facchetti group case study

Summary Unit 6 The Fachetti Group CHALLENGES and PROPOSALS (Principles of Management January 2024 exam)

This document includes 7 examples of challenges and the corresponding proposals. The purpose of this document is to give lots of examples of the challenges and proposals that you could use in your exam, I suggest using 3-5 of each in total. I have made these challenges and proposals based on The Fachetti Group case study for the January 2023 exam and I have linked them to the strategic objectives. Keep in mind that you will need to link the challenges and proposals to the Part B extract that is given in the exam. Feel free to message me if you have any questions.

The Fachetti Group key Challenges and Proposals: Contents: Challenges: ● Clash in management ● Issue with motivation (use of Taylorism) ● Redeployment of restaurant staff ● Staff turnover rising ● Net profit and stock wastage ● Market share has fallen ● Poor change management Proposals: ● Implement Paternalistic management and leadership style ● Elton Mayo’s Theory of Human Relations ● Upskilling through mentoring staff ● Stand-alone targets ● Six Sigma model ● Kitemarks ● Consulting Challenge one: Clash in management: There is a clash between Katrina Szynalski the deputy divisional manager of the manufacturing division and Sunny Elder the divisional manager of the manufacturing division. This clash arises because both managers have different beliefs and behaviours towards management. Katrina uses a Democratic leadership style where she is compassionate about her staff, consulting with them and encouraging their input in decision making. The benefit to her using this approach is that her subordinates feel naturally engaged and valued because she is asking for their direct input in decisions. However, a disadvantage to this approach is that decisions can take a lot longer to make as each employee has to be consulted for their opinions. On the leadership continuum created by Tannenbaum and Schmidt, she is further right at the ‘consulting’ stage which puts her behaviour as a high supportive and low directive. This links to McGregor’s Y-Theory because it is likely that Katrina believes that employees like working and facing challenges. On the other hand, Sunny uses an Autocratic management style where there is a strict set of rules that staff must follow and they are rarely asked for their input. The advantage of this style is that all decisions are made by Sunny; a fully qualified and experienced manager who fully understands the businesses goals and can make decisions corresponding to them. However, in the long run, and Autocratic style can cause higher staff turnover because it creates a poor working environment and relationship between management and employees causing them to not want to work at The Fachetti Group anymore. Sunny’s behaviours put him at the left of the leadership continuum at the ‘telling’ stage as he used a high directive and low supportive approach. This links to McGregor’s X-Theory where managers believe employees to be inherently lazy and therefore should follow a strict set of rules created by an Autocratic 1

manager. As both managers have different beliefs and behaviours towards how employees should be managed, this will obviously cause a lot of conflicts. For example, Katrina believes that Sunny’s Autocratic style limits staff creativity and that he lacks compassion for employees, whereas Sunny believes that Katrina’s Democratic style means that she cares too much about employees at the expense of profit and cash flow. This clash will become even more pronounced in the future as under Fabio’s new plan both Katrina and Sunny are closely working together in the manufacturing division and with the distinct difference in their management style, further conflicts will cause a poor working environment for subordinates as if there are conflicts, functions of management such as coordinating and organising cannot be used successfully which will result in a higher level of staff turnover which worsens the strategic objectives. Higher staff turnover will mean that The Fachetti Group has to spend more on recruiting which will increase costs and further reduce net profit. Proposal one: Paternalistic management and leadership style: The Fachetti Group should implement a Paternalistic management and leadership style to resolve the conflict between Sunny Elder the divisional manager and Katrina Szynalski the deputy divisional manager of the Fachetti’s Kitchen manufacturing division. A Paternalistic style involves consulting subordinates for their opinions which has the advantage of making them feel engaged and valued, which would align with Katrina’s beliefs. However, the manager still gets the final say in the decision-making process which has the advantage of still being able to make decisions with expertise and clear correspondence to the businesses objectives which would satisfy Sunny’s view to management. The Paternalistic management and leadership style makes a workforce operate as a family unit, hence the ‘paternal’ in its name. This will benefit the strategic objective of reducing staff turnover to January 2020 levels because there will be fewer conflicts between Katrina and Sunny as the Paternalistic style takes characteristics from both Democratic and Autocratic approaches which will create a common ground of agreement to how employees should be managed. This will create a positive working environment as employees feel valued and engaged as decisions are made in their best interest which subsequently reduces the level of staff turnover. Challenge two: Issue with motivation: The Fachetti Group currently uses Taylor’s Scientific Management motivational theory to motivate its workforce. Taylor stated that employees are only motivated by pay and financial rewards. This is shown through The Fachetti Group paying above average wage rates in an area with already high rates and employees are offered bonuses which is a financial motivator for hitting targets. The advantage to using Taylorism is that his Time and Motion Study it showed that there was ‘one best way’ and that if it was adopted it would significantly increase the efficiency of business operations and therefore could positively impact the strategic objective of zero defect production. However, the issue with The Fachetti Group only using Taylorism as a motivator is that it leaves the higher levels of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs unfulfilled. There are 5 tiers to Maslow’s Hierarchy which are; physiological, safety which are currently both being met by The Fachetti Group because high levels of pay are offered and there is a high level of job 2 Powered by https://learnexams.com/search/study?query=aqa

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BTEC Unit 6 PP and Work sheets x 2 - Case study development

Subject: Business and finance

Age range: 16+

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13 December 2021

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1 - Worksheet 1 - this breaks down the Facchetti Business Case Study, and helps to students to break down different characteristics of Fabio, Katrina and Sunny, and their impact upon the business, via questions for the learner. 2 - Worksheet 2 - this has an additional column and is a worksheet that be used as a progression from worksheet 1. This focuses on the learner being able to map the A, B, C, D, E & F with the case study. 3 - The power-point supports Worksheet 1, and again is specific to the case study for January 2022.

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Working papers

"Police Infrastructure, Police Performance and Crime: Evidence from Austerity Cuts"   IFS Working Paper

[Reject&Resubmit American Economic Review]

The effect of neighbourhood police on citizens’ welfare is poorly understood. Yet, this is a key parameter in evaluating the impacts of reductions of police spending. I exploit a large wave of austerity cuts to police forces in London, which resulted in the closure of 70% of police stations, while preserving the police force size. I combine novel granular data on reported crime, location of police stations and their closure, and information on individual crimes’ judicial outcomes. I show that the reduced local police presence led to a persistent significant increase in violent crimes, consistent with lower deterrence, and reduced clearance rates, indicating lower police effectiveness. I also provide suggestive evidence consistent with reduced reporting of non-violent crimes, as citizens internalise a higher reporting cost. Overall, the policy led to a sizeable reduction in citizens’ welfare, which I document by showing a decrease in house prices concentrated in high-crime and more deprived census blocks, further exacerbating already existing inequality. Together, the closures produced considerable distributional and efficiency losses, and generated costs that substantially outweigh the benefits in terms of lower public expenditure for the criminal justice system.

"Exposure to crime and pupils' outcomes: Evidence from London" Poster  

Media coverage: Royal Economic Society  

Estimation of unintended costs of crime is scarce, although essential. This paper investigates a prominent indirect cost of crime, i.e. the effect of exposure to crime on achievement of pupils enrolled in primary school. I employ novel geo-referenced data on the universe of crimes from police records in London. The analysis takes advantage of the very fine spatial variation in crimes and in pupils' residences, precisely measuring the exposure to crime in the surroundings of pupils' homes. By exploiting the within-school variation in crime,  I find that crime occurring where pupils live has a significant negative impact on pupils' achievement at the final exams of primary school. The heterogeneity analysis shows that high-ability and wealthy students are those who suffer the most from exposure to crime. I find evidence of decreasing marginal sensitivity to crime, as pupils living in less criminal areas suffer the most from exposure to crime. Overall, I interpret this evidence as consistent with a story of scarring effect and adaptation.

