why should schools not have uniforms essay

Why Students Should Not Wear Uniforms: A Thoughtful Exploration with 9 Reasons, Studies and Statistics

At the core of the anti-uniform stance is the belief in the importance of individuality and personal growth during the formative years of schooling. Uniforms, often seen as a tool for homogenization, can stifle the self-expression and creativity that are essential in nurturing young minds. By enforcing a standard mode of dress, schools may inadvertently suppress the diversity and individuality that should be celebrated within educational environments. Moreover, the imposition of uniforms can raise significant financial burdens for families, create unnecessary resistance to authority, and overlook important cultural and religious considerations.

I am seething about this poor young girl who has been put in isolation because she’s not wearing a school uniform bought from the right place, school uniforms are far too expensive for a lot of people in this country in the most ridiculous you can get just as good from supermarke — James Whale (@THEJamesWhale) September 17, 2023

Uniforms in Education: Educator and Industry Expert Perspectives

Teachers and educational experts are increasingly questioning the rising trend of school uniforms in U.S. public schools. While the period from 1999-2000 to 2017-18 saw an increase from 12% to 20% in schools adopting uniforms, there’s growing concern about their impact on student individuality and expression. In 2015-2016, uniform policies were enforced in 25% of public primary schools, 20% of middle schools, and 12% of high schools, with a notable prevalence in urban and high-poverty schools . Experts argue that such policies, while aiming for uniformity, might inadvertently suppress student creativity and self-identity, vital for holistic educational development.

“I completely disagree with uniforms on every level. Supporters of uniforms say that they reduce bullying with regards to fashion, but there is a great deal of evidence that says it just pushes that bullying underground. Instead of being bullied about something superficial like the shirt you are wearing, bullies just go to the tried and true body image shaming. Glass? Overweight? Acne? Too many freckles? Hair colour? Too tall? Too short? What school administrators see is a surface level reduction in bullying, followed by them patting themselves on the back and ignoring the problem completely.” — Scooter Campbell , assistant language teacher

“While uniforms are supposed to build a sense of community, they may have the opposite effect. Fashion is one way that students express themselves, and that may be an important part of the school experience. When students can’t show their individuality, they may not feel like they belong as much. School uniforms may not be the most effective way to improve student behavior and engagement.” — Arya Ansari, assistant professor of human sciences at The Ohio State University

“I really don’t care whether or not a student’s shirt is tucked in, as long as they are learning. I don’t care whether or not a student has on the right belt, as long as I can’t see their underwear. I don’t care if a boy has earrings, facial hair, or painted nails, as long as he’s not painting them in my class. I don’t care if a girl has bright pink hair, a tank top, and ripped jeans, as long as bosoms and butt cheeks are covered and secure. I don’t like hoodies on heads in my classroom because it makes it too easy to hide Airpods, but I don’t care if the sweatshirt has a hood. As long as it’s not a top hat or sombrero that blocks the view of the students behind them, I don’t care if my students wear hats or beanies in my class.” — New Orleans Mom Guest Author

The video below explores the debate on the impact of school uniforms on academic performance. It delves into whether mandating uniforms in schools truly enhances students’ learning and overall academic success.

9 Reasons Why Students Should Not Wear Uniforms

1. expression of individuality, 2. financial burden, 3. comfort and practicality.

The issue of comfort and practicality is a significant concern in the debate against mandatory school uniforms. Students spend a substantial part of their day in school, and their attire plays a crucial role in their overall comfort and ability to engage effectively in various school activities.

In essence, prioritizing comfort and practicality in student attire is not only a matter of convenience but also impacts their academic engagement and well-being. Allowing students to wear clothing that is comfortable, suited to a variety of activities, and appropriate for the weather can enhance their school experience, making them more receptive to learning and participating in school life.

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School uniforms and why students wear them has been a topic of concern and debate for as long as these clothes have been around. Though people who argue that wearing uniforms in educational institutions make people appear all equal, give a sense of community, and teach discipline, I believe there are more disadvantages to wearing uniforms than advantages. Namely, demanding students to adorn uniforms takes away freedom, they are often uncomfortable, they are a waste of money, they promote conformity over individuality, and children’s self-image is damaged more when they wear uniforms at school.

The Legal Argument: How School Uniforms Conflict with Freedom of Expression

Most developed countries, like the United States of America, believe in one’s right to freedom of expression. Making it mandatory for students to give up their right to express themselves through clothing is wrong. According to ProCon.org, “The First Amendment of the US Constitution guarantees that all individuals have the right to express themselves freely. The US Supreme Court stated in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (7-2, 1969) that “it can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.” In the 1970 case Richards v. Thurston (3-0), which revolved around a boy refusing to have his hair cut shorter, the US First Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that “compelled conformity to conventional standards of appearance” does not “seem a justifiable part of the educational process”’ (“School Uniforms – ProCon.org”). So, not only is the demand to wear uniforms in a sense unconstitutional, it also goes against rulings by the Supreme Court. In this way, it can be said that making uniforms in schools mandatory is un-American.

Practical, Financial, and Social Concerns: The Downside of Implementing School Uniforms

On the side of practicality, uniforms are often seen as less comfortable than normal clothes. They can be tight and not adjustable to different weather conditions. The temperatures in winter and summer can be unbearable in a standard school uniform. Many students have expressed through surveys that they do not feel comfortable in their uniforms, and that this type of clothing does not adjust well to varying weather conditions (“Research on School Uniforms – It’s Clear, They Disadvantage Girls”).

Another practical concern is that paying for uniforms wastes the money of parents, when their children can simply wear the clothes they have. Also, schools could be selling uniforms for more than necessary. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the Guardian reports that, “Parents could be spending millions of pounds more than they need to on school uniforms because of exclusive deals between schools and suppliers, the government’s competition watchdog has warned. Headteachers and school governing bodies were told by the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) on Thursday that they must let parents “shop around” for affordable uniforms for their children, using supermarkets if they wish rather than be forced to buy more expensive items in exclusive arrangements with suppliers” (Smithers, Rebecca). This means that not only do parents have to spend extra money on an outfit, but also the uniforms schools are selling are overpriced.

Leaning more into the abstract, uniforms promote conformity instead of individuality. A sense of individuality is key in democratic societies. It should be nurtured when young. According to ProCon.org, “At a time when schools are encouraging an appreciation of diversity, enforcing standardized dress sends a contradictory message. In schools where uniforms are specifically gendered (girls must wear skirts and boys must wear pants), transgendered, gender-fluid, and gender-nonconforming students can feel ostracized” (“School Uniforms – ProCon.org”). So, in order for each person to not feel the pressure of societal conformity, it is important that schools keep a sense of diversity.

Lastly, many students feel they do not look their best in uniforms. That’s due to the fact that uniforms fit the mold of certain body types, and curvier or plus-size individuals often feel out of place and uncomfortable in uniforms. Wearing uniforms lends itself to more comparison, and children who do not fit the mold of a “normal” student in terms of body type are commonly ridiculed by classmates (Flam, Lisa).

Though there are some benefits to wearing uniforms in school, I believe there are more disadvantages than advantages to using them. This is because they strip away freedom, they are uncomfortable, it is a waste of money to buy them, they celebrate conformity over individuality, and the self-image of children is damaged more when they wear uniforms. Let us keep our schools constitutional by allowing students to wear what they deem expresses their unique personality, within the limits of appropriateness.

• Enhance student safety and deter crime
• Shift students’ focus to their education, not their clothing
• Foster a sense of equality among students by creating a level playing field and reducing peer pressure and bullying
• Instill school pride, unity, and community spirit
• Improve attendance and discipline, contributing to a more productive learning environment
• Streamline dress code enforcement, saving valuable classroom time and resources
• Eliminate the display of gang colors and insignia
• Facilitate easier preparation for school, potentially improving punctuality and decreasing stress
• Reduce the financial burden on parents by providing a cost-effective alternative to regular clothing
• Gain widespread support from parents and educators for mandatory uniform policies
• Respect students’ legal right to free expression even with a uniform policy in place
• Enhance students’ image among teachers and peers when dressed in uniform
• Allow for personal expression through various accessories and small modifications to the standard uniform.
• School uniforms may limit students’ ability to express themselves.
• School uniforms may prioritize conformity over individuality.
• School uniforms alone may not effectively address bullying and may even exacerbate violent behavior.
• There is insufficient evidence to support the touted benefits of school uniforms.
• The key findings used to tout the benefits of uniforms are questionable.
• School uniforms may highlight economic disparities rather than bridge them.
• Many students are opposed to school uniforms.
• School uniforms may negatively impact students’ self-image.
• Overemphasizing school uniforms may distract from more significant educational issues that need to be addressed.
• The push for school uniforms is driven by commercial interests rather than educational ones.
• Parents should be allowed to make their own choices about their children’s clothing without undue government intervention.
• School uniforms in public schools may present an additional financial burden to families, undermining the promise of free education.
• School uniforms may delay the development of students’ sense of personal style and independence.

Of course, the question of school uniform is still open to discussions. Such questions are hugely popular topics for persuasive essays. If you need more help and inspiration, or additional examples of works, you can look through top essay writing service reviews to find them. And don’t forget to cite any work that you use as a reference (as shown below). You can get help from a Vancouver style reference generator to create a list according to the needed formatting standards.

Works Cited

“School Uniforms – ProCon.org.” ProConorg Headlines, school-uniforms.procon.org/.

“Research on School Uniforms – It’s Clear, They Disadvantage Girls.” Girls’ Uniform Agenda, 27 July 2017, girlsuniformagenda.org/2017/06/14/research-girls-school-uniforms-clear-discriminate/.

Smithers, Rebecca. “Parents Pay Millions More than Needed for School Uniforms, Says Watchdog.” The Guardian, Guardian News and Media, 15 Oct. 2015, www.theguardian.com/money/2015/oct/15/school-uniforms-cost-parents-pay-millions-more-than-needed.

Flam, Lisa. “Are School Uniforms Helping or Hindering?” Today.com, Aug. 19, 2013.

What impact do uniforms have on students’ individuality and self-expression?

School uniforms may impact students’ individuality and self-expression. Uniforms create a level of conformity among learners, which some argue limits their ability to express their unique identities. The standard attire may restrict the pupils’ ability to demonstrate their creativity, personal style, and individuality, which is a key part of their identity. However, some students might find other ways to express their self-assurance and individuality while wearing a uniform, such as through accessories or unique hairstyles.

Do school uniforms create a distraction-free learning environment?

The argument for uniforms often asserts that they minimize distractions in the educational environment by creating a sense of unity and removing the pressure to dress in certain ways. However, it’s important to note that uniforms alone may not eliminate all sources of disruption and tension among pupils. For instance, issues like bullying may persist regardless of what students are wearing.

How do uniforms affect students’ confidence and self-esteem?

The impact of uniforms on students’ self-assurance and poise can be twofold. On one hand, uniforms may enhance confidence by removing social pressure to dress in fashionable or expensive clothes. On the other hand, compulsory outfits can negatively impact self-esteem if students feel uncomfortable or unattractive in the standard attire, especially if it doesn’t fit their body type or personal style.

What are the guidelines for implementing a school uniform policy?

Implementing a school uniform policy involves clear guidelines and regulations. These rules should be communicated effectively to all learners and their parents. They need to cover all aspects, such as the exact dress code, the occasions when the uniform should be worn, the consequences of not adhering to the policy, and any possible exceptions or adjustments. The responsibility for enforcing these policies usually lies with school administration and educators.

Do school uniforms add stress and financial burden to students’ families?

School uniforms could potentially add stress and financial pressure to families. Purchasing the required attire, especially if it’s overpriced due to exclusive arrangements between schools and suppliers, could impose a financial burden. Furthermore, the obligation to follow the uniform guidelines and keep the clothing in good condition can also contribute to household stress.

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there are other ways, like a name tag with their id and school.

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You guys are dumb children need to wear uniforms to see who is in the school who from the school is lost and much more.

There’s this thing we call an id, and what’s the purpose of an id? oh right for identification PURPOSES!!!

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Should Students Have to Wear School Uniforms?

• History of School Uniforms

Traditionally favored by private and parochial institutions , school uniforms are being adopted by US public schools in increasing numbers. According to a 2020 report, the percentage of public schools that required school uniforms jumped from 12% in the 1999-2000 school year to 20% in the 2017-18 school year. School uniforms were most frequently required by elementary schools (23%), followed by middle (18%), and high schools (10%).

