short essay on drug abuse in nigeria

Expository Essay On Drug Abuse In Nigeria 450 Words

In the vibrant tapestry of Nigeria, a troubling thread weaves its way through the lives of countless individuals, casting a shadow over families, communities, and the nation itself. This thread is the menace of drug abuse, a complex issue that affects people of diverse backgrounds and ages. In this expository essay, we shall delve into the layers of this problem, exploring its causes, effects, and the measures that can be taken to combat it.

Table of Contents

Essay: Unmasking the Shadows – Understanding Drug Abuse in Nigeria

Drug abuse, a deeply rooted concern in Nigeria, has ensnared the minds of many, including students who should be shaping the future. From the allure of cocaine to the grip of heroin and the haze of hash, the usage of these substances is far from uncommon[1]. The ripples of this problem extend far beyond the individual user, impacting families, communities, and the broader fabric of society.

The intertwining of drug abuse with criminal activities casts a dark cloud over Nigeria. Often, addiction and drug usage become entangled with a web of criminal behavior, including prostitution and sexual exploitation, resulting in vulnerable individuals being preyed upon[2]. The vicious cycle leads to tragic outcomes, with users often falling victim to violence, abuse, and exploitation.

The toll of drug abuse on health is a stark reality. The human body bears the brunt of the choices made, as substance abuse paves the path to heart ailments, kidney malfunction, and irreversible damage to the brain[4]. The very essence of self-control is under siege due to altered brain functioning, perpetuating the cycle of addiction and further physical deterioration.

The devastation caused by drug abuse stretches beyond the individual to disrupt the harmony of families and communities, undermining the foundations of society itself. Relationships are strained, families fractured, and social fabric torn asunder. The burden placed on healthcare systems and law enforcement compounds the issue, diverting resources from pressing matters.

Nurturing a solution to the epidemic of drug abuse requires a multifaceted strategy. First and foremost, awareness campaigns are pivotal in illuminating the path towards a drug-free society. Through education, individuals can be enlightened about the dangers that lie within the grasp of addiction. Accessible and well-funded rehabilitation centers must be established to provide a lifeline to those ensnared by substance dependency. The gears of law enforcement should turn towards dismantling drug trafficking networks and curbing the influx of illicit substances.

In conclusion, the specter of drug abuse in Nigeria is a formidable adversary, impacting individuals, families, and the entire nation. As we stand at the crossroads of a healthier future, it is imperative to address this issue head-on through comprehensive education, robust rehabilitation, and vigilant law enforcement. By doing so, we unravel the shadows that drug abuse casts, nurturing a society that thrives on resilience, unity, and wellbeing.

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Expository Essay on Drug Abuse in Nigeria (450 Words)

Introduction

The issue of drug abuse among Nigerian youths has reached alarming levels, posing a significant threat to public health and security. The prevalence of hard drug usage, including substances like Syrup, tramadol, Diazepam, cocaine, and Shisha mix, among others, has risen to over 11% of the youth population in Nigeria. This essay will examine the concerning state of drug abuse in Nigeria, the potential consequences, and the measures that can be taken to address this growing problem.

Current Scenario and Statistics

According to the 2021 World Drug Report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC), an estimated 275 million people worldwide used drugs in the previous year. Among them, over 36 million people suffered from drug use disorders. In Nigeria, the 2018 National Drug Use Survey revealed that approximately 14.3 million individuals were drug users, with nearly three million of them experiencing drug use disorders.

The Impact of Cannabis Use

The World Drug Report highlights the worrying trend of increasing cannabis potency by up to four times in some regions over the past 24 years. Paradoxically, the perception of cannabis as harmful has declined among adolescents by as much as 40%. This is concerning as cannabis use has been linked to various health and social issues, particularly among regular long-term users. In Nigeria alone, there are approximately 11 million cannabis users, with a significant proportion requiring drug counseling due to regular usage.

Projected Future Challenges

The global drug use scenario is projected to worsen in the coming years. Between 2010 and 2019, the number of people using drugs increased by 22%, largely due to population growth. Demographic changes alone suggest an estimated 11% increase in global drug users by 2030. Africa, including Nigeria, is expected to experience a significant surge of 40% in drug users due to its rapidly growing and young population. These projections indicate that Nigeria could potentially have around 20 million drug users by 2030, exacerbating public health and security challenges .

Addressing the Issue

While the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) under the leadership of General Muhammad Buba Marwa (rtd) has made commendable efforts in tackling drug abuse, more actions are needed to combat the supply of hard drugs into the country. Authorities must intensify their efforts to identify and apprehend those responsible for trafficking these substances.

Prevention and Awareness

Preventing drug abuse requires a comprehensive approach involving all stakeholders. Parents play a crucial role in monitoring their children’s activities and ensuring they associate with positive influences. Nigerian youths must be educated about the dangers of drug abuse, emphasizing the life-threatening consequences and the risk of diseases like lung cancer and hepatitis C associated with smoking.

The escalating rates of drug abuse among Nigerian youths present a disheartening and worrisome situation. Urgent action is required to address this public health and security crisis. Efforts must be made to enhance law enforcement measures, intensify drug supply interception, and increase public awareness programs to educate young individuals about the risks and consequences of drug abuse. By working together, the government, communities, and families can strive to create a healthier and safer environment for Nigerian youths.

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Drug Abuse In Nigeria: Causes, Effects, Statistics And Solution

Substance abuse, also known as drug abuse, is the use of a drug in amounts or by methods which are harmful to the individual or others. It is a form of substance-related disorder. Differing definitions of drug abuse are used in public health, medical and criminal justice contexts. In some cases, criminal or anti-social behavior occurs when the person is under the influence of a drug, and long-term personality changes in individuals may also occur.

Drug abuse among Nigerians has been a scourge to the overall sustainable development of the nation. Substance abuse is a serious issue; a global and international issue particularly in developing countries like Nigeria. Drug abuse is also a major public health, social and individual problem and is seen as an aggravating factor for economic crises; hence, for Nigeria’s poverty status. While youth are supposed to be the major agent of change and development, some of them have been destroyed by drug abuse(rendering them unproductive). Drug abuse has become a global concern in Nigeria because of its effect on youth and the nation as a whole.

Around 15% of the adult population in Nigeria (around 14.3 million people) reported a “considerable level” of use of psychoactive drug substances—it’s a rate much higher than the 2016 global average of 5.6% among adults. The survey was led by Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and the Center for Research and Information on Substance Abuse with technical support from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) and funding from the European Union.

It showed the highest levels of drug use was recorded among people aged between 25 to 39, with cannabis being the most widely used drug. Sedatives, heroin, cocaine and the non-medical use of prescription opioids were also noted. The survey excluded the use of tobacco and alcohol.

What Are the Causes of Drug Abuse In Nigeria?

The abuse of drugs in Nigeria is caused by many factors including love for money by peddlers, disobedience to the laws of the country, proliferation of the market with individuals who sell medicines, lack of control of prescription in the healthcare facilities and lack of control of dispensing among dispensers. Other reasons for abuse of drugs include smuggling substances of abuse through our porous seaports and land borders, corruption and compromises at the point of entries, diversion of legitimate exports to illicit use, weakness in inspections and weak penalties for the sellers and traffickers.

There are many social factors that have resulted in abuse of drugs. These include decline of family value systems, parents not playing their roles properly, children and youth therefore not receiving proper guidance, peer pressure, social media influence, poverty and unemployment.

Many other justifications have also been attributed to the use of drugs especially among undergraduate students. People use drugs for a variety of reasons which includes:

Their need to belong to a social group or class;
Pressure from friends and peers;
For self-medication;
Because of parental deprivation at various levels;
For pleasure;
To overcome illness;
To gain confidence;
To overcome shyness;
To be able to facilitate communication;
To overcome many other social problems; and
To induce themselves to work above their physical capacity.