"Should you Meet the Parents? The impact of information on non-test score attributes on school choice" , with Lorenzo Neri (University of St. Andrews) and Marco Ovidi (Catholic University of Milan)  [submitted] IZA Discussion Paper No. 16064, April 2023 , CESifo Working Paper No. 10926, January 2024

We study the role of non-test score school attributes in school choice. We exploit an intervention designed to provide hard-to-find information on non-test score school attributes in a setting where information on academic performance is already widespread and not shifted by the programme we study. We find that the treatment increases enrolment in local public-sector schools relative to private institutions, and boosts competition for schools with attributes associated with parental demand, such as high quality and with characteristics similar to private schools. Effects are driven by most affluent parents and families less rooted in the local community. We support the interpretation of our results through survey evidence and text analysis. Our results imply that relatively simple interventions may increase state schools' financial resources and the quality of the student intake.

Work in progress 

"When non-native speakers compete for top schools: Displacement and peer effects in primary education" , with Francesco Fasani (University of Milan), Elisabetta Pasini (Alma Economics) and Barbara Petrongolo (University of Oxford)

We study the impact of migrants’ demand for school places on school displacement and achievement of native students, exploiting the unprecedented migrant inflows into the UK that followed the 2004 EU enlargement. We predict migrants' location in the UK based on a novel instrument that exploits variation from the 1940s dispersal policy of Polish troops. We find that the increased presence of foreign students displaces natives from faith, high-achieving primary schools in the public sector. Natives are displaced towards schools with similar value added and distance from home, but with a higher proportion of lower performing and disadvantaged peers. We find that migrants’ presence is on average associated with higher test scores among natives. We provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that displaced students generate beneficial peer effects on native pupils exposed to them following displacement. These findings suggest that migrants' presence has overall net positive effects on the educational outcomes of natives via gains at the bottom of the attainment distribution.

"Criminal Organisations and Labour Market Dynamics" , with Luigi Guiso (EIEF) and Rocco Macchiavello (LSE)

This project is made possible thanks to the Visitinps Scholars program, granting access to the universe of I talian Social Security Data.

This project studies how the infiltration of organized crime groups in the legal economy affects labour market dynamics. We focus on the case of 'Ndrangheta, a criminal organisation originated in Calabria, in the South of Italy, that gradually expanded in Northern Italy and abroad. We combine a dataset of individuals affiliated to 'Ndrangheta and merge them to a matched employer-employee dataset of Italian firms. We build the network of legal firms infiltrated by the criminal organization and study how workers selection into, and workers employment trajectories at, these firms differ from those of non-infiltrated firms in terms of wages, experience profile and out-migration patterns. We explore how these outcomes differ in the home regions relative to the regions of expansions of the criminal organizations.

Policy Work

" The value of parental and children experience in choosing secondary schools" , with Lorenzo Neri (QMUL) and Marco Ovidi (QMUL), 2020

Evaluation of the Meet The Parents project. 

The Fachetti Group - Unit 6, JAN 2022

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Research professors.

Yosi Kratish

Research Assistant Professor

Email: [email protected] Previous Degrees & Institutions: Ph.D in Philosophy, Activation of E-H bonds (E= Pt, Si, Ge, Sn) Using R n M Reagents (M= Li, Mg, Zn, Hg), Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; M.S. in Chemistry, 2013, Israel Institute of Technology; B.S in Chemistry-Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, 2010.

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Antonio Facchetti

Adjunct Professor

Email:   [email protected] Website: www.chemgroups.northwestern.edu/marks/antoniofacchetti.html Previous Degrees & Institutions:  B.S. in Industrial Chemistry, 1986, A. Righi Institute (Italy): M.S. in Chemistry, 1993, State University of Milano (Italy): Ph.D. in Chemistry, 1996, State University of Milano (Italy) Project Summary:  Dr. Facchetti’s research interests include organic semiconductors and dielectrics for thin-film transistors, conducting polymers, molecular electronics, organic second- and third-order nonlinearr optical materials, and organic photovoltaics.

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Deniz Çakal

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Yanshan Gao

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Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in Chemistry, 2014, Western Washington University; M.S. in Chemistry, 2017, Yale University. Project Summary: Synthesis of Organic Semiconducting Materials for Soft Matter Photovoltaics and Electronics

Elisa Trippodo

Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in Chemistry, University of Palermo (2013). M.S. in Chemistry of Molecular Systems, University of Palermo (2015). Visiting scholar, University of Vienna (2017). Project Summary: Organic Solar Cells: Additives for the improvement of the performance of organic and hybrid photovoltaic devices.

Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in  Electronic Science and Technology, 2016, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Project Summary: Thin-film transistors based on organic and metal oxide materials.

Previous Degrees & Institutions: Ph.D in Organic Chemistry, 2017, University of Illinois at Chicago, with Prof. Vladimir Gevorgyan; M.S. in Organometallic Chemistry, 2011, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, under supervision of Prof. Zuowei Xie; B.S. in Chemistry, 2008, Wuhan University, under supervision of Prof. Qinghua Fan (ICCAS, China) Project Summary: Group 4 bimetallic and hetero-bimetallic chemistry and polymerization catalysis.

Previous Degrees & Institutions: Ph.D in Materials Science with Prof. Yi Gu, 2013, Sichuan University (China); Associate research scientist in SABIC, 2014; Currently, Associate professor at North University of China (China). Project Summary: Development organic materials and applications of metal oxides to field-effect transistor.

Jianglin Wu

Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in Applied Chemistry, 2015, School of Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, M.S. in Organic Chemistry, 2018, Sichuan University Project Summary: Synthesis of novel organic semiconductors for organic photovoltaics.

Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in Chemistry, Expected 2023, University of Science and Technology of China Project Summary:  Heterogeneous and homogeneous organometallic catalysis for polymer recycling/upcycling.

Xiaohua Zhang

Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in Optical Information Science and Technology, 2015, Qufu Normal University. Project Summary: Organic semiconductors, organic and perovskite photodetectors, morphology control in thick-film organic solar.

Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in Material science and engineering, 2013, Taiyuan University of Technology. Project Summary: Organic semiconductors, organic light-emitting diodes, organic and perovskite photodetectors.

Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in Electronic Science and Technology​, 2013, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Project Summary: Organic semiconductors, metal oxides, carbon nano-materials and their application in organic solar cells and perovskite solar cells.

Xinming Zhuang

Previous Degrees & Institutions: B.S. in Electronic Science and Technology​, 2014, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC) Project Summary: Thin-film transistors based on organic and metal oxide materials and their sensors.

School of Materials Science and Engineering

Antonio facchetti.

Antonio Facchetti obtained his Laurea degree in Chemistry cum laude and a Ph.D in Chemical Sciences from the University of Milan. In 2022 he joined the School of Material Science and Engineering at Georgia Tech. He is also an Adjunct Professor of Chemistry at Northwestern and a Guest Professor at Linkoping University. He is a co-founder and the Chief Technology Officer of Flexterra Corporation. 

Prof. Facchetti has published more than 670 research articles, 14 book chapters, and holds more than 120 patents (H-index 132). He received the 2009 Italian Chemical Society Research Prize, the team IDTechEx Printed Electronics Europe 2010 Award, the corporate 2011 Flextech Award. In 2010 was elected a Kavli Fellow, in 2012 a Fellow of the American Association for the Advanced of Science (AAAS), in 2013 Fellow of the Materials Research Society, in 2015 he became a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, and in 2016 a Fellow of the ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering. In 2010 he was selected among the "TOP 100 MATERIALS SCIENTISTS OF THE PAST DECADE (2000-2010)" by Thomson Reuters and in 2015-2023 recognized as a Highly Cited Scientist. In 2016 he has been elected a Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors and was awarded the 2016 ACS Award for Creative Invention. In 2017 he was awarded the Giulio Natta Gold Medal from the Italian Chemical Society for his work on polymeric materials and in 2019 he was inducted into the Advanced Materials Hall of Fame. 