The first recorded use of standardized dress in education may have been in England in 1222, when the Archbishop of Canterbury mandated that students wear a robe-like outfit called the “ cappa clausa .” The origin of the modern school uniform can be traced to 16th Century England, when the impoverished “charity children” attending the Christ’s Hospital boarding school wore blue cloaks reminiscent of the cassocks worn by clergy, along with yellow stockings. As of Sep. 2014, students at Christ’s Hospital were still wearing the same uniform, and according to the school it is the oldest school uniform still in use. When Christ’s Hospital surveyed its students in 2011, 95% voted to keep the traditional uniforms. Read more history…

Pro & Con Arguments

Pro 1 School uniforms deter crime and increase student safety. In Long Beach, California, after two years of a district-wide K-8 mandatory uniform policy, reports of assault and battery in the district’s schools decreased by 34%, assault with a deadly weapon dropped by 50%, fighting incidents went down by 51%, sex offenses were cut by 74%, robbery dropped by 65%, possession of weapons (or weapon “look-alikes”) decreased by 52%, possession of drugs went down by 69%, and vandalism was lowered by 18%. [ 64 ] One year after Sparks Middle School in Nevada instituted a uniform policy, school police data showed a 63% drop in police log reports, and decreases were also noted in gang activity, student fights, graffiti, property damage, and battery. A peer-reviewed study found that schools with uniform policies had 12% fewer firearm-related incidents and 15% fewer drug-related incidents than schools without uniforms. [ 25 ] [ 69 ] School uniforms also prevent students from concealing weapons under baggy clothing, make it easier to keep track of students on field trips, and make intruders on campus more visible. Frank Quatrone, superintendent in the Lodi school district of New Jersey, states, “When you have students dressed alike, you make them safer. If someone were to come into a building, the intruder could easily be recognized.” [ 6 ] [ 38 ] Further, school uniforms create a level playing field among students, reducing peer pressure and bullying. When all students are dressed alike, competition between students over clothing choices and the teasing of those who are dressed in less expensive or less fashionable outfits can be eliminated. Research by the Schoolwear Association found that 83% of teachers thought “a good school uniform… could prevent bullying based on appearance or economic background.” Arminta Jacobson, Founder and Director of the Center for Parent Education at the University of North Texas, states that uniforms put “all kids on the same playing field in terms of their appearance. I think it probably gives them a sense of belonging and a feeling of being socially accepted.” [ 5 ] [ 91 ] And, school uniforms prevent the display of gang colors and insignia, reducing gang activity and pressure to join on school property. The U.S. Department of Education’s Manual on School Uniforms stated that uniform policies can “prevent gang members from wearing gang colors and insignia at school” in order to “encourage a safe environment.” Educators in the Long Beach Unified School District have speculated that the sharp reduction in crime following the introduction of school uniforms was a result of gang conflicts being curbed. Osceola County, Florida School Board member Jay Wheeler reports that the county’s schools had a 46% drop in gang activity after their first full school year with a mandatory K-12 uniform policy. Wheeler explains that “clothing is integral to gang culture… Imagine a U.S. Armed Forces recruiter out of uniform trying to recruit new soldiers; the success rate goes down. The same applies to gang recruitment.” [35] [37] [67] [ 35 ] [ 37 ] [ 67 ] Read More

Pro 2 School uniforms keep students focused on their education, not their clothes. The National Association of Secondary School Principals states, “When all students are wearing the same outfit, they are less concerned about how they look and how they fit in with their peers; thus, they can concentrate on their schoolwork.” And a study by the University of Houston found that elementary school girls’ language test scores increased by about three percentile points after uniforms were introduced. [ 1 ] [ 15 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton advocates school uniforms as a way to help students focus on learning: “Take that [clothing choices] off the table and put the focus on school, not on what you’re wearing.” Chris Hammons, Principal of Woodland Middle School in Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, explains that uniforms “provide for less distraction, less drama, and more of a focus on learning.” [ 30 ] [ 70 ] Wearing uniforms also enhances school pride, unity, and community spirit, which can boost interest in education. A study of over 1,000 Texas middle school students found that students in uniform “reported significantly more positive perceptions of belonging in their school community than reported by students in the standard dress group.” Christopher P. Clouet, former Superintendent of the New London Public Schools in Connecticut, stated that “the wearing of uniforms contributes to school pride.” Arnold Goldstein, PhD, head of the Center for Research on Aggression at Syracuse University, points out that uniforms help troubled students feel they have the support of a community: “There is a sense of belonging.” Further, “teachers perceived an increase in the level of respect, caring, and trust… throughout the school” and “students are made to feel ‘important’ and as if they are a part of a team by wearing a uniform,” according to a peer-reviewed study. [ 3 ] [ 20 ] [ 31 ] [ 33 ] Plus, school uniforms can improve attendance and discipline. A study by researchers at the University of Houston found that the average absence rate for girls in middle and high school decreased by 7% after the introduction of uniforms, and behavioral problems lessened in severity. School uniforms make getting ready for school easier, which can improve punctuality. When uniforms are mandatory, parents and students do not spend time choosing appropriate outfits for the school day. According to a national survey, over 90% of US school leaders believe school uniform or formal dress code policies “eliminate wardrobe battles with kids,” make it “easier to get kids ready in the morning,” and create a “time saving in the morning.” Tracey Marinelli, Superintendent of the Lyndhurst School District in New Jersey, credits the district’s uniform policy for reducing the number of students running late. Lyndhurst student Mike Morreale agrees, stating that “it’s so much easier to dress than having to search for clothes and find out that something doesn’t match.” A Youngstown State University study of secondary schools in Ohio’s eight largest school districts found that school uniform policies improve rates of attendance, graduation, and suspension. [ 1 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 27 ] [ 32 ] During the first semester of a mandatory uniform program at John Adams Middle School in Albuquerque, NM, discipline referrals dropped from 1,565 during the first semester of the year prior to 405, a 74% decrease. Macquarie University (Australia) researchers found that in schools across the world where uniform policies are enforced, students “are more disciplined” and “listen significantly better, there are lower noise levels, and lower teaching waiting times with classes starting on time.” [ 68 ] [ 89 ] Wasted time in classrooms is reduced because uniform policies save valuable class time because they are easier to enforce than a standard dress code. Doris Jo Murphy, former Director of Field Experiences at the University of North Texas College of Education, states, “As an elementary assistant principal in two suburban districts, I can tell you that the dress code took up a great deal of my time in the area of discipline… I wished many times that we had uniforms because the issue of skirts or shorts being too short, and baggy jeans and pants on the boys not being pulled up as they needed to be, would have been a non-issue.” Lyndhurst, NJ school district superintendent Tracey Marinelli had a similar experience before a uniform policy was introduced: “Kids were spending time in the office because they were not fulfilling the dress code… That was time away from class.” [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Read More

Pro 3 Students’ legal right to free expression remains intact with mandatory school uniforms. The 1969 U.S. Supreme Court case Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, which concerned the wearing of black armbands to protest the Vietnam War, confirmed that students’ constitutional right to free speech “does not relate to regulation of the length of skirts or the type of clothing.” Wearing one’s own choice of shirt or pants is not the “pure speech” protected by the Constitution. [ 18 ] [ 28 ] In Canady v. Bossier Parish School Board (3-0, 2001), the US Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld a school board’s right to implement a mandatory uniform policy, stating that requiring uniforms for the purpose of increasing test scores and improving discipline “is in no way related to the suppression of student speech. [Students] remain free to wear what they want after school hours. Students may still express their views through other mediums during the school day.” [ 18 ] [ 29 ] Besides, students can still express their individuality in school uniforms by introducing variations and adding accessories. Junior high school student Amelia Jimenez wrote in her op-ed for the Pennsylvania Patriot-News that “contrary to popular belief, uniforms do not stop students from being themselves. Uniforms do not silence voices. Students can wear a variety of expressive items, such as buttons or jewlery.” Students can inject their personal style into their daily look with hairstyles, nail polish, and colorful accessories such as bags, scarfs, and fun socks. 54% of eighth-graders said they could still express their individuality while wearing school uniforms. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] [ 65 ] Further, students dressed in uniform are better perceived by teachers and peers. A 1994 peer-reviewed study found that students in uniform were perceived by teachers and fellow students as being more academically proficient than students in regular clothes. The study also found that students in uniform were perceived by peers and teachers as having higher academic potential, and perceived by peers as being better behaved. Students need to learn a balance between free expression and working within the confines of expectations. [ 4 ] Read More

Con 1 School uniforms do not stop bullying and can actually increase violent attacks. “Overall, there is no evidence in bullying literature that supports a reduction in violence due to school uniforms, explains Tony Volk, Associate Professor at Brock University. The oft-quoted improvements to school safety and student behavior in the Long Beach (CA) Unified School District from 1993-1995 may not have resulted from the introduction of school uniforms. The study in which the findings were published cautioned that “it is not clear that these results are entirely attributable to the uniform policy” and suggests that the introduction of new school security measures made at the same time may have been partly responsible. [ 64 ] [ 85 ] Further, a peer-reviewed study found that “school uniforms increased the average number of assaults by about 14 [per year] in the most violent schools.” A Texas Southern University study found that school discipline incidents rose by about 12% after the introduction of uniforms. And, according to the Miami-Dade County Public Schools Office of Education Evaluation and Management, fights in middle schools nearly doubled within one year of introducing mandatory uniforms. [ 14 ] [ 26 ] [ 72 ] [ 73 ] Discipline problems increase in part because school uniforms emphasize the socio-economic divisions they are supposed to eliminate. Most public schools with uniform policies are in low-income neighborhoods (47% of high-poverty public schools required school uniforms vs. 6% of low poverty schools), emphasizing the class distinctions that uniforms were supposed to eliminate. Even within one school, uniforms cannot conceal the differences between the “haves” and the “have-nots.” David L. Brunsma explains that “more affluent families buy more uniforms per child. The less affluent… they have one… It’s more likely to be tattered, torn and faded. It only takes two months [after a uniform policy is implemented] for socioeconomic differences to show up again.” [ 9 ] [ 23 ] Read More

Con 2 School uniforms do not improve attendance, academic preparedness, or exam results. A study that analyzed a national sample of 10th graders found “no effects of uniforms on absenteeism, behavioral problems (fights, suspensions, etc.), or substance use on campus” and “no effects” on “pro-school attitudes, academic preparedness, and peer attitudes toward school.” [14][66] Brunsma also found a “negative effect of uniforms on academic achievement,” and later found that uniforms were equally ineffective on elementary students and eighth graders. A peer-reviewed study found “no significant effects of school uniforms on performance on second grade reading and mathematics examinations, as well as on 10th-grade reading, mathematics, science, and history examinations… [I]n many of the specifications, the results are actually negative.” [ 2 ] [ 14 ] The problems arise because focusing on uniforms takes attention away from finding genuine solutions to problems in education. Spending time and effort implementing uniform policies detracts from more effective efforts to reduce crime in schools and boost student performance. More substantive improvements to public education could be achieved with smaller class sizes, tightened security, increased parental involvement, improved facilities, and other measures. Tom Houlihan, former Superintendent of Schools in Oxford, North Carolina, stated that school uniforms “are a distraction from focusing on systematic and fundamental transformation to improve our schools.” [ 12 ] [ 14 ] [ 42 ] That uniform policies are a distraction is most evident when we realize that the push for school uniforms is driven by commercial interests rather than educational ones. Americans spend around $1 billion on school uniforms every year. Retailer J.C. Penney Co. says school uniforms are “a huge, important business for us.” In one year alone, uniform company Lands’ End spent $3 million on marketing efforts directed at public schools and districts. Multiple studies used to promote the effectiveness of uniforms were partly funded by Lands’ End, and at least one of those studies is “so wholly flawed as to render itself useless,” according to David L. Brunsma. Reuters reported that retailers were “sensing their opportunity… stepping up competition in the uniform aisles and online. Walmart has set up ‘uniform shops’ or temporary boutiques within some stores.” [ 14 ] [ 32 ] [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 74 ] The commercialization of school uniforms in public schools also undermines the promise of a free education by imposing an extra expense on families. Parents already pay taxes, and they still need to buy regular clothes for their children to wear when they’re out of school and for dress-down days. The Children’s Commission on Poverty (UK) found that over “95% of parents on low incomes reported difficulties in meeting school-related costs,” including uniforms, despite their children attending tuition-free schools. Anderson, Indiana, parents Laura and Scott Bell argued against their children’s school uniform policy, saying the $641 for their children’s uniforms broke the guarantee of a free public education. In York County, Pennsylvania, a local NBC affiliate reported that some children were missing class because their families couldn’t afford to purchase the required uniforms. And, all of that is before the uniform policies themselves are examined. Most operate like dress codes and are classist, racist, and sexist. [ 10 ] [ 84 ] [ 94 ] Read More

