Synonyms of found

  • as in to establish
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Thesaurus Definition of found

Synonyms & Similar Words

  • manufacture
  • systematize
  • reinstitute

Antonyms & Near Antonyms

  • close (down)
  • round (off or out)

Thesaurus Entries Near found

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“Found.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/found. Accessed 28 Jun. 2024.

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Synonyms and antonyms of found in English

  • TO CREATE AND OPERATE A BUSINESS, ORGANIZATION, ETC.

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at the coalface

doing the work involved in a job, in real working conditions, rather than planning or talking about it

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  • 40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays

other words for found in an essay

To be truly brilliant, an essay needs to utilise the right language. You could make a great point, but if it’s not intelligently articulated, you almost needn’t have bothered.

Developing the language skills to build an argument and to write persuasively is crucial if you’re to write outstanding essays every time. In this article, we’re going to equip you with the words and phrases you need to write a top-notch essay, along with examples of how to utilise them.

It’s by no means an exhaustive list, and there will often be other ways of using the words and phrases we describe that we won’t have room to include, but there should be more than enough below to help you make an instant improvement to your essay-writing skills.

If you’re interested in developing your language and persuasive skills, Oxford Royale offers summer courses at its Oxford Summer School , Cambridge Summer School , London Summer School , San Francisco Summer School and Yale Summer School . You can study courses to learn english , prepare for careers in law , medicine , business , engineering and leadership.

General explaining

Let’s start by looking at language for general explanations of complex points.

1. In order to

Usage: “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument. Example: “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.”

2. In other words

Usage: Use “in other words” when you want to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point. Example: “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”

3. To put it another way

Usage: This phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance. Example: “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.”

4. That is to say

Usage: “That is” and “that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example: “Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”

5. To that end

Usage: Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”. Example: “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their possible meanings.”

Adding additional information to support a point

Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer ways of doing this.

6. Moreover

Usage: Employ “moreover” at the start of a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making. Example: “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…”

7. Furthermore

Usage:This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information. Example: “Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…”

8. What’s more

Usage: This is used in the same way as “moreover” and “furthermore”. Example: “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.”

9. Likewise

Usage: Use “likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned. Example: “Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of view.”

10. Similarly

Usage: Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”. Example: “Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.”

11. Another key thing to remember

Usage: Use the phrase “another key point to remember” or “another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts without using the word “also”. Example: “As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.”

12. As well as

Usage: Use “as well as” instead of “also” or “and”. Example: “Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.”

13. Not only… but also

Usage: This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information. Example: “Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.”

14. Coupled with

Usage: Used when considering two or more arguments at a time. Example: “Coupled with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…”

15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…

Usage: This can be used to structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other. Example: “There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z.

16. Not to mention/to say nothing of

Usage: “Not to mention” and “to say nothing of” can be used to add extra information with a bit of emphasis. Example: “The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to mention its impact on the country’s economy.”

Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast

When you’re developing an argument, you will often need to present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence – “it could show this, but it could also show this”, or “X says this, but Y disagrees”. This section covers words you can use instead of the “but” in these examples, to make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting.

17. However

Usage: Use “however” to introduce a point that disagrees with what you’ve just said. Example: “Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.”

18. On the other hand

Usage: Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion. Example: “The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.”

19. Having said that

Usage: Used in a similar manner to “on the other hand” or “but”. Example: “The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests that this version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the archaeology tells a different story.”

20. By contrast/in comparison

Usage: Use “by contrast” or “in comparison” when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence. Example: “Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.”

21. Then again

Usage: Use this to cast doubt on an assertion. Example: “Writer A asserts that this was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was being paid to say this.”

22. That said

Usage: This is used in the same way as “then again”. Example: “The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the evidence is unreliable at best.”

Usage: Use this when you want to introduce a contrasting idea. Example: “Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation.”

Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations

Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a shortfalling in a piece of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are some ways of doing so.

24. Despite this

Usage: Use “despite this” or “in spite of this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of a shortfalling in the evidence. Example: “The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.”

25. With this in mind

Usage: Use this when you want your reader to consider a point in the knowledge of something else. Example: “We’ve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a more recent study to see how the results compare.”

26. Provided that

Usage: This means “on condition that”. You can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing. Example: “We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.”

27. In view of/in light of

Usage: These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else. Example: “In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…”

28. Nonetheless

Usage: This is similar to “despite this”. Example: “The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its day.”

29. Nevertheless

Usage: This is the same as “nonetheless”. Example: “The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.”

30. Notwithstanding

Usage: This is another way of saying “nonetheless”. Example: “Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important study in the development of how we view the workings of the human mind.”

Giving examples

Good essays always back up points with examples, but it’s going to get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time. Here are a couple of other ways of saying the same thing.

31. For instance

Example: “Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south…”

32. To give an illustration

Example: “To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of…”

Signifying importance

When you want to demonstrate that a point is particularly important, there are several ways of highlighting it as such.

33. Significantly

Usage: Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent. Example: “Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius’ accounts of the same period.”

34. Notably

Usage: This can be used to mean “significantly” (as above), and it can also be used interchangeably with “in particular” (the example below demonstrates the first of these ways of using it). Example: “Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.”

35. Importantly

Usage: Use “importantly” interchangeably with “significantly”. Example: “Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.”

Summarising

You’ve almost made it to the end of the essay, but your work isn’t over yet. You need to end by wrapping up everything you’ve talked about, showing that you’ve considered the arguments on both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Here are some words and phrases to help you.

36. In conclusion

Usage: Typically used to introduce the concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay, summarising what you’ve discussed in a broad overview. Example: “In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.”

37. Above all

Usage: Used to signify what you believe to be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the essay. Example: “Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that…”

38. Persuasive

Usage: This is a useful word to use when summarising which argument you find most convincing. Example: “Scholar A’s point – that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial gain – seems to me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following Mozart’s death.”

39. Compelling

Usage: Use in the same way as “persuasive” above. Example: “The most compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.”

40. All things considered

Usage: This means “taking everything into account”. Example: “All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…”

How many of these words and phrases will you get into your next essay? And are any of your favourite essay terms missing from our list? Let us know in the comments below, or get in touch here to find out more about courses that can help you with your essays.

At Oxford Royale Academy, we offer a number of  summer school courses for young people who are keen to improve their essay writing skills. Click here to apply for one of our courses today, including law , business , medicine  and engineering .

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39 Different Ways to Say ‘In Conclusion’ in an Essay (Rated)

39 Different Ways to Say ‘In Conclusion’ in an Essay (Rated)

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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essay conclusion examples and definition, explained below

The phrase “In conclusion …” sounds reductive, simple and … well, just basic.

You can find better words to conclude an essay than that!

So below I’ve outlined a list of different ways to say in conclusion in an essay using a range of analysis verbs . Each one comes with an explanation of the best time to use each phrase and an example you could consider.

Read Also: How to Write a Conclusion using the 5C’s Method

List of Ways to Say ‘In Conclusion’ in an Essay

The following are the best tips I have for to say in conclusion in an essay.

1. The Weight of the Evidence Suggests…

My Rating: 10/10

Overview: This is a good concluding phrase for an evaluative essay where you need to compare two different positions on a topic then conclude by saying which one has more evidence behind it than the other.

You could also use this phrase for argumentative essays where you’ve put forward all the evidence for your particular case.

Example: “The weight of the evidence suggests that climate change is a real phenomenon.”

2. A Thoughtful Analysis would Conclude…

My Rating: 9/10

Overview: I would use this phrase in either an argumentative essay or a comparison essay. As an argument, it highlights that you think your position is the most logical.

In a comparison essay, it shows that you have (or have intended to) thoughtfully explore the issue by looking at both sides.

Example: “A thoughtful analysis would conclude that there is substantial evidence highlighting that climate change is real.”

Related Article: 17+ Great Ideas For An Essay About Yourself

3. A Balanced Assessment of the Above Information…

Overview: This phrase can be used to show that you have made a thoughtful analysis of the information you found when researching the essay. You’re telling your teacher with this phrase that you have looked at all sides of the argument before coming to your conclusion.

Example: “A balanced assessment of the above information would be that climate change exists and will have a strong impact on the world for centuries to come.”

4. Across the Board…

My Rating: 5/10

Overview: I would use this phrase in a less formal context such as in a creative discussion but would leave it out of a formal third-person essay. To me, the phrase comes across as too colloquial.

Example: “Across the board, there are scientists around the world who consistently provide evidence for human-induced climate change.”

5. Logically…

My Rating: 7/10

Overview: This phrase can be used at the beginning of any paragraph that states out a series of facts that will be backed by clear step-by-step explanations that the reader should be able to follow to a conclusion.

Example: “Logically, the rise of the automobile would speed up economic expansion in the United States. Automobiles allowed goods to flow faster around the economy.

6. After all is Said and Done…

Overview: This is a colloquial term that is more useful in a speech than written text. If you feel that the phrase ‘In conclusion,’ is too basic, then I’d also avoid this term. However, use in speech is common, so if you’re giving a speech, it may be more acceptable.

Example: “After all is said and done, it’s clear that there is more evidence to suggest that climate change is real than a hoax.”

7. All in All…

Overview: ‘All in all’ is a colloquial term that I would use in speech but not in formal academic writing. Colloquialisms can show that you have poor command of the English language. However, I would consider using this phrase in the conclusion of a debate.

Example: “All in all, our debate team has shown that there is insurmountable evidence that our side of the argument is correct.”

8. All Things Considered…

My Rating: 6/10

Overview: This term is a good way of saying ‘I have considered everything above and now my conclusion is..’ However, it is another term that’s more commonly used in speech than writing. Use it in a high school debate, but when it comes to a formal essay, I would leave it out.

Example: “All things considered, there’s no doubt in my mind that climate change is man-made.”

9. As a Final Note…

My Rating: 3/10

Overview: This phrase gives me the impression that the student doesn’t understand the point of a conclusion. It’s not to simply make a ‘final note’, but to summarize and reiterate. So, I would personally avoid this one.