Drug Misuse In Nigeria

In Nigeria, many people interchangeably use the concepts of ‘drugs’, ‘drug misuse’ and ‘drug abuse’, but there are definite differences between the concepts. Drug misuse is to use a drug for a purpose which it should not be used for. The misuse of drugs means following the medical instructions but the person may not necessarily be looking to ‘get high’ from their use. While drug abuse typically refers to those who do not have a prescription for what they are taking. Not only do they use it in a way other than it is prescribed but they also use it to experience the feelings associated with the drug. Euphoria, relaxation, the general feeling of ‘getting high’ is always associated with drug abuse. The abuse of drugs always results in unavoidable side effects, including dependency and addiction.

Solution to Nigeria’s drug abuse Problem

According to Prof Mojisola Adeyeye of NAFDAC, in order to address the public health, and social problems resulting from abuse of drugs, the three arms of government – the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) of Health, health, educational and religious institutions, parents must address the issues with vigour and holistically through these approaches:

Collaboration among strategic agencies (Nigeria Custom Services, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency and NAFDAC) responsible for importation and regulation of controlled medicines and/or prevent the importation, distribution and use of illicit drugs .
Heightened regulatory alertness, diligence and control of importation of drugs and food, now that NAFDAC has been returned back to our ports and borders
The Federal Ministry of Health should develop National Prescription Policy
Enforcement of the prescription policy by the Federal Ministry of Health
Advocacy, and public awareness campaign through the print, social and electronic media should be carried out. Ministry of information and agencies directly responsible for the end users and consumers such as the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN), Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), NAFDAC, Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN), etc. should play active role in these. Additional funding of these should be provided by the government
Stricter issuance of permits and registration of controlled medicines by NAFDAC
Greater collaboration through use of task forces among regulatory bodies responsible for drugs and controlled substances – NDLEA,NAFDAC and PCN
Extra-territorial enforcement to identify, disrupt and dismantle organized criminal groups operating across borders.
Review of the drug laws to enable the judiciary apply penalties that are commensurate to the offences.
Provision of more rehabilitation centers and workers to assist those that are addicted to controlled drugs
Provision of educational and employment opportunities to the youth
Greater involvement of parents in the guidance of their children and strengthening of the marriage institutions for effective upbringing of children.

Greater involvement of educational institutions through emphasis in the curriculum about dangers of drug abuse, and of religious institutions in laying more emphasis on the protection of the body from substances that can damage and destroy it. SEE: 10 Commonly Abuse Drugs In Nigeria

Agencies Which Fight Drug Abuse In Nigeria

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Drug Abuse and Youth Quality of Life: Overcoming the Challenge in Nigeria.

This Policy Brief draws from a NISER Study on the Impact of Drug Abuse on Youth Quality of Life.

Whatever destroys quality of life of youth, destroys a nation. In realization of this danger, former US President Ronald Reagan declared war on illicit drugs on October 14, 1982, due to threats to US national security. Presently, drug trafficking carries the death penalty in 35 countries of the world (HRI, 2023). The discontinuance of the death penalty in Nigeria under Decree 20 of 1984 was not due to the declining level of drug-related problems in the country, but to Nigeria’s commitment to the fundamental principle of the ‘right to life’. Sadly, available figures indicate that 14.4% (14.3 million) Nigerians in the age group 15-64 years abuse drugs (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes, 2022).

Based on a related NISER study, this policy brief examined the effects of drug abuse on youth quality of life.

Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research is a public research institute located in Ibadan. The center is one of the foremost publicly funded think tanks in the country.

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Drug Abuse: A Public Health Menace In Nigeria

Introduction

Drug abuse is both a global health and social problem with distinct conditions and problems that vary from place to place (WHO, 1987). According to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental edition (5th ed.) of the american psychiatric association, drug or substance use disorder is a pattern of symptoms resulting from the use of drugs, despite the clear problems associated with using them. The continuous use of psychoactive substances among adolescents and youths has become a public concern worldwide because it potentially causes deliberate or indeliberate harm or injury (Whichstrom & Hegna, 2003; Daane, 2003).

Drug abuse, including drug addiction and trafficking, has a universal ramification that transverses socioeconomic, religious, cultural and ethnic boundaries (Oyakhilome, 1990). The Nigerian Government and the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA), through policies, have tried to stem its tide in the country but despite these efforts, there has been a consistent rise in the number of cases especially among adolescents (10-25 years of age) (NDLEA, 2012). During adolescence, experimentation with drugs is quite common in Nigeria because at this age, these young people desire to explore due to curiosity, pressure from peers and to “relieve” stress. The use of gateway drugs such as alcohol and tobacco from an early age increases the risk of using other hard drugs later. Some adolescents may experiment with drugs and stop (or continue to use them occasionally) without having negative complications while others develop an addiction that makes them susceptible to other dangerous drugs and cause significant harm to themselves and possibly family/community members (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2003).

Burden of Drug Abuse

Image 1: Number of deaths from substance disorders in the world (IHME, 2017)

Image 1 shows the number of deaths worldwide from substance use in the year 2017. Alcohol abuse was the leading cause of death (184,934 deaths), followed by opioid use (109,520 deaths) and other illicit drugs (46,270 deaths).

Image 2: Prevalence of drug use in Nigeria by geopolitical zones and states (UNODC, 2017)

Image 2 shows the distribution of drug use in Nigeria. States like Oyo, Lagos, and Gombe have a high prevalence. The south west zone has the highest prevalence of drug use with approximately 22% compared to the North-Central zone at about 10% prevalence rate. The UNODC reported that in 2013, over 246 million people used drugs illicitly, with 27 million people having drug use disorders and about 400,000 deaths resulting from drug use. Furthermore, there has been an unprecedented increase in the number and non-medical use of synthetic psychoactive substances between 2005 and 2015 (UNODC, 2015). The problem of drug abuse poses a significant threat to the social, health, economic status of the families, society and the entire nations (Giade, 2012; Oshodi, Aina & Onajole, 2010). Almost every country in the world is affected by one or more drugs being abused by citizens (UNODC, 2007). Drug abuse globally has resulted in increased violence and crimes, higher prevalence in Hepatitis B and C virus, HIV/AIDS, and collapse in the social structure (UNODC, 2007; Oshodi, Aina, & Onajole, 2010). A report in 2010 established a link between cultism/violent behavior and drug abuse in secondary schools and tertiary institutions in Nigeria (Abudu, 2008; Oshodi, Aina, & Onajole, 2010).

Examples of drugs include: tobacco, Indian hemp, cocaine, morphine, heroin, alcohol, ephedrine, caffeine, barbiturates, and amphetamines (see image below). A study on perception of drug abuse amongst Nigerian undergraduates, identified dependence and addiction as some of the major consequences of drug abuse, characterized by compulsive drug craving seeking behaviours that persist even in the face of negative consequences (Oshikoya and Alli, 2006;Oshodi, Aina, Onajole, 2010). These changes are maladaptive and inappropriate to the social or environmental setting, therefore may place the individual at risk of harm. In the image below, it is quite evident that young adults between the ages of 25 – 39 constitute the bulk of drug abusers in Nigeria with cannabis, pharmaceutical opioids and cough syrups being the highest abused substances.

Image 3: annual prevalence of drug use by age group in Nigeria (UNODC, 2017)

Image 4: infographic of drug use in Nigeria (UNODC, 2017)

The above infographic shows the estimated number of drug users in Nigeria. The singular most abused drug was cannabis followed closely by opioids and then cough syrups. An estimated 14.3 million people reported the use of any drug within the past year prior to the research while the least abused drug was cocaine.

Prevalence of Drug Abuse in Nigeria

In Nigeria, the South-West zone had a prevalence of 22.4% drug users in 2017, followed by the South-South (16.6%), South-East (13.8%), North-East (13.6%), North-West (12%) and North-Central (10%) (UNODC, 2017). The lifetime consumption of cannabis as well as psychotropic substances like benzodiazepines and amphetamine-type stimulants, was about 11%, while heroin (1.6%), and cocaine (1.4%) were reported the least consumed in both urban and rural areas (UNODC, 2017). That same year, drug abuse appeared to be more common among males (25.2%) than females (approximately 8%), and the age range of first use was 10 to 29 years.