Con 3 School uniforms restrict students’ freedom of expression. The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees that all individuals have the right to express themselves freely. The U.S. Supreme Court stated in Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) that “it can hardly be argued that either students or teachers shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.” [ 8 ] [ 28 ] In Sweden, a government agency, the School Inspectorate, determined that uniforms were a human rights violation because “dress and appearance should be considered an individual expression, decided by the students themselves.” Clothing choices are “a crucial form of self-expression,” according to the American Civil Liberties Union of Nevada, which also states that “allowing students to choose their clothing is an empowering message from the schools that a student is a maturing person who is entitled to the most basic self-determination.” [ 7 ] [ 39 ] Uniforms take away the ability to use clothing as means of expressing support for social causes. Students at Friendly High School in Prince George’s County, MD, were not allowed to wear pink shirts to support Breast Cancer Awareness Month and 75 students received suspensions for breaking the school’s uniform restrictions. Removing these choices can delay the transition into adulthood. Adults make their own clothing choices and have the freedom to express themselves through their appearance. Denying children and teenagers the opportunity to make those choices may make them ill-prepared for the adult world. Adolescents see clothing choices as a means of identification, and seeking an identity is one of the critical stages of adolescence, according to the late developmental psychologist Erik Erikson. [ 11 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] When students have to wear the same outfits, rather than being allowed to select clothes that suit their body types, they can suffer embarrassment at school. Child and teen development specialist Robyn Silverman says that students, especially girls, tend to compare how each other looks in their uniforms: “As a body image expert, I hear from students all the time that they feel it allows for a lot of comparison… So if you have a body that’s a plus-size body, a curvier body, a very tall body, a very short body, those girls often feel that they don’t look their best.” A study by researchers at Arizona State University found that “students from schools without uniforms reported higher self-perception scores than students from schools with uniform policies.” Some students also find uniforms less comfortable than their regular clothes, which may not be conducive to learning. [ 21 ] [ 24 ] [ 75 ] Further, school uniforms promote conformity over individuality. Chicago, Illinois, junior high school student Kyler Sumter says: “They decide to teach us about people like Rosa Parks, Susan B. Anthony and Booker T. Washington… We learn about how these people expressed themselves and conquered and we can’t even express ourselves in the hallways.” Troy Shuman, a senior in Harford County, Maryland, said the introduction of a mandatory uniform policy to his school would be “teaching conformity and squelching individual thought. Just think of prisons and gangs. The ultimate socializer to crush rebellion is conformity in appearance. If a school system starts at clothes, where does it end?” [ 9 ] [ 60 ] In schools where uniforms are specifically gendered (girls must wear skirts and boys must wear pants), transgender, gender-fluid, and gender-nonconforming students can feel ostracized. Seamus, a 16-year-old transgender boy, stated, “sitting in a blouse and skirt all day made me feel insanely anxious. I wasn’t taken seriously. This is atrocious and damaging to a young person’s mental health; that uniform nearly destroyed me.” Late satirist George Carlin asked, “Don’t these schools do enough damage, making all these children think alike? Now they’re gonna get them to look alike, too?” [ 40 ] [ 86 ] Beyond student preference, parents should be free to choose their children’s clothes without government interference. One of the founders of the Wilson County (Louisiana) Parents Coalition, Richard Dashkovitz, states: “It’s time we let the government know that we are fed up with this. Quit dictating to us what my child should wear… [T]he government is intruding into our private lives, roles as parents and the lives of our children.” According to another parents’ rights group, Asserting Parental Rights — It’s Our Duty, mandatory uniform “policies trample parents’ right to raise children without government interference.” [ 10 ] [ 16 ] Read More

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Do uniforms make schools better?

by: Marian Wilde | Updated: March 1, 2024

Print article

Schools, parents, and students frequently clash over the issue of regulating what students may and may not wear to school. These controversies often pegged to the culture war of the moment touch on everything from gender and sexuality to politics, race, and religion. In 2021, a group of about 50 students in Georgia protested their middle school’s dress code for being discriminatory against BIPOC girls by wearing t-shirts every Friday emblazoned with the words “sexist,” “racist,” and “classist.” In 2022, a fight between students, staff, and police officers broke out at a Pennsylvania high school when hats and hoodies were banned as part of a revision by the school board to the school’s dress code. And in 2023, two Michigan middle schoolers, via their mother, sued their school district after they were banned from wearing “Let’s Go Brandon” sweatshirts.

Are school uniforms the best solution to this contentious debate? If every student is wearing the same outfit, will a host of campus problems be solved? Researchers are divided over how much of an impact — if any — dress policies have on student learning. There are multiple studies with conflicting conclusions, plus books such as 2018’s The Debate About School Uniforms , but the argument wears on, with a list of pros and cons on each side.

Why do some public schools have uniforms?

In the 1980s, public schools were often compared unfavorably to Catholic schools. Noting the perceived benefit that uniforms conferred upon Catholic schools, some public schools decided to adopt a school uniform policy.

President Clinton provided momentum to the school uniform movement when he said in his 1996 State of the Union speech, “If it means teenagers will stop killing each other over designer jackets, then our public schools should be able to require their students to wear school uniforms.”

The pros and cons of school uniforms

According to proponents, school uniforms:.

• Help prevent gangs from forming on campus

• Encourage discipline

• Help students resist peer pressure to buy trendy clothes

• Help identify intruders in the school

• Diminish economic and social barriers between students

• Increase a sense of belonging and school pride

• Improve attendance

Opponents contend that school uniforms:

• Violate a student’s right to freedom of expression

• Are simply a Band-Aid on the issue of school violence

• Make students a target for bullies from other schools

• Are a financial burden for poor families

• Are an unfair additional expense for parents who pay taxes for a free public education

• Are difficult to enforce in public schools

Uniforms vs. dress codes

Schools and districts vary widely in how closely they adhere to the concept of uniformity.

What’s a dress code?

Generally, dress codes are more relaxed than uniform policies. Sometimes, however, dress codes are quite strict with requirements that are potentially viewed as biased based on race or gender. In 2020, two Black male students in Texas, cousins with West Indian heritage, were suspended for wearing dreadlocks in supposed violation of the district’s hair and grooming policy, part of the dress code. The elder one, a senior, was told he couldn’t attend prom or graduation until his dreads were trimmed. In 2022, girls on the track team at an Albany, NY high school were sent home for wearing sports bras at practice.

Uniforms are certainly easier for administrators to enforce than dress codes, largely because the ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) can be depended upon to protect a student’s “right to express themselves.” The ACLU believes dress codes are often used to, “shame girls, force students to conform to gender stereotypes… punish students who wear political and countercultural messages. Such policies can be used as cover for racial discrimination… Dress codes can also infringe on a student’s religious rights…” To successfully enforce a dress code, insists the ACLU, the school must prove the student’s attire, “is disruptive to school activities.”

The ACLU’s dress code stance is regularly supported by federal courts , like the 2023 lower court ruling in North Carolina that ended a charter school decree that girls couldn’t wear pants to school. ACLU lawyers claimed this violated Title IX because the dress code “discriminated against female students by limiting their ability to fully participate in school activities, such as using the playground.” The U.S. Supreme Court later declined to take up a case challenging the lower court’s ruling.

Check with your school to see what the dress code is, as they can be fairly specific. In Tulsa, Oklahoma, for example, the dress code prohibits :

• Symbols, mottoes, words or acronyms that convey crude, vulgar, profane, violent, death-oriented, gang-related, sexually explicit, or sexually suggestive messages.
• Symbols, mottoes, words or acronyms advertising tobacco, alcohol, or illegal drugs or drug paraphernalia.
• Symbols, mottoes, words or acronyms identifying a student as a member of a secret or overtly antisocial group or gang or that identifies a student as a member of an organization that professes violence or hatred toward one’s fellow man.
• Visible and permanent tattoos/brands incompatible with the standards set forth herein shall be covered to prohibit their display.
• Excessively large or baggy clothes

What’s a uniform?

School uniforms worldwide can widely range from nondescript to bizarre. (Extreme examples from China, Australia, and the UK on this YouTube video ) Most public school outfits in the USA are quite casual, with a “ common type ” for boys often a polo shirt in a solid color, with pants in khaki, black, or navy blue. A girl’s uniform is often a skirt and a white buttoned-up shirt. Dress shoes are frequently required for both genders.

In the United States, low-income families spend an average of $249 on a child’s school uniform annually, far less than the typical Australian student’s $578. But still, the cost is sometimes viewed as unfair because public education is intended to be free, paid by tax dollars, not “a stress for families on lower incomes.” The ACLU believes that public schools should provide free school uniforms , because the expense is unconstitutional, and it increases wealth inequity.

What research says about school uniforms

In 2006, Virginia Draa, professor at Youngstown State University, reviewed the impact of school uniforms at 64 public high schools that had larger percentages of economically disadvantaged and minority students than other urban schools. Her conclusion surprised her: “I really went into this thinking uniforms don’t make a difference, but I came away seeing that they do… I was absolutely floored.” Her analysis determined that the schools with uniforms improved their students attendance, and graduation rates rose an average almost 11 percent.

In 2022, Ohio State University and University of Pennsylvania researchers reached a contrary opinion in their report titled “ School Uniforms and Students Behavior: Is There a Link? ” Their view was that, in general, evidence that school uniforms improve social skills in the students was “inconclusive.” The solitary praise they provided to uniform-wearing was noting there was “some indication that low-income students in schools that required uniforms demonstrated better school attendance than low-income students in schools that did not.”

What to believe? Jury is still out.

What do students think about uniforms?

A student discussion: pros and cons of uniforms

Editor’s note: This video is part of our high school milestones series about communication skills. The students in this video discuss the pros and cons of school uniforms.

A University of Nevada, Reno, survey of 1,848 middle school students, published in 2022, revealed that 90 percent did not like wearing a uniform to school . Only 30 percent believed the uniforms “might reduce discipline issues, a mere 17 percent thought the uniform helped them focus at school, 34 percent believed their school was safer due to the uniforms and 37 percent said, “I worry less about my appearance” due to the uniform requirement.”

An earlier study, also in Nevada, displayed similar unpopularity with newly instituted uniforms among middle school students. However, when the researchers looked into school discipline and local police records and compared them to the prior year’s data, discipline referrals were down 10 percent, there were 63 percent fewer police log reports, and incidences of graffiti, fights, and gang-related activity were all down.

It’s a big issue

A new trend is the mounting pressure to establish dress codes for teachers. Apparently, the same casual mindset toward revealing outfits is cropping up in the ranks of our teachers.

The debate over uniforms in public schools encompasses many larger issues than simply what children should wear to school. It touches on issues of school improvement, freedom of expression, and hot-button culture wars. It’s no wonder the debate rages on.

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Essay on Why Students Should Not Wear Uniforms

Students are often asked to write an essay on Why Students Should Not Wear Uniforms in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Why Students Should Not Wear Uniforms

School uniforms: a burden, not a blessing.

School uniforms are often seen as a means to promote equality and discipline in schools. While these arguments have some merit, there are also several reasons why students should not be forced to wear uniforms.

Uniforms Hinder Individuality

One of the biggest drawbacks of school uniforms is that they stifle individuality. When everyone is wearing the same thing, it can be difficult for students to express their own unique styles and personalities. This can lead to feelings of conformity and a loss of self-expression.

Uniforms Are Uncomfortable

Many school uniforms are made from uncomfortable materials that can be hot, itchy, and restrictive. This can make it difficult for students to focus on their studies and can also lead to health problems.

Uniforms Are Expensive

School uniforms can also be expensive, especially for families with multiple children. This can put a strain on family budgets and make it difficult for some students to attend school.

250 Words Essay on Why Students Should Not Wear Uniforms

Uniforms: restricting individuality.