573 Publications in Peered-Review Journals including: 4 Nature, 1 Science, 13 Nature Mater., 11 PNAS, 4 Nature Electronics., 1 Nature Energy, 4 Nature Commun., 1 Nature Energy; 6 Chem. Rev. 8 Macromolecules, 8 Chem. Commun., 7 Nano Letters, 10 Angew. Chem., 17 J. Mater. Chem., 11 Org. Electronics, 8 J. Org. Chem., 24 Appl. Phys. Lett., 25 Adv Funct. Mater., 37 Chem. Mater., 55 Adv. Mater., 81 J. Am. Chem. Soc..

124 US Patents Issued, 118 International Patents Issued, 8 Allowed/Formalized/Provisional Patent Applications

Publications in 2023

573. Huang, W.; Chen, J.; Yao, Y.; Zheng, D.; Ji, X.; Feng, L.-W.; Moore, D.; Glavin, N. R.; Xie, M.; Chen, Y.; Pankow, R. M.; Surendran, A.; Wang, Z.; Xia, Y.; Bai, L.; Rivnay, J.; Ping, J.; Guo, X.; Cheng, Y.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Vertical organic electrochemical transistors for complementary circuits. Nature (London, U. K.) 2023 , 613 , 496-502

572. Yao, Y.; Huang, W.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Bai, L.; Chen, W.; Cheng, Y.; Ping, J.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2023 , 35 , 2209906.

571. Qin, F.; Li, G.; Liu, Y.; Cho, Y.; Pankow, R. M.; Zhang, D.; Feng, L.; Wang, Y.; Jeong, S.; Forti, G.; Zheng, D.; Yang, C.; Zhou, Y.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Conjugated versus Nonconjugated Polymerized Small-Molecule Acceptors. Photovoltaic Response and Mechanical Properties. ACS Energy Letters 2023 , 8 , 4733-4745.

570. Zhuang, X.; Kim, J.-S.; Huang, W.; Chen, Y.; Wang, G.; Chen, J.; Yao, Y.; Wang, Z.; Liu, F.; Yu, J.; Cheng, Y.; Yang, Z.; Lauhon, L. J.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. High-performance and low-power source-gated transistors enabled by a solution-processed metal oxide homojunction. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2023 , 120 , e2216672120.

569. Zhong, L.; Sun, Z.; Lee, S.; Jeong, S.; Jung, S.; Cho, Y.; Park, J.; Park, J.; Yoon, S. J.; Yang, C. Solid Additive Delicately Controls Morphology Formation and Enables High‐Performance in Organic Solar Cells. Advanced Functional Materials 2023 , 2305450.

568. Zhao, D.; Kim, D.; Ghosh, S.; Wang, G.; Huang, W.; Zhu, Z. L.; Marks, T. J.; Zozoulenko, I.; Facchetti, A. Mechanical, Morphological, and Charge Transport Properties of NDI Polymers with Variable Built-in Π-Conjugation Lengths Probed by Simulation and Experiment. Advanced Functional Materials 2023 .

567. Yao, Y.; Huang, W.; Chen, J. H.; Liu, X. X.; Bai, L. B.; Chen, W.; Cheng, Y. H.; Ping, J. F.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. Advanced Materials 2023 , 35 .

566. Yao, Y.; Huang, W.; Chen, J.; Liu, X.; Bai, L.; Chen, W.; Cheng, Y.; Ping, J.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Flexible and Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Physiological Sensing Devices. Advanced Materials 2023 , 35 , 2209906.

565. Wu, J.; Fu, C.; Pankow, R. M.; Chen, Y.; Zheng, D.; Lu, Z.; Huang, Y.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Copolymers Based on π-Conjugated Asymmetric Naphthalene Diimide Building Blocks: Synthesis, Crystallography, and Structure–Property–Charge Transport/Photovoltaic Correlations. Chemistry of Materials 2023 .

564. Trippodo, E.; Campisciano, V.; Feng, L.-W.; Chen, Y.; Huang, W.; Alzola, J. M.; Zheng, D.; Sangwan, V. K.; Hersam, M. C.; Wasielewski, M. R.; Pignataro, B.; Giacalone, F.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Air-stable ternary organic solar cells achieved by using fullerene additives in non-fullerene acceptor-polymer donor blends. J. Mater. Chem. C 2023 , 11 , 8074-8083.

563. Su, N.; Chen, J.; Peng, M.; Li, G.; Pankow, R. M.; Zheng, D.; Ding, J.; Facchetti, A.; Marks, T. J. π-Extension and chlorination of non-fullerene acceptors enable more readily processable and sustainable high-performance organic solar cells. J. Energy Chem. 2023 , 79 , 321-329.

562. Shim, H.; Sim, K.; Wang, B.; Zhang, Y.; Patel, S.; Jang, S.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A.; Yu, C. Elastic integrated electronics based on a stretchable n-type elastomer-semiconductor-elastomer stack. Nat. Electron. 2023 , 6 , 349-359.

561. Sang, L.; Chen, X.; Fang, J.; Xu, P.; Tian, W.; Shui, K.; Han, Y.; Wang, H.; Huang, R.; Zhang, Q. Elimination of Drying‐Dependent Component Deviation Using a Composite Solvent Strategy Enables High‐Performance Inkjet‐Printed Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency Approaching 16%. Advanced Functional Materials 2023 , 2304824.

560. Park, J. B.; Kim, J.; Jang, Y. W.; Park, H.-B.; Yang, S. H.; Kim, D.-H.; Kim, M.; Facchetti, A.; Park, S. K. Analysis of Carrier Transport in Quantum Dot/Metal-Oxide Phototransistors via Light-Mediated Interfacial Modeling. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2023 , 11 , 2201559.

559. Pankow, R. M.; Kerwin, B.; Cho, Y.; Jeong, S.; Forti, G.; Musolino, B.; Yang, C.; Facchetti, A.; Marks, T. J. Enhanced Optical Contrast and Switching in Near-Infrared Electrochromic Devices by Optimizing Conjugated Polymer Oligo(Ethylene Glycol) Sidechain Content and Gel Electrolyte Composition. Advanced Functional Materials 2023 .

558. Pankow, R. M.; Harbuzaru, A.; Zheng, D.; Kerwin, B.; Forti, G.; Duplessis, I. D.; Musolino, B.; Ponce Ortiz, R.; Facchetti, A.; Marks, T. J. Oxidative-Reductive Near-Infrared Electrochromic Switching Enabled by Porous Vertically Stacked Multilayer Devices. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2023 , 145 , 13411-13419.

557. Ovhal, M. M.; Lee, H. B.; Boud, S.; Ko, K.-J.; Jin, W.-Y.; Kumar, N.; Tyagi, B.; Kang, J.-W. Flexible, stripe-patterned organic solar cells and modules based on multilayer-printed Ag fibers for smart textile applications. Materials Today Energy 2023 , 34 , 101289.

556. Luo, Y.; et al. Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors. ACS Nano 2023 , 17 , 5211-5295.

555. Li, G.; Qin, F.; Jacobberger, R. M.; Mukherjee, S.; Jones, L. O.; Young, R. M.; Pankow, R. M.; Kerwin, B. P.; Flagg, L. Q.; Zheng, D.; Feng, L.-W.; Kohlstedt, K. L.; Sangwan, V. K.; Hersam, M. C.; Schatz, G. C.; DeLongchamp, D. M.; Wasielewski, M. R.; Zhou, Y.; Facchetti, A.; Marks, T. J. What is the role of non-fullerene acceptor symmetry in polymer solar cell efficiency? Joule 2023 , 7 , 2152-2173.