Example: “As a final note, I would say that I do think the automobile was one of the greatest inventions of the 20 th Century.”

10. As Already Stated…

My Rating: 2/10

Overview: I don’t like this phrase. It gives teachers the impression that you’re going around in circles and haven’t organized your essay properly. I would particularly avoid it in the body of an essay because I always think: “If you already stated it, why are you stating it again?” Of course, the conclusion does re-state things, but it also adds value because it also summarizes them. So, add value by using a phrase such as ‘summarizing’ or ‘weighing up’ in your conclusion instead.

Example: “As already stated, I’m going to repeat myself and annoy my teacher.”

11. At present, the Best Evidence Suggests…

My Rating: 8/10

Overview: In essays where the evidence may change in the future. Most fields of study do involve some evolution over time, so this phrase acknowledges that “right now” the best evidence is one thing, but it may change in the future. It also shows that you’ve looked at the latest information on the topic.

Example: “At present, the best evidence suggests that carbon dioxide emissions from power plants is the greatest influence on climate change.”

12. At the Core of the Issue…

Overview: I personally find this phrase to be useful for most essays. It highlights that you are able to identify the most important or central point from everything you have examined. It is slightly less formal than some other phrases on this list, but I also wouldn’t consider it too colloquial for an undergraduate essay.

Example: “At the core of the issue in this essay is the fact scientists have been unable to convince the broader public of the importance of action on climate change.”

13. Despite the shortcomings of…

Overview: This phrase can be useful in an argumentative essay. It shows that there are some limitations to your argument, but , on balance you still think your position is the best. This will allow you to show critical insight and knowledge while coming to your conclusion.

Often, my students make the mistake of thinking they can only take one side in an argumentative essay. On the contrary, you should be able to highlight the limitations of your point-of-view while also stating that it’s the best.

Example: “Despite the shortcomings of globalization, this essay has found that on balance it has been good for many areas in both the developed and developing world.”

14. Finally…

My Rating: 4/10

Overview: While the phrase ‘Finally,’ does indicate that you’re coming to the end of your discussion, it is usually used at the end of a list of ideas rather than in a conclusion. It also implies that you’re adding a point rather that summing up previous points you have made.

Example: “Finally, this essay has highlighted the importance of communication between policy makers and practitioners in order to ensure good policy is put into effect.”

15. Gathering the above points together…

Overview: While this is not a phrase I personally use very often, I do believe it has the effect of indicating that you are “summing up”, which is what you want out of a conclusion.

Example: “Gathering the above points together, it is clear that the weight of evidence highlights the importance of action on climate change.”

16. Given the above information…

Overview: This phrase shows that you are considering the information in the body of the piece when coming to your conclusion. Therefore, I believe it is appropriate for starting a conclusion.

Example: “Given the above information, it is reasonable to conclude that the World Health Organization is an appropriate vehicle for achieving improved health outcomes in the developing world.”

17. In a nutshell…

Overview: This phrase means to say everything in the fewest possible words. However, it is a colloquial phrase that is best used in speech rather than formal academic writing.

Example: “In a nutshell, there are valid arguments on both sides of the debate about socialism vs capitalism.”

18. In closing…

Overview: This phrase is an appropriate synonym for ‘In conclusion’ and I would be perfectly fine with a student using this phrase in their essay. Make sure you follow-up by explaining your position based upon the weight of evidence presented in the body of your piece

Example: “In closing, there is ample evidence to suggest that liberalism has been the greatest force for progress in the past 100 years.”

19. In essence…

Overview: While the phrase ‘In essence’ does suggest you are about to sum up the core findings of your discussion, it is somewhat colloquial and is best left for speech rather than formal academic writing.

Example: “In essence, this essay has shown that cattle farming is an industry that should be protected as an essential service for our country.”

20. In review…

Overview: We usually review someone else’s work, not our own. For example, you could review a book that you read or a film you watched. So, writing “In review” as a replacement for “In conclusion” comes across a little awkward.

Example: “In review, the above information has made a compelling case for compulsory military service in the United States.”

21. In short…

Overview: Personally, I find that this phrase is used more regularly by undergraduate student. As students get more confident with their writing, they tend to use higher-rated phrases from this list. Nevertheless, I would not take grades away from a student for using this phrase.

Example: “In short, this essay has shown the importance of sustainable agriculture for securing a healthy future for our nation.”

22. In Sum…

Overview: Short for “In summary”, the phrase “In sum” sufficiently shows that you are not coming to the moment where you will sum up the essay. It is an appropriate phrase to use instead of “In conclusion”.

But remember to not just summarize but also discuss the implications of your findings in your conclusion.

Example: “In sum, this essay has shown the importance of managers in ensuring efficient operation of medium-to-large enterprises.”

23. In Summary…

Overview: In summary and in sum are the same terms which can be supplemented for “In conclusion”. You will show that you are about to summarize the points you said in the body of the essay, which is what you want from an essay.

Example: “In summary, reflection is a very important metacognitive skill that all teachers need to master in order to improve their pedagogical skills.”

24. It cannot be conclusively stated that…

Overview: While this phrase is not always be a good fit for your essay, when it is, it does show knowledge and skill in writing. You would use this phrase if you are writing an expository essay where you have decided that there is not enough evidence currently to make a firm conclusion on the issue.

Example: “It cannot be conclusively stated that the Big Bang was when the universe began. However, it is the best theory so far, and none of the other theories explored in this essay have as much evidence behind them.”

25. It is apparent that…

Overview: The term ‘ apparent ’ means that something is ‘clear’ or even ‘obvious’. So, you would use this word in an argumentative essay where you think you have put forward a very compelling argument.

Example: “It is apparent that current migration patterns in the Americas are unsustainable and causing significant harm to the most vulnerable people in our society.”

26. Last but not least…

Overview: The phrase “last but not least” is a colloquial idiom that is best used in speech rather than formal academic writing. Furthermore, when you are saying ‘last’, you mean to say you’re making your last point rather than summing up all your points you already made. So, I’d avoid this one.

Example: “Last but not least, this essay has highlighted the importance of empowering patients to exercise choice over their own medical decisions.”

27. Overall…

My Rating: 7.5/10

Overview: This phrase means ‘taking everything into account’, which sounds a lot like what you would want to do in an essay. I don’t consider it to be a top-tier choice (which is why I rated it 7), but in my opinion it is perfectly acceptable to use in an undergraduate essay.

Example: “Overall, religious liberty continues to be threatened across the world, and faces significant threats in the 21 st Century.”

28. The above points illustrate…

Overview: This phrase is a good start to a conclusion paragraph that talks about the implications of the points you made in your essay. Follow it up with a statement that defends your thesis you are putting forward in the essay.

Example: “The above points illustrate that art has had an overwhelmingly positive impact on humanity since the renaissance.”

29. The evidence presented in this essay suggests that…

Overview: I like this phrase because it highlights that you are about to gather together the evidence from the body of the essay to put forward a final thesis statement .

Example: “The evidence presented in this essay suggests that the democratic system of government is the best for securing maximum individual liberty for citizens of a nation.”

30. This essay began by stating…

Overview: This phrase is one that I teach in my YouTube mini-course as an effective one to use in an essay conclusion. If you presented an interesting fact in your introduction , you can return to that point from the beginning of the essay to provide nice symmetry in your writing.

Example: “This essay began by stating that corruption has been growing in the Western world. However, the facts collected in the body of the essay show that institutional checks and balances can sufficiently minimize this corruption in the long-term.”

31. This essay has argued…

Overview: This term can be used effectively in an argumentative essay to provide a summary of your key points. Follow it up with an outline of all your key points, and then a sentence about the implications of the points you made. See the example below.

Example: “This essay has argued that standardized tests are damaging for students’ mental health. Tests like the SATs should therefore be replaced by project-based testing in schools.”

32. To close…

Overview: This is a very literal way of saying “In conclusion”. While it’s suitable and serves its purpose, it does come across as being a sophomoric term. Consider using one of the higher-rated phrases in this list.

Example: “To close, this essay has highlighted both the pros and cons of relational dialectics theory and argued that it is not the best communication theory for the 21 st Century.”

33. To Conclude…

Overview: Like ‘to close’ and ‘in summary’, the phrase ‘to conclude’ is very similar to ‘in conclusion’. It can therefore be used as a sufficient replacement for that term. However, as with the above terms, it’s just okay and you could probably find a better phrase to use.

Example: “To conclude, this essay has highlighted that there are multiple models of communication but there is no one perfect theory to explain each situation.”

34. To make a long story short…

My Rating: 1/10

Overview: This is not a good phrase to use in an academic essay. It is a colloquialism. It also implies that you have been rambling in your writing and you could have said everything more efficiently. I would personally not use this phrase.

Example: “To make a long story short, I don’t have very good command of academic language.”

35. To Sum up…

Overview: This phrase is the same as ‘In summary’. It shows that you have made all of your points and now you’re about to bring them all together in a ‘summary’. Just remember in your conclusion that you need to do more than summarize but also talk about the implications of your findings. So you’ll need to go beyond just a summary.

Example: “In summary, there is ample evidence that linear models of communication like Lasswell’s model are not as good at explaining 21 st Century communication as circular models like the Osgood-Schramm model .”

36. Ultimately…

Overview: While this phrase does say that you are coming to a final point – also known as a conclusion – it’s also a very strong statement that might not be best to use in all situations. I usually accept this phrase from my undergraduates, but for my postgraduates I’d probably suggest simply removing it.

Example: “Ultimately, new media has been bad for the world because it has led to the spread of mistruths around the internet.”

37. Undoubtedly…

Overview: If you are using it in a debate or argumentative essay, it can be helpful. However, in a regular academic essay, I would avoid it. We call this a ‘booster’, which is a term that emphasizes certainty. Unfortunately, certainty is a difficult thing to claim, so you’re better off ‘hedging’ with phrases like ‘It appears’ or ‘The best evidence suggests’.

Example: “Undoubtedly, I know everything about this topic and am one hundred percent certain even though I’m just an undergraduate student.”