School uniforms restrict students from expressing their individuality and personal style. Enforcing a uniform policy stifles creativity and discourages students from showcasing their unique personalities. School should be a place where students feel comfortable expressing themselves, and uniforms hinder this process.

Uniforms: Socioeconomic Divide

Uniforms fail to eliminate socioeconomic disparities among students. Despite the intention of creating equality, uniforms can inadvertently highlight differences in socioeconomic status. Students from wealthier families may be able to afford higher quality uniforms or additional accessories, leading to comparisons and potential discrimination.

Uniforms: Discomfort and Health Concerns

Uniforms often come in limited styles and materials, which may not suit all students’ body types or preferences. Wearing uncomfortable or ill-fitting uniforms can lead to physical discomfort, affecting students’ focus and concentration. Additionally, certain uniform fabrics may cause skin irritation or allergies, harming students’ well-being.

Uniforms: Stifling Creativity and Self-Expression

Uniforms limit students’ ability to express themselves through fashion and personal style. By removing the freedom to choose their attire, students lose the opportunity to explore their creativity and develop a sense of personal identity. Self-expression through clothing is an essential part of growing up and finding one’s place in the world.

Mandating school uniforms has several drawbacks that outweigh the perceived benefits. Uniforms restrict individuality, perpetuate socioeconomic disparities, cause discomfort, and stifle creativity. Allowing students to choose their attire fosters a more inclusive and positive school environment.

500 Words Essay on Why Students Should Not Wear Uniforms

School uniforms: is it necessary, 1. limits individuality:.

School uniforms stifle creativity as they prevent students from expressing their individuality. Every child has their unique style and preferences, and uniforms don’t allow them to showcase that. When students cannot wear what they want, they may feel like they have less control over their lives, leading to a loss of self-confidence.

2. Discomfort and Health Concerns:

Uniforms are often made of uncomfortable materials, which can cause skin irritation and allergies. Restricting students to wear the same clothes regardless of the weather conditions can be a health risk. In hot weather, uniforms can be too warm, causing heat rashes and discomfort. In cold weather, they might not be warm enough, leading to students catching colds and other illnesses.

3. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues:

4. impedes self-expression:.

School uniforms suppress creativity and self-expression among students. Wearing uniforms can hinder their ability to show their personality, interests, and creativity. Students should be able to express themselves through their clothing, which is more meaningful than wearing the same uniform every day.

5. Limited Choice and Lack of Flexibility:

Uniforms provide limited choices for students, as they cannot choose what to wear to school. This lack of flexibility can be especially frustrating for students who want to dress in a way that reflects their personality or interests. Additionally, students may feel bored and monotonous wearing the same clothes day after day, which can lead to disinterest in school.

Conclusion:

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Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

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Pro and Con: School Uniforms

To access extended pro and con arguments, sources, and discussion questions about whether students should have to wear school uniforms, go to ProCon.org .

Traditionally favored by private and parochial institutions, school uniforms are being adopted by US public schools in increasing numbers. According to a 2020 report, the percentage of public schools that required school uniforms jumped from 12% in the 1999-2000 school year to 20% in the 2017-18 school year. School uniforms were most frequently required by elementary schools (23%), followed by middle (18%), and high schools (10%).

The first recorded use of standardized dress in education may have been in England in 1222, when the Archbishop of Canterbury mandated that students wear a robe-like outfit called the “cappa clausa.” The origin of the modern school uniform can be traced to 16th Century England, when the impoverished “charity children” attending the Christ’s Hospital boarding school wore blue cloaks reminiscent of the cassocks worn by clergy, along with yellow stockings. As of Sep. 2014, students at Christ’s Hospital were still wearing the same uniform, and according to the school it is the oldest school uniform still in use. When Christ’s Hospital surveyed its students in 2011, 95% voted to keep the traditional uniforms.

School uniforms in the United States followed the traditional use of uniforms established in England and were generally limited to private and parochial schools. One exception was found in government-run boarding schools for Native American children, first established in the late 1800s, where the children, who had been removed from their families, were dressed in military-style uniforms.

According to figures released in 2018 by the National Center for Education Statistics, the total number of public schools nationwide requiring students to wear school uniforms increased from 12% during the 1999-2000 school year to 21% during the 2015-2016 school year. In 2015-2016, 25% of public primary schools enforced a uniform policy, as did 20% of public middle schools and 12% of public high schools. A higher proportion of schools located in cities had mandatory uniforms in 2015-2016 than schools in suburban, town, and rural areas. Mandatory uniforms were far more prevalent in “high-poverty” schools (in which 76% of students were eligible for reduced-cost or free lunch programs) than in “low-poverty” schools.

Among the US cities with the highest use of school uniforms in public schools are Philadelphia (100% of schools), New Orleans (95%), Cleveland (85%), Chicago (80%), Boston (65%), and Miami (60%). The number of schools with “strict dress codes” has also increased, from 47% in 2000 to 57% in 2010.

• School uniforms may deter crime and increase student safety.
• School uniforms keep students focused on their education, not their clothes.
• School uniforms create a level playing field among students, reducing peer pressure and bullying.
• Wearing uniforms enhances school pride, unity, and community spirit.
• School uniforms may improve attendance and discipline.
• Uniform policies save valuable class time because they are easier to enforce than a standard dress code.
• School uniforms prevent the display of gang colors and insignia.
• School uniforms make getting ready for school easier, which can improve punctuality.
• School uniforms can save parents money.
• Most parents and educators support mandatory school uniforms.
• Students’ legal right to free expression remains intact even with mandatory school uniforms.
• Students dressed in uniform are better perceived by teachers and peers.
• Students can express their individuality in school uniforms by introducing variations and adding accessories.
• School uniforms restrict students’ freedom of expression.
• School uniforms promote conformity over individuality.
• School uniforms do not stop bullying and may increase violent attacks.
• School uniforms do not improve attendance, academic preparedness, or exam results.
• The key findings used to tout the benefits of uniforms are questionable.
• School uniforms emphasize the socio-economic divisions they are supposed to eliminate.
• Students oppose school uniforms.
• Uniforms may have a detrimental effect on students’ self-image.
• Focusing on uniforms takes attention away from finding genuine solutions to problems in education.
• The push for school uniforms is driven by commercial interests rather than educational ones.
• Parents should be free to choose their children’s clothes without government interference.
• School uniforms in public schools undermine the promise of a free education by imposing an extra expense on families.
• School uniforms may delay the transition into adulthood.

This article was published on May 3, 2021, at Britannica’s ProCon.org , a nonpartisan issue-information source.

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Should Students Wear Uniforms?

Two friends debate the question of whether students should be required to wear uniforms. Who makes the better argument?

Learning Objective: to analyze and evaluate two opposing argument essays

• Purpose This debate has a clear purpose: to present arguments for and against school uniforms.
• Structure The debate consists of two short letters: one presents a case for why students should be required to wear scool uniforms, and the other explains why students should not have to wear uniforms.
• Language Conventionality and Clarity Vocabulary: some challenging academic vocabulary (e.g., aspects, individuality, punctuality) Figurative language: rhetorical questions
• Knowledge Demands The retail store Forever 21 is mentioned.
• Anchor Standards R.1, R.2, R.4, R.6, W.1, W.4, W.5, L.4, L.6
• Grade 6 RI.6.1, RI.6.2, RI.6.4, RI.6.6, W.6.1, W.6.4, W.6.5, SL.6.1, L.6.4, L.6.5
• Grade 7 RI.7.1, RI.7.2, RI.7.4, RI.7.6, W.7.1, W.7.4, W.7.5, SL.7.1, L.7.4, L.7.5
• Grade 8 RI.8.1, RI.8.2, RI.8.4, RI.8.6, , W.8.1, W.8.4, W.8.5, SL.8.1, L.8.4, L.8.5
• Grade 6 6.1; 6.2; 6.11; 6.14; 6.18; 6.19; 6.26, 6.27
• Grade 7 7.1, 7.2e, 7.11; 7.14; 7.18; 7.19; 7.26, 7.27
• Grade 8 8.1, 8.2e, 8.11; 8.14; 8.18; 8.19; 8.26, 8.27
• Lesson Plan

Presentation View

Close Reading, Critical Thinking, Skill Building

1. preparing to read.

• Give students a minute to preview the text features­—the headlines, illustrations or photos, any charts or graphs, etc. Ask students what they think the article is going to be about.
• Project the  Vocabulary Definitions.
• Follow up with the Vocabulary Activity to practice using the words that are highlighted in bold in the debate.

2. READING AND TEXT MARKING

• Read both texts once through as a class.
• Ask: “No matter what you personally think about the issue, which author do you think makes the better argument?” Take a poll and tally the results on the board.
• Project the first text. For this text only, have students complete the Scavenger Hunt box at the end of the article, modeling text marking on your whiteboard while students mark their magazines. Or print and distribute the  Scavenger Hunt graphic organizer  to help students develop their arguments. Note that a lower-level version of the graphic organizer that does not include counterargument is available.
• Have students complete the Scavenger Hunt box in the magazine and/or the  Scavenger Hunt graphic organizer  for the second text in small groups.

As a class, discuss the question at the end of the Scavenger Hunt: Who makes the stronger argument? Then ask:         1. What do the authors agree about? What do they disagree about?         2. How do the images support each author’s argument?         3. What is each author’s tone? Explain your answer.

• Divide students into groups according to which author they think makes the best argument. Have the groups stand on opposite sides of the room.
• Students should then debate: One student offers a reason (support) for his or her opinion; a student from the other group responds.
• Students should quietly switch sides if at any point during the debate they change their position on the issue; be sure to ask any student who does this why he or she did so. Encourage students to use evidence to support their opinions.
• At the end of the debate, compare the number of students who support each author with the number who supported each author before the debate.
• Have students complete the  Write an Argument Essay activity sheet  and write their essays. 
• Students should revise their essays using the  Argument-Essay Checklist .

Should school uniforms be compulsory? We asked five experts

Section Editor: Education

Interviewed

Lecturer in Behaviour Management, University of Tasmania

Professor of Developmental Psychology, Australian Catholic University

Senior Lecturer, The University of Western Australia

Honorary Associate Professor, Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, UCL

Senior Lecturer, University of Sydney School of Education and Social Work, University of Sydney

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Whether schools should mandate a uniform is a controversial issue. Some believe wearing the same clothes smooths out inequality. Others see uniforms as authoritarian; believing them a symbol of repression, stifling freedom of thought and individuality.

We asked five experts from various fields whether school uniforms should be compulsory. Rather surprisingly, among the experts at least, there was little division.

Four out of five experts said no

Here are their detailed responses:

If you have a “yes or no” education question you’d like posed to Five Experts, email your suggestion to: [email protected]

Disclosures: Renae Barker is the Diocesan Advocate of the Anglian Diocese of Bunbury and advises the Bishop, Bishop in Council, Trustees and Synod on matters of Church law.

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Expert Commentary

School uniforms: Do they really improve student achievement, behavior?

This updated collection of research looks at how mandatory school uniforms impact student achievement, attendance and behavior as well as the presence of gangs in public schools.

Republish this article

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License .

by Denise-Marie Ordway, The Journalist's Resource April 20, 2018

This <a target="_blank" href="https://journalistsresource.org/education/school-uniforms-research-achievement/">article</a> first appeared on <a target="_blank" href="https://journalistsresource.org">The Journalist's Resource</a> and is republished here under a Creative Commons license.<img src="https://journalistsresource.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/cropped-jr-favicon-150x150.png" style="width:1em;height:1em;margin-left:10px;">

Decades ago, uniforms were mostly worn by students who went to private or parochial schools. But as local school boards have focused more on improving standardized test scores and campus safety, a growing number have begun requiring school uniforms — typically, a polo shirt of a particular color paired with navy or khaki pants, skirts or shorts. Nearly 22 percent of public schools in the United States required uniforms in 2015-16 — up from almost 12 percent in 1999-2000, according to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES).

Proponents argue that students will pay more attention to their classwork if they aren’t preoccupied with fashion, and that they’ll be better behaved. Meanwhile, school administrators say uniforms help eliminate gang-related styles and logos. They also make it easier to spot a stranger on campus.

Despite their reported benefits, mandatory uniforms are controversial because a lot of parents and students don’t like the idea of forcing children to dress alike, which they say suppresses freedom of expression. Some families complain about the financial burden of purchasing uniforms in addition to their kids’ other clothing. Years ago, parents also complained that it was difficult to find uniforms, but that ceased to be an issue after large chain stores like Target and Wal-Mart began selling them.