Table 1: annual prevalence of drug use by age group 15-64 years (UNODC, 2017)

Table 2: prevalence of drug abuse in the North-East region of Nigeria (UNODC, 2017)

Table 2 above shows the annual prevalence of drug use by drug type in the North-East zone (which is the zone with the highest prevalence of drug use). The results follow the trend of cannabis (8.1%) being the singular most abused drug followed closely by opioids, specifically cough syrups (codeine, 6.5%). Compared to the North-Central zone in table 3 below, it is evident that there is a constant use of cannabis (8.4%) while the use of codeine (1.1%) is quite low in contrast to the North-East zone. With regards to the prevalence of drug abuse in the North-West zone as presented in table 5 below, the use of opioids was slightly higher (2.7%) compared to the North-Central zone. Kano state had the highest prevalence of drug use (16%) followed closely by Zamfara (13.5%), Kebbi (12.6%) and Katsina states (12%). Furthermore, table 6 and 7 show the prevalence of drug abuse in the South-South and the South-East zones with states like Delta (18%), Rivers (15%), Imo (18.1%) and Enugu (16.3%) highlighted in these regions.

Table 4: drug use in the North-Central zone of Nigeria (UNODC, 2017)

Table 5: Prevalence of drug use in the northwest zone

Table 6: prevalence of drug abuse in the south eastern zone

Table 7: prevalence of drug abuse in south-south Nigeria

Lots of studies have been conducted to show the use of drugs for social, rather than, medical purposes. In 2012, Nigeria ranked among the highest users of dangerous drugs such as alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, benzodiazepines, cocaine and opioids when compared with other developing countries (Fareo et al., 2012). A review of literature indicated a steady increase in the prevalence of drug use and its associated consequences within the last three decades.

Due to the fact that drug traffickers usually use Nigeria as a conduit to transport drugs from South-East Asia and South America (Bolivia, Peru, Brazil and Colombia) to Europe and North America, almost all types of psychoactive substances are available in Nigeria (NIDA, 2013).

In a cross-sectional community-based descriptive study conducted in North-Western Nigeria, the prevalence of drug abuse was 10.1% and the most abused drug was tramadol, with significant associations observed between drug abuse and type of family, occupation of respondents and monthly income (Lawal and Aliyu, 2020). Findings from a separate study showed that peer pressure (19.5%) and desire for enjoyment (13.3%) were the major causes of drug abuse by the respondents. The most commonly abused substances by the respondents include:

1, Tobacco (29.2%),

2, Codeine (17.7%);

3, Marijuana, also known as Indian hemp (14.3%), and

4, Cola nut (3.4%)

Majority of the respondents perceived the negative effects of drug abuse to be poor mental health (55.2%) and aggressive behaviors (18.5%) (Adamson et al. , 2015).

There is a high prevalence of drug abuse among youth, especially students (Okafor, 2011). According to a research carried out in the University of Lagos, using a WHO student drug survey, of the 1,000 students surveyed, Marijuana (45.7%) was the most common drug seen by most of the students, and 33% of students were currently abusing one or more drugs. In addition, coffee (43.1%) was the most commonly used drug, followed by alcohol (25.8%) and marijuana (7.4%).

Image 5: prevalence of drug use by gender in Nigeria (NBS, 2018)

Why Do People Abuse Drugs?

Studies have revealed that most drug addicts started smoking in their youth. As they grow older they seek new thrills and gradually go into hard drug abuse (Oshodi, Aina & Onajole, 2010; Igwe, at al., 2009). A nationwide survey of high school students in 2008, reported that 65% used drugs to have a “good time” with their friends, 54% wanted to experiment to see what it is like, and 20-40% used it to alter their moods, to feel good, to relax, to relieve tension and to overcome boredom (Abudu, 2008). Some other reasons include:

1, Curiosity And Desire To Find Out The Effectiveness Of A Particular Drug: Curiosity to experiment the unknown facts about drugs thus motivates youth into drug use. The first experience in drug abuse produces a state of arousal such as happiness and pleasure which in turn motivates them to continue.

2, Influence Of Peer Group: Peer pressure plays a major role in influencing many youths into drug use and abuse.

3, Environmental Conditions: Many young people live in communities or slums which suffer from multiple deprivations, with high unemployment, low quality housing, lack of water sanitation and hygiene, increased violence and crime rate, and where the surrounding infra-structure of local services is splintered and poorly resourced. In such communities drug supply and use often thrive as an alternative source of quick money often controlled by powerful criminal groups.

4, Promotion and Availability: Alcohol and pain relief drugs are regularly advertised on television especially at peak hours. The advertising of tobacco products is now banned, but research from Strathclyde University (published by the Cancer Research institute) concluded that advertising did encourage young people to start smoking and reinforced the habit among existing smokers. Despite legislation, children and adolescents have no problems obtaining alcohol and tobacco from any number of retail outlets. A variety of products are openly hawked in kiosks, at parks and on the roadside. It is not uncommon to see people openly advertising sexual enhancing drugs to pedestrians all over major cities in the country.

5, Enjoyment : Despite all the concerns about illicit drug use and the attendant lifestyle by young people, it is probably still the case that the lives of most young people are centred on school, home and employment and that most drug use is restricted to the use of tobacco and alcohol. They may adopt the demeanour, fashion and slang of a particular subculture including the occasional or experimental use of illegal drugs without necessarily adopting the lifestyle.

6, Lack of Parental Supervision and the Socio-economic Status of the Parents: Socio-economic status of the parents entails direct costs which are very important to families

7, Self – medication of primary psychological disorders.

The public health impact/consequence of drug misuse

The harms associated with illicit drug use include increased mortality from overdose and from other directly or indirectly associated harms such as;

1, Increased risk of infection with blood-borne viruses ( HIV , hepatitis B and hepatitis C);

2, High levels of depression and anxiety disorders: Psychiatric comorbidity is common in drug misuse populations, with anxiety and depression generally common, and antisocial and other personality disorders in opioid -using populations ( Regier et al., 1990 , 1998 ). Drug misuse disorders complicated by other comorbid mental disorders have been recognised as having a poorer prognosis and being more difficult to treat than those without comorbid disorders; comorbid disorders are more likely to be chronic and disabling, and result in greater service utilisation.

3, Social problems such as disrupted parenting, employment and accommodation: Lost productivity and unemployment increase with the severity and duration of drug misuse, and personal relationships are placed under considerable strain by dependent drug use. Problems with accommodation are also common in such groups. For example, in the National Treatment Outcomes Research Study (NTORS), 7% of the study group were homeless and living on the street, 5% were living in squats and 8% were living in temporary hostel accommodation ( Gossop et al., 1998 ).

4, Increased participation in income-generating crime ( Darke & Zador, 1996 ).

Nigerian Legislation to address drug abuse

1, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) Act No. 48 of 1989 (as amended) which established the NDLEA to be responsible for preventing illicit cultivation, production, manufacture, trafficking in, and abuse of drugs.

2, National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Act No. 15 of 1993 which set-up the NAFDAC, a parastatal under the Federal Ministry of Health, to authorize (control) the importation and exportation of narcotic drugs, psychotropic and other controlled substances, to ensure that their uses are limited to medical and scientific purposes. NAFDAC is also mandated to collaborate with NDLEA in measures to control drug abuse in the country.

3, Money Laundering (Prohibition) Act, 2011 (as amended), addresses the problem of drug money laundering.

4, Other relevant legislation include the Dangerous Drugs Act, 1935; Indian Hemp Decree, 1966 (as amended); Food and Drugs Act, 1976 (as amended); and the Counterfeit and Fake Drugs and Unwholesome Processed Foods (miscellaneous provisions) Act, 1999.