38. Weighing up the facts, this essay finds…

Overview: This statement highlights that you are looking at all of the facts both for and against your points of view. It shows you’re not just blindly following one argument but being careful about seeing things from many perspectives.

Example: “Weighing up the facts, this essay finds that reading books is important for developing critical thinking skills in childhood.”

39. With that said…

Overview: This is another phrase that I would avoid. This is a colloquialism that’s best used in speech rather than writing. It is another term that feels sophomoric and is best to avoid. Instead, use a more formal term such as: ‘Weighing up the above points, this essay finds…’

Example: “With that said, this essay disagrees with the statement that you need to go to college to get a good job.”

Do you Need to Say Anything?

Something I often tell my students is: “Can you just remove that phrase?”

Consider this sentence:

  • “In conclusion, the majority of scientists concur that climate change exists.”

Would it be possible to simply say:

  • “ In conclusion, The majority of scientists concur that climate change exists.”

So, I’d recommend also just considering removing that phrase altogether! Sometimes the best writing is the shortest, simplest writing that gets to the point without any redundant language at all.

How to Write an Effective Conclusion

Before I go, I’d like to bring your attention to my video on ‘how to write an effective conclusion’. I think it would really help you out given that you’re looking for help on how to write a conclusion. It’s under 5 minutes long and has helped literally thousands of students write better conclusions for their essays:

You can also check out these conclusion examples for some copy-and-paste conclusions for your own essay.

In Conclusion…

Well, I had to begin this conclusion with ‘In conclusion…’ I liked the irony in it, and I couldn’t pass up that chance.

Overall, don’t forget that concluding an essay is a way to powerfully summarize what you’ve had to say and leave the reader with a strong impression that you’ve become an authority on the topic you’re researching. 

So, whether you write it as a conclusion, summary, or any other synonym for conclusion, those other ways to say in conclusion are less important than making sure that the message in your conclusion is incredibly strong.

Chris

  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 101 Class Group Name Ideas (for School Students)
  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 19 Top Cognitive Psychology Theories (Explained)
  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ 119 Bloom’s Taxonomy Examples
  • Chris Drew (PhD) https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/chris-drew-phd/ All 6 Levels of Understanding (on Bloom’s Taxonomy)

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10 Other Ways to Say “for Example” in An Essay (with Examples)

Writing a well-structured and engaging essay requires more than just presenting information—it’s about guiding your reader through your thoughts and ideas with smooth transitions and clear illustrations . One phrase that often gets overused is “for example,” which can make your writing feel repetitive and dull to read .

Fortunately, the English language offers a wealth of alternative transition phrases that can add variety and sophistication to your essays. In this blog post, we’ll explore other ways to say “for example” in an essay with usage examples to help you seamlessly incorporate these phrases into your writing.

Whether you’re a student crafting a research paper or a professional putting together a persuasive essay, mastering these transitional phrases will elevate your writing style and keep your readers engaged from start to finish .

Get ready to bid farewell to the monotony of “for example” and discover a world of fresh, expressive alternatives .

What to Say Instead of “For Example” in An Essay

Here are 10 other ways to say “for example” in an essay:

  • For instance
  • To illustrate
  • As an illustration
  • Specifically
  • In particular
  • To give an example
  • Take the case of
  • Consider the following

1. For instance

The phrase “for instance” is a casual yet clear way to introduce an example that supports your point. It’s like saying, “Here’s a clear example that illustrates what I’m talking about.”

This expression is handy because it seamlessly integrates examples into your narrative without feeling forced or out of place.

It works well in both spoken and written language, offering a smooth transition to your example.

Usage examples:

  • I’m proud of your dedication to volunteering, for instance , your weekly commitment to the animal shelter shows your compassion and resilience.
  • Your recent project was outstanding, for instance , the innovative design you came up with was both practical and creative.

2. To illustrate

“To illustrate” is a more formal way to introduce an example. It’s as if you’re saying, “Let me paint you a picture to make my point clearer.”

This phrase is particularly useful in academic or professional settings where clarity and depth of explanation are paramount.

It sets the stage for an example that will shed light on the subject matter in a more detailed and vivid manner.

  • Your leadership skills have grown remarkably, to illustrate , your handling of the last team project brought out the best in everyone involved.
  • You’ve made significant improvements in your communication skills, to illustrate , your recent presentation was both engaging and informative.

3. As an illustration

“As an illustration” is akin to “to illustrate” but often introduces a more detailed or complex example.

This phrase suggests that the upcoming example will serve as a clear, almost pictorial representation of the point being discussed.

It’s particularly useful when the example is not just a fact but a scenario that embodies the point.

  • Your creativity knows no bounds, as an illustration , your art project not only won the competition but also sparked a community-wide conversation about environmental conservation.
  • Your problem-solving skills are exceptional, as an illustration , the way you navigated the challenges during the software update was both innovative and efficient.

“Such as” is a simple and effective way to introduce examples without making a big shift from your main point.

It’s like casually dropping examples into the conversation or text, making it clear that these are direct instances of what you’re discussing. This expression is versatile and fits well in both formal and informal contexts.

  • I am impressed by your academic achievements, such as your recent scholarship award and your publication in the student journal.
  • Your kindness and empathy towards others are truly commendable, such as when you helped your classmate understand a complex math problem.

“Namely” is a way to specify or name examples explicitly. It’s like saying, “I’m going to pinpoint exactly what I mean.”

This expression is useful when you want to be very clear and direct about the examples you’re providing, often following a more general statement with specific, illustrative instances.

  • Your contributions to the team have been invaluable, namely , your initiative in leading the community outreach program has made a significant impact.
  • You have a talent for writing, namely , your essays and stories have not only received high praise from your teachers but have also been published in the school newsletter.

6. Specifically

“Specifically” is used to highlight a particular example with precision and focus.

It tells the reader or listener that you are about to provide a distinct, clear-cut instance that underscores your point.

This term is especially useful when narrowing down from a broad category to a singular, notable example, ensuring that your audience understands exactly which aspect or item you’re referring to.

  • Your athletic achievements are truly impressive, specifically , your record-breaking performance at the state championship was a moment of pride for the entire school.
  • Your ability to connect with clients is remarkable, specifically , the way you handled the Jones account showed great sensitivity and professionalism.

7. In particular

“In particular” signals that you are singling out an example that is especially noteworthy or relevant among others.

It’s a way of focusing the spotlight on a specific instance, suggesting that while there may be many examples, the one you’re about to mention stands out for some reason.

This expression is useful for drawing attention to a particularly strong or important point.

  • You have shown a lot of growth in many areas, in particular , your leadership during the community service project was inspiring to everyone involved.
  • Your artistic talents are diverse, in particular , your work in digital art has opened up new avenues for exploration and expression in our art class.

8. To give an example

“To give an example” is a straightforward and clear way to introduce an example. It’s like directly saying, “Let me show you what I mean by providing a specific instance.”

This expression is versatile and can be used in both formal and informal contexts, providing a clear signal to the audience that an illustrative example is coming up.

  • You’ve been doing an excellent job with your studies, to give an example , your recent project on renewable energy was not only well-researched but also presented with great clarity.
  • Your commitment to improving your skills is commendable, to give an example , the extra hours you’ve been putting into practice have paid off in your piano recitals.

9. Take the case of

“Take the case of” invites the audience to consider a specific example as a representative case or scenario.

It’s a more narrative way of introducing an example, almost as if you’re telling a story or presenting a case study.

This expression is particularly effective when the example is a bit more involved or when you want to draw the audience into a more detailed examination of the instance.

  • Your dedication to helping others is truly admirable, take the case of the time you organized a fundraiser for the local animal shelter, demonstrating your ability to lead and inspire others for a good cause.
  • Your innovative thinking has led to many improvements, take the case of the new filing system you developed, which has greatly increased efficiency in the office.

10. Consider the following

“Consider the following” is a formal and somewhat scholarly way to introduce an example or a series of examples. It’s like inviting the audience to pause and reflect on a specific instance or set of instances that you’re about to present.

This expression is particularly useful in academic writing or presentations where a deeper level of consideration and analysis is expected.

  • Your grasp of complex scientific concepts is outstanding, consider the following example: your science fair project on sustainable energy solutions not only showcased your deep understanding but also your ability to apply knowledge in practical ways.
  • Your contributions to our team are numerous and valuable, consider the following example: the mentoring program you initiated for new hires has significantly improved their onboarding experience and overall job satisfaction.

Using varied transition phrases like these can make your writing more engaging and prevent overuse of the phrase “for example.” They signal to the reader that you are providing a specific instance or evidence to support your point.

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List of 50 "In Conclusion" Synonyms—Write Better with ProWritingAid

Alex Simmonds

Alex Simmonds

Cover image for in conclusion article

Table of Contents

Why is it wrong to use "in conclusion" when writing a conclusion, what can i use instead of "in conclusion" for an essay, what are some synonyms for "in conclusion" in formal writing, what are some synonyms for "in conclusion" in informal writing, what is another word for "in conclusion", what should a conclusion do in an article or paper.

The final paragraphs of any paper can be extremely difficult to get right, and yet they are probably the most important. They offer you a chance to summarize the points you have made into a neat package and leave a good impression on the reader.

Many people choose to start the last paragraph with the phrase in conclusion , but this has its downsides.

Firstly, you should only use it once. Any more than that and your essay will sound horribly repetitive. Secondly, there is the question of whether you should even use the phrase at all?

Image showing synonyms for in conclusion

Though it’s okay to use in conclusion in a speech or presentation, when writing an essay it comes across as stating the obvious. The phrase will come across as a bit unnecessary or "on the nose."

Its use in an essay is clichéd, and there are far cleaner and more elegant ways of indicating that you are going to be concluding the paper. Using in conclusion might even irritate and alienate your audience or readers.

Thankfully, there are hundreds of synonyms available in the English language which do a much better (and much more subtle) job of drawing a piece of writing to a close.

The key is to choose ones which suit the tone of the paper. Here we will look at both formal options for an essay or academic paper, and informal options for light-hearted, low key writing, or speeches.