554. Lee, S.; Jeon, Y.; Lee, S. Y.; Ma, B. S.; Song, M.; Jeong, D.; Jo, J.; Kim, G.-U.; Lee, J.; Kim, T.-S.; Kim, B. J.; Lee, J.-Y. Intrinsically Stretchable Organic Solar Cells without Cracks under 40% Strain. Advanced Energy Materials 2023 , 13 , 2300533.

553. Kim, J.; Lee, J. H.; Lee, J. M.; Facchetti, A.; Marks, T. J.; Park, S. K. Recent Advances in Low-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Photodetectors. Small Methods 2023 .

Major Publications in Previous Years

552. Chen, J.; Huang, W.; Zheng, D.; Xie, Z.; Zhuang, X.; Zhao, D.; Chen, Y.; Su, N.; Chen, H.; Pankow, R. M.; Gao, Z.; Yu, J. Guo, X.; Cheng, Y.; Strzalka, J.; Yu, X.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Highly-Stretchable Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Strain-Resistant Performance Nature Mater.  2022 , 21 , 564–571.

551. Kim, J.; Park, J. B.; Zheng, D.; Kim, J.-S.; Cheng, Y.; Park, S. K.; Huang, W.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti A. Readily Accessible Metallic Micro Island Arrays for High‐Performance Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2022 , 34 , 2205871.

548. Wang, B.; Huang, W.; Bedzyk, M. J.; Dravid, V. P.; Hu, Y.-Y.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Combustion synthesis and polymer doping of metal oxides for high-performance electronic circuitry. Acc. Chem. Res. 2022 , 55 , 429-441.

531. Guo, H.; Yang, C.Y.; Zhang, X.; Motta, A.; Feng, K.; Xia, Y.; Shi, Y.; Wu, Z.; Yang, K.; Chen, J.; Liao, Q.; Tang, Y.; Sun, H.; Woo, H. Y.; Fabiano, S.; Facchetti, A.; Guo, X. Transition metal catalysed molecular n-doping of organic semiconductors. Nature  2021 , 599 ,67-73.

530. Wang, B.; Huang, W.; Lee, S.; Huang, L.; Wang, Z.; Chen, Y.; Chen, Z.; Feng, L.-W.; Wang, G.; Yokota, T.; Someya, T.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Foundry-compatible high-resolution patterning of vertically phase-separated semiconducting films for ultraflexible organic electronics. Nat. Commun. 2021 , 12 , 4937.

529. Yao, Y.; Huang, W.; Chen, J.; Wang, G.; Chen, H.; Zhuang, X.; Ying, Y.; Pinga, J.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Flexible Complementary Circuits Operating at Sub-0.5 Volt via Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Electrolyte Gated Transistors Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2021 , 118 (44), e2111790118.

510. Zhao, D.; Chen, J.; Wang, B.; Wang, G.; Chen, Z.; Yu, J.; Guo, X.; Huang, W.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Engineering Intrinsic Flexibility in Polycrystalline Molecular Semiconductor Films by Grain Boundary Plasticization.  J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020 , 142 , 5487-5492.

509. Guo, X.; Facchetti, A. The journey of conducting polymers from discovery to application. Nat. Mater. 2020 , 19 , 922-928.

508. Wang, B.; Thukral, A.; Xie, Z.; Liu, L.; Zhang, X.; Huang, W.; Yu, X.; Yu, C.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Flexible and stretchable metal oxide nanofiber networks for multimodal and monolithically integrated wearable electronics. Nat. Commun. 2020 , 11 , 2405.

507. Liao, C.-Y.; Chen, Y.; Lee, C.-C.; Wang, G.; Teng, N.-W.; Lee, C.-H.; Li, W.-L.; Chen, Y.-K.; Li, C.-H.; Ho, H.-L.; Tan, P. H.-S.; Wang, B.; Huang, Y.-C.; Young, R. M.; Wasielewski, M. R.; Marks, T. J.; Chang, Y.-M.; Facchetti, A. Processing Strategies for an Organic Photovoltaic Module with over 10% Efficiency. Joule 2020 , 4 , 189-206.

480. Wang, B.; Facchetti, A. Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E-Skin and E-Textile Devices. Adv. Mater. (Weinheim, Ger.) 2019 , 31 (28), 1901408.

479. Demirel, G.; Gieseking, R. L. M.; Ozdemir, R.; Kahmann, S.; Loi, M. A.; Schatz, G. C.; Facchetti, A.; Usta, H. Molecular engineering of organic semiconductors enables noble metal-comparable SERS enhancement and sensitivity. Nat. Commun. 2019 , 10 , 5502.

453. Huang, W.; Guo, P.; Zeng, L.; Li, R.; Wang, B.; Wang, G.; Zhang, X.; Chang, R. P. H.; Yu, J.; Bedzyk, M. J.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Metal Composition and Polyethylenimine Doping Capacity Effects on Semiconducting Metal Oxide-Polymer Blend Charge Transport.  J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018 , 140 (16), 5457-5473.

452. Zhang, J; Tan, H. S.; Guo, X.; Facchetti, A.; Yan, H. Material insights and challenges for non-fullerene organic solar cells based on small molecular acceptors Nature Energy 2018 , 3 , 720–731 .

451. Wang, S.; Sun, H.; Erdmann, T.; Wang, G.; Fazzi, D.; Lappan, U.; Puttisong, Y.; Chen, Z.; Berggren, M.; Crispin, X.; Kiriy, A.; Voit, B.; Marks, T. J.; Fabiano, S.; Facchetti, A. A Chemically Doped Naphthalenediimide-Bithiazole Polymer for n-Type Organic Thermoelectrics.  Adv. Mater.  2018 , 1801898.

423. Liang, Y.; Jing, Y.; Gheytani, S.; Lee, K.-Y.; Liu, P.; Facchetti, A.; Yao, Y. A. Universal quinone electrodes for long cycle life aqueous rechargeable batteries. Nat. Mater. 2017 ,  16 , 918-924.

422. Yilmaz, M.; Babur,E.; Özdemir, M.; Pekyilmaz, D.; Dede, Y.; Tamer, U.; Facchetti, A.; Usta, H.; Demirel, G. Nanostructured Superhydrophobic Organic Semiconductor Films for Ultrasensitive Molecular Detection with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Nat. Mater. 2017 ,  16 , 918-924.

398 Facchetti, A. Polymers make charge flow easy. Nature (London, U. K.) 2016 , 539 , 499-500.

397 Yu, X.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. Metal oxides for optoelectronic applications. Nat. Mater. 2016 , 15 , 383-396.

358 Yu, X.; Zhou, N.; Lin, H.; Guo, P.; Smith, J.; Yu, J.; Chang, R. P. H.; Marks, T. J.; Facchetti, A. New Route to Solution Processed Metal Oxide Transistors via Spray Combustion Synthesis (SCS). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A.  2015 , 112 (11), 3217-3222.

334 Usta, H.; Sheets, W. C.; Denti, M.; Generali, G.; Capelli, R.; Lu, S.; Yu, X.; Muccini, M.; Facchetti, A. Perfluoroalkyl-Functionalized Thiazole-Thiophene Oligomers as N-Channel Semiconductors in Organic Field-Effect and Light-Emitting Transistors. Chem. Mater. 2014 , 26 (22), 6542-6556

266. Facchetti, A.; Marocchi, A.; Vaccaro, L. "Semiconducting Polymers via Direct Arylation Polycondensation" Angew. Chem. Inter. Ed. 2012 , 51 , 3520-3523.

265. Usta, H.; Newman, C.; Chen, Z.H.; Facchetti, A. "Dithienocoronenediimide-Based Copolymers as Novel Ambipolar Semiconductors for Organic Thin-Film Transistors" Adv. Mater. 2012 , 24,  3678-3684.