Conclusion and recommendation

Drug misuse can cause social and socioeconomic disadvantage which may further lead to drug dependence and a myriad of other adverse outcomes. In addition, it directly affects millions of Nigerians every year, causing motor vehicle crashes, crimes, injuries, impaired health, mental disorders and reduced quality of life. Prevention policies and programs that are based on sound evidence-based principles have been shown to reduce substance misuse and related harms significantly. Embedding prevention, treatment, and recovery services into the healthcare delivery system in Nigeria will greatly improve the outcome of drug abusers nationwide (UNODC, 2017).

Drug abuse is one of the health-related problems among Nigerian youth and has been a source of concern to national stakeholders. It is a serious issue; a global and international issue particularly in developing countries like Nigeria; a major public health, social and individual problem and is seen as an aggravating factor for economic crises; hence, Nigeria’s poverty status. While youth are supposed to be the major agents of change and development, some have been negatively impacted by drug abuse (rendering them unproductive). This menace has a negative impact on the education of undergraduates in universities across the country and globe. The overall health of the user is affected negatively and behaviors associated with drug abuse predispose the abuser to crime and contagious diseases including HIV/AIDS (Center for Disease Control, 2000).

Lots of research has been done to expose the burden of drug and substance abuse in the country including the biological, psychological, and social underpinnings of substance misuse. Future research needs to focus on public health interventions to guide policy making. Education, personal resilience and prevention programmes are also very essential, particularly for those who are vulnerable and may be susceptible to substance misuse.

In addition, families and communities play key roles in providing support, showing care and setting a good example to young people. This cannot be overemphasized as they help establish rules and consequences, keep track of prescription drugs as well as young people’s activities. Help for mental illness (resulting from drug abuse) needs to be readily available and accessible by those affected. A major issue when it comes to drug abuse and addiction is that a lot of people view victims in a discriminatory manner thereby driving them underground rather than encouraging them to seek medical help. A balance of work and healthy play needs to be focused on by work spaces, tertiary institutions and secondary schools so as not to give the notion of a docile youth population. Exercise or playing sports helps release natural “feel good” hormones called endorphins which make the body feel nice, encourage young people to learn new fun skills like painting, gardening, music or a new language.

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Ajibulu, E. (2011). Eradicating Drug Abuse in Nigeria- How feasible?. Retrieved May 24, 2012 from http://www.modernghana.com/news/337520/1/eradicating-drug-abuse-in-nigeriahow-feasible.html

Akannam, T. (2008). North-West Rank Highest in Drug Addiction. Nigerian Drug Statistics by Zone. Retrieved May 5, 2012. From http://www.nairaland.com/203955/nigerian-drug-statistics-zone

Desalu, O, Iseh, K. R, Olokoba, A. B, Salawu, F. K, & Danburan, A. (2010). Smokeless Tobacco use in the adult Nigerian population. Journal of clinical practice, 13(4), 382 – 387.

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Drug Abuse Among Youths In Nigeria: Effects, Causes And Remedies

Drug abuse or use of illicit drugs is increasingly becoming high among youths in Nigeria. It is a disturbing phenomenon whereby a harmful substance is deliberately consumed or taken into the body in order to change the structure or function of the system. It can also mean taking drugs more than what is good or prescribed for the individual by medical experts. So, when drugs are taken beyond medical prescriptions, in simple language, this is drug abuse. Again, it calls for concern, because a number of youths are serving jail sentences across the country as a result of drug abuse. The effect is grievous resulting in physical, mental and emotional damage of victim’s health. For instance, taking of cocaine, smoking of bad weeds like Indian hemp and other dangerous substances are good examples of drug abuse. The effects of drug abuse among youths in Nigeria are many ranging from violent crime, cultism, rape, kidnapping, armed robbery and many others. Recently, there was this sad news of three students in one of the Nigerian Universities who died after taking ‘tramador drugs’ for sexual enhancement. Besides, many have died as a result of clashes between one rival cult group and another. Again, most drug victims in country run mad in the streets. Others have an unimaginable health depression, brain damage and complete disintegration of the body system. These health effects and other related consequences of drug abuse addicts are primarily the reason or reasons why various governments of most countries fight drug peddlers. In Nigeria for instance, the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) the agency that regulates and prohibits the use of drugs is doing much, but needs much to be done to control and prevent this illicit act. What then are the causes of drug abuse in Nigeria? What health implications awareness or campaign are being created by both the government especially the agencies responsible to fight the scourge? 1. Influence of Peer Groups: This is one of the causes of drug abuse in Nigeria. Yes! Many victims have confessed of friends luring them into taking drugs to make them feel high or feel relevant in carrying out certain operations. For instance, some individuals are naturally shy and cannot stand to address the opposite sex (woman) not to talk of small crowd. Once this is done, the victims become addicted to drugs taking and indulging in violent crimes like rape, armed robbery, kidnapping and other related offences.

2. Poor Parental Up-bringing: is another cause of drug abuse in Nigeria. For instance, victims of drug abuse are mainly from broken homes, who feel alienated from the society without love and care. They feel depressed and in most cases head-on bent taking drugs and violent.

3. Unemployment: The problem of unemployment in Nigeria today, has taken a new dimension rising so high, posing a great danger to our society. Young school leavers and graduates in all fields of human endeavours have no jobs and are roaming the streets. This social problem coupled with high cost of living and general dissatisfaction in the country has made many frustrated youths to result to drug abuse and violent crimes.

4. Corruption is another cause. Looting of our treasury, embezzlement of public funds, capital flights and other corrupt practices have been the greatest problems that have bedeviled the country, making development difficult to achieve after many years of independent. The frustration and hardship brought about by this social problem compel the ordinary youths to take to the shortest possible cut to life, drug abuse. 5. Egoistic Factor: is another cause of drug abuse in the country. Human beings are by nature have greed, are selfish and ego-driven. He sees his friend driving big cars, paddling a number girls as a tin god. By this, he feels humiliated and dehumanized. His way of reasoning eventually change and he begins to exploit all avenues to aspire higher no matter what it will take him to make it, hence he takes to drug abuse. What then are the remedies? 1. Parents should monitor their children/ward on the kind of friends they keep. They should try as much as possible to nurture their children in the ways of the Lord.

2. The government through their designated agency (NDLEA) should do more to create awareness on the health danger of drug abuse among youths in the country. For instance, consumption of some drugs are harmful to health. Cigarette smoking which in most cases are the foundation of taking hard drugs and other bad weeds causes cancer of the lungs and other related diseases among youths in the country. So it is advisable for the young ones or adolescent to desist from taking drugs or smoking because they are likely to die young.

3. The government should also do more to revamp our ailing economy by improving on the existing infrastructure in the country. Electricity generation, providing the enabling environment for social, economic and political development that will attract foreign investors into the country. This will no doubt generate employment for the teeming youths and remove them from the streets or drug abuse or smoking Indian hemp and other bad weeds.

4. The campaign against drug abuse should be inculcated in our school curriculum. In addition, the Federal, state and local governments should widen the campaign to cover the nook and cranny of the country.

5. Drug dealers should be dealt seriously and in most cases the farms of such individual should be completely burnt or destroyed.

6. Lastly, doctor’s recommendation on the use of certain drugs should be paramount. Any pharmacy that sells drugs considered harmful without doctor’s recommendation should be sanctioned. Imagine students dying for taking tramador drugs in order to enhance sexual performance. This is very sad. In conclusion, all hands must be on deck to fight this menace. The government, parents, NGOs and the various relevant agencies should wake up to the challenges posed by this problem, drug abuse which ultimately leads to crime waves and health problems in our country today. We must be determined to rid the country of this social problems and place Nigeria on a sound footing.