Image showing as has been demonstrated in a sentence

If you are writing an academic essay, a white paper, a business paper, or any other formal text, you will want to use formal transitional expressions that successfully work as synonyms for in conclusion .

The following are some suggestions you could use:

As has been demonstrated

A simple way of concluding all your points and summarizing everything you have said is to confidently state that those points have convincingly proven your case:

As the research has demonstrated , kids really do love chocolate.

As all the above points have demonstrated , Dan Brown really was the most technically gifted writer of the 20th Century.

As has been demonstrated in this paper , the side-effects of the vaccine are mild in comparison to the consequences of the virus.

As has been shown

This is another way of saying as has been demonstrated , but perhaps less scientific and more literary. As has been shown would work well in literature, history, or philosophy essays.

For example:

As has been shown above , the First World War and industrialization were the drivers for a new way of seeing the world, reflected in Pound’s poetry.

In the final analysis

This is a great expression to use in your conclusion, since it’s almost as blunt as in conclusion , but is a more refined and far less clichéd way of starting the concluding paragraph.

Once you have finished your argument and started drawing things to a close, using in the final analysis allows you to tail nicely into your last summation.

In the final analysis , there can be little doubt that Transformers: Dark of the Moon represents a low point in the history of cinema.

Image showing final analysis as a substitute for in conclusion

Along with let’s review , this is short and blunt way of announcing that you intend to recap the points you have made so far, rather than actually drawing a conclusion.

It definitely works best when presenting or reading out a speech, but less well in an essay or paper.

However, it does work effectively in a scientific paper or if you wish to recap a long train of thought, argument, or sequence before getting to the final concluding lines.

To review , of the two groups of senior citizens, one was given a placebo and the other a large dose of amphetamines.

Image showing phrases to use instead of in conclusion

Another phrase you could consider is in closing . This is probably better when speaking or presenting because of how double-edged it is. It still has an in conclusion element to it, but arguably it could also work well when drawing an academic or scientific paper to a conclusion.

For example, it is particularly useful in scientific or business papers where you want to sum up your points, and then even have a call to action:

In closing then, it is clear that as a society, we all need to carefully monitor our consumption of gummy bears.

Or in an academic paper, it offers a slightly less blunt way to begin a paragraph:

In closing , how do we tie all these different elements of Ballard’s writing together?

Perhaps the most similar expression to in conclusion is in summary . In summary offers a clear indication to the reader that you are going to restate the main points of your paper and draw a conclusion from those points:

In summary , Existentialism is the only philosophy that has any real validity in the 21st century.

In summary , we believe that by switching to a subscription model...

On top of those previously mentioned, here are some other phrases that you can use as an alternative to in conclusion :

To summarize

Overall, it may be said

Taking everything into account

On the whole

In general, it can be said that

With this in mind

Considering all this

Everything considered

As a final observation

Considering all of the facts

For the most part

In light of these facts

When it comes to finishing up a speech, a light-hearted paper, blog post, or magazine article, there are a couple of informal phrases you can use rather than in conclusion :

In a nutshell

The phrase in a nutshell is extremely informal and can be used both in speech and in writing. However, it should never be used in academic or formal writing.

It could probably be used in informal business presentations, to let the audience know that you are summing up in a light-hearted manner:

In a nutshell , our new formula Pro Jazzinol shampoo does the same as our old shampoo, but we get to charge 20% more for it!

You can also use it if you want to get straight to the point at the end of a speech or article, without any fluff:

In a nutshell , our new SocialShocka app does what it says on the tin—gives you an electric shock every time you try to access your social media!

At the end of the day

This is a pretty useful expression if you want to informally conclude an argument, having made all your points. It basically means in the final reckoning or the main thing to consider is , but said in a more conversational manner:

At the end of the day , he will never make the national team, but will make a good living as a professional.

At the end of the day , the former President was never destined to unite the country…

Image showing a wedding toast

Long story short

Another informal option when replacing in conclusion is to opt for to make a long story short —sometimes shortened to long story short .

Again, this is not one you would use when writing an academic or formal paper, as it is much too conversational. It’s a phrase that is far better suited to telling a joke or story to your friends:

Long story short , Billy has only gone and started his own religion!

Would you ever use it in writing? Probably not, except for at the end of friendly, low-key presentations:

Long story short , our conclusion is that you are spending far too much money on after work company bowling trips.

And possibly at the end of an offbeat magazine article or blog post:

Long story short , Henry VIII was a great king—not so great a husband though!

Other "In Conclusion" Synonyms for Informal Writing

You can use any of the synonyms in this article when writing informally, but these are particularly useful when you want your writing to sound conversational:

By and large

On a final note

Last but not least

For all intents and purposes

The bottom line is

To put it bluntly

To wrap things up

To come to the point

To wind things up

Image showing list of words to replace in conclusion

Instead of opting for one of the above expressions or idioms, there are several different singular transition words you can use instead. Here are a couple of examples:

The perfect word to tell the reader you are reaching the end of your argument. Lastly is an adverb that means "at the end" or "in summary." It is best used when you are beginning your conclusion:

Lastly , with all the previous points in mind, there is the question of why Philip K Dick was so fascinated with alternate history?

But can also be used at the very end of your conclusion too:

Lastly then, we are left with Eliot’s own words on his inspiration for "The Waste Land."

Finally does exactly the same job as lastly . It lets the reader know that you are at the final point of your argument or are about to draw your conclusion:

Finally , we can see from all the previous points that...

Another word that can be used at beginning of the conclusion is the adverb ultimately . Meaning "in the end" or "at the end of the day," it can be used as a conclusion to both informal and formal papers or articles:

Ultimately , it comes down to whether one takes an Old Testament view of capital punishment or...

It can also be used in more survey, scientific, or charity appeal style articles as a call to action of some sort:

Ultimately , we will all need to put some thought into our own carbon footprints over the next couple of years.

A good word to conclude a scientific, or survey style paper is overall . It can be used when discussing the points, arguments or results that have been outlined in the paper up until that point.

Thus, you can say:

Overall , our survey showed that most people believe you should spread the cream before you add the jam, when eating scones.

Other Transition Words to Replace "In Conclusion"

Here are a few transition word alternatives to add to your arsenal:

Considering

Essentially

Principally

Summarizing

Pro tip: You should use transition words throughout your essay, paper, or article to guide your reader through your ideas towards your conclusion. ProWritingAid’s Transitions Report tells you how many transition words you’ve used throughout your document so you can make sure you’re supporting your readers’ understanding.

ProWritingAid transition report shows a conclusion word

It’ll also tell you what type of transitions you’ve used. If there are no conclusion words in your writing, consider using one of the synonyms from this article.

Sign up for a free ProWritingAid account to try the Transitions Report.

One of the most effective ways of finishing up a piece of writing is to ask a question, or return to the question that was asked at the beginning of the paper using. This can be achieved using how , what , why , or who .

This is sometimes referred to as the "so what?" question. This takes all your points and moves your writing (and your reader) back to the broader context, and gets the reader to ask, why are these points important? Your conclusion should answer the question "so what?" .

Image with so what question

To answer that, you circle back to the main concept or driving force of the essay / paper (usually found in the title) and tie it together with the points you have made, in a final, elegant few sentences:

How, then, is Kafka’s writing modernist in outlook?

Why should we consider Dickens’ work from a feminist perspective?

What, then , was Blake referring to, when he spoke of mind forged manacles?

In Conclusion

There are plenty of alternatives for drawing an effective and elegant close to your arguments, rather than simply stating in conclusion .

Whether you ask a question or opt for a transition expression or a single transition word, just taking the time to choose the right synonyms will make all the difference to what is, essentially, the most important part of your paper.

Want to improve your essay writing skills?

Use prowritingaid.

Are your teachers always pulling you up on the same errors? Maybe you’re losing clarity by writing overly long sentences or using the passive voice too much.

ProWritingAid helps you catch these issues in your essay before you submit it.

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Alex Simmonds is a freelance copywriter based in the UK and has been using words to help people sell things for over 20 years. He has an MA in English Lit and has been struggling to write a novel for most of the last decade. He can be found at alexsimmonds.co.uk.

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  • Writing Tips

10 Overused Words (And Brilliant Alternatives You Never Knew You Needed)

3-minute read

  • 14th September 2015

Keep in mind when writing an essay that the person marking it will probably have to read dozens of similar assignments from your classmates.

One way to make sure your work stands out is to have it checked by a professional . Another is to vary your vocabulary. In this post, we offer alternatives for ten words commonly used in academic writing.

The word ‘also’ is great for connecting two related sentences but you might need a few alternatives in a longer essay.

At the start of a sentence, words like ‘furthermore’, ‘moreover’ and ‘in addition’ can serve the same purpose.

This word is both a verb and a noun. When used as a verb (e.g. ‘to answer my research question’) you could also use terms like ‘address’ and ‘resolve’.

When used as a noun (e.g. ‘the answer to this dilemma’), good alternatives include ‘solution’ and ‘explanation’.

3. Bad/Good

Synonyms for the basic term ‘bad’ include ‘poor’, ‘inferior’, ‘negative’ and ‘deficient’.

Alternatives to ‘good’ include ‘satisfying’, ‘valuable’, ‘excellent’, ‘positive’ and ‘high-quality’.

Possible replacements for the verb ‘change’ (i.e. the act of changing something) include ‘transform’, ‘modify’ and ‘adjust’.

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The nouns which accompany these words (i.e. the change made) are ‘transformation’, ‘modification’ and ‘adjustment’.

5. Describe

When referring to the work of others you might draw upon their written descriptions. Substitute words for ‘describe’ include ‘portray’, ‘characterise’ and ‘report’.

It’s common to say that you’re going to ‘explain’ something in your essay. Other options here include ‘clarify’, ‘elaborate’ and ‘account for’.

7. Important

If you want to identify some detail or idea as important, alternate possibilities you might use incorporate ‘significant’, ‘vital’, ‘critical’, ‘imperative’ and ‘essential’.