203. Capelli, R.; Toffanin, S.; Generali, G.; Usta, H.; Facchetti, A.; Muccini, M. "Organic light-emitting transistors with an efficiency that outperforms the equivalent light-emitting diodes" Nature Mater. 2010 , 9 , 496-503.

202. Ono, S.; Minder, N.; Chen, Z.; Facchetti, A.; Morpurgo A. F. "High-performance n-type organic field-effect transistors with ionic liquid gates" Appl. Phys. Lett. 2010 , 97 (14), 143307/1-143307/3.

171. Yan, H.; Chen, Z.; Zheng, Y.; Newman, C. E.; Quin, J. Dolz, F.; Kastler, M.; Facchetti, A. “A high-mobility electron-transporting polymer for printed transistors” Nature  2009 , 457 , 679-686.

170. Rivnay, J.; Jimison, L. H., Northrup, J. E.; Toney, M. F.; Noriega, R.; Lu, S.; Marks, T.J.; Facchetti. A.; Salleo, A. “Large modulation of carrier transport by grain-boundary molecular packing and microstructure in organic thin films” Nature Mater.  2009 , 8 (12), 952-958.  

• 09/98-12/99 Postdoctoral Fellow in Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University. Supervisior: Prof. Tobin J. Marks. 
• 04/97-08/98 Postdoctoral Fellow in Physical Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley. Supervisor: Prof. Andrew Streitwieser. 
• 11/93-11/97 Ph.D. in Chemistry, University of Milano. Advisor: Prof. Giorgio A. Pagani. 
• 09/86-05/93 Laurea in Chemistry (110/110 with honors), University of Milano. 
• 09/81-06/86 Diploma in Industrial Chemistry, A. Righi Institute.

Awards and Honors

• 2023 Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry
• 2023 2023 CAS REGISTRY® Innovator
• 2023 Highly Cited Researcher 2023
• 2022 Highly Cited Researcher 2022
• 2021 Fellow of the European Academy of Sciences
• 2021 Highly Cited Researcher 2021
• 2021 Industry Era 10Best CTOs
• 2020 Highly Cited Researcher 2020
• 2019 Advanced Materials Hall of Fame
• 2019 Highly Cited Researcher 2019
• 2018 Highly Cited Researcher 2018
• 2017 Giulio Natta Gold Medal of the Italian Chemical Society
• 2017 Chemistry of Materials 1K Club Member
• 2017 Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher
• 2016 National Academy of Inventors, Fellow
• 2016 Chemistry of Materials Reviewer Award
• 2016 Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher
• 2016 American Chemical Society (ACS) Award for Creative Invention
• 2016 Fellow of the ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering
• 2015 Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher
• 2014 Thomson Reuters Highly Cited Researcher
• 2013 Fellow of the Materials Research Society
• 2012 Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
• 2011 R&D FlexTech Award
• 2011 Selected Among "TOP 100 MATERIALS SCIENTISTS OF THE PAST DECADE (2000-2010)", Thomson Reuters
• 2010 IDTechEx Printed Electronics Europe 2010 Award for the Development of Organic Materials
• 2010 Fellow of the Kavli National Science Foundation
• 2009 SCI (Italian Chemical Society) Research Prize
• 1986 Farchemia Award to the Best Student in Industrial Chemistry
• 2023 Member of the Board of Directors, Materials Research Society
• 2023 Associate Editor of the Journal of Materials Chemistry C
• 2023 Associate Editor of Materials Advances
• 2023 Advisory Committee Member MRS-J: Grand Meeting 2023
• 2023 ECME International Advisory Board
• 2022 Chair for the International Conference on Frontier Materials 2022
• 2022 International Advisory Board member of Small Science
• 2021 Editorial Board Member of Advanced Materials
• 2021 Editorial Board Member of Materials Horizons
• 2020 Chair of the Scientific Board, Large-area, Organic & Printed Electronics Convention (LOPEC) 2020
• 2019 Chair for the Organic Photonics and Electronics, OMTA
• 2019 Chair of the Scientific Board, Large-area, Organic & Printed Electronics Convention (LOPEC) 2019
• 2018 Editorial Board Member of Materials Today Sustainability
• 2018 Chair of the Scientific Board, Large-area, Organic & Printed Electronics Convention (LOPEC) 2018
• 2018 Editorial Board Member of EnergyChem
• 2017 Chair of the Scientific Board, Large-area, Organic & Printed Electronics Convention (LOPEC) 2017
• 2017 Co-organizer of the Symposium "Advanced Polymers Semiconductors: Key Properties and High Performance Electronics" 2018 MRS Meeting
• 2017 Editorial Board Member of Applied Sciences
• 2017 Committee Member of the AMD section of IMID2017
• 2016 International Advisory Board of ChemSusChem
• 2016 Co-organizer of the Symposium "Organic Semiconductor Materials" in International Confreres on Flexible and Printed Electronics 2016 (ICFPE2016), Yonezawa, Japan
• 2016 Advisory Board of European Advanced Materials Congress, Stockholm, Sweden
• 2015 Editorial Advisory Board of Applied Materials Today
• 2015 Co-organizer of the Symposium "Advanced Materials for Photonics and Electronics: Fundamentals and Applications" Pacifichem Conference, Hawaii, USA
• 2015 International Advisory Board Member, 13th European Conference of Molecular Electronics (ECME)
• 2015 Large Area printed Electronics 2015 Scientific Board Member
• 2015 Co-organizer of the Symposium " Molecularly Ordered Organic and Polymer Semiconductors: Fundamentals and Devices" Material Research Society Meeting, Boston, USA
• 2015 Scientific Board Member, Large-area, Organic & Printed Electronics Convention (LOPEC) 2015
• 2014 SPIE Meeting, Organic Photovoltaics XV Symposium Organizer
• 2014 International Advisory Board Member of the International Fall School on Organic Electronics, Moscow, Russia
• 2013 Editorial Advisory Board of AIMS Materials Science
• 2013 International Advisory Board Member of the Symposium FG “Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conversion: Silicon and Beyond” of the 6th Forum on New Materials, Montecatini Terme, Italy
• 2013 Associate Editor of Indian Journal of Materials Science
• 2013 Co-organizer of the Symposium "Spin dynamics on organic semiconductor materials " Material Research Society Meeting, San Francisco, USA
• 2012 Funding Editor of the journal "Organic Photonics and Photovoltaics"
• 2012 Industrial Advisory Board, International conference on the Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals, Georgia Institute of Technology.
• 2012 Co-organizer of the Symposium " Single-Crystalline Organic and Polymer Semiconductors: Fundamentals and Devices " Material Research Society Meeting, Boston, USA
• 2012 Co-organizer of the “International Symposium on Organic Transistors and Functional Interfaces -FET 2012”, Princeton, USA
• 2012 Co-organizer of the Workshop " Organic Electronics and Photonics. From Single Crystals to Amorphous Films " Okinawa, Japan
• 2011 Associate Editor of International Journal of Analytical Chemistry
• 2011 Co-organizer of the Symposium " Charge Generation/Transport in Organic Semiconductor Materials" Material Research Society Meeting, Boston, USA
• 2011 Editorial Advisory Board of Journal of Applied Polymer Science
• 2010 Co-organizer of “International Symposium on Organic Transistors and Functional Interfaces -FET 2010”, Les Diablerets, Switzerland
• 2007 Co-organizer of Symposium on “Polymeric and Molecular Materials for Opto-Electronics (233 rd ACS National Meeting, PMSE Division), Chicago (USA)
• Printed/Flexible/Stretchable/Sustainable Organic Electronics. A rapidly advancing area of technological and basic research is “flexible electronics”-- in particular, organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) based on organic small molecule and polymeric semiconductor, dielectric and conductor materials. OTFTs based on such advanced components have been proposed for several uses, such as flexible/bendable displays for commercial and military applications (rolling maps, soldier electronic textile), radio-frequency identification tags, smart cards, and sensors. The main goal of the present research is to design, synthesize, and characterize novel organic (semi)conductors and dielectrics for the above applications that will compete with the current inorganic technology based on silicon TFTs as well as create new TFT platforms for novel applications. A key aspect of this project is to enhance sustainability and reduce the carbon footprint for the preparation of electronic materials and in the fabrication of electronic devices.
• Organic and Thin-Film Photovoltaic Cells. Photovoltaic (PV) cells based on organic photoactive thin-film materials offer the promise of large-scale manufacture for producing cheap solar electricity with low-cost, light-weight, non-toxic, and earth-abundant materials. A major step to enable this technology will come from the rational engineering of photoactive polymeric materials with tailored electronic structures and orbital energetics to optimize: light absorption, exciton splitting, active layer charge transport, interfaces for photocurrent collection, and film processing. Furthermore, an essential goal is to achieve ductile solar cells and modules for integration with flexible and stretchable devices.
• Transparent/Solution Processable Metal Oxide (MO) Electronics. Transparent electronics is a technology aiming at producing “invisible” electronic circuits and devices. Applications include consumer electronics and transportation. For example, automobile windshields could transmit visual information. Glass in almost any setting could also double as an electronic device, possibly improving security systems or transparent displays. As for the conventional Si/GaAs electronics, the basic circuit structure is based on the thin-film transistor. However, the transistor building block materials, the semiconductor, the dielectric, and the conductor, must now be transparent in the visible. Therefore, the main scientific goal of this technology is to discover, understand, and implement transparent high-performance materials and their high-yield implementation in transistor/circuit structures. Furthermore, if these materials can be solution-processed, a venue to high-performance, transparent, and inexpensive electronic circuits and devices can be opened.
• Polymers for Energy Storage. The rapidly and globally increasing demand for energy results in challenges concerning not only the conversion but also the storage of electrical energy. Batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors have been the focus of considerable research due to their key role regarding “portable energy”, as well as the rapid development of active radio-frequency identification (aRFID) tags, integrated-circuit smart cards, mobile sensor systems, smart clothes, electric vehicles, and grid-level energy storage. In all these key technologies, the relatively poor battery performance of existing energy storage systems represents the major bottleneck. In this area our goals are to develop unconventional materials, particularly organic polymers, to enhance battery performance and enable implementation in light/flexible devices.
• SERS Sensors. The identification and quantitative determination of ultra-low concentrations of chemical and biological molecules is relevant in several fields including medical diagnostic, environmental science, and homeland security. Conventional routes to analyte detection rely on optical, electrochemical, electronic, and gravimetric methodologies. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an ideal surface-sensitive technique allowing non-destructive molecular analysis with high sensitivity and selectivity approaching single-to-few molecules detection. Here we are using organic semiconductors as SERS-active platforms and investigate their integration into different sensor architectures.
• Organic Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors and Bioelectronics. Organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) are materials that conduct both ions and electronic charge carriers (electrons and/or holes) and are the key components of organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). These devices are transistors operating at very low voltage and exhibit large transconductance (signal amplification). Since ions are need for their operation and because biology uses ions for signaling, OECTs are ideal candidates to interface electronic devices with biology. Thus, in this project we design and synthesize new OMIEC materials, investigated details of their charge transport properties, fabricate and invent new OECT architectures and we apply them for new type of OECT circuits embedding driving, sensor and neuromorphic functions.
• N-Doping of Organic Semiconductors. The doping of inorganic materials has been instrumental in the progress of the semiconductor industry. For organics (soft matter), several strategies have yielded doped π-electron solids with greatly enhanced opto-electronic properties as well as novel materials, physical phenomena, and device concepts, supporting the commercialization of PEDOT:PSS, OLEDs, and other materials technologies. However, these advances were largely enabled by p-doped (hole transporting) materials, while useful n-doped (electron-transporting) materials have been limited in chemical accessibility, doping efficiency, electron mobility and conductivity. This limits their introduction in several opto-electronic devices where both p-type and n-type (semi)conductors are required. Research goals in this topic include to explore new organic semiconductors, dopants, and catalysts to elucidate the mechanism of the catalytic n-doping process, expand the scope to other type of catalysts and integrate catalyzed-doped materials into devices.