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Press Release
The Problem Of Drugs/Substance Abuse In Nigeria: A Symposium By Professor Mojisola Christianah Adeyeye Director…

The Problem Of Drugs/Substance Abuse In Nigeria: A Symposium By Professor Mojisola Christianah Adeyeye Director General, NAFDAC At The University Of Benin, Benin City

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Released: June 27, 2018

THE PROBLEM OF DRUGS/SUBSTANCE ABUSE IN NIGERIA: A SYMPOSIUM BY PROFESSOR MOJISOLA CHRISTIANAH ADEYEYE DIRECTOR GENERAL, NATIONAL AGENCY FOR FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION AND CONTROL (NAFDAC) AT THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY PROTOCOL

Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen

It gives me great pleasure to be at the University of Benin to present a timely topic in the history of our nation – The Problem of Drug/Substance Abuse in Nigeria. The topic is extremely important because of the epidemic of drug abuse facing us today as a nation, especially among our youths. In December 2017, I joined the Senate Roundtable Conference on “Substance Abuse Epidemic In Nigeria”, in Kano. Since then, I have had opportunities to speak on the same issue in Kebbi (February 2018), a Conference organised by the Office of the National Security adviser (March 2018), etc. Then, on April 30, a BBC documentary was aired and this jolted the whole nation into an awareness that was not as heightened before that time. The exposure of abuse of codeine implicated many stakeholders including manufacturers, NAFDAC, Pharmacists Council of Nigeria and the Federal Ministry of Health.

The most commonly abused drugs in the country are tramadol and codeine. Tramadol is a synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain and is the most abused medicine among addicts. It has no effects on the respiratory system but overdose causes arrhythmias, cramps, coma and death. In Nigeria, it is regulated as the 50 and 100mg dosage strengths but very high dosage forms of 200 and 225mg have infiltrated the market. There is also noticeable increase in smuggling of Tramadol capsules. Tramadol use disorder is associated with physical withdrawal symptoms and compulsive behaviour.

Codeine can be obtained as an over-the-counter painkiller and cough medicines in Nigeria but consumers often become addicted. The risk of addiction is great, and in many countries including Nigeria, consumers are required to have prescriptions for all opioid-based medications. The misuse of codeine products contributes to severe health outcomes including liver damage, stomach ulceration, respiratory depression, coma and death. In Nigeria, despite the fact that all codeine-containing products are locally manufactured and are prescription-only-medicines (POM) since 2012, some products are smuggled into the country as unregistered products. The reclassification as POM did not stem the trend of abuse partly due to non-adherence to the provisions made for prescription.

The lack of due diligence to ensure the integrity of the distribution chain has led to unauthorised distributors distributing the products to illicit channels and to traders with little or no knowledge of the public health consequences of codeine-containing products. These unauthorised distributors also illegally import large volumes of codeine-containing cough syrup to satisfy the illegal. market.

This crisis led to tightening of NAFDAC’s regulatory controls in May and the temporary closure of three pharmaceutical companies and stringent inspections of all companies that manufacture codeine containing syrup.

Tramadol, a hitherto prescription-only-medicine was put under national control in 2013 after the 59 th National Council on Health (NCH) meeting, based on national trends of abuse, harm to public health and social well-being. This was clearly an intervention to control supply and requires the manufacturer, importer, distributor and retailer to document all transactions including disposal of the drug. Sadly, national control measures can be circumvented at the international level hence the need to work in partnership through the United Nations to check the rising menace of pharmaceutical drug abuse among the risk groups.

Expectedly, at the 57 th Session of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) in 2014, concerns were raised on the increase in the abuse of New Psychoactive Substances, such as tramadol not controlled under the International Drugs Control Conventions. Nigeria supported the call for scheduling of tramadol in order to bring it under the Import/Export Authorisation System of the International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) to effectively control international trade in Tramadol.

Due to lack of data on widespread use of tramadol, in 2017 the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence of the World Health Organisation requested for information on the extent of problems associated with Tramadol misuse to enable critical review of the dangers associated with the abuse of Tramadol worldwide. Available information has shown Nigeria as one of the countries in the world with highest use of Tramadol relative to our population.

In Nigeria as in many African and Middle East countries there are signs of expansion of the market for Tramadol. From the January and June 2018 data, provided by NAFDAC’s Ports Inspection Directorate, 9 X 40’ containers were intercepted at the Apapa Port all containing unregulated 200/225mg Tramadol capsules. At the Onne Port 9 X40’ containers containing similar formulations were also intercepted and handed over to NAFDAC by the Nigeria Customs Service. In another development in May 2018, the Nigeria Customs Service at the SAHCOL Shed of the Murtala Mohammed Airport, Lagos, intercepted 180 cartons of Tramadol 225mg. The consignment has since been handed over to NDLEA.

Despite the fact that the Onne Port, Tincan Island Port and all the land borders are not approved as entry points for pharmaceuticals into the country there have been reports of clearance of drugs through these unapproved entry points. The concealment and importation of illicit pharmaceuticals into the country remain complicated and poses a serious challenge for effective control at the national, regional and international levels. NAFDAC has been able to seize large amounts of tramadol destined for illicit markets from the Onne port. This is as a result of improved cooperation, collaboration, coordination and information sharing between and amongst regulatory and enforcement agencies in real time to detect and prevent diversion of controlled medicines to illicit markets and abuse.

In order to address the public health, and social problems resulting from abuse of drugs, the three arms of government – the executive, the legislature and the judiciary, Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) of Health, health, educational and religious institutions, parents must address the issues with vigour and holistically through these approaches:

Collaboration among strategic agencies (Nigeria Custom Services, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency and NAFDAC) responsible for importation and regulation of controlled medicines and/or prevent the importation, distribution and use of illicit drugs .
Heightened regulatory alertness, diligence and control of importation of drugs and food, now that NAFDAC has been returned back to our ports and borders
The Federal Ministry of Health should develop National Prescription Policy
Enforcement of the prescription policy by the Federal Ministry of Health
Advocacy, and public awareness campaign through the print, social and electronic media should be carried out. Ministry of information and agencies directly responsible for the end users and consumers such as the Pharmacists Council of Nigeria (PCN), Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria (PSN), NAFDAC, Medical and Dental Council of Nigeria (MDCN), etc should play active role in these. Additional funding of these should be provided by the government
Stricter issuance of permits and registration of controlled medicines by NAFDAC
Greater collaboration through use of task forces among regulatory bodies responsible for drugs and controlled substances – NDLEA,NAFDAC and PCN
Extra-territorial enforcement to identify, disrupt and dismantle organised criminal groups operating across borders.
Review of the drug laws to enable the judiciary apply penalties that are commensurate to the offences.
Provision of more rehabiliation centers and workers to assist those that are addicted to controlled drugs
Provision of educational and employment opportunities to the youth
Greater inolvement of parents in the guidance of their children and strengthening of the marriage institutions for effective upbringing of children.

As a result of this crisis, the government is actively and currently working with various MDAs to mitigate the abuse of drugs in the country. If all the stated approaches are implemented, the nation and its youth can be spared from the current nightmare.

Prof Mojisola Christianah Adeyeye, PhD, FAS

Director General, NAFDAC

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Drug Abuse among Secondary School Students in Nigeria from 1980 to 2023: A Narrative Review of Literatures

Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research

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Research Article | DOI: https://doi.org/10.31579/2688-7517/203

Ogbonna O Brian 2,3*
Anietoh Maureen U 3
Daniel U Eze 2
Eze S Amarachi 3
Victor U Chigozie 2
Osuafor Nkeiruka G 4
Ighorodje E Austine 1

1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Madonna University Elele, River State, Nigeria. 2 Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, David Umahi Federal University of Health Sciences, Uburu, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. 3Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Management, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria. 4Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Abuja.

*Corresponding Author: Ogbonna O Brian, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Madonna University Elele, River State, Nigeria.