This one is particularly important when quoting other sources. Instead of repeatedly saying ‘so and so said that’ to introduce a quotation, try using words like ‘stated’, ‘explained’, ‘argued’ or ‘claimed’.

9. Therefore

The word ‘therefore’ is used to introduce a conclusion based upon a premise or argument (e.g., ‘Because X , therefore Y’ ). Alternative terms include ‘consequently’, ‘accordingly’ or ‘as a result’.

If describing an experiment you’ll need to identify the methods used. As well as ‘use’, terms which can be helpful here include ‘utilise’, ’employ’, ‘apply’ and ‘adopt’.

Of course, the best thing you can do if you’re struggling to find alternatives to common words is check a thesaurus . Just make sure you understand a word before using it, as many terms have more than one meaning!

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14 Other Words for “Said” in an Essay

other words for found in an essay

You want to sound as engaging and interesting as possible when writing an essay, and using words like “said” might prevent that.

So, if you’re about to use “said” for the umpteenth time, you’re in luck!

We have gathered some alternatives to show you other ways to say “said” in an essay that are bound to keep the reader entertained.

Other Ways to Say “Said”

Key takeaways.

  • “Stated” is a great essay word that shows you are quoting a specific statement from a trustworthy source.
  • “Declared” is a great way to describe an announcement or official quote.
  • “Mentioned” is a bit simpler and allows you to highlight a quote that’s relevant to your essay.

Keep reading to find out how to quote what someone said in an essay. We’ll go over the three most effective terms to help spice up your academic writing.

One of the most common ways to replace “said” in an essay is “stated.” It’s a great formal synonym that helps to keep things direct and clear for the reader.

It works well before a quote. You should write “stated” to clarify that you’re about to run a quote by the reader.

Of course, you can’t claim that someone “stated” something without backing it up with evidence.

The last thing you’ll want is for the reader to look into the quote and find out it was never actually said.

But, as long as you’ve done your research, this works well. Good academic phrases that start with “stated” help you to establish a clear quote relating to the bulk of your essay.

These essay samples will also help you understand it:

It’s clear that he stated “time is the killer of all things.” However, nobody really understood the prophetic meaning behind it.

She stated that “it’s time to make the changes you want to see in the world.” That’s what led most people to join the revolution.

For a more impactful alternative, you can use “declared.”

You won’t find “declared” quite as often as “said,” but it’s still an incredibly good term to include.

It’s a formal synonym. It also shows that someone announced something important .

Generally, “declared” comes before compelling quotes. It might be more suitable to use it when quoting a famous politician or monarch of some kind.

It’s a surefire way to engage the reader and spark their imagination.

We highly recommend it when you’re certain that it belongs before a quote and will allow you to establish a more powerful meaning behind it.

Perhaps these essay samples will also help you with it:

The king declared “good things will come to those who ask me for them.” He was a very proud man.

She declared that “this was going to be the only time she offered her services to those in need.”

Feel free to use “mentioned,” too. It’s another word you can use instead of “said” in an essay that’ll keep things engaging for the reader.

It’s much subtler than the other phrases. It suggests that someone has made a brief comment about something, and you’d like to quote it for the reader.

Don’t worry; it’s still a good formal synonym. However, you should use it when the quote isn’t the most important part of your essay.

Quotes are there to add a bit of context for the reader. So, they’re not always needed to improve an essay.

“Mentioned” is a simple word that allows you to include a short but interesting quote . However, it usually isn’t as impactful as saying something like “declared” or “exclaimed.”

You can also refer to these essay examples:

The politician mentioned that “we cannot know what we haven’t already experienced.” That resonated with me.

It was clear that he mentioned “things were bound to change soon,” so they had to figure out what he meant.

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Hillary Clinton to release essay collection about personal and public life

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This cover image released by Simon & Schuster shows “Something Lost, Something Gained: Reflections on Life, Love and Liberty” by Hillary Rodham Clinton. The book will be released Sept. 17. (Simon & Schuster via AP)

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Hillary Clinton’s next book is a collection of essays, touching upon everything from marriage to politics to faith, that her publisher is calling her most personal yet.

Simon and Schuster announced Tuesday that Clinton’s “Something Lost, Something Gained: Reflections on Life, Love and Liberty” will be released Sept. 17.

Among the topics she will cover: Her marriage to former President Bill Clinton, her Methodist faith, adjusting to private life after her failed presidential runs, her friendships with other first ladies and her takes on climate change, democracy and Vladimir Putin.

“The book reads like you’re sitting down with your smartest, funniest, most passionate friend over a long meal,” Clinton’s editor, Priscilla Painton, said in a statement.

“This is the Hillary Americans have come to know and love: candid, engaged, humorous, self-deprecating — and always learning.”

Clinton, the former first lady, U.S. senator and secretary and presidential candidate, will promote her book with a cross country tour. “Something Lost, Something Gained” comes out two months before Bill Clinton’s memoir about post-presidential life, “Citizen.”

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Financial terms were not disclosed. Clinton was represented by Washington attorney Robert Barnett, whose other clients have included former President George W. Bush and former President Barack Obama.

Clinton’s previous books include such bestsellers as “It Takes a Village,” “Living History” and “What Happened.”

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Why Is It So Hard to Get a Basic Question Answered About My IUD?

In the 1970s, a dangerous device hit the market. today, millions of women use iuds safely—but to many, they remain as mysterious as ever..

The nurse practitioner who inserted my IUD worked with the precision and speed of someone on a pit crew. Or, really—just someone working in the gynecology department of a student clinic at one of the largest universities in the U.S.

“You probably do a lot of these, huh?” I asked. She smiled.

For weeks, I had been dreading the appointment. A steady stream of friends who had endured the procedure before me had warned me it hurt. Still, they said, reliable, long-lasting birth control was worth it. Indeed, for a few seconds the procedure was excruciating—but it was over quickly.

“You’re good for five years,” the nurse told me as I left the exam room. It almost felt too good to be true.

It was, in fact, worth it. The little device fit into my life so seamlessly that I usually forgot it was there; having an IUD meant I almost never had to think about birth control. No more phone alarms for pills, or obnoxious trips to CVS. Aside from some occasional spotting, my periods stopped. Years passed. I graduated; I moved; I got engaged. The whole time, the device was in there, doing its thing.

This is the best-case scenario. But it is not the only one. Many women have severe pain during insertion. Why can’t I simply be knocked out for this process? they wonder. (It turns out, if you know who to ask, you can .) Others report negative side effects that they come to associate with their intrauterine device—acne, headaches, mood changes. Is this weird thing happening to my body because of my IUD? they ask. (In many cases, the answer is: Maybe.)

There are decades ’ worth of rigorous studies that validate the safety and efficacy of IUDs . Their message is quite clear: Adverse events happen, but severe ones are rare. Pregnancy with an IUD in place happens, but again, it is very rare. The IUD is, these studies show, a stellar form of birth control.

And yet: Many women regard the IUD as a sort of poltergeist, liable to mess with everything from their temper to their appearance. One co-worker swears that an IUD caused one of her eyebrows to fall out , though she can’t prove it. Another swears it was her IUD that was responsible for her partner getting repeated yeast infections on his penis. (One doctor told her it wasn’t related. Another said it could be . It turns out the device can carry a biofilm.) And finally, when even I, a person who loves her IUD, went to get it replaced five years in, I was baffled to find out that actually, it was now good for eight years. (Cool, but … how?)

It can be hard, as an individual woman, to access clear, compassionate answers to even seemingly basic questions about one’s IUD. On one of the online forums where women go to search for those answers: “It’s so frustrating that I have to go to Reddit,” one user recently wrote , “to figure out what other people experience.” Why, when it comes to a popular form of birth control, are women sometimes made to feel like we know so little?

IUDs were not initially designed for women. They were designed to manage women.

The development of the modern IUD is inextricably linked to the population control movement, as Chikako Takeshita documents in her book The Global Biopolitics of the IUD . In the 1950s, governments, international organizations, and wealthy funders began to fret over a “population explosion in the global South,” she writes. This, in their minds, could cause all sorts of problems: hunger, environmental destruction, political unrest, communism—all the way up to nuclear war. They needed to build a device that they could strategically deploy to ensure women, in certain areas, had fewer children.

One of the key organizations pushing forward the development of such a device was the Population Council, Takeshita writes. It awarded research grants to the physicians who developed some of the earliest models, funded the first long-term study on IUD efficacy, supported distribution of devices, and organized several international conferences focused on IUDs. As Takeshita notes, at the first such gathering in 1962, the conference chairman, Alan Guttmacher, discussed the need for a contraceptive for the “masses”: Existing methods, he said , “are largely birth control for the individual, not for a nation.”

The user’s experience in early IUD development was a secondary concern, an issue only insofar as a negative experience might cause a woman to have it removed. The first large-scale comparative study on the devices ran in the ’60s and involved tens of thousands of women testing five different types of IUDs— Lippes loops , Margulies spirals , Birnberg bows , steel rings , and double coils . The researchers evaluated IUDs in three areas: pregnancy prevention (they were OK at this, but not yet amazing), accidental expulsions, and removals. Reasons for removals were slotted into four categories: “bleeding/pain,” “other medical,” “planning pregnancy,” or “other personal.” “Other medical” branched off into several subcategories, including pelvic inflammatory disease, uterus perforation, and “discomfort to husband,” among others. The categories, though, offered little detail as to the more specific symptoms that led a woman to request removal.

“This,” Takeshita writes, “made it impossible to analyze the relationship between side effects and removal in detail.” In the early distribution of the IUD, the Population Council worried that “dissatisfied women” would spread “ adverse gossip ” about the devices.

Soon, though, they’d have good reason to. In 1971, a new IUD came on the contraception scene: the Dalkon Shield , which was made of plastic and looked like a cross between a beetle and a crab. The idea was that the legs would brace against the uterus and prevent accidental expulsions, which was a notable problem with the other devices that were at this point being offered in clinics across the U.S. The Dalkon Shield, the New York Times would later explain in its inventor Hugh Davis’ obituary, was “hailed as a scientific marvel, a highly improved intrauterine device … promising almost perfect birth control protection with virtually no adverse side effects.” In his 1971 book Intrauterine Devices for Contraception , Davis bragged about the device’s “pregnancy protection among young, highly fertile women”; he hypothesized that the plastic device’s large surface area and close contact with the uterus would boost its effectiveness.