Chi è Chiara Facchetti, la creator diventata virale con il video sulla paura di volare

Tutto quello che c'è da sapere sulla content creator di cui si sta parlando sul web: età, lavoro, marito, figli

Quasi 2 milioni di visualizzazioni in due giorni. Lei è Chiara Facchetti, 37 anni, content creator seguitissima sui social (757.000 iscritti su YouTube, altri 537.000 follower su TikTok e 345.000 su Instagram). Il 9 gennaio scorso ha pubblicato sulla piattaforma cinese un video dal titolo: "Supero la mia più grande paura". A cosa si riferiva? All'aereo. Lo ha ben raccontato lei stessa nel recente video in cui lo spettatore segue le vicende che la interessano, direttamente dal suo punto di vista. 

"Visto che è iniziato un nuovo anno, ho deciso di dedicarmi ogni mese ad un'attività che mi arricchisca", ha esordito Chiara nel video. Poi ha continuato: "Siamo a gennaio e per questo mese ho deciso di affrontare le mie paure e ho deciso di affrontare quella di volare. Quindi ho scelto un volo relativamente corto e la partenza da un aeroporto piuttosto corto". "Appena svegli siamo partiti subito per andare all'aeroporto di Caselle (Torino, ndr) - ha raccontato - Durante il viaggio verso l'aeroporto sono stata molto tranquilla perché ero super determinata a superare questa paura, mentre arrivando verso l'aeroporto ho iniziato ad agitarmi un po'. Per distrarmi ho deciso di fare colazione. Era tutto buono ma purtroppo neanche mangiando sono riuscita a tranquillizzarmi". Dunque lo sfortunato epilogo: "Una volta arrivata ai controlli non ce l'ho fatta e sono uscita subito dall'aeroporto e siamo rientrati a casa".

Eta, lavoro, vita privata: cosa c'è da sapere su Chiara Facchetti

Chiara Facchetti è nata il 6 settembre 1986. Dal 14 luglio 2022 è sposata con Matteo, 27enne lontano dai social. I due vivono insieme ad Aosta. Come riportato da Webboh, prima di diventare una influencer e content creator, faceva l'impiegata statale. Tra la sua società - Kiascricc Sas - e le collaborazioni con i brand, Facchetti guadagna circa 2.300/2.500 euro al mese. Ma questo dato risale a circa 3 anni fa. Dunque è probabile che ora ci siano stati dei cambiamenti. Sempre 3 anni fa, Chiara Facchetti ha anche pubblicato un libro, dal titolo "L'ora della verità. Come ho imparato ad ascoltare le mie paure", Ed. Sperlink & Kupfer. Evidentemente non è bastato ascoltarle o almeno non a superare quella di volare. Che, tuttavia, gli sta regalando grandi soddisfazioni in termini di interazione e visualizzazioni. Gli altri contenuti? Simili a quelli di tante altre creator. Pubblicità a prodotti di bellezza, scatti "quotidiani" (la colazione, in giro a fare shopping, in automobile e così via). Tanto, tanto cibo: panini, dolci e dolcetti. Viene l'acquolina in bocca.

@chiarafacchetti Supero la mia più grande paura ♬ suono originale - Chiara Facchetti

© Riproduzione riservata

• social media
• Chiara Facchetti

Da chi potrebbe essere sostituita Chiara Ferragni? Le tre giovani "pretendenti"

Cecilia cantarano, la creator si racconta: "dopo un anno difficile, parlo di salute mentale. dovrebbe arrivare nelle scuole", in evidenza.