Citation: Ogbonna O Brian, Anietoh Maureen U, Daniel U Eze, Eze S Amarachi, Victor U Chigozie, et al, (2024), Drug Abuse among Secondary School Students in Nigeria from 1980 to 2023: A Narrative Review of Literatures, J. Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology Research, 7(8); DOI:10.31579/2688-7517/203

Copyright: © 2024, Ogbonna O Brian. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Received: 19 June 2024 | Accepted: 02 June 2024 | Published: 22 July 2024

Keywords: drug abuse; drug use; secondary school; high shool; peer pressure; nigeria

Drugs play a crucial role in modern medicine, aiding in the treatment and management of various illnesses and conditions, thereby contributing to improved health and well-being. When used appropriately under the guidance of healthcare professionals, drugs can be highly beneficial and even life-saving. This study narratively reviewed the occurrence, trends, and potential risk factors linked with substance use among secondary school students in Nigeria to generate evidence for interventions and policy. The study design was a narrative review of published studies. Fourteen articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Table 1 shows the characteristics and findings of the studies reviewed. All of the papers included in the review were published in journals. The majority of these studies (n = 13, 92.8%) examined the prevalence rate of drug abuse, the pattern of drugs being abused, and the precipitating factors that trigger this abuse while one examined just the prevalence of drug abuse and the drugs. All of them employed quantitative methodology utilizing self-report instruments. Substance use is widespread among secondary school students in Nigeria and usually starts at a young age. Various risk factors include gender, age, parental influences, peer dynamics, individual characteristics, and lack of awareness of the consequences of the substances involved.

Drugs can indeed be effective substances for promoting health and well-being. However, it's essential to ensure that they are used responsibly and by medical guidelines to prevent the harm that can result from their misuse and abuse. The misuse and abuse of drugs, especially among young people, have become significant concerns in many societies. Instead of being used for their intended therapeutic purposes, drugs are often illegally obtained and consumed in ways that pose serious risks to both physical and mental health. This misuse can lead to addiction, overdose, and a range of other harmful consequence. “Drug abuse” is defined as any use of drugs for non-medical purposes almost always for altering consciousness. Drug abuse denotes substances that change the mental or physical state of a person and that may be used repeatedly for that effect leading to abnormality [1].

Drug abuse can lead to abnormalities in both mental and physical functioning. This can manifest as changes in behavior, mood disturbances, cognitive impairment, and physical health problems. Over time, drug abuse can have profound and detrimental effects on various aspects of an individual's life, including their relationships, academic or occupational performance, and overall quality of life. The use and misuse of drugs, particularly among young people, represent significant and growing concerns worldwide. Drug abuse among young people is rising in many Western countries, making it increasingly difficult to ignore the fact. [2,3]. According to a report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in 2005 [4], approximately 200 million people, constituting 5 percent of the world’s population aged 15 to 64 years, had used drugs at least once within a year. This figure represented an increase of about 15 million compared to the previous year's estimate.

Similarly, the World Drug Report indicated that the use of illicit drugs has increased in all nations in recent years. The report further highlights that the growing availability of a diverse range of drugs to an increasingly broad socio-economic spectrum of consumers is concerning [5]. The global impact of alcohol misuse alone is significant, with an estimated 3.3 million deaths attributed to its harmful use annually. Furthermore, at least 15.3 million individuals worldwide have been diagnosed with drug use disorders, underscoring the pervasive nature of substance abuse issues [6].

In 2012, an estimated 162 to 324 million people globally were found to have used psychoactive substances, this corresponds to between 3.5% to 7.0% of the global population aged 15-64, who had used illicit drugsand also an estimated 183,000 drug-related deaths were reported in 2012, ranging from 95,000 to 226,000, among the population aged 15-64 years [4]. In 2014, nearly one out of every 20 adults worldwide, aged between 15 and 64 years, were identified as drug abusers. This amounted to over 29 million people worldwide suffering from drug abuse disorders [5].

Another research indicates that at least 14% of adolescent girls and 18% of boys aged 13–15 years in low- and middle-income countries have reported consuming alcoholic beverages [6]. By the time they reach their senior years in high school, almost 70% of adolescents will have experimented with alcohol, while half will have used an illegal drug. Additionally, nearly 40% will have smoked a cigarette, and more than 20% will have misused a prescription drug for nonmedical purposes [6]. The prevalence of illicit drug use among adolescents in the United States of America, Canada, and the United Kingdom has been on the increase [7]. According to the British Office for National Statistics, 12% of pupils aged 11–15 had used drugs [8]. The prevalence of substance use is on the rise across numerous African countries [9]. Research indicates that the onset of drug abuse often commences during adolescence [10]. This increase in prevalence rate among adolescents in African countries includes high rates of alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and cannabis consumption [11, 12].

Adolescence is a time of transition from infancy to adulthood, marked by various physical, psychological, and social changes. During this critical developmental period, individuals experience rapid physical growth, cognitive development, and emotional changes. Adolescents, aged 14 to 25, comprise a significant part of Nigeria's population. Many students in Nigerian schools are in this age group [13], the Nigerian National Drug Law Enforcement Agency (NDLEA) has emphasized that drug abuse constitutes a significant challenge within schools. For example, research by Alemika revealed that over 20% of the student population in Lagos State, Nigeria, had experimented with psychoactive drugs at least once in their lives [14]. Substance abuse among adolescents is a growing concern, with significant implications for their overall well-being. Despite the limited data on alcohol consumption, Nigeria still ranks second in alcohol consumption among youths in Africa [15]. Research consistently demonstrates that students who consume alcohol often use other psychoactive substances as well [16,17].

Several research done have also reported the use of licit drugs among both adolescents in school and out-of-school adolescents [18-21]. These studies have indicated a differ prevalence rate of substance abuse among students. The use and abuse of drugs by adolescents have emerged as one of the most concerning health-related phenomena in Nigeria and other regions across the globe. However, there are disagreements among researchers regarding the prevalence, patterns, and factors that predict the consumption of substances. The prevalence of substance abuse has been stems from various factors, including social, economic, and psychological influences. Peer pressure, stress, curiosity, and accessibility to drugs are among the factors that can contribute to drug experimentation and misuse among adolesents. Understanding the causes and risk factors associated with adolescent substance abuse is essential in developing effective intervention strategies.

Despite this, there is currently no comprehensive review on drug abuse among secondary school students in Nigeria. In this narrative review, we will explore the prevalence of substance abuse among adolescents, delve into the root causes and contributing factors, and discuss the type and pattern of drug abuse. By shedding light on the complexities surrounding adolescent substance abuse, this review aims to provide valuable insights for professionals and educators working with this vulnerable population. It is against this backdrop that this article has been written. This study evaluated the occurrence, trends, and potential risk factors linked with drug abuse among secondary school students in Nigeria.

Study area:

The scope of the study covered all published studies carried out in Nigeria from 1980 to 2023, on drug and substance abuse: its prevalence, pattern, and causes of drug abuse in secondary school students.

Study design:

The study was a narrative review of all studies previously conducted on the prevalence, pattern, and causes of substance abuse among secondary school students in Nigeria within the period under review.

Study setting:

Only studies carried out in Nigeria were used for this study.

Inclusion criteria: Criteria for inclusion were based on studies carried out in Nigeria and published in English Language within the review period.
Exclusion criteria: Studies within the period under review nut with incomplete data and methodological flaws were eliminated

Review questions:

How many studies have been carried out on the prevalence, pattern, and causes of drug and substance abuse among secondary school students in Nigeria?
What is the occurrence, trends, and potential risk factors linked with drug abuse among secondary school students in Nigeria?

Article search process:

The review explains and synthesizes results from various studies that met inclusion criteria and conclusions were drawn from these findings. The keywords related to the title of the study were used for the search, both individually and in combination, employing Boolean operators such as AND/OR to ensure comprehensive coverage of relevant literature. A computerized search of all studies on drug and substance abuse among secondary school students was conducted using electronic databases such as PubMed, Google, and Google Scholar searched from January to March 2024 to identify published studies from 1980 to December 2023. A manual search was also conducted to identify studies that met the inclusion criteria.