But the Shield wasn’t just supposed to be better at blocking pregnancy. The manufacturer, A.H. Robins Company, marketed it as “the only IUD anatomically engineered for optimum uterine placement, fit, tolerance, and retention,” and dubbed it “the IUD that’s changing current thinking about contraceptives.” In a 1972 advertisement in an OB-GYN journal, the company bragged that the Shield (in contrast to the pill) had “no general effects on the body, blood, or brain” and allowed a woman to “throw away her calendars, charts, and dispensers.” You get the IUD, the ads said, and you are simply done having to think about your fertility. IUDs may have initially been designed for population control, but for the individual consumer, they came with clear perks.

Or so Robins claimed. In reality, the beetle/crab design proved to be shockingly dangerous. It could embed into the uterine wall, and caused a great deal of pain during insertion and removal. A 1985 article from the Washington Post cites a letter from a gynecologist to the device’s manufacturer in the weeks after it was first introduced: “I have just inserted my 10 th Dalkon Shield,” he wrote, “and have found that procedure to be the most traumatic manipulation ever perpetrated upon womanhood.” Some reports note that compared to other devices, inserting the Shield took “10 times more force.”

Still, the Shield quickly came to dominate the IUD market in the U.S. Three and a half years after its introduction, some 2.2 million women in America had a Shield inserted. All told, Takeshita notes, Robins sold around 4.5 million devices in 80 countries.

Meanwhile, though, reports of pelvic inflammatory disease , septic abortions , and uterine perforations, among other adverse events, became widespread. The clearest culprit was the string used to pull the device out: The Shield used multifilament string, which essentially had the effect of “wicking” bacteria up into the uterus, where it could cause dangerous infections.

Researchers point out that, in hindsight, there are likely multiple things that went wrong —the Shield was a poorly designed , relatively untested device with a high failure rate, and was aggressively marketed during the early ’70s, a period when sexually transmitted infections were on the rise and not adequately screened for. All of these factors contributed to a greater risk that bacteria ushered in via the Shield could cause dangerous infections and septic abortions. (The company, in response, focused on blaming women for risky sexual behavior and a lack of hygiene, attempting to muddle its responsibility by pointing to the fact that pelvic inflammatory disease does not require the presence of a bacteria-wicking device.) Robins stopped selling the devices in the U.S. in 1974, was hit with a wave of lawsuits, and later filed for bankruptcy. The company eventually set up a trust fund to handle claims against it; by the time it closed in 2000, according to the University of Virginia Law Library , the fund “paid out almost $3 billion to over 218,000 claimants.” The device was linked to at least 18 deaths, and tens of thousands of infections that in many cases led to infertility.

“If you asked me to try to sell an IUD to a woman in the early 1980s, I would have told you, ‘You’re crazy,’ ” Mary Jane Minkin, a gynecologist who served as a witness for Robins in some of the claims against the company, told me. A few other companies did, indeed, stop trying, and pulled their IUDs off the market.

But in parallel, the groundwork for a much different, much more reliable IUD landscape was being laid: In 1975, the Food and Drug Administration decided to require that manufacturers include patient labeling—a brochure with information about how the device works and potential risks—with the IUD, making it the third prescription product with such a requirement. In 1976, Congress established three different classes of medical devices, which, depending on their risk level, can require premarket approval from the FDA. Today’s IUDs are actually regulated not just as devices but as drugs (because of their hormones and copper), which means they go through extensive clinical testing and regulatory review to ensure their safety and efficacy. The Shield had gone through no such process—Robins took the device to market, the New York Times reported , based on “a yearlong test of 640 women” run by Davis, the device’s inventor.

By 2002, just 5.8 percent of heterosexually active, premenopausal women had ever used an IUD, and fewer than 2 percent were currently using one. The device was, nonetheless, going to make a stunning comeback.

Just before I entered college, in 2014, the American Academy of Pediatrics decreed that IUDs and implants (like Implanon and Nexplanon) “should be considered first-line contraceptive choices for adolescents.” These devices were a far cry from the models of decades prior: much more effective, much safer , and much more tightly regulated. By the early 2010s, they had been around for a long time, and gynecologists had good reason to trust them deeply. The IUDs on the market in the U.S. are extremely effective ; IUD users who choose to keep their device through its life cycle report high satisfaction rates. In a recent round of data , which looked at 2015 to 2019, 1 in 5 sexually experienced women had used an IUD. On the list of most common primary contraceptives, the device ranks third—tied with condoms and behind female sterilization and the pill, according to 2018 data.

This new IUD world was headlined by two principal T-shaped stars, both of which had emerged in the aftermath of the Dalkon Shield fiasco. In 1984, the FDA approved the Paragard , which was covered in copper. Then there was a hormonal IUD, first introduced in Finland, loaded with 52 milligrams of progressively released levonorgestrel. That device, marketed in the U.S. as Mirena, was approved by the FDA in 2000 . And the Mirena and Paragard would later be joined by three other devices: the Skyla and Kyleena, smaller hormonal IUDs, and the Liletta, the functional equivalent of Mirena, developed by a nonprofit.

But the relationship many of us began to form with IUDs went beyond trusting them as a reliable form of birth control and into something else entirely. News organizations started to publish articles coronating the IUD as the “best” birth control. Some people began donning IUD jewelry . After the 2016 election, the president of Planned Parenthood g ave interviews saying there had been a 900 percent increase in women seeking IUDs at their clinics. One colleague told me she got an IUD because “it felt like the right thing to do.” Another said her college classmates used to joke that if you went to the campus health center with any ailment—a stubbed toe, a cold—you would walk out with an IUD.

At this juncture, IUDs were simultaneously a form of birth control and a symbol of bodily autonomy. They were also, maybe, a little bit of a prayer; once installed in our uteruses, we hoped they could protect us from the political whims of anyone in office who was trying to curtail our reproductive freedom. The IUD continues to be both a tool and a symbol: The day the Supreme Court overturned Roe in 2022 , there was a more than 375 percent increase in people scheduling appointments for IUD insertions at Planned Parenthood clinics. This year, a few weeks before the two-year anniversary of that decision, the advocacy group Americans for Contraception placed a 20-foot-tall inflatable IUD in front of Union Station in D.C. in an attempt to rally support for the Right to Contraception Act .

There are downsides to tasking medicine with doing so much. The combination of a device that is scientifically really good in a moment that is politically really scary in a sense magnetizes the IUD, pulling young women like me into line at the campus clinic, no questions asked. But that field of force also obscures an important truth: The IUD isn’t—and shouldn’t be—a blanket solution to protect everyone with a uterus through a tumultuous reproductive landscape. IUDs, like any medication, come with side effects, as well as unknowns. While modern IUDs are a far cry from the Dalkon Shield, they can still cause pain, uncertainty, and frustration.    

You can hear that frustration in conversations that women have—among friends, and even strangers, many of them on forums like Reddit. Earlier this year, one Redditor posted about migraines, anxiety, and mood swings that they worried were linked to their device. “I’ve never felt so bad and I’m wondering if [the] IUD potentially cause[d] me all that crap,” they wrote.

Someone else described constant bloating, weight gain, and a loss of libido after inserting a device a few weeks after giving birth. “I hit such a low, I fell into depression and barely want[ed] to look myself in the mirror,” they posted.

Another Redditor wrote about a doctor refusing to help them switch from hormonal birth control to a copper IUD: “he had this very concerned face of like ‘why the hell do you want this,’ ” they wrote. The doctor, they explained, was tired of people suddenly distrusting hormonal birth control.

This is a common dynamic: Doctors are frustrated with patients attributing various maladies to their IUDs (they are right; these days, it is hard to pin many specific complaints on the IUD itself). Patients are frustrated that their doctors won’t take their concerns seriously—or give them concrete answers. They, too, are right.

To understand the current science on modern IUDs, you have to understand how they work: in research terms, the mechanisms of action. In basic terms, hormonal IUDs—the Liletta, Mirena, Kyleena, and Skyla—release a small amount of progestin, whose primary effect is to thicken cervical mucus, effectively putting a wall up in front of the sperm. Copper IUDs—just one is approved in the U.S., the Paragard—release spermicidal copper ions. (Sperm, bless those little guys, aren’t very hardy.)

Beyond the specific effects of hormones and copper, the mere fact of having something foreign in the uterus provides at least some contraception. IUDs of yore, like the Lippes loop and Dalkon Shield, were just plastic—what researchers call “inert devices.” David Hubacher, a senior epidemiologist at FHI 360, told me to think about what happens when you get a splinter in your finger: The body recognizes it’s not supposed to be there and reacts accordingly. To the uterus, the IUD is a sort of splinter; its presence triggers an inflammatory response that, once again, isn’t good for the sperm.

The most desirable outcome of all this is consistent pregnancy prevention—the health consequences of unwanted pregnancy are dire and often deadly. But studies also suggest that a meaningful proportion of users will experience side effects while using an IUD to achieve that end. A portion of these may be desirable—many (though certainly not all) women are thrilled that their hormonal IUD reduces or stops menstrual bleeding. Around 20 percent of women experience no bleeding or spotting by the end of their first year with a 52-milligram hormonal IUD, a rate that goes up over time. (The Mirena is FDA-approved to treat heavy menstrual bleeding.) There are also adverse effects: Some of the most prevalent, when it comes to hormonal devices , are breast pain or tenderness, abdominal pain, acne, and headaches. Copper IUDs are associated with irregular or heavy bleeding, and cramping. (The most robust research we have on IUDs and their side effects, it’s important to note, is funded by the pharma companies who manufacture them.)