As public schools debate the merits of uniforms — some school boards have been bouncing the idea around for years — it’s important for journalists to know what the research says on this topic. School officials do not always consult academic research before they put a plan on the table.

To help journalists ground their reporting and fact-check claims, Journalist’s Resource has rounded up several academic studies worth reviewing. Reporters may also want to examine reports on uniform use from the NCES, which collects and reports data related to school uniforms, dress codes and book bags in public schools.

——————————–

 “School Discipline, School Uniforms and Academic Performance” Baumann, Chris; Krskova, Hana. International Journal of Educational Management , 2016. DOI: 10.1108/IJEM-09-2015-0118.

Summary: This study examines test scores and student behavior in the United States, Canada and 37 other countries to determine whether uniforms affect student discipline. The researchers found that the highest-performing students are the most disciplined. In addition, “for countries where students wear school uniforms, our study found that students listen significantly better, there are lower noise levels, and lower teaching waiting times with classes starting on time.”

“Dressed for Success? The Effect of School Uniforms on Student Achievement and Behavior” Gentile, Elizabetta; Imberman, Scott A. Journal of Urban Economics , 2012, Vol. 71. doi: 10.1016/j.jue.2011.10.002.

Abstract: “Uniform use in public schools is rising, but we know little about how they affect students. Using a unique dataset from a large urban school district in the southwest United States, we assess how uniforms affect behavior, achievement and other outcomes. Each school in the district determines adoption independently, providing variation over schools and time. By including student and school fixed-effects we find evidence that uniform adoption improves attendance in secondary grades, while in elementary schools they generate large increases in teacher retention.”

“Uniforms in the Middle School: Student Opinions, Discipline Data, and School Police Data” Sanchez, Jafeth E.; Yoxsimer, Andrew; Hill, George C. Journal of School Violence , 2012. DOI: 10.1080/15388220.2012.706873.

Summary: Researchers asked students at an urban middle school in Nevada what they thought of having to wear uniforms. Their public school had adopted a uniform policy after staff members became frustrated with the earlier dress code policy, which resulted in girls wearing revealing clothing and boys wearing shirts with inappropriate messages and images. The study’s main takeaway: The vast majority of students said they dislike uniforms, although some agreed there were benefits. “For example, in reference to gender, more than expected females than males indicated students treated them better with uniforms. Also, fewer females than males got detention for not wearing a uniform or for wearing a uniform inappropriately.”

“Are School Uniforms a Good Fit? Results from the ECLS-K and the NELS” Yeung, Ryan. Educational Policy , 2009, Vol. 23. doi: 10.1177/0895904808330170.

Abstract: “One of the most common proposals put forth for reform of the American system of education is to require school uniforms. Proponents argue that uniforms can make schools safer and also improve school attendance and increase student achievement. Opponents contend that uniforms have not been proven to work and may be an infringement on the freedom of speech of young people. Within an econometric framework, this study examines the effect of school uniforms on student achievement. It tackles methodological challenges through the use of a value-added functional form and the use of multiple data sets. The results do not suggest any significant association between school uniform policies and achievement. Although the results do not definitely support or reject either side of the uniform argument, they do strongly intimate that uniforms are not the solution to all of American education’s ills.”

“Effects of Student Uniforms on Attendance, Behavior Problems, Substance Use, and Academic Achievement” Brunsma, David L.; Rockquemore, Kerry A. The Journal of Educational Research , 1998, Vol. 92. doi: 10.1080/00220679809597575.

Abstract: “Mandatory uniform policies have been the focus of recent discourse on public school reform. Proponents of such reform measures emphasize the benefits of student uniforms on specific behavioral and academic outcomes. Tenth-grade data from The National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 was used to test empirically the claims made by uniform advocates. The findings indicate that student uniforms have no direct effect on substance use, behavioral problems, or attendance. Contrary to current discourse, the authors found a negative effect of uniforms on student academic achievement. Uniform policies may indirectly affect school environment and student outcomes by providing a visible and public symbol of commitment to school improvement and reform.”

“School Uniforms, Academic Achievement, and Uses of Research” Bodine, Ann. The Journal of Educational Research , 2003, Vol. 97. doi: 10.1080/00220670309597509.

Abstract: “School uniforms are being advocated for a range of social, educational, economic, and familial reasons. In 1998, The Journal of Educational Research (The JER) published an article by D. Brunsma and K. Rockquemore that claims that uniforms correlate negatively with academic achievement, but data presented in this article actually show positive correlation between uniforms and achievement for the total sample, and for all but 1 school sector. Examination of structure of argument reveals that the erroneous claim results from misleading use of sector analysis. Simultaneous with The JER article, and on the basis of the same National Education Longitudinal Study: 1988 database, an Educational Testing Service article reported that no correlation exists between uniforms and achievement. The two articles are contrasted in this study. The effect of new communication technology in amplifying political uses of academic research is discussed.”

“Public School Uniforms: Effect on Perceptions of Gang Presence, School Climate, and Student Self-Perceptions” Wade, Kathleen Kiley; Stafford, Mary E. Education and Urban Society , 2003, Vol. 35. doi: 10.1177/0013124503255002.

Abstract: “This study attempts to clarify the relationships between public school uniforms and some of their intended results: student self-worth and student and staff perceptions of gang presence and school climate. The instruments used in the study included a questionnaire on gang presence and identity, the National Association of School Principals Comprehensive Assessment of School Environments, and the Harter Self-Perception Profile for Children. Participants consisted of 415 urban public middle school students and 83 teachers. Findings indicate that, although perceptions did not vary for students across uniform policy, teachers from schools with uniform policies perceived lower levels of gang presence. Although the effect size was small, students from schools without uniforms reported higher self-perception scores than students from schools with uniform policies. Student and teacher perceptions of school climate did not vary across uniform policy.”

“The Effect of Uniforms on Nonuniform Apparel Expenditures” Norum, Pamela S.; Weagley, Robert O.; Norton, Marjorie J. Family & Consumer Sciences , 1998. doi: 10.1177/1077727X980263001.

Abstract: “The uniform industry has grown steadily the past 20 years with increased attention from employers trying to create a professional image among workers as well as school administrators considering uniforms to curtail school violence. Although an important part of human dress for centuries, uniforms have received little attention from researchers of the clothing market. This study examines the impact of uniform purchases on household expenditures for selected nonuniform apparel subcategories based on an economic model of conditional demand. Expenditure equations are estimated using the 1990-1991 Consumer Expenditure Survey. The results suggest that, on average, consumers do not substitute uniforms for other apparel purchases. Rather, uniforms and nonuniform apparel appear to be complements in consumers’ purchases, resulting in greater household expenditures on nonuniform apparel. These results are a first step in understanding the economic effect that uniform purchases, mandated by employers, schools, or others, have on household clothing expenditures.”

Looking for more research on student achievement? Check out our write-ups on how teacher salaries , school vouchers and school shootings impact learning.   

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The Pros and Cons of School Uniforms for Students

 SolStock / Getty Images

Student Safety

Focus on education, attendance rates, discipline issues, dress code enforcement, cost for families, impact on self-esteem.

The debate over whether students should wear school uniforms has been going on for more than a decade. Some people argue that uniforms have a positive impact on the school environment by promoting inclusivity, confidence, and a sense of belonging. Others fear that school uniforms prevent kids from expressing themselves through their clothing choices.

The research on school uniforms is often mixed. While some schools have found uniforms to be beneficial, other research has found that they have little effect. Some studies have even reached the conclusion that requiring school uniforms can be harmful for students.

Let's take a closer look at some of the potential benefits, as well as the challenges, of requiring students to wear uniforms.

Some people think that school uniforms can help make schools safer for kids. When Long Beach, CA, required all students in grades K–8 to wear uniforms, reports of assault and battery decreased by 34%.

Additionally, assault with a deadly weapon decreased by 50%, fighting incidents declined 51%, and sex offenses dropped by 74%. Possession of weapons dropped by 52%, possession of drugs went down 69%, and vandalism was lowered by 18%.  

The Sparks Middle School in Nevada reported a decrease in gang activity after instituting a uniform policy. They also reported a drop in fights, graffiti, property damage, and battery. Overall, there was a 63% drop in police reports.

Other proponents of school uniforms report that it prevents students from concealing weapons under clothing. And some also believe intruders would be recognized faster, making the students and staff safer in the event someone from the community tries to enter the school.

Not all studies have found that uniforms reduce discipline issues, however. In fact, a peer-reviewed study found that school uniforms increased the average number of assaults by about 14 per year in the most violent schools.  The Miami-Dade County Public Schools Office of Education Evaluation and Management found that fights in middle schools nearly doubled within one year of making uniforms mandatory.  

For many students, clothing can be a major source of stress. Not having certain brand name clothing or not wearing fashionable items could lead to feelings of insecurity. 

Some people feel students are better able to concentrate on school when they all wear the same clothing. Researchers in Australia noted that students who wear uniforms had improved discipline and academic performance.  

Not all studies have found that uniforms improve grades, however. In fact, at least one study found that school uniforms had a negative effect on achievement.  

Kids may show up to school more often when they’re wearing uniforms. A study by researchers at the University of Houston found that the average attendance rate for girls in middle and high school increased by 0.3 to 0.4 percent after school uniforms became mandatory.   A study by Youngstown State University also found that attendance rates increased and suspensions decreased once students began wearing uniforms.   

Students may also be more likely to show up to school on time when they have to wear uniforms. If they don’t have to spend time choosing what to wear every morning, students are able to get out the door more quickly. This means fewer late arrivals.

Proponents of uniforms report that it can improve behavior in students. One school that found this to be true is the John Adams Middle School in Albuquerque, NM. When they mandated school uniforms, discipline referrals dropped from 1,565 in the first semester of the previous year to 405.    

An Australian study also concluded that students wearing uniforms were more disciplined and they listened significantly better. Classes were also more likely to start on time.  

Not all studies have found this, however. Some research has found that disciplinary issues and bullying didn’t decrease after instituting a mandatory uniform policy.

Many school officials spend a lot of time policing dress codes . Enforcing policies can require a lot of resources as teachers may send kids to the office, and administrators have to determine whether clothing is too baggy, inappropriate, or revealing.

Kids who violate dress codes may spend a lot of time in the office awaiting consequences, or they may receive suspensions for repeated violations. School uniforms can keep kids in the classroom more and prevent staff from wasting time trying to enforce policies.

Parents may spend less money on school clothes when kids wear uniforms. There is less pressure to buy expensive name-brand clothing, and school uniforms might be more affordable.

Opponents of school uniforms, however, say that requiring parents to buy specific articles of clothing goes against the idea that students should be given free education. When public schools force parents to buy uniforms, this could be placing a hardship on some families.

Proponents of uniforms report that they have a positive impact on student self-esteem .   Wearing the same clothing as everyone else means that students don’t have to worry about whether their clothing choices will be acceptable to their peers.

But opponents argue that uniforms may have a negative impact on some students’ body image. Research conducted at Arizona State University found that students without uniform policies actually reported higher self-perception scores than students with uniform policies.  

When all students wear the same clothing, they may be more likely to compare themselves to their peers as clothing fits differently on everyone’s body.

The Problem With Uniform Research

Although there are many studies that examine the potential benefits and drawbacks of uniforms, many of them revealed correlation, rather than causation. Just because grades went up or behavioral problems went down, there’s no way of knowing that the reason for the change was due to uniform policy. There are many other factors that may have influenced these issues.

A Word From Verywell

Before any school adopts a uniform policy, it may be wise to review the literature. While there certainly may be a lot of benefits to making uniforms mandatory, there are also some potential drawbacks and challenges you might face. Parents, teachers, and administrators may want to weigh the pros and cons before instituting any type of clothing policy for students.

Stanley S. School uniforms and safety . Educ Urban Society. 1996;28(4 ): 424-435. doi:10.1177/0013124596028004003

Nevada Today. College of Education researchers conduct study on impacts of school uniforms .

Granberg-Rademacker JS, Bumgarner J, Johnson A. Do school violence policies matter? An empirical analysis of four approaches to reduce school violence . Southwest J Criminal Justice . 2007;4(1):3-29.

Sun Sentinel. 9 more schools to have students wear uniforms .