During the search, relevant studies on English Language databases were searched with the combination of keywords such as: “prevalence of drug use among secondary school students”, the pattern of drug use in secondary school”, “Causes of drug use among secondary school students”. Other search terms included: “Determinant of drug abuse in secondary/high school”, “Factors that encourage drug abuse in secondary school students”, psychoactive substance use among adolescents in secondary school”. The authors chose studies from 1980 onwards because previous literature and independent searches revealed that studies in the subject area were predominantly not visible before this period within the country.

Articles selection process

After a careful search and screening of the literature, 342 studies were identified and 328studies were excluded after a thorough assessment based on duplicates, incomplete articles texts and not meeting the inclusion criteria and covering the scope of prevalence, pattern, and factors of drug and substance abuse on secondary school students. This left 14 studies available for inclusion in the review.Top of Form The figure (Figure 1) is a diagrammatical illustration of the search process conducted for the study

Study Characteristics

Fourteen articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Table 1 shows the characteristics and findings of the studies reviewed. All of the papers included in the review were published in journals. The majority of these studies (n = 13, 92.8%) examined the prevalence rate of drug abuse, the pattern of drugs being abused, and the precipitating factors that trigger this abuse while one (Ekop EE, et al) examined just the prevalence of drug abuse and the drugs. All of them employed quantitative methodology utilizing self-report instruments. Among the fourteen studies examined, six (Oshodi, et al,2012; Bassi AP, et al,2017;Ajala, R.O, et al. 2018; Afolabi MO, et al, 2021; Ekop EE, et al, 2019; Adesina BO, et al, 2020) employed cross-sectional and descriptive designs, five (Idowu A, et al 2018; Atoyebi AO, et al, 2012;Anyanwu O.U. et al. 2018; ; Soremekun RO, et al, 2020; Umukoro EK, et al, 2021) adopted cross-sectional survey designs, and three(Okwaraji FE,2006;Ekpenyongi SN, et al, 2012; Eriyo William, 2021)did not provide study design details.

Data Collection Instruments

Four authors used a modified World Health Organization (WHO) Student Drug Use questionnaire as their data collection tool (Eriyo William et al; Soremekun, et al.; Anyanwu et al.; Oshodi et al) one author used the United Nations questionnaire for conducting school surveys on drug abuse (Afolabi et al). The remaining authors structured their questionnaires (Ekop EE, et al.; Umukoro EK, et al; Ekpenyongi et al.; Adesina et al.; Ajala, et al.; Bass, et al.; Atoyebi et al.; Okwaraji et al; Idowu et al)

Study Location

Collectively, there were two studies (14.2%) carried out in south-eastern Nigeria (Anyanwu O.U. et al. 2018,Okwaraji FE,2006), three (21.4%) in the south-south region (Eriyo William, 2021,Ekpenyongi SN, et al, 2012,Umukoro EK, et al, 2021), three (21.4%) from the northern region (Bassi AP, et al,2017, Ekop EE, et al, 2019,Adesina BO, et al, 2020) and six (42.9%) in south-western Nigeria (Idowu A, et al 2018; Atoyebi AO, et al, 2012;Oshodi, et al,2012;Ajala, R.O, et al. 2018; Afolabi MO, et al, 2021; Soremekun RO, et al, 2020). It is pertinent to note the study locations due to Nigeria's diverse ethnic, cultural, and religious landscape, with over 250 different native languages. These diversities may influence prevalence,patterns, and factors contributing to substance use in each region.

Prevalence rate

The prevalence of drug use among secondary students was reported in all fourteen (Idowu A, et al 2018; Atoyebi AO, et al, 2012; Oshodi, et al, 2012; Ajala, R.O, et al. 2018; Afolabi MO, et al, 2021; Soremekun RO, et al., 2020; Bassi AP, et al,2017, Eriyo William, 2021, Adesina BO, et al, 2020, Ekpenyongi SN, et al, 2012, Ekop EE, et al, 2019; Anyanwu O.U. et al. 2018, Okwaraji FE, 2006, Umukoro EK, et al, 2021) studies. The prevalence rate of substance abuse was found to be high among secondary school students ranging from the highest recorded rate of 87.3% from a study in the southwestern (Oshodi, et al, 2012), to the lowest recorded rate of 19.4 % in the south-southern region (Umukoro EK, et al, 2021). Similarly, a high prevalence rate of 72% was also recorded for young adults in a study in the southwestern region [36], Idris and Sambo in 2009, reported that 56% of in-school adolescents in Zaria, North Western Nigeria had used at least one psycho-active substance [37].

Pattern of Drug Use

Fourteen of the studies revealed that a large number of students use multiple substances, among these studies, eight (57.1%) reported that alcohol was the most used and abused substance in terms of lifetime and current use. four (28.6%) studies revealed that caffeine was the most commonly abused substance by secondary students. Similarly, two (14.3%) studies indicated that out of all the abuse drugs measured analgesic was the most used drug.

Influence of drug abuse

This represents factors that influence and drive drug abuse among secondary school studentsin Nigeria. Several studies drew on the strong effect of peer pressure on drug abuse as it was consistently reported by six (Bassi AP, et al,2017; Ajala, R.O, et al. 2018; Ekpenyongi SN, et al, 2012; Umukoro EK, et al, 2021; Eriyo William, 2021; Adesina BO, et al, 2020) studies.

Curiosity was recognized by three (Adesina et al., 2020, Bassi AP, et al,2017; Anyanwu O.U. et al. 2018) of the articles as one of the strongest predictors for initiation to abuse of drugs.

Three (Soremekun RO, et al., 2020; Adesina et al., 2020; Afolabi MO, et al, 2021) of the articles included identified pleasure as a factor in drug abuse. Perceived feelings experienced after abuse may be related to why students continue abusing drugs. Similarly, three (Okwaraji FE, 2006, Adesina et al., 2020; Umukoro EK, et al, 2021) studies highlighted socializing as a factor in drug abuse by secondary students. During adolescence, individuals often experience heightened engagement with peers, socializing, and seeking acceptance within desired social groups

Oshodi, et al. (2012), Anyanwu et al. (2016), Afolabi MO, et al. (2021), Umukoro EK, et al. (2021), Adesina et al. (2020), Okwaraji FE, (2006) and Soremekun RO, et al. (2020) identified from their respective studies that dealing with anxiety and relieves stress can predict and influence alcohol and tobacco use.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the occurrence, trends, and potential risk factors linked with substance use among secondary school students in Nigeria. There were variations in the definitions of substance use in different studies, but the utilization of the WHO Student Drug Use questionnaire provided a consistent and standardized approach to measuring and defining substance use thus facilitating easier comparison between studies.

In this review, the high prevalence of substance abuse among secondary school students is a cause for concern due to the potential long-lasting and detrimental health effects associated with substance use [38, 39]. Notably, there has been a significant increase in the prevalence of alcohol and caffeine use, with alcohol being the most commonly consumed substance among adolescents in Nigeria, as reported in other studies [40]. Additionally, Erumi in 2002, identified alcohol and energy drinks as among the substances commonly abused based on an empirical survey conducted among adolescents and young adults in the Warri metropolis [41].

In Nigeria, it concerning to hear that some alcoholic beverage companies enlist celebrities who serve as role models to adolescents to promote and endorse their products. It is also troubling to learn that there is presently no established alcohol control policy aimed at regulating the availability and accessibility of alcoholic beverages to adolescents [42]. This could potentially contribute to underage drinking and its associated negative consequences.

The use of caffeine (kola nuts) among Nigerian secondary school students was notably high and a cause for concern, although not as prevalent as alcohol consumption. Caffeine consumption, known for its addictive properties and association with insomnia and anxiety, was also reported in another study conducted within the country [43]. Thus, highlighting the need to address this issue and raise awareness about its potential risks and adverse effects, particularly among secondary school students.