Tre serie tv da vedere su Netflix questo weekend

Sette film da vedere su Prime Video nella settimana di Ferragosto

Cosa vedere su Netflix questo weekend, i film e le serie imperdibili

Il ragazzo più ricco d'Italia è diventato il ristoratore più interessante del momento

Potrebbe interessarti.

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Are you comfortable in Decision Making in a given situation How aptly you analyze the situation with a logical approach How much time do you take in arriving at a decision How good are you in taking the rightful course of action

Solved Example:

Hari, the only working member of the family has been working an organization for 25 years. His job required long standing hours. One day, while working, he lost his leg in an accident. The company paid for his medical reimbursement.

Since he was a hardworking employee; the company offered him another compensatory job. He refused by saying, ‘Once a Lion, always a Lion’. As an HR, what solution would you suggest?

Identification of the Problem:

Obvious: accident, refusal of job, only earning member, his attitude, and inability to do his current job Hidden: the reputation of the company at stake, the course of action might influence other employees

Action Plan:

As an HR, you are first expected to check the company records and find out how a similar case has been dealt with in the past. Second, you need to take cognizance of the track record of the employee highlighted by the keyword ‘hardworking’.

Given the situation at hand, he is deemed unfit for his current role. However, the problem arises because of his attitude towards the compensatory job. Hence, in such a case, counselling is required.

Here, three levels of Counselling is required: 1.   Ist level is with Hari 2.   IInd level of counselling is required with the Union Leader (if any) to keep the collective interest and the reputation of the company in mind 3.   IIIrd level of counselling is required with his family members as they constitute of the afflicted party

If the counselling does not work, one should also identify a contingency plan or Plan B. In this case, the Contingency Plan would be – hire someone from his family for a compensatory role.

Note that the following options are out of scope and should be avoided: 1.   Increase Hari’s salary so that he gives in and agrees to do the compensatory job 2.   Status Quo – do not bother as long as the Company is making a profit 3.   Replace Hari with someone else

1. Pinpoint the key issues to be solved and identify their cause and effects

2. Start broad and try to work through a range of issues methodically

3. Connect the facts and evidence and focus on the big picture

4. Discuss any trade-offs or implications of your proposed solution

5. Relate your conclusion back to the problem statement and make sure you have answered all the questions

1. Do not be anxious if you are not able to understand the situation well or unable to justify the problem. Read again, a little slowly, it will help you understand better.

2. Do not jump to conclusions; try to move systematically and gradually.

3. Do not panic if you are unable to analyze the situation. Listen carefully to others as the discussion starts, it will help you gauge the problem at hand.

All the best! Ace the GDPI season.

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• Published: 17 August 2024

Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in small-for-gestational-age infants: a matched case–control study

• Xiang-Ping Ding 1 ,
• Xiang-Wen Hu 1 ,
• Shi Chen 2 ,
• Zheng-Li Wang 1 , 2 ,
• Lu-Quan Li 1 , 2 &
• Wen-Yan Tang 1 , 3  

Scientific Reports volume  14 , Article number:  19098 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

• Gastroenterology
• Gastrointestinal diseases
• Medical research
• Risk factors

Few studies have focused on the risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in small for gestational age (SGA) infants. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for NEC in SGA newborns. This study included consecutive SGA neonates admitted to a tertiary hospital in Jiangxi Province, China from Jan 2008 to Dec 2022. Patients with NEC (Bell’s stage ≥ II) were assigned to the NEC group. Gestational age- and birth weight-matched non-NEC infants born during the same period at the same hospital were assigned to the control group. The risk factors associated with NEC were analyzed with univariate and logistic regression models. During the study period, 2,912 SGA infants were enrolled, 150 (5.15%) of whom developed NEC. In total, 143 patients and 143 controls were included in the NEC and control groups, respectively. Logistic regression analysis revealed that sepsis ( OR 2.399, 95% CI 1.271–4.527, P  = 0.007) and anemia ( OR 2.214, 95% CI 1.166–4.204, P  = 0.015) might increase the incidence of NEC in SGA infants and that prophylactic administration of probiotics ( OR 0.492, 95% CI 0.303–0.799, P  = 0.004) was a protective factor against NEC. Therefore, sepsis, anemia and a lack of probiotic use are independent risk factors for NEC in SGA infants.

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Introduction.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a common and devastating gastrointestinal emergency of preterm birth that occurs in 7–12% of very low birth weight infants 1 , 2 . The mortality rate associated with NEC ranges from 20 to 40%, and survivors are at increased risk for poor long-term growth and neurodevelopmental impairment despite improvements in medical technology and neonatal care over the past several years 3 , 4 . The exact etiology of NEC remains unclear, but multiple factors, such as formula feeding, prematurity, low birth weight, intestinal ischemia and abnormal microbial colonization, are considered risk factors 5 , 6 , 7 . Classification as small for gestational age (SGA) is assigned if a newborn has a birth weight < 10th percentile for their gestational age 8 , suggesting possible intrauterine growth retardation and growth insufficiency. The risk of developing NEC in SGA neonates is more than double that in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) neonates 9 . However, the risk factors associated with the development of NEC in SGA infants remain unclear. To our knowledge, few studies have focused on the risk factors for NEC in SGA infants. The aim of this study was to identify the potential risk factors for NEC in SGA infants.

Clinical features

During the study period, 2,912 SGA infants were admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CHCMU). Among these infants, 150 (5.15%) developed NEC (Bell’s stage ≥ II), 143 of whom were eligible for enrollment; the other 7 patients were excluded because they were discharged from the hospital during the first 24 h of hospitalization (n = 4) and had incomplete information (n = 3). Consequently, 143 matched SGA infants without NEC were included in the control group.

Table 1 shows the comparison of demographic characteristics between the two groups. No differences in neonatal baseline factors or maternal factors were found between the two groups ( P  > 0.05). Compared with non-NEC infants, infants with NEC required a longer duration of hospitalization ( P  = 0.046) and had higher overall mortality ( P  = 0.000). After adjustment, the mortality rate in the NEC group (Table 1 ).

was still significantly greater than that in the control group ( P  = 0.000).

Table 2 shows the risk factors associated with NEC identified with the univariate analysis. A higher incidence of anemia and sepsis and a lower incidence of prophylactic probiotic administration were found in neonates with NEC ( P  < 0.05). In infants with NEC, sepsis occurred at a mean of 2 (range 1–5) days before the onset of NEC; the time of sepsis onset after birth and the timing of NEC onset are presented in Fig.  1 . No differences in the incidence of patent ductus arteriosus, respiratory failure, apnea, respiratory distress syndrome or polycythemia were found between the two groups ( P  > 0.05).

The time of sepsis onset after birth and the timing of NEC onset.

The most important risk factors for NEC in SGA infants in the less than P3 and P3–P10 subgroups are shown in Table 3 . Specifically, sepsis was an important risk factor for NEC in SGA infants in the less than P3-P10 subgroup ( P  = 0.012), and anemia was an important risk factor for NEC in the P3 subgroup ( P  = 0.034). Additionally, prophylactic probiotics appeared to reduce the incidence of NEC in the P3 group ( P  = 0.005).

Table 4 shows the independent risk factors identified by the multivariate logistic regression model. Neonatal anemia ( P  = 0.015) and sepsis ( P  = 0.007) were considered independent risk factors for NEC in SGA infants, and SGA infants prophylactically administered probiotics were less likely to have NEC ( P  = 0.004).

To further clarify whether the presence of these risk factors affects the prognosis of NEC in infants, we compared subgroups of NEC survivors and nonsurvivors. Table 5 shows that the presence of sepsis significantly increased the mortality of NEC infants ( P  = 0.016), whereas the prophylactic administration of probiotics might reduce their mortality ( P  = 0.000). Here, anemia did not increase the mortality of NEC patients ( P  = 0.732).