But how common are these problems? It’s thorny to definitively say, which is partly because determining causation can be difficult. It’s particularly tricky here because contraception is just harder to study than many other medications. You’re trying to prevent something from happening over the course of several years, and the stakes are incredibly high. “The consequence of a blood pressure medication failing is I stop you on the study and I give you something we know works,” Mitchell Creinin, the researcher in charge of overseeing the Liletta clinical trial, told me. “The consequence of a birth control method failing is you have a life-changing event.” As a result, trials with the devices almost never involve placebos: People enroll in these studies because they want to prevent pregnancy, and you can’t leave that outcome up to the flip of a coin.

One of the things that further complicates decisionmaking around birth control—and the research itself—is that any downsides, even hints thereof, can be politically weaponized. Take, for example, the potential link between hormonal birth control and depression and mood disorders. As Christina Cauterucci has written for Slate , conservative advocacy organizations and influencers—whose rather transparent endgame is to restrict access to contraception —have taken up arms against hormonal birth control, which they say “disrespects women.” In February, Elon Musk tweeted that hormonal birth control “makes you fat, doubles risk of depression & triples risk of suicide,” linking to a six-year-old write-up of a 2016 study from Danish researchers.

The study , which spanned 14 years and was published in JAMA Psychiatry, tracked more than one million women between the ages of 15 and 34, about half of whom were current or recent users of hormonal birth control. Using personal identification numbers and public databases, researchers were able to match the records of contraceptive prescriptions with records that tracked depression diagnoses and antidepressant prescriptions. When they parsed the data, they found that using hormonal birth control “was positively associated with a subsequent use of antidepressants and a diagnosis of depression.” In 2018, the researchers published another study , using the same databases, which tied hormonal contraceptive use to a higher risk of suicide. In a study published earlier this year in the Lancet, researchers used the Danish records to compare different hormonal IUD models and found that lower-dose hormonal IUDs carried a lower risk of depression than their 52-mg counterpart.

At the time, the 2016 study generated all sorts of headlines . “Birth control is turning women into hormonal messes,” the New York Post declared. But the strength of this finding is controversial : As with other treatment-emergent adverse events, it’s hard to pinpoint in which cases hormonal contraceptives like the IUD caused depression, and other studies have mixed—or even opposite— results. The benefit of the Danish study is that it’s really big; the downside is that it’s not very precise. “Often you have to take each study as a piece of the puzzle, and as we go along we get a better picture of what the puzzle is going to look like,” OB-GYN Jennifer Gunter told STAT at the time. She added that it was “really important not to sound alarms based on individual puzzle pieces.”

Slowly—as women have gotten IUDs in, gotten them out, and been desperate for answers along the way—researchers have been attempting to build out that puzzle. A 2022 review of research on the connection between hormonal IUDs and psychiatric symptoms, published in the World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, found 10 studies that pointed to an increased risk for depression among hormonal IUD users, two that found a decreased risk, and two that showed no connection.

Ultimately, the researchers concluded that “despite unreliable data … counselling patients about these risks should be mandatory.” They also pointed out that depression is a “multifactorial disease”—and any effects from the hormonal IUD should be taken as part of a larger equation.

The wishy-washyness of this picture, and the time it has taken to come together, isn’t a conspiracy, nor is it a reason to restrict or shame use of birth control. Jeffrey Jensen, who has done studies looking at the cortisol concentrations in hormonal IUD users’ hair to track stress over time ( they found no adverse impact ), told me he thought the data was pretty clear: Most women will not experience behavioral side effects from IUDs, but some women will. Clinical studies bear that out. “There’s a subset of the population, and we don’t understand the genetics of these individuals or how to screen for them, but they typically have a worse experience,” said Jensen, who has also led clinical research on the Mirena.

Jensen does think that, in future decades, genetic research could help us predict who will do best with the device. Kavita Nanda, the director of medical research at FHI 360, told me her organization is seeking funding to conduct pharmacogenetic testing during some of their standard contraceptive trials, which could help researchers assess whether genetic variations are associated with differences in, for example, bleeding patterns or contraceptive efficacy. Still, funding is hard to come by. Nanda sent me a PowerPoint slide she likes to share that compares annual global investment in contraceptive R&D —which includes government, industry, and foundation dollars—with how much Americans spend yearly on Halloween costumes for their pets: $117 million to develop better contraceptives; around $700 million to dress dogs up as pumpkins, hot dogs, and bumblebees.

Where does this leave the patient, who is having an IUD whisked—or maybe it feels more like wrenched —into her during a brief appointment?

In an ideal world, providers might sort through each new study about side effects, length of efficacy, and pain management themselves, summing up what they’ve learned, each potential if relatively uncommon downside, before completing an insertion.

In our world, providers are stretched thin, and don’t have time to digest such a complicated, evolving body of research, let alone hold summits with patients to process what it means.

Across gynecology, there’s a larger movement toward person-centered counseling , which requires providers take the time to understand what’s important for a patient in their contraceptive decisionmaking, to fully explain all options on the table, and to support and respect them throughout the process. This means giving patients more time with providers who ask more—and better—questions. It’s hard to predict how someone will do with a contraceptive in the future, but the past can certainly hold clues. For a clinician to help me make an informed decision, they need to understand how my body has reacted to other contraceptives, and what’s important to me going forward. They also need to understand why I’m seeking a contraceptive—is it to prevent pregnancy? To manage heavy menstrual bleeding or another condition? To seek relief from symptoms of perimenopause? They can use that information to lay out which contraceptives might be a good match for my needs, while always leaving the decision in my hands.

In many ways, this is a movement to shift contraceptive counseling from population-level concerns to individual ones. There’s a lot of harm to correct for , including numerous present-day examples of contraceptive coercion , especially among patients of color. “Whether it’s subtle or not, Black women are often encouraged to choose long-acting reversible contraception,” Regina Davis Moss, president of In Our Own Voice: National Black Women’s Reproductive Justice Agenda, told me. In focus groups conducted by In Our Own Voice, Black women shared they were consistently not listened to or trusted by clinicians; they felt they couldn’t rely on their providers for complete information, including about side effects; and they had to do their own research. Women also reported facing provider resistance when they sought to remove an IUD.

As I read through the studies I saved on my computer as part of my research for this article, I often wanted to slam my head into the table. The science we have is quite good, but it’s also complicated and underfunded, and it takes time for it to trickle down to clinicians .

Further, some of those clinicians are worried that spreading negative information about the IUD—even the idea that you might, maybe, have some bad side effects—could both discourage women from seeking out contraceptives and be  weaponized  by those who want to restrict access more broadly. I understand this fear. But the same fear can translate into a dismissiveness that ultimately makes things worse. If we should indeed be gearing up for a  war against contraceptives , women need to understand and feel served by what they’re fighting for. Ultimately, the fact that birth control is imperfect means that we need more choices. Not fewer.

Studies since at least the 1990s have concluded that when people are given information about what an IUD might do to, say, their bleeding patterns, they’re ultimately more satisfied with the device. In other words, when people have the data to make informed choices , they’re happier with those choices. Some researchers might shake their heads at this, pointing to a potential “nocebo” effect—basically the placebo effect in reverse, the idea being that if you tell someone about all the bad side effects that might happen to them, they’ll be more likely to report experiencing those side effects. But this is ultimately a paternalistic concern: If we want birth control for an individual, that individual needs a real seat at the table.

There’s a dangerous tendency to see research as separate from women’s experiences with the IUD—informing it from above, but not integral to it. We know that the modern iterations of the IUD are safe and effective, so we tell women so. We should continue doing that. But we should also tell them what we don’t know, what we’re still studying. We should encourage them to keep asking questions, and to be a part of the process of looking for an answer.

This article was produced in collaboration with ASU Media Enterprise.

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Experts Call for “Reimagining” Public Health in the United States

Ross Brownson

The public health system in the United States needs an immediate “transformation,” two of the nation’s leading health experts write in a new appeal for change driven by the COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and the politicization of public health.

The essay is the lead article in “Reimagining Public Health,” a new  special issue  of  Health Affairs , one of the nation’s foremost health policy journals. The authors are Ross C. Brownson , the Steven H. and Susan U. Lipstein Distinguished Professor at the Brown School and founder of the Prevention Research Center ; and Jonathan Samet , a professor and the former dean of the Colorado School of Public Health.

“No matter what label we attach to this effort, the past several years have made one thing clear: Transformation of the US public health system is needed, and needed now,” the authors conclude in their essay,  “Reimagining Public Health: Mapping a Path Forward.”   Brownson and Samet were co-authors four years ago of a missive in the  American Journal of Public Health  that called for public health change as the nation grappled with the pandemic. The current version builds on their thinking and provides more specifics, said Brownson, who hosted a  podcast  on the subject.

“COVID demonstrated not only the value of public health, but also how it has been politicized, and the need for focused change,” he said. He and Samet talked with nine public health leaders about their ideas on the path forward.  Brownson said they were encouraged by the positive views of those leaders, even in states where criticism of public health has been substantial.  “One of the things we found inspiring was how optimistic they are,” he said. “That gave us reassurance this thing can be done with focused effort, political will, leadership, and funding incentives.”

In their essay, Brownson and Samet note that the decentralized public health system in the U.S. is administrated and distributed across approximately 3,000 state and local health departments, encompassing governmental public health; community-based organizations; the health care sector; and the education, training, and research of academic public health and medical enterprises. While that far-flung group offers opportunities for using local data in policy and practice, it also can result in an uneven allocation of resources and decision-making.

Public-health experts had been calling for a revamping of the American system even before COVID, but the pandemic “laid bare the deficiencies of the existing public health system and heightened the politicization of public health along partisan lines to an unworkable level in some jurisdictions,” the authors wrote, and highlighted the need for global collaboration.

The essay makes recommendations in seven areas of focus to guide public health transformation:

  • Accountability:  Provide as much transparency as possible in government actions, and share decisionmaking, budgeting and communication with community members.
  • Politicization and polarization:  Identify areas where there is consensus/common ground, make better use of local data and messengers, and establish legal protections from violence against public health workers.
  • Climate change:  Make climate change a core priority, develop ways to track its effects, and advocate for policies to address the root causes.
  • Equity:  Make health equity a core value of public health agencies, build skills among staff, fully engage the public and policymakers and address health and social needs in marginalized populations.
  • Data sciences:  Support the harmonization of data sets and repositories, enhance capacity, engage communities and develop real-time surveillance system to detect and monitor threats to public health.
  • Workforce:  Develop training in new areas, including resilience, communication, systems thinking and entrepreneurship.
  • Communication:   Identify distinct audiences, create messages that are positive and show benefits, translate evidence into easily understood stories, and identify “superspreaders” of misinformation.