Baumann C, Krskova H. School discipline, school uniforms and academic performance . Int J Educ Manage . 2016;30(6):1003-1029. doi:10.1108/IJEM-09-2015-0118

McBrayer S. The school uniform movement and what it tells us about American education: A symbolic crusade, by David L. Brunsma . J Catholic Educ . 2007;11(1). doi:10.15365/joce.1101122013

Gentile E, Imberman S. Dressed for success? The effect of school uniforms on student achievement and behavior . 2011. doi:10.3386/w17337

Draa VAB. School uniforms in urban public high schools . Dissertation: Youngstown State University; 2005.  

Lumsden L, Gabriel Miller G. Dress codes and uniforms . Research Roundup: National Association of Elementary School Principals . 2002;18(4):1-5.

Wade KK, Stafford ME. Public school uniforms: Effect on perceptions of gang presence, school climate, and student self-perceptions . Educ Urban Society . 2003;35(4):399-420. doi:10.1177/0013124503255002

By Amy Morin, LCSW Amy Morin, LCSW, is the Editor-in-Chief of Verywell Mind. She's also a psychotherapist, an international bestselling author of books on mental strength and host of The Verywell Mind Podcast. She delivered one of the most popular TEDx talks of all time.

77 School Uniforms Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best school uniforms topic ideas & essay examples, 📌 most interesting school uniforms topics to write about, 👍 good research topics about school uniforms, ❓ the school uniform question essay.

• School Uniform and Maintenance of Discipline Some prefer to implement the use of school uniform citing various benefits such as improvement of discipline in schools while others see the whole issue of school uniform as a cover up of failed social […]
• Mandatory School Uniforms: Pros and Cons Finally, opponents of school uniforms claim that the ‘sense of community’ that is believed to be an advantage is, in fact, imposed on students and borders on some form of extreme uniformity.
• School Uniforms: Conflicting Opinions It might be wise to teach a child from the early age what clothes it is suitable to put on when they go to school.
• Fashion in Society: School Uniforms and Self-Expression The use of school uniforms can actually enhance a child’s personal character development as “such requirements of standardized dress also include a symbolic rhetoric of legitimate authority, a reservoir of institutional and organizational values of […]
• School Uniforms: Conflicting Viewpoints Over the course of the previous assignment, I have stated that I do not support the enforcement of school uniforms for the following reasons.
• LA School Uniforms as Mandatory Attire for All Students On the one hand, school uniforms have to be mandatory in all LA schools in order to make students concentrate on their educative processes, and on the other hand, students may feel a kind of […]
• School Uniform Dress Code Should Be Enforced
• Market Structure of School Uniform in Medway
• Public Schools Should Adopt A School Uniform Policy
• The Chief Benefits of School Uniform
• The Effects of a School Uniform Policy on Conflict Reduction and Academic Performance
• How School Uniform Can Reduce Social Inequality
• Is the Enforcement of School Uniform Indoctrination
• Advantages Of The Mandatory School Uniform
• The Complexity of the Issue of a Standard School Uniform in American Schools
• Scholastic Performance, Resolving Conflict, and the Impact of a School Uniform Policy
• The Pros and Cons of Wearing School Uniform
• Effects of Implementation of a School Uniform Policy
• Why School Uniform Should Not Be Abolished
• School Uniform: Good Tradition or Outdated Habit
• School Uniform Policy And Student Achievement
• Why The School Uniform Policy Is Such A Bad Idea
• Positive Outcomes of School Uniform Use
• School Uniform Is Not A Public School Tradition
• School Uniform Is Beneficial And Essential For The Success
• The Mandatory System of Wearing School Uniform
• Penetrating the High School Uniform Business in the US
• Does Wearing School Uniform Have An Influence On Student
• Should School Require Students to Wear a School Uniform?
• The Controversial Issue on the Mandatory Wearing of School Uniform
• Students Should Wear School Uniform
• The Advantages and Disadvantages of Wearing a School Uniform
• The School Uniform Movement And What It Tells Us About
• School Dress Issues and Public School Uniform Codes
• Why Do Students Need A School Uniform
• Implementation of School Uniform
• School Uniform Policy Increase Student Self Esteem And Improve Learning
• Importance Of Uniform In The Middle School Uniform
• Why School Uniform Is Not Always The Best
• The Implementation of School Uniform Policies
• School Uniform Policies Around The World
• Pros on School Uniform in Public Schools
• Speech About Why Student Should Wear School Uniform
• The Pros Of Having A School Uniform Policy
• Vote for School Uniform: Vote for a Bright Future
• Introducing and Analyzing the School Uniform Concept
• What Are Reasons Why Schools Need to Implement the Idea of School Uniforms?
• Should School Uniforms Improve Our Education System?
• Why Do School Uniforms Cause Controversy?
• Are School Uniforms Beneficial or Not?
• Why Should School Uniforms Be Enforced?
• Should School Uniforms Improve Academic and Social Behavior?
• Why Should School Uniforms Not Be Forced on Students?
• How Are School Uniforms Stereotyped Throughout Children’s School Years?
• Why Should Middle School Pupils Wear School Uniforms?
• Should School Uniforms Hinder Psychological Development?
• Why Should the High School Student Wear Uniforms?
• Are School Uniforms Cure Violence and Gang Prone Violence?
• Should School Uniforms Help Rein Student Violence?
• How Do School Uniforms Impact Public High Schools?
• Should Public School Uniforms Be Banned?
• Are School Uniforms Effective for Students?
• Should Children Wear Uniforms to School?
• Are School Uniforms Necessary for Students?
• Should College Uniforms Always Be Banned?
• Are Teenagers Hidden Behind Their School Uniforms?
• Should Mandatory School Uniforms Be Implemented in Public Schools?
• Why Are School Uniforms Used as a Method of Assimilation?
• Should School Uniforms Make Schools Safer for Students?
• What Are Advantages and Disadvantages of School Uniforms?
• Why Is It Important to Wear Uniforms in the School?
• Do Uniforms Make Schools Better?
• How Do Uniforms Affect Students?
• Who Created School Uniforms?
• How Do Uniforms Make Students Feel?
• Do Students Work Better Without Uniforms?
• College Education Essay Ideas
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• Pedagogy Topics
• Classroom Management Essay Topics
• Academic Achievements Research Topics
• Personal Identity Paper Topics
• Equality Topics
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• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

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Persuasive Essay: No Uniform in Schools

I intend to show how no uniforms in schools is actually a bad thing. Most students would argue that uniforms are a bad thing and that they stifle creativity, but I say that modern schools have no place for creativity. I intend to show how having uniforms in schools are a good thing.

No uniforms in school is a bad idea

Students will love the idea of wearing their own clothes in school, and many American schools do not enforce a uniform rule, and yet having a school uniform is a very good idea. It helps to boost learning, helps to raise the respect the children have for the school, and it elevates their personal pride in the school.

People are not elevated by clothing and as much superficial adornment

In a school where uniforms are in place, there is no elevation of status based on clothing and such. People who have the best clothes may only show them off outside of school. Inside school the children are able to fit in with each other because they all look the same. All of the students are on an equal level when it comes to how they look. This removes a very damaging part of school, where children base their opinion on how a person looks.

Students are forced to be part of the group

When a school implements a uniform policy, they force the children to become part of a larger group. This is a very good thing to happen within a school. It means that all the students know they are on the same team. It has literally the same effect as people wearing their team colors have. It increases the moral of the students to know that they are not singled out and part of them sees how they are part of something a lot bigger.

A clear distinction between teacher and student exists

This is very powerful as the children need to be able to physically see how the teacher differs from them. They are allowed to be friends with a teacher but should not feel as if they are equals. Some sort of respect is needed, even if it is forced respect, otherwise the children will not engage and will not learn from the teacher.

The distinction between student and teacher already exists in some degree. The teacher has a bigger desk that faces the other way. The teacher is older and often bigger. However, a very striking difference occurs when the students and teachers are dressed differently. The students know their place on a deeper psychological level because they are all dressed one way whilst the teacher is dressed another.

Kids are picked on in school, and no uniform gives people something to pick on. The kids that are the poorest are often made to feel bad. As you can see by the arguments littered about this essay, it is obvious that a uniform policy is needed within a school. Not having a uniform policy within school is a very bad idea.

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Argumentative essay on school uniforms: advice for both sides.

There are problems, when the correct side doesn`t seem to exist. Those issues are the most appropriate to be written about in argumentative essays. Thus, you can support your point of view writing an argumentative essay on school uniforms. Having taken any side you will be able to use convincing arguments.

The School Uniform Issue

Before you actually start telling your point of view and providing arguments, explain the situation to your reader. It is also necessary to tell different points of view on the issue in general. Thus, in your introduction you should tell that there is a discussion about wearing uniforms. Some people think that students must wear it, and other have an opposite opinion. It is necessary to finish your introduction with a well-written thesis statement, showing your approach and main arguments.

Arguments for School Uniforms

If you think, that it is necessary for students to wear uniform, here are some arguments for you to use while writing.

Argument #1: Safety

When all of the students are dressed the same way, it is easily to recognize a stranger. This decreases the crime rate and contributes to students feeling safer at schools.

Argument #2: Proper Accents

School is not a podium and its main aim is to teach students, not to give them a possibility to show off. If students are dressed the same way, they understand better the purpose of coming to school and their attention won`t be distracted to some side things.

Argument #3: Equality

Wearing the same uniform solves the issue of social inequality between students. There won`t be students, who dress more fashionable, or whose clothing is more expensive. This will reduce the pressure to the students from less successful families.

Argument #3: Spirit of Unity

Uniform introducing contributes to team building. Students feel a part of a big friendly team, which has common aims and pride.

Argument #4: Saving Money

The school uniform helps parents to save money on clothing. They can simply purchase 2 sets instead for school instead of paying hundreds to provide their children with lots of outfits to wear.

Arguments against School Uniforms

Most students do not like wearing school uniforms, so they tend to take this side more often.

Argument #1: Limit of Expression

The first and the main argument is that school uniforms limit possibilities for students to express their personalities. This contradicts the opportunity to free self-expression supported by law.

Argument #2: Social Issues

This is a common thing, that there are better and worse schools. Therefore, students from different ones will be easily recognized in society, and members of worse schools will be pressed.

Argument #3: Contradiction to Free Education

The education is free of charge according to law. However, the introducing of the school uniforms will make parents buy at least two sets of school uniform. If a student is changing schools, this will be an issue.

Argument #4: Personality Growing Up

Adults can make their own choice on what to wear. Thus, as students are told what to wear in school, this may prevent their psychological growing up.

Points to Include to an Argumentative Essay on School Uniforms

To improve your essay on school uniforms:

• Include numbers and other statistical data. Numbers help to support your opinion more efficiently.
• Separate different arguments into separate paragraphs. This will contribute to clarity of your point.
• Contact a professional writer for assistance. He will help you to organize your thought into a better coherent and convincing text.

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The Benefits of Schools Uniforms and Why Schools Have Them

School uniforms are a key way of developing a sense of togetherness among students and staff, but the topic is still one of the most widely debated outside of schools.

From dress codes to improved safety, in this article we’ll discuss the wide-ranging benefits of wearing school uniforms. 

13 Advantages to Wearing School Uniforms

Put these 13 factors together and it’s easy to see why school uniforms are important to creating a team of united students and staff.

1. Create cohesion

When students all wear the same clothing every day at school, it levels out the playing field. Any expectations on what to wear are removed and children develop a greater sense of equality.

Children of all socioeconomic backgrounds begin from the same starting point. Without uniforms, children from poorer backgrounds could feel isolated if their parents are unable to afford the latest styles of clothing.

Creating a standard promotes the idea that we are all the same. Children come together from different backgrounds and can immediately identify a fellow member of their team from the clothes that they wear, breeding a sense of cohesion and commonality that is lost when school uniforms are removed.

2. Reduce the potential for bullying

Without school uniforms, the potential for children to tease and make fun of one another is increased. People use clothing to express themselves; children are no different in this regard. Sadly, when a child expresses themselves in a different way to everyone else, it can create a point of difference between one child and another. Again, these differences can be amplified by socioeconomic disparities between one child’s family and another.

Rather than build a sense of community and equality with a school uniform, allowing children to wear what they like can create divisions between them.

3. Improve study ethic

If a child feels like they don’t fit in, or they don’t have the latest and best clothing, it can be damaging to their confidence. A lack of confidence can be one of the most significant barriers to academic growth. Introducing a school uniform removes this possibility, meaning your child has less to worry about and more reason to be confident in class.

