Identify
Explore
Discover
Discuss
Summarise
Describe
Last, format your objectives into a numbered list. This is because when you write your thesis or dissertation, you will at times need to make reference to a specific research objective; structuring your research objectives in a numbered list will provide a clear way of doing this.
To bring all this together, let’s compare the first research objective in the previous example with the above guidance:
Research Objective:
1. Develop finite element models using explicit dynamics to mimic mallet blows during cup/shell insertion, initially using simplified experimentally validated foam models to represent the acetabulum.
Checking Against Recommended Approach:
Q: Is it specific? A: Yes, it is clear what the student intends to do (produce a finite element model), why they intend to do it (mimic cup/shell blows) and their parameters have been well-defined ( using simplified experimentally validated foam models to represent the acetabulum ).
Q: Is it measurable? A: Yes, it is clear that the research objective will be achieved once the finite element model is complete.
Q: Is it achievable? A: Yes, provided the student has access to a computer lab, modelling software and laboratory data.
Q: Is it relevant? A: Yes, mimicking impacts to a cup/shell is fundamental to the overall aim of understanding how they deform when impacted upon.
Q: Is it timebound? A: Yes, it is possible to create a limited-scope finite element model in a relatively short time, especially if you already have experience in modelling.
Q: Does it start with a verb? A: Yes, it starts with ‘develop’, which makes the intent of the objective immediately clear.
Q: Is it a numbered list? A: Yes, it is the first research objective in a list of eight.
1. making your research aim too broad.
Having a research aim too broad becomes very difficult to achieve. Normally, this occurs when a student develops their research aim before they have a good understanding of what they want to research. Remember that at the end of your project and during your viva defence , you will have to prove that you have achieved your research aims; if they are too broad, this will be an almost impossible task. In the early stages of your research project, your priority should be to narrow your study to a specific area. A good way to do this is to take the time to study existing literature, question their current approaches, findings and limitations, and consider whether there are any recurring gaps that could be investigated .
Note: Achieving a set of aims does not necessarily mean proving or disproving a theory or hypothesis, even if your research aim was to, but having done enough work to provide a useful and original insight into the principles that underlie your research aim.
Be realistic about what you can achieve in the time you have available. It is natural to want to set ambitious research objectives that require sophisticated data collection and analysis, but only completing this with six months before the end of your PhD registration period is not a worthwhile trade-off.
Each research objective should have its own purpose and distinct measurable outcome. To this effect, a common mistake is to form research objectives which have large amounts of overlap. This makes it difficult to determine when an objective is truly complete, and also presents challenges in estimating the duration of objectives when creating your project timeline. It also makes it difficult to structure your thesis into unique chapters, making it more challenging for you to write and for your audience to read.
Fortunately, this oversight can be easily avoided by using SMART objectives.
Hopefully, you now have a good idea of how to create an effective set of aims and objectives for your research project, whether it be a thesis, dissertation or research paper. While it may be tempting to dive directly into your research, spending time on getting your aims and objectives right will give your research clear direction. This won’t only reduce the likelihood of problems arising later down the line, but will also lead to a more thorough and coherent research project.
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3-minute read
Writing a research paper, thesis, or dissertation ? If so, you’ll want to state your research objectives in the introduction of your paper to make it clear to your readers what you’re trying to accomplish. But how do you write effective research objectives? In this post, we’ll look at two key topics to help you do this:
For more advice on how to write strong research objectives, see below.
There is an important difference between research aims and research objectives:
For instance, an example research aim could be:
This study will investigate the link between dehydration and the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in intensive care patients in Australia.
To develop a set of research objectives, you would then break down the various steps involved in meeting said aim. For example:
This study will investigate the link between dehydration and the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in intensive care patients in Australia. To achieve this, the study objectives w ill include:
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Note that the objectives don’t go into any great detail here. The key is to briefly summarize each component of your study. You can save details for how you will conduct the research for the methodology section of your paper.
A great way to refine your research objectives is to use SMART criteria . Borrowed from the world of project management, there are many versions of this system. However, we’re going to focus on developing specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and timebound objectives.
In other words, a good research objective should be all of the following:
If you follow this system, your research objectives will be much stronger.