According to studies, adolescence is a critical age for drug abuse initiation and experimentation, which can sometimes lead to risky behaviors such as drug abuse. Research has shown that the use of one drug, often referred to as a gateway drug can increase the likelihood of trying other substances as well [44]. Adolescents are more likely to experiment with other substances following their initial abuse of one drug, making it crucial to address the use of these gateway drugs among young people.

According to this review, the prominent risk factor associated with drug abuse among school students, as reported by the majority of the reviewed articles, is having peers who use psychoactive substances. Peer pressure or the desire to please friends was identified as the primary reason for the involvement of secondary school students in substance use (Bassi AP, et al., 2017; Ajala, R.O, et al., 2018; Ekpenyongi SN, et al., 2012; Umukoro EK, et al., 2021; Okwaraji FE, 2006; Eriyo William, 2021; Adesina BO, et al., 2020). Adolescents tend to place more importance on peer approval during their teenage years, and in secondary schools, they spend more time with their peers than any other group [45]. Consequently, they are likely to adopt similar habits or may feel pressured into adopting such behaviors to fit into social groups.

Furthermore, the reviewed studies indicated that students engage in drug abuse due to misconceptions, such as the belief that it enhances intelligence (Ajibola I, et al., 2018; Dowu et al., 2018), provides stress relief, or helps avoid worries (Soremekun RO, et al., 2020; Oshodi et al., 2010), Some even resort to drugs as a way to stay awake (Afolabi MO, et al., 2021; Atoyebi & Atoyebi, 2013; Oshodi et al., 2010). These beliefs underscore the need for proper education on psychoactive substances in schools.

Additionally, students cited curiosity about the effects of drugs (Bassi AP, et al., 2017; Onyinye U. et al., 2018; Adesina BO, et al., 2020) as a reason for drug abuse and the desire to have a good time (fun) with friends are also cited as reasons for drug abuse(Afolabi MO, et al., 2021; Umukoro EK, et al., 2021; Okwaraji FE, 2006).It is essential to promote alternative, positive, and healthy ways of having fun and avenues to express their playful and creative sides in alleviating the stress associated with academic learning in school to discourage students from resorting to drug

The study had some limitations. Firstly, some valuable articles could have been left out due to the use of non-matching keywords during the search process. Secondly, some studies with potential biases may have passed through the selection process despite potential biases, which could have influenced the study's outcomes. This narrative study opted for the use of tables and flowcharts to present data for easy understanding and clarity and also it did not adhere to all the methodological details outlined in a systematic review protocol

The choice of using self-administered instruments and quantitative designs in some of the reviewed studies had significant implications on the quality of their outcomes, particularly due to the inherent flaws associated with self-report questionnaires .

Drug abuse is a condition where an individual habitually uses drugs and it is characterized as a self-destructive behavior. Several authors indicate that drug abuse is not caused by a single factor rather it is influenced by multiple factors. Moreover, drug abuse has evolved beyond individual circumstances to become a universal, cultural, and mental health concern

Substance use is widespread among secondary school students in Nigeria and usually starts at a young age. Various risk factors contribute to this, including gender, age, parental influences, peer dynamics, individual characteristics, and Lack of awareness. To address this issue, effective interventions within schools should encompass a range of strategies, including peer education, family-based support, health education, and engaging activities. There is a pressing need for additional research into substance abuse among Nigerian secondary school students to provide an understanding of adolescents’ attitudes, knowledge of the health implications of drug abuseTop of Form

and measure other psychological and school-related factors .

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Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, I hope this message finds you well. I want to express my utmost gratitude for your excellent work and for the dedication and speed in the publication process of my article titled "Navigating Innovation: Qualitative Insights on Using Technology for Health Education in Acute Coronary Syndrome Patients." I am very satisfied with the peer review process, the support from the editorial office, and the quality of the journal. I hope we can maintain our scientific relationship in the long term.

Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dear Monica Gissare, - Editorial Coordinator of Nutrition and Food Processing. ¨My testimony with you is truly professional, with a positive response regarding the follow-up of the article and its review, you took into account my qualities and the importance of the topic¨.

Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto

Dear Dr. Jessica Magne, Editorial Coordinator 0f Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions, The review process for the article “The Handling of Anti-aggregants and Anticoagulants in the Oncologic Heart Patient Submitted to Surgery” was extremely rigorous and detailed. From the initial submission to the final acceptance, the editorial team at the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” demonstrated a high level of professionalism and dedication. The reviewers provided constructive and detailed feedback, which was essential for improving the quality of our work. Communication was always clear and efficient, ensuring that all our questions were promptly addressed. The quality of the “Journal of Clinical Cardiology and Cardiovascular Interventions” is undeniable. It is a peer-reviewed, open-access publication dedicated exclusively to disseminating high-quality research in the field of clinical cardiology and cardiovascular interventions. The journal's impact factor is currently under evaluation, and it is indexed in reputable databases, which further reinforces its credibility and relevance in the scientific field. I highly recommend this journal to researchers looking for a reputable platform to publish their studies.

Dr Marcelo Flavio Gomes Jardim Filho

Dear Editorial Coordinator of the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing! "I would like to thank the Journal of Nutrition and Food Processing for including and publishing my article. The peer review process was very quick, movement and precise. The Editorial Board has done an extremely conscientious job with much help, valuable comments and advices. I find the journal very valuable from a professional point of view, thank you very much for allowing me to be part of it and I would like to participate in the future!”

Zsuzsanna Bene

Dealing with The Journal of Neurology and Neurological Surgery was very smooth and comprehensive. The office staff took time to address my needs and the response from editors and the office was prompt and fair. I certainly hope to publish with this journal again.Their professionalism is apparent and more than satisfactory. Susan Weiner

Dr Susan Weiner

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AN EXAMINATION OF NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF DRUGS ABUSE ON NIGERIA YOUTH

1 Drug abuse has been in existence for ages in human history. The problem is universal with Nigeria having its fair share, especially among youth population. As a result, drug abuse among Nigerian youth is deemed asone of the major social problems bedevilling the country. This essay is aimed at conceptualizing drug abuse, theoretical explanation of drug abuse, and its negative impacts on youths in Nigeria. In doing so, the article will suggest some possible solutions to the menace of drug abuse among the youth.

short essay on drug abuse in nigeria

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Expository Essay On Drug Abuse In Nigeria 450 Words

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Expository Essay on Drug Abuse in Nigeria (450 Words)

Introduction

Current Scenario and Statistics

The Impact of Cannabis Use

Projected Future Challenges

Addressing the Issue

Prevention and Awareness

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Drug Abuse In Nigeria: Causes, Effects, Statistics And Solution

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Introduction

Burden of Drug Abuse

Why Do People Abuse Drugs?

The public health impact/consequence of drug misuse

Nigerian Legislation to address drug abuse

Conclusion and recommendation

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Drug Abuse Among Youths In Nigeria: Effects, Causes And Remedies

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Drug Abuse among Secondary School Students in Nigeria from 1980 to 2023: A Narrative Review of Literatures

Introduction

Virginia E. Koenig

Delcio G Silva Junior

Ziemlé Clément Méda

Mina Sherif Soliman Georgy

Layla Shojaie

Sing-yung Wu

Orlando Villarreal

Katarzyna Byczkowska

Anthony Kodzo-Grey Venyo

Pedro Marques Gomes

Bernard Terkimbi Utoo

Prof Sherif W Mansour

Dr Shiming Tang

Raed Mualem

Andreas Filippaios

Dr Suramya Dhamija

Bruno Chauffert

Baheci Selen

Jesus Simal-Gandara

Douglas Miyazaki

Dr Griffith

Dr Tong Ming Liu

Husain Taha Radhi

Tania Munoz

George Varvatsoulias

Khurram Arshad

Gomez Barriga Maria Dolores

Lin Shaw Chin

Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dr Maria Dolores Gomez Barriga

Dr Maria Regina Penchyna Nieto