SGA infants are considered a high-risk population for NEC 9 , 10 . In this population, the incidence of NEC in SGA infants was 5.15% (150/2912). Other studies have reported that the incidence rate of NEC in SGA infants is between 3.2% and 6.02% 9 , 11 . Notably, a multicenter survey of the Chinese population revealed that the incidence rate of NEC in SGA infants may be as high as 20.41% 12 .

However, the exact risk factors for NEC in SGA infants remain unclear. We found that neonatal anemia and sepsis were risk factors for NEC, and prophylactic administration of probiotics might decrease the incidence of NEC in SGA infants. This study may provide scientific evidence for prevention and treatment strategies for NEC.

We found that SGA infants with sepsis were more vulnerable to NEC. The mechanism by which sepsis causes NEC is thought to be multifactorial. Bacteria from hematogenous and gut-derived infections can directly destroy intestinal epithelial cells, and bacterial products such as endotoxins can cause necrosis of the intestinal tract 13 , 14 . Various inflammatory mediators, such as platelet-activating factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and IL-10, contribute to the onset and progression of NEC 15 , 16 . We also found that anemia was associated with the development of NEC in SGA infants. Anemia can impair splanchnic perfusion, including that in the intestine, resulting in increased anaerobic metabolism and the production of byproducts such as lactic acid 17 , 18 . Additionally, anemia can impair the normal maturation of vascular autoregulation in the intestine 19 . These effects can trigger a cascade of events leading to ischemic-hypoxemic mucosal gut injury, predisposing neonates to NEC 17 , 18 .

Finally, we found that prophylactic probiotics were associated with a lower incidence of NEC in SGA infants. Several clinical trials have demonstrated that probiotic administration after birth decreases the incidence of NEC in neonates 20 , 21 . Inappropriate bacterial colonization in the gastrointestinal tract plays an key role in the development of NEC. Probiotics may promote the colonization of beneficial microbiota, inhibit the growth of pathogens, improve the function of the gut mucosal barrier, and prevent the incidence of NEC 5 , 22 . Therefore, a lack of probiotic use may be associated with a higher incidence of NEC 23 , 24 .

In this study, the overall mortality rate of the NEC group was significantly greater than that of the control group, and after adjusting for mortality due to NEC, the mortality rate in the NEC group was still significantly greater than that of the control group. Sepsis, anemia, respiratory failure, and other factors might significantly increase the mortality rate of patients with NEC 7 , 25 , 26 ; therefore, the higher mortality rate in the NEC group observed here might be closely related to the presence of multiple comorbidities in the SGA infants themselves.

There are several limitations in this study, including errors and bias inherent to the retrospective nature of the study. Moreover, this was only a single-center study and might not represent the characteristics of the entire Chinese SGA population. Therefore, prospective multicenter studies are needed to clarify the high-risk factors for NEC in the SGA population.

In conclusion, sepsis, anemia and a lack of probiotic use were independent risk factors for NEC in SGA infants in the present study. Thus, more attention should be given to SGA neonates with anemia and sepsis in future medical practices. Additionally, prophylactic probiotic use may reduce the incidence of NEC in SGA neonates.

Study population

This study was designed as a 1:1 matched case–control study. Consecutive SGA neonates who were admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University (CHCMU) from Jan 2008 to Dec 2022, were included. This retrospective study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to CHCMU (Approval No. 2016–19), and use of the database containing the evaluated data was permitted by the Ethics Committees of Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to CHCMU. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the Ethics Committee of Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to CHCMU. All study protocols were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. SGA was defined as a birth weight < 10th percentile for each newborn’s gestational age according to the growth chart for Chinese neonates 8 , 27 . SGA neonates with diagnosed NEC (Bell’s stage ≥ II) were included in the NEC group 28 . The SGA neonates without NEC admitted during the same period to the same hospital (the admission time of the control group infants did not differ from that of the NEC group by more than 3 months) were screened as possible controls; those matched for gestational age (difference of < 3 days) and birth weight (difference of < 100 g) were selected. When there were multiple candidate infants , one infant was randomly selected for inclusion in the control group by a computer. Neonates whose medical information was incomplete or who were discharged from the hospital during the first 24 h of hospitalization were excluded from the study.

Data collection

The demographic characteristics, including maternal factors such as maternal age, antibiotic exposure during pregnancy, antenatal glucocorticoid exposure, gestational hypertension, intrauterine cholestasis during pregnancy, anemia during pregnancy, gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of the membrane (> 18 h), fetal distress and meconium-stained amniotic fluid, were recorded. The neonatal factors included gender, gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, feeding type, and Apgar score at 1 and 5 min. Risk factors prior to the occurrence of NEC, such as neonatal anemia, sepsis, patent ductus arteriosus, respiratory failure, apnea, respiratory distress syndrome and polycythemia, were also recorded. Laboratory examinations and clinical outcomes were collected retrospectively from the hospital’s neonatal database. Neonatal anemia was defined as a hemoglobin or hematocrit concentration greater than 2 standard deviations below the mean for postnatal age 29 . Sepsis that developed prior to the onset of NEC was diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations and the growth of bacteria on blood culture and ancillary tests such as leukopenia (WBC < 5 × 10 9 /L) or leukocytosis (WBC > 25 × 10 9 /L for ≤ 3 days or WBC > 20 × 10 9 /L for > 3 days), a platelet count < 100 × 10 9 /L, an immature-to-total neutrophil ratio (I:T ratio) ≥ 0.16, and a C-reactive protein > 8 mg/L 30 , 31 , 32 . NEC was defined according to the modified Bell’s criteria as Bell Stage II or greater 28 , 33 . All infants were treated with suitable and necessary interventions according to their conditions, with the possible interventions including cessation of enteral feeding, nasogastric suction and parenteral nutrition, antibiotic therapy and surgical intervention. The data were collected, reviewed, deidentified, and anonymously analyzed by the authors, and the Ethics Committee of Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to CHCMU waived the requirement for informed consent because of the anonymized nature of the data and the scientific purpose of the study.

Statistical analysis

All analyses were conducted using SPSS 24.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov‒Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of continuous variables. Normally distributed variables were analyzed using Student’s t test, and skewed variables were analyzed with the Mann‒Whitney U test. The chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical variables between the two groups. All potential risk factors related to NEC incidence were included in the multivariate regression model to identify independent risk factors for NEC. P  < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Department of Neonatology, Jiangxi Hospital Affiliated to Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Nanchang, 330103, People’s Republic of China

Xiang-Ping Ding, Xiang-Wen Hu, Zheng-Li Wang, Lu-Quan Li & Wen-Yan Tang

Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Neonatal Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, People’s Republic of China

Shi Chen, Lu Guo, Zheng-Li Wang, Yu He & Lu-Quan Li

Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nan Chan, 330038, Jiangxi, China

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All the authors made substantial contributions to the study. Xiang-Ping Ding collected the clinical data drafted the manuscript. Xiang-Wen Hu, Shi Chen helped to collect the clinical information. Lu Guo and Zheng-Li Wang analyzed the data, Lu-Quan Li contributed to the critical revision. Wen-Yan Tang supervised the project and contributed to the conception and design of the study. Xiang-Ping Ding, Xiang-Wen Hu, Shi Chen, Lu Guo, Zheng-Li Wang, Lu-Quan Li and Wen-Yan Tang provided the final approval of the manuscript.

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Ding, XP., Hu, XW., Chen, S. et al. Risk factors for necrotizing enterocolitis in small-for-gestational-age infants: a matched case–control study. Sci Rep 14 , 19098 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70351-4

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Received : 21 November 2023

Accepted : 14 August 2024

Published : 17 August 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-70351-4

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