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The church I grew up in opposes IVF. Are my infertility struggles part of God’s design?

Me after an egg retrieval — just one step on our long road of fertility treatments. 

Most people in Los Angeles spend their Saturdays at the beach in the summer. I spend mine sitting on a bench outside a fertility clinic, praying to be pregnant. 

It’s been almost four years since my husband, Anthony, and I started trying for a baby. Like many couples, we thought time was on our side, so we spent our 20s getting degrees and advancing our careers. Kids would happen “someday”; we assumed we’d have two or three. In the meantime, we relished becoming the fun uncle, and the cool aunt. 

A few weeks after my 30th birthday, I scheduled an appointment to remove my IUD. Anthony had just turned 34. “Hopefully I’ll see you in a couple of months!” my gynecologist said before sending us off with recommendations for prenatal vitamins. Little did she know we would see her and so many other doctors frequently in the coming years, but never once for a pregnancy. 

IVF Treatment

According to reproductive endocrinologists, our issue is likely egg quality — though anyone who has experienced infertility knows this is often code for “we can’t figure it out.” 

Medical research for infertility is wildly underfunded despite declining fertility rates across the globe. A 2023 news release from the World Health Organization states that 17.5% of couples struggle to conceive. For some, the diagnosis is straightforward — endometriosis , blocked fallopian tubes, male factor infertility . For others, the diagnosis is unexplained, as has been the case for us. 

At the beginning of 2023, after two years of failing to get pregnant on our own, Anthony and I turned to in vitro fertilization (IVF) as a last resort. Until then, the cost had made IVF seem like an impossible option: in Los Angeles, one IVF cycle can be over $25,000. Many health insurance plans don’t cover fertility treatments, including ours. But if I’ve learned anything about infertility, it’s that it will make you both desperate and willing to do whatever it takes to have a baby. For us, this has meant taking out loans, borrowing money from family and working second jobs. 

If I’ve learned anything about infertility, it’s that it will make you both desperate and willing to do whatever it takes to have a baby. For us, this has meant taking out loans, borrowing money from family and working second jobs.

Still, the bills are suffocating, especially when you’re paying for something that doesn’t always work — like at our most recent appointment when my body didn’t respond to the birth control pills (yes, birth control is, ironically, used to help regulate your ovaries), and we were forced to cancel that IVF cycle. At the clinic where we go, we pay a package fee for every egg retrieval and embryo transfer. If a cycle is canceled because my body doesn’t respond to the medication, we back pay for all my appointments and blood work, which are now a la carte services. Two 15-minute appointments ran us $1,300.

My fertility treatments cause bloating — among numerous other physical and emotional side effects.

The stress and grief Anthony and I have experienced in our journey to become parents is unlike anything I could have anticipated. It’s taken a toll on our mental health, our marriage and our bodies. Yet, in recent weeks, I’ve found this stress and pain to be exacerbated by current religious debates about the ethics of IVF and reproductive assistance in the United States, especially because I grew up in the church.

Two of the churches I attended as a child belong to the Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), which recently voted against the use of assisted reproductive technology. Their biggest concern is embryo banking — the creating and freezing of multiple embryos — since they believe embryos are human beings. 

The report advocates “for the government to restrain actions inconsistent with the dignity and value of every human being, which necessarily includes frozen embryonic human beings.” It also emphasizes adherence to what the SBC perceives as “natural” reproductive methods, viewing IVF as an artificial intervention in God’s design. I have to wonder, though: Was it God’s design for my husband and me to have difficulty conceiving? 

I have to wonder: Was it God’s design for my husband and me to have difficulty conceiving?

While I no longer belong to any church or believe in the doctrines of the SBC, I feel overwhelmed and devastated for congregants who’ve used IVF to have their babies, or those who are in the throes of infertility. They must now wrestle with ethics and possible shaming from pastors and other church members, especially if they currently have frozen embryos waiting to be transferred. And with more than 13 million members, the SBC does not exist in a silo; its opinions hold weight, especially on the political stage. A day after the report, Senate Republicans blocked a bill that would have protected IVF access across the nation.

I wish my two frozen embryos were human babies; I really do. But the statistics don’t favor this wish. A 2018 study conducted by Reproductive Medicine Associates and presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine found that three chromosomally normal embryos are needed for one live birth (a 94.9% chance of pregnancy). Sometimes it takes less, but often it takes more.

Last fall, for example, our first egg retrieval failed. I cried for weeks. The retrieval was textbook, and I had 19 follicles going into the surgery. But from those 19, doctors were only able to create one embryo. It arrested, or stopped developing, within hours. 

Embryo banking has never been an ethical concern for Anthony or me or the other people we’ve met doing IVF because we all know that our embryos are not compatible with life until they are reinserted into the uterus. Even then, the embryo has to implant, and the cells must continue to divide to form a fetus. So much can go wrong between transfer day and birth, especially for infertility patients. To have a chance at a family, creating multiple embryos is necessary. For cancer patients, too, embryo banking is a gift as it allows them to preserve their fertility. 

I also wish the SBC was correct in its assumption that IVF “routinely creates more embryos than can reasonably be implanted.” This may be true sometimes, but it isn’t our story. Anthony and I will have one embryo left after we transfer our first embryo this summer. Our doctor tells us there is a 60% chance it will lead to a pregnancy. We will likely need at least one more egg retrieval to have more than one child.

Back on the bench outside the fertility clinic, I think about how my parents raised me to believe that God can heal and perform miracles. According to the Bible stories I learned as a girl, Jesus walked on water and raised Lazarus from the dead. But my parents also taught me that God created the brains responsible for inventing modern medicine and that ignoring the medical interventions available to us would be like choosing to drown despite a nearby life raft.

“We commit to pray to our God who hears, sees, and remembers on behalf of those couples struggling with infertility” is how the SBC resolution ends. Anthony and I will continue to pray, too. But we will also rely on IVF.

Kayti Christian is a writer and editor living in Los Angeles. She is represented by Sallyanne Sweeney with MMB Creative and is currently writing a memoir about IVF and infertility. Find her writing about infertility on substack .

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adverb as in beyond any doubt

Strongest matches

certainly , completely , decisively , definitely , permanently

Strong match

Weak matches

assuredly , beyond recall , beyond shadow of doubt , conclusively , convincingly , determinately , done with , enduringly , for all time , for ever , for good , in conclusion , inescapably , inexorably , irrevocably , once and for all , past regret , settled , with conviction

adverb as in in the end; after period of time

already , belatedly , eventually , someday , sooner or later , subsequently , ultimately

after a while , after all , as a sequel , at last , at length , at long last , at the eleventh hour , at the end , at the last moment , despite delay , in conclusion , in spite of all , in the eleventh hour , in the long run , sometime , tardily

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Example sentences.

Tiger Lake's official launch event earlier this month didn't offer much red meat for anyone already up-to-date on the news—but today, we finally have our own hands-on test results to share.

Paul finally realized Ryan was serious and with his blessing, Ryan began the process to determine if his kidney was a match for Paul.

In Malaysia, the government is finally acting to protect what’s left of Sarawak’s ancient forest canopy.

In June, GNA forces, mostly militias backed by Turkish drone attacks, finally repelled Haftar’s 14-month military offensive against Tripoli.

Seeing this, enough of the know-it-all investors who knew nothing about her customers finally knew enough to engage with Rent the Runway as a business proposition.

And finally, this is who most of our political press is—gullible enough to be surprised by either of the first two.

The U.S. military is finally starting to train Iraqi troops to fight ISIS in restive Anbar province.

On his eighth try, more than three decades after he went in, the parole board finally voted to release Sam.

Finally, Van Cleef and Martin realize Liberty is going too far.

I finally called Lee a couple of times and we talked but he was busy with guests at the house.

These differences of interests will lead to disputes, ill blood, and finally to separation.

Finally, let me ask the general reader to put aside all prejudice, and give both sides a fair hearing.

Edna Pontellier, casting her eyes about, had finally kept them at rest upon the sea.

I finally mustered up my courage and said "Ich," but told him I did not know it perfectly yet.

But a lawyer who needed the wherewithal finally condescended to risk the task, and into it he plunged.

Related Words

Words related to finally are not direct synonyms, but are associated with the word finally . Browse related words to learn more about word associations.

phrase as in at the very last moment

  • at the last minute
  • at the last moment
  • in the eleventh hour
  • in the nick of time
  • under the wire
  • without a minute to spare

adverb as in entirely

  • all the way
  • competently
  • comprehensively
  • conclusively
  • effectively
  • exclusively
  • exhaustively
  • extensively
  • from A to Z
  • from beginning to end
  • hook, line, and sinker
  • in entirety
  • on all counts
  • painstakingly
  • to the limit
  • to the nth degree
  • unanimously
  • unconditionally
  • undividedly
  • with heart and soul
  • without omission

adverb as in certainly

  • beyond any doubt
  • categorically
  • doubtlessly
  • far and away
  • indubitably
  • no ifs ands or buts about it
  • specifically
  • unequivocally
  • unmistakably
  • unquestionably
  • without doubt
  • without fail
  • without question

adverb as in efficiently

  • dramatically
  • effectually
  • efficaciously
  • energetically
  • excellently
  • persuasively
  • productively

adverb as in in the course of time

  • at the end of the day
  • in the course of time
  • in the long run
  • sooner or later
  • when all is said and done

Viewing 5 / 11 related words

On this page you'll find 68 synonyms, antonyms, and words related to finally, such as: certainly, completely, decisively, definitely, permanently, and lastly.

From Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus, Third Edition Copyright © 2013 by the Philip Lief Group.

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