Whatever your research aims and objectives, make sure to have your academic writing proofread by the experts!
Our academic editors can help you with research papers and proposals , as well as any other scholarly document you need checking. And this will help to ensure that your academic writing is always clear, concise, and precise.
Submit a free sample document today to trial our services and find out more.
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Almost all industries use research for growth and development. Research objectives are how researchers ensure that their study has direction and makes a significant contribution to growing an industry or niche.
Research objectives provide a clear and concise statement of what the researcher wants to find out. As a researcher, you need to clearly outline and define research objectives to guide the research process and ensure that the study is relevant and generates the impact you want.
In this article, we will explore research objectives and how to leverage them to achieve successful research studies.
Research objectives are what you want to achieve through your research study. They guide your research process and help you focus on the most important aspects of your topic.
You can also define the scope of your study and set realistic and attainable study goals with research objectives. For example, with clear research objectives, your study focuses on the specific goals you want to achieve and prevents you from spending time and resources collecting unnecessary data.
However, sticking to research objectives isn’t always easy, especially in broad or unconventional research. This is why most researchers follow the SMART criteria when defining their research objectives.
Think of research objectives as a roadmap to achieving your research goals, with the SMART criteria as your navigator on the map.
SMART stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. These criteria help you ensure that your research objectives are clear, specific, realistic, meaningful, and time-bound.
Here’s a breakdown of the SMART Criteria:
Specific : Your research objectives should be clear: what do you want to achieve, why do you want to achieve it, and how do you plan to achieve it? Avoid vague or broad statements that don’t provide enough direction for your research.
Measurable : Your research objectives should have metrics that help you track your progress and measure your results. Also, ensure the metrics are measurable with data to verify them.
Achievable : Your research objectives should be within your research scope, timeframe, and budget. Also, set goals that are challenging but not impossible.
Relevant: Your research objectives should be in line with the goal and significance of your study. Also, ensure that the objectives address a specific issue or knowledge gap that is interesting and relevant to your industry or niche.
Time-bound : Your research objectives should have a specific deadline or timeframe for completion. This will help you carefully set a schedule for your research activities and milestones and monitor your study progress.
Clarity : Your objectives should be clear and unambiguous so that anyone who reads them can understand what you intend to do. Avoid vague or general terms that could be taken out of context.
Specificity : Your objectives should be specific and address the research questions that you have formulated. Do not use broad or narrow objectives as they may restrict your field of research or make your research irrelevant.
Measurability : Define your metrics with indicators or metrics that help you determine if you’ve accomplished your goals or not. This will ensure you are tracking the research progress and making interventions when needed.
Also, do use objectives that are subjective or based on personal opinions, as they may be difficult to accurately verify and measure.
Achievability : Your objectives should be realistic and attainable, given the resources and time available for your research project. You should set objectives that match your skills and capabilities, they can be difficult but not so hard that they are realistically unachievable.
For example, setting very difficult make you lose confidence, and abandon your research. Also, setting very simple objectives could demotivate you and prevent you from closing the knowledge gap or making significant contributions to your field with your research.
Relevance : Your objectives should be relevant to your research topic and contribute to the existing knowledge in your field. Avoid objectives that are unrelated or insignificant, as they may waste your time or resources.
Time-bound : Your objectives should be time-bound and specify when you will complete them. Have a realistic and flexible timeframe for achieving your objectives, and track your progress with it.
Identify the research questions.
The first step in writing effective research objectives is to identify the research questions that you are trying to answer. Research questions help you narrow down your topic and identify the gaps or problems that you want to address with your research.
For example, if you are interested in the impact of technology on children’s development, your research questions could be:
Once you have your research questions, you can brainstorm possible objectives that relate to them. Objectives are more specific than research questions, and they tell you what you want to achieve or learn in your research.
You can use verbs such as analyze, compare, evaluate, explore, investigate, etc. to express your objectives. Also, try to generate as many objectives as possible, without worrying about their quality or feasibility at this stage.
Once you’ve brainstormed your objectives, you’ll need to prioritize them based on their relevance and feasibility. Relevance is how relevant the objective is to your research topic and how well it fits into your overall research objective.
