypothesis starts with a solid question. Your research question should be specific and clear, something you can actually test without getting lost in too many details. When your question is focused, it makes everything that follows way easier.
Example: How does screen time before bed affect sleep in teenagers
With a question like this, you’re set up to explore one specific thing, instead of wandering off in every direction.
2. Conduct Your Basic Initial Research
A hypothesis is an educated guess, so doing some basic research will help you make a solid one. Look for existing studies, facts, or theories on your topic to get a sense of what’s already known. This info will give your hypothesis a good foundation instead of just a random guess.
Example Insight: You find research suggesting that screen time, especially before bed, messes with sleep quality because of blue light from screens.
This background gives you something solid to base your hypothesis on and makes it much easier to predict an outcome.
3. Formulate a Hypothesis
Now that you have your question and some background knowledge, it’s time to turn that into a hypothesis. A hypothesis is simply a statement predicting the relationship between variables — basically, saying what you think will happen. There are a few ways to frame it, depending on what you need:
- Directional Hypothesis : Predicts a specific outcome.
Hypothesis: If teenagers use screens for more than two hours before bed, their sleep quality will be worse than those with less screen time.
- Non-directional Hypothesis : Shows there’s a relationship, but doesn’t predict a specific outcome.
Hypothesis: Screen time before bed affects sleep quality in teenagers
- Null Hypothesis (H0) : States there’s no relationship, often used to prove or disprove statistical significance.
Hypothesis: There’s no difference in sleep quality between teenagers who use screens before bed and those who don’t.
Choose the style that fits your project. Each one keeps your research focused and lets you test your idea in a clear way.
4. Refine Your Hypothesis
Once you’ve got a draft, take a moment to check that it’s clear, specific, and something you can actually test. A good hypothesis should include:
- Relevant Variables : Make sure it’s obvious what you’re studying.
- Clear Relationship : Your hypothesis should suggest a connection (or lack thereof) between the variables.
- Testability : It has to be something you can measure or observe.
- Predicted Outcome : There should be a hint of what you expect to find.
- Refined Hypothesis Example : If teenagers spend more than two hours on screens before bed, their sleep quality (measured by hours of uninterrupted sleep) will be lower compared to teenagers who don’t.
And that’s it! Starting with a clear question and doing a bit of research makes creating a hypothesis a lot simpler, setting you up with a focused, testable idea to guide your study.
Hypothesis Example
Following a step-by-step guide and tips from our essay writers for hire , you should be able to create good hypotheses with ease. To give you a starting point, we have also compiled a list of different research questions with one hypothesis and one null hypothesis example for each:
Each example here is set up to give you a straightforward, testable statement, either showing a potential effect or suggesting there isn’t one. This balance helps you build strong, research-based projects that clearly explore your topic.
Hypothesis Example in a Research Paper
In a research paper, a hypothesis is the core of your study. It gives readers a clear idea of what you’re investigating, while also guiding you through the research process. A solid hypothesis in a paper should be specific, testable, and directly linked to your research question.
Here’s how a hypothesis might actually look within a research paper on the topic of sleep and memory in college students:
Writing a solid hypothesis isn’t as overwhelming as it might seem. It’s really about transforming a question you’re curious about into a statement you can test. Whether you’re diving into a science experiment or working on a research paper, a clear, well-thought-out hypothesis keeps you on track and gives your project focus.
With the right steps — defining a focused question, doing a bit of background research, crafting a hypothesis that’s clear and testable, and refining it for precision — you’re set to go. Now, your research has direction, your methods are clear, and every step feels more manageable.
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What is a Null Hypothesis?
What are the types of hypotheses.
is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.