4. Increase safety

There are significant safety concerns to not adopting a uniform in school. With their school colours on, children can immediately be recognised at a distance as a member of that school. In a situation where someone who isn’t a member of the school is on-site, they can be easily identified as not part of the school by their lack of uniform.

This can be extended to days outside of school grounds. On day trips away, children can easily be spotted among crowds thanks to their uniform. This can be especially helpful when making school trips at the same time as other schools, where large crowds of children mix with one another.

5. Fairer dress codes

When a school adopts a uniform, it creates a simple and standardised dress code. When children are allowed to wear what they like, innumerable variations mean schools must adopt a long list of dos and don’ts to formulate their dress code. These dress codes are often harsher on girls too, making for an unfair and unequal community.

By bringing in a uniform, schools can avoid complicated issues around modesty, offensive symbols, and text, and remove any need for teachers to monitor what children are wearing against this dress code.

6. Remove peer pressure

Children are often under some form of peer pressure but adopting a school uniform can remove one form of it. Without a uniform, children can develop expectations about what should be worn to fit into a certain group. Children divide themselves into cliques and the sense of togetherness that a uniform brings is lost.

7. Prepare for the outside world

School uniforms prepare children for formal scenarios that we all encounter in our lives. Depending on the situation, we’re expected to dress and look a certain way. Job interviews are a good example. Dressing professionally in working environments is expected in adulthood, and this is something your child will understand thanks to a school uniform.

8. Easy mornings for students and parents

As any parent knows, weekday mornings can be chaotic. It can be tricky enough to get yourself ready for work without having to worry about how your child is getting on too. That problem is amplified if your child doesn’t have a school uniform to put on each morning, as they take their time to decide what to wear. In the end, it could take away from what is important – your child’s studies.

Uniforms remove one more thing from the ‘to-do’ list of mums and dads every day.

9. Encourage professionalism

Some people believe that school uniforms contribute positively to a child’s behaviour in school. Their uniform develops an affinity with learning. Once they put it on, their purpose is to work hard at their studies. A sense of professionalism develops within each child, leading to more focus in the classroom.

10. Reduce Distractions

Uniforms make for one less distraction during school. By wearing what they like, children can become more focused on their school status rather than their studies. Fashion trends and owning the latest styles become the priority, and it could lead to a downturn in that child’s progress at school.

11. Focus on character

Without a uniform, what they wear can end up defining your child rather than the content of their character. Children should be prioritising the development of their personality, having the confidence to be who they are and not be defined by material things like the clothes they wear.

With a school uniform, your child can express themselves in more meaningful ways, which helps to develop their creativity.

12. Easier economics for parents

Children can be demanding when they notice their friends have something they don’t. Without a uniform, the potential for this to happen with clothing increases. Children may put their parents under pressure to buy them a new wardrobe every season or capitalise on every new trend that sweeps through the school.

With school uniforms, economics is made easier for parents. You know exactly what to buy and when to buy it, and often uniform can be used for more than one school year. School uniforms are robust and designed for longevity. They’ll last much longer than your child’s other clothing, helping you save money by not having to replace them as often.

13. Enjoy weekend style

We should still make some attempt to allow children to express themselves with their clothing. It feels good to wear something we like, helping to build confidence in who we are. After wearing their uniform five days a week, children can develop a greater sense of appreciation for their other clothes that they can wear on weekends and evenings.

At Nord Anglia Education, we strive to create togetherness and belonging among all our students in ways that stretch far beyond the clothes your child wears every day. To find out more about us and our outstanding academic programmes, find a Nord Anglia Education school near you.

Want more of the latest insights into education?  Read our INSIGHTS publication here !

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A Teacher Asked and Students Answered: What Motivates You to Learn?

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Like most teachers, Dani Boepple devotes a lot of mental energy to devising ways to motivate and engage her students .

Motivation is a key part of learning—especially when students take on challenging material that requires more trial and error before the light bulb goes off. But what, precisely, sparks students’ motivation can be elusive , even for the most seasoned educators.

Boepple teaches science at McDonald Middle School in the Dallas metro area, which serves mostly students from low-income families. Over the years, Boepple has honed multiple strategies and tested theories on how best to motivate adolescents to learn about everything from the movement of plants to the human impact on ocean ecosystems.

But to determine which of her tricks are most effective, Boepple recently decided to ask her students—about 150 of them—what they think she does as a teacher that is most motivating to them. Her students agreed on a list of Boepple’s best motivational strategies. Here are four key ones she shared with Education Week.

1. Dive into the data

Top of her students’ list is the deep dive into their achievement data that Boepple does with each of them. The teacher starts the year by going over students’ achievement data from previous years, discussing where they are now academically, and setting goals for where they should be by the middle and end of their school year with her.

“They said that people don’t really talk to them about their scores, they just tell them, Oh, you’re behind,’ but they don’t know what that means,” she said.

Boepple said she nurtures a growth mindset by rewarding students as they reach small goals along the way to those big ones.

2. Use rewards that leave a mark

Rewards—from stickers to pizza parties—are a tried-and-true way to coax students to perform their best.

But Boepple likes using personalized rewards that also acknowledge student success. She has a laser engraver in her classroom and for every big test her students take, if they do well enough on it, they get their name and the name of the test engraved on a wooden plaque. Boepple also decorates the plaques with engravings of stars, plants, or other designs that relate to the test material.

The plaques are displayed on a wall where students take selfies with them to share on social media. At the end of the year, students get to take their plaques home.

Boepple also makes custom “science mastery” stickers for her classes—a less expensive alternative to a laser engraver—that she gives to students when they meet their goals.

“I don’t know why, but 8th graders love stickers. You would think that’s a very elementary thing but it’s not. They love to decorate their Chromebooks and their notebooks,” Boepple said. “Then, if they get a perfect score on the exam, which is hard to do, because my exams are not easy, they get a perfect score sticker. There are a few of those floating around that are very prized.”

3. Build a store stocked with aspiration

Students in Boepple’s school wear uniforms, but they’re allowed to ditch part of their uniforms if they are wearing college or military apparel. To leverage that as a tool for motivating students, Boepple constructed something she calls the “college closet,” turning part of her classroom into a store stocked with shirts and sweatshirts bearing the names of different universities.

Students earn tickets for meeting their academic goals. They then can use those tickets to buy shirts Boepple has found from second-hand stores and through donations.

“If they wear a college shirt, they don’t have to wear a uniform shirt, so that’s the cool thing to do,” Boepple said. “They said that really helps motivate them because they can’t afford to go buy a nice college sweatshirt. They are so grateful, and they wear them every day with pride. And when you ask them, they’ll say, ‘Yeah, I earned this for mastering my test number three,’ or they can tell you how they got the shirt.”

4. Don’t forget the hamster (or millipede)

Class pets are a staple in many K-12 classrooms. In her small, personal zoo that includes a hamster, turtle, snails, and a giant millipede, Boepple saw another opportunity to motivate her students: They can earn time to play with the class pets by finishing their schoolwork correctly on the first try.

“A lot of them have not held a hamster or seen a turtle up close,” Boepple said, so the pets are a special—and highly motivating—treat.

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U.S. created Indian boarding schools to destroy cultures and seize land

The hidden legacy of indian boarding schools in the united states.

From 1819 to 1969, the U.S. government separated Native American children from their families to eradicate their cultures, assimilate them into White society and seize tribal land.

The following nine slides are a summary of u.s. policies to “civilize” native american children. read more of the post’s investigation that reveals decades of sexual abuse by catholic priests at boarding schools., european settlers waged war against native americans for centuries, decimating tribes through violence and spreading disease. by the 1800s, the u.s. government continued to grapple with what it called the “indian problem.”.

American settlers embraced Manifest Destiny — the belief that they had a divine right to seize all of North America. But the Native Americans already inhabiting the land stood in their way. Historians note that pre-Columbus there were several million people in what’s now North America who spoke more than 300 languages. By the start of the 20th century, there were about 200,000 Native Americans left in the United States, and they had lost control of roughly 1 billion acres of land.

Native American land

Reservation land

Land ceded to the U.S.

Unceded land

Source: Invasion of America

George Washington believed that forcing Native Americans to assimilate to White culture would reduce bloodshed and expand the new country’s territory. He wrote a letter to a member of the New York state Senate in 1783, six years before he became the first president of the United States:

The Declaration of Independence , whose primary author was Thomas Jefferson, referred to Native Americans as “merciless Indian Savages.” As the nation’s third president, Jefferson sought to persuade Native Americans to abandon their way of life and, by extension, their land. “Encourage them to abandon hunting, to apply to the raising stock, to agriculture … the extensive forests necessary in the hunting life, will then become useless, & they will see advantage in exchanging them for the means of improving their farms, & of increasing their domestic comforts,” he wrote in a message to Congress in 1803.

Jefferson also wanted to force Native Americans into debt so they would sell their land. In an 1803 letter to William Henry Harrison, who governed what was then the Indiana territory, he wrote:

The government wanted tribal land for settlers and needed to justify taking it. If Native Americans adopted Western ways of education and farming, officials said, they would need less land.

For the U.S. government, forcing a Western education on Native American children was the pathway to what officials called “civilization.” Between 1778 and 1871, some tribes, often after being coerced by the U.S. government, signed more than 300 treaties that promised access to education, hunting and fishing rights, housing, or health care in exchange for their lands.

As the government’s policy shifted from war to assimilation, officials spoke about Native Americans more as inferior dependents than as dangerous enemies. “With the Indian tribes it is our duty to cultivate friendly relations and to act with kindness and liberality in all our transactions. Equally proper is it to persevere in our efforts to extend to them the advantages of civilization,” President James Monroe said in his 1817 inaugural address.

In a letter that same year to Andrew Jackson, then an Army general, Monroe said:

Two years later, Congress passed the Civilization Fund Act, which provided $10,000 annually for the president to “employ capable persons of good moral character to instruct [Native Americans] in the mode of agriculture suited to their situation; and for teaching their children in reading, writing and arithmetic.”

Education, officials realized, would also save the government money. In his 1881 essay “Present Aspects of the Indian Problem,” former Interior secretary Carl Schurz said: “We are told that it costs little less than a million of dollars to kill an Indian in war. It costs about one hundred and fifty dollars a year to educate one.” He concluded that investing in establishing more boarding schools was not only “a philanthropic act, but also the truest and wisest economy.”

Native Americans were forced off their land by the Indian Removal Act, which was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by Jackson, who had been elected president in 1828. The law began the mandated removal of thousands of Native Americans in what is known as the Trail of Tears. Two decades later, the Indian Appropriations Act of 1851 created reservations and pushed Native Americans into increasingly smaller spaces.

Jackson said in his 1833 annual address to Congress:

As Native Americans were forced off their land and onto reservations, the government established day schools for their children. But U.S. leaders concluded they needed to be more aggressive to fully eradicate their cultures.

“The idea was to transform Indian children so they’d have a different set of values,” said Brenda Child, a Native American historian who is Red Lake Ojibwe and whose grandparents were sent to Indian boarding schools. “They’d speak English, be Americanized and not live as their grandparents.”

But since children still lived with their families, officials were concerned that their cultures and languages persisted.

Carl Schurz, the U.S. interior secretary at the time, wrote in 1879:

An 1886 annual report from the Commissioner of Indian Affairs drew a similar conclusion: “Only by complete isolation of the Indian child from his savage antecedents can he be satisfactorily educated.”

U.S. officials ordered Native American children to be removed from their homes and sent to remote boarding schools. As one of the first boarding school founders said, “Kill the Indian in him, and save the man.”

In 1879, the first government-run boarding school located off a reservation opened its doors. Carlisle Indian Industrial School was founded by U.S. Army Lt. Col. Richard Henry Pratt, a Civil War veteran who had fought Native Americans on the Western frontier. Among the first students at Carlisle were the children of Apache prisoners of war who had been captured after their leader Geronimo surrendered to U.S. forces.

“A great general has said that the only good Indian is a dead one,” Pratt said in an 1892 speech delivered at the National Conference of Charities and Correction. “In a sense, I agree with the sentiment, but only in this: that all the Indian there is in the race should be dead. Kill the Indian in him, and save the man.”

Jim Thorpe, a member of the Sac and Fox Nation who later became the first Native American to win an Olympic gold medal for the United States, attended Carlisle in the early 1900s.