Feasibility is how realistic and feasible the objective is compared to the time, money, and expertise you have. You can create a matrix or ranking system to organize your objectives and pick the ones that matter the most.
The next step is to refine and revise your objectives to ensure clarity and specificity. Start by ensuring that your objectives are consistent and coherent with each other and with your research questions.
A useful way to refine your objectives is to make them SMART, which stands for specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound.
The final step is to review your objectives for coherence and alignment with your research questions and aim. Ensure your objectives are logically connected and consistent with each other and with the purpose of your study.
You also need to check that your objectives are not too broad or too narrow, too easy or too hard, too many or too few. You can use a checklist or a rubric to evaluate your objectives and make modifications.
Example 1- Psychology
Research question: What are the effects of social media use on teenagers’ mental health?
Objective : To determine the relationship between the amount of time teenagers in the US spend on social media and their levels of anxiety and depression before and after using social media.
What Makes the Research Objective SMART?
The research objective is specific because it clearly states what the researcher hopes to achieve. It is measurable because it can be quantified by measuring the levels of anxiety and depression in teenagers.
Also, the objective is achievable because the researcher can collect enough data to answer the research question. It is relevant because it is directly related to the research question. It is time-bound because it has a specific deadline for completion.
Example 2- Marketing
Research question : How can a company increase its brand awareness by 10%?
Objective : To develop a marketing strategy that will increase the company’s sales by 10% within the next quarter.
How Is this Research Objective SMART?
The research states what the researcher hopes to achieve ( Specific ). You can also measure the company’s reach before and after the marketing plan is implemented ( Measurable ).
The research objective is also achievable because you can develop a marketing plan that will increase awareness by 10% within the timeframe. The objective is directly related to the research question ( Relevant ). It is also time-bound because it has a specific deadline for completion.
Research objectives are a well-designed roadmap to completing and achieving your overall research goal.
However, research goals are only effective if they are well-defined and backed up with the best practices such as the SMART criteria. Properly defining research objectives will help you plan and conduct your research project effectively and efficiently.
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Table of contents
Embarking on a research journey without clear objectives is like navigating the sea without a compass. This article delves into the essence of establishing precise research objectives, serving as the guiding star for your scholarly exploration.
We will unfold the layers of how the objective of study not only defines the scope of your research but also directs every phase of the research process, from formulating research questions to interpreting research findings. By bridging theory with practical examples, we aim to illuminate the path to crafting effective research objectives that are both ambitious and attainable. Let’s chart the course to a successful research voyage, exploring the significance, types, and formulation of research paper objectives.
Defining the research objectives includes which two tasks? Research objectives are clear and concise statements that outline what you aim to achieve through your study. They are the foundation for determining your research scope, guiding your data collection methods, and shaping your analysis. The purpose of research proposal and setting clear objectives in it is to ensure that your research efforts are focused and efficient, and to provide a roadmap that keeps your study aligned with its intended outcomes.
To define the research objective at the outset, researchers can avoid the pitfalls of scope creep, where the study’s focus gradually broadens beyond its initial boundaries, leading to wasted resources and time. Clear objectives facilitate communication with stakeholders, such as funding bodies, academic supervisors, and the broader academic community, by succinctly conveying the study’s goals and significance. Furthermore, they help in the formulation of precise research questions and hypotheses, making the research process more systematic and organized. Yet, it is not always easy. For this reason, PapersOwl is always ready to help. Lastly, clear research objectives enable the researcher to critically assess the study’s progress and outcomes against predefined benchmarks, ensuring the research stays on track and delivers meaningful results.
Research objectives are integral to the research framework as the nexus between the research problem, questions, and hypotheses. They translate the broad goals of your study into actionable steps, ensuring every aspect of your research is purposefully aligned towards addressing the research problem. This alignment helps in structuring the research design and methodology, ensuring that each component of the study is geared towards answering the core questions derived from the objectives. Creating such a difficult piece may take a lot of time. If you need it to be accurate yet fast delivered, consider getting professional research paper writing help whenever the time comes. It also aids in the identification and justification of the research methods and tools used for data collection and analysis, aligning them with the objectives to enhance the validity and reliability of the findings.