Carlisle, and Pratt’s philosophy, became the model for hundreds of other boarding schools that eventually opened across the country. Oklahoma had 95 Indian boarding schools, the most of any state.

The children were banned from speaking any language but English. They were forced to abandon their customs, dress in Western clothing — some in military-style uniforms — and convert to Christianity. Former students recall arriving at school and being sprayed with DDT, whether or not they had lice. Often, children from the same tribe — and even the same family — were split up in an attempt to sever familial bonds. Attendance lists marked children’s “degree of Indian blood” as half or one, meaning half or full.

School and government officials viewed Native Americans’ long hair as a sign of their savageness and cut it off, traumatizing children raised to believe their hair was a source of pride and cultural identity. In a 1902 letter , Commissioner of Indian Affairs William A. Jones wrote that “the wearing of short hair by the males will be a great step in advance and will certainly hasten their progress towards civilization.” He warned that if young men did not keep their hair short after they returned from school, there would be consequences from local officials at home. “Employment, supplies, etc., should be withdrawn until they do comply and if they become obstreperous about the matter a short confinement in the guard-house at hard labor, with shorn hair, should furnish a cure."

Luther Standing Bear, an Oglala Lakota, spent six years at Carlisle Indian Industrial School starting in 1879. He said: “We were to be transformed, and short hair being the mark of gentility with the white man, he put upon us the mark.”

At least 523 Indian boarding schools were established in the United States. Religious groups received federal contracts to operate about a third of them. Families were often coerced by federal agents or priests to send their children.

The government hired missionary groups and churches from Christian denominations including Roman Catholic, Episcopalian, Presbyterian and others to run the schools. The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as the Quakers, also ran about 30 schools. The government paid the schools about $167 per year for each child in attendance, according to an 1886 report to the Interior Department.

The financing of the boarding school system added to the devastation wrought on Native American communities. According to a 1969 Congressional report , “proceeds from the destruction of the Indian land base were to be used to pay the costs of taking Indian children from their homes and placing them in Federal boarding schools.” Land was taken from Native Americans and sold, and those funds were then used to cover the cost of the Indian boarding school system.

Congress passed a law in 1891 authorizing the Commissioner of Indian Affairs to “make and enforce” rules that would secure the attendance of children at the new schools. And more children in the schools meant more money for the people running them.

Federal agents searched homes for children and dragged them out, according to Willard Beatty, director of the Bureau of Indian Affairs education program from 1936 to 1951.

Beatty later wrote about a conversation with Clyde Blair, the former superintendent of Albuquerque Indian School. In a 1961 essay , Beatty wrote of how decades earlier Blair told him how he was involved in “recruiting” Navajo students for his school under “orders from Congress.” If children resisted, Blair told Beatty, they “wrestled them to the ground, tied their legs and their arms,” and put the children in the back of the wagon until they had “gathered in the quota for the day.”

George Horse Capture Jr. of the Aaniiih (Gros Ventre) tribe on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation told Washington Post reporters last summer how his ancestors were required to go to the schools, a story that has been passed down through his family:

To force attendance, Congress passed a law in 1893 allowing government officials to withhold food rations from families who refused to send their children to school.

Some parents still resisted. In 1894, a group of Hopi parents refused to send their children to the Keams Canyon Boarding School in the Arizona territory. Federal troops were called in, and they arrested 19 Hopi leaders, who were then imprisoned at Alcatraz Island for nearly a year.

Physical abuse, disease and malnutrition were widespread in the schools. Many children were sexually abused by the priests, sisters or other members of religious orders charged with their care.

Overcrowding, poor diets and little medical care often meant that tuberculosis, measles and other diseases spread quickly. Children went hungry. They were coerced to work for families in surrounding communities.

Their education was minimal, according to government reports. Children spent half of the day learning basic arithmetic, reading and writing, and the rest of the day working — farming and vocational work for boys; laundry, sewing and cooking for girls.

Corporal punishment was supposed to be allowed only in cases of “grave violations of rules.” It was to be done or supervised by the superintendent, according to the 1890 report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs. But former boarding school students say these limits on punishment were rarely enforced, especially at remote schools.

“It really was a poor school,” said Thresa Lamebull, who was born around 1907 and went to St. Paul Mission and Boarding School in Hays, Mont., as a child. Her interview appeared in a 1982 book, “Recollections of Fort Belknap’s Past.”

Runaways faced beatings or solitary confinement. Many boarding school survivors recalled a common punishment : the “belt line.” A student who’d done wrong would be forced to strip to their underwear and then had to run down a line of classmates who hit them with hot, wet towels that had sharp pins on them.

In addition to the physical mistreatment, children suffered sexual abuse by priests, sisters or the members of religious orders who ran many of the schools.

An examination by The Post found that since the 1890s, at least 122 priests, sisters and brothers who were later accused of sexually abusing children under their care worked at 22 Indian boarding schools. Most of the abuse documented as part of this investigation occurred in the 1950s and 1960s and involved more than 1,000 children. Experts say The Post’s findings are a window into the widespread sexual abuse at Indian boarding schools. But the extent of the abuse was probably far worse, because the lists of accused priests are inconsistent and incomplete, and many survivors have not come forward. Others are aging and in poor health, or, like their abusers, have died.

An unknown number of children died at the Indian boarding schools. Many of them were buried in unmarked graves.

The Interior Department estimated in 2022 that at least 500 children died while at boarding schools, but it said the number could climb to “the thousands or tens of thousands” as its investigation continues.

Parents were often prohibited from visiting the schools. Sometimes, they found out that their children had become ill and died after they’d already been buried at cemeteries on the school’s grounds. By 1891, the Spokane Tribe of Indians in Washington state sent 21 children to boarding schools. Sixteen died, according to Chief Lot, a Spokane chief, who said in an 1891 speech :

After two critical government reports, most of the Indian boarding schools closed. By then, generations of Native Americans had attended. Many children and their families were left deeply scarred.

By 1900, 1 in 5 Native American school-age children attended a boarding school. The U.S. government ran and promoted the schools for decades even as its own reports documented and warned of growing problems.

In 1928, the federal government commissioned Lewis Meriam of the Institute for Government Research, now the Brookings Institution, to report on the schools. The report found that “provisions for the care of Indian children [were] … grossly inadequate.” Noting that “the effort has been made to feed the children on a per capita of 11 cents per day,” the report found that many of the children were “below normal health.”

Children as young as 10 spent four hours a day doing “heavy industrial work,” which the report said would “constitute a violation of child labor laws in most states.” The report noted that discipline was “restrictive,” but it made no mention of sexual abuse.

“On the whole government practices may be said to have operated against the development of wholesome family life,” the report said.

Decades later, a 1969 congressional study, by the Senate Special Subcommittee on Indian Education that was chaired by Edward M. Kennedy (D-Mass.), delivered a searing criticism of the schools — though it did not mention sexual abuse. “They were designed to separate a child from his reservation and family, strip him of his tribal lore and mores, force the complete abandonment of his native language, and prepare him for never again returning to his people,” said the report, titled “Indian Education: A National Tragedy — A National Challenge.”

The report said, “Herein lies the most serious deficiency of the entire boarding school system, for these people are in charge of the children 16 hours a day, 7 days a week, yet they are understaffed, [underprogrammed], undersupervised and overextended.”

Children were academically three years below their grade level, and they cried themselves to sleep at night for weeks upon arriving. The report concluded: “At best the schools are totally unsatisfactory as a substitute for parents and family. At worst they are cruel and barbaric.”

Following the report, which made 60 recommendations to overhaul education, the federal government closed down many of the Indian boarding schools.

Today, there are 574 federally recognized tribes in the United States, and their cultures endure. Native American groups still want an apology for the Indian boarding schools from the president and the pope.

There has been no formal apology from any U.S. president for the mistreatment of Native Americans at boarding schools. In 2010, deep within the Defense Appropriations Act, there was an apology “on behalf of the people of the United States to all Native Peoples for the many instances of violence, maltreatment, and neglect inflicted on Native Peoples by citizens of the United States.” The act was signed by President Barack Obama; however, it made no mention of boarding schools.

According to the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, less than a quarter of the schools remain open today and are very different from the original boarding schools. The schools are now run by tribes or by the federal government’s Bureau of Indian Education. They teach and promote Native American culture and languages, and families can choose whether their children attend.

In 2022, the U.S. Interior Department — led by Deb Haaland, the first Native American to serve as a Cabinet secretary — released its first report on the 150-year period of Indian boarding schools. It concluded that the United States “established this system as part of a broader objective to dispossess Indian Tribes, Alaska Native Villages and the Native Hawaiian Community of their territories to support the expansion of the United States.”

At least 523 Indian boarding schools operated across the United States in the 19th and 20th centuries.

Note: Data as of Aug. 29. Most schools were opened and

operated in the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. According

to the National Native American Boarding School Healing

Coalition, less than a quarter of the schools remain open

today and are now run by tribes or by the federal

government’s Bureau of Indian Education.

Sources: National Native American Boarding School

Healing Coalition, U.S. Department of the Interior

Note: Data as of Aug. 29, 2023. Most schools were opened and operated

in the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. According to the National Native

American Boarding School Healing Coalition, less than a quarter of the

schools remain open today and are now run by tribes or by the federal

Sources: National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition,

U.S. Department of the Interior

Note: Data as of Aug. 29, 2023. Most schools were opened and operated in the late 19th to mid-20th centuries. According to

the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, less than a quarter of the schools remain open today and

are now run by tribes or by the federal government’s Bureau of Indian Education.

Sources: National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, U.S. Department of the Interior

In Canada, the U.S. boarding schools were an “inspiration,” according to a Canadian report, for a similar, much smaller network of schools. There, the government has taken steps to account for the abuse and neglect, apologized and paid billions in compensation. In 2022, Pope Francis apologized for the role of the Catholic Church in the Canadian schools.

Advocates want to see a similar reckoning in the United States.

Deborah Parker, chief executive of the National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition, said:

About this story

First photo: Sioux children are seen before entering Hampton Institute in Virginia in 1897. Native American children — some as young as 5 — were forcibly removed from their homes and sent hundreds of miles to Indian boarding schools. (Library of Congress)

This story is part of a series examining the legacy of America’s network of Indian boarding schools. Do you have a tip or story idea for our investigation? Email our team at [email protected] .

Reporting by Dana Hedgpeth and Sari Horwitz .

Additional reporting by Emmanuel Martinez and Nate Jones .

Design by Natalie Vineberg . Development by Jake Crump . Graphics by Janice Kai Chen . Video by Alice Li .

Editing by Jenna P iro g , Sarah Childress, David S. Fallis and Wendy Galietta . Additional editing by Jay Wang and Courtney Kan .

Design editing by Madison Walls . Photo editing by Robert Miller and Troy Witcher . Graphic editing by Emily M. Eng . Video editing by Nicki DeMarco .

Additional support from Cameron Barr, Kathy Baird, Matthew Callahan , Brandon Carter , Matt Clough , Maddie Driggers, Salwan Georges , Stephanie Hays , Scott Higham, Angela Hill, Jeff Leen, Jenna Lief, Jordan Melendrez, Martha Murdock, Sarah Murray, Amy Nakamura, Kyley Schultz , Erica Snow and Peter Wallsten .

“Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875-1928,” David Wallace Adams.

“Boarding School Blues: Revisiting American Indian Educational Experiences,” edited and with an introduction by Clifford E. Trafzer, Jean A. Keller and Lorene Sisquoc.

“Boarding School Seasons: American Indian Families 1900-1940,” Brenda J. Child.

“American Indian Education: A History,” second edition, Jon Reyhner and Jeanne Eder.

“The Spokane Indians: Children of the Sun,” Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown.

“American Indian Children at School 1850-1930,” Michael C. Coleman.

“Recollections of Fort Belknap’s Past,” Morris “Davy” Belgard, 1982.

U.S. Interior Department’s Federal Indian Boarding School Initiative Investigative Report , 2022.

National Native American Boarding School Healing Coalition .

“Away From Home: American Indian Boarding Schools Stories,” Heard Museum , Phoenix.

“The Old Chief’s Appeal: Eloquent and Convincing Address by the Venerable Chief of the Spokanes,” Spokane (Wash.) Daily Chronicle, Oct. 12, 1891 .

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Dallas School District Dress Code: Balancing Act

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