Furthermore, by setting clear objectives, researchers can more effectively evaluate the impact and significance of their work in contributing to existing knowledge. Additionally, research objectives guide literature review, enabling researchers to focus their examination on relevant studies and theoretical frameworks that directly inform their research goals.
In the landscape of research, setting objectives is akin to laying down the tracks for a train’s journey, guiding it towards its destination. Constructing these tracks involves defining two main types of objectives: general and specific. Each serves a unique purpose in guiding the research towards its ultimate goals, with general objectives providing the broad vision and specific objectives outlining the concrete steps needed to fulfill that vision. Together, they form a cohesive blueprint that directs the focus of the study, ensuring that every effort contributes meaningfully to the overarching research aims.
To illustrate, consider a research project on the impact of digital marketing on consumer behavior. A general objective might be “to explore the influence of digital marketing on consumer purchasing decisions.” Specific objectives could include “to assess the effectiveness of social media advertising in enhancing brand awareness” and “to evaluate the impact of email marketing on customer loyalty.”
The harmony between what research objectives should be, questions, and hypotheses is critical. Objectives define what you aim to achieve; research questions specify what you seek to understand, and hypotheses predict the expected outcomes.
This alignment ensures a coherent and focused research endeavor. Achieving it necessitates a thoughtful consideration of how each component interrelates, ensuring that the objectives are not only ambitious but also directly answerable through the research questions and testable via the hypotheses. This interconnectedness facilitates a streamlined approach to the research process, enabling researchers to systematically address each aspect of their study in a logical sequence. Moreover, it enhances the clarity and precision of the research, making it easier for peers and stakeholders to grasp the study’s direction and potential contributions.
Throughout the research process, objectives guide your choices and strategies – from selecting the appropriate research design and methods to analyzing data and interpreting results. They are the criteria against which you measure the success of your study. In the initial stages, research objectives inform the selection of a topic, helping to narrow down a broad area of interest into a focused question that can be explored in depth. During the methodology phase, they dictate the type of data needed and the best methods for obtaining that data, ensuring that every step taken is purposeful and aligned with the study’s goals. As the research progresses, objectives provide a framework for analyzing the collected data, guiding the researcher in identifying patterns, drawing conclusions, and making informed decisions.
The effective objective of research is pivotal in laying the groundwork for a successful investigation. These objectives clarify the focus of your study and determine its direction and scope. Ensuring that your objectives are well-defined and aligned with the SMART criteria is crucial for setting a strong foundation for your research.
Well-defined research objectives are characterized by the SMART criteria – Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound. Specific objectives clearly define what you plan to achieve, eliminating any ambiguity. Measurable objectives allow you to track progress and assess the outcome. Achievable objectives are realistic, considering the research sources and time available. Relevant objectives align with the broader goals of your field or research question. Finally, Time-bound objectives have a clear timeline for completion, adding urgency and a schedule to your work.
So lets get to the part, how to write research objectives properly?
Your objectives of research may require refinement if they lack clarity, feasibility, or alignment with the research problem. If you find yourself struggling to design experiments or methods that directly address your objectives, or if the objectives seem too broad or not directly related to your research question, it’s likely time for refinement. Additionally, objectives in research proposal that do not facilitate a clear measurement of success indicate a need for a more precise definition. Refinement involves ensuring that each objective is specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound, enhancing your research’s overall focus and impact.
The application of research objectives spans various academic disciplines, each with its unique focus and methodologies. To illustrate how the objectives of the study guide a research paper across different fields, here are some research objective examples:
These examples of research objectives describe the versatility and significance of research objectives in guiding scholarly inquiry across different domains. By setting clear, well-defined objectives, researchers can ensure their studies are focused and impactful and contribute valuable knowledge to their respective fields.
Defining research studies objectives and problem statement is not just a preliminary step, but a continuous guiding force throughout the research journey. These goals of research illuminate the path forward and ensure that every stride taken is meaningful and aligned with the ultimate goals of the inquiry. Whether through the meticulous application of the SMART criteria or the strategic alignment with research questions and hypotheses, the rigor in crafting and refining these objectives underscores the integrity and relevance of the research. As scholars venture into the vast terrains of knowledge, the clarity, and precision of their objectives serve as beacons of light, steering their explorations toward discoveries that advance academic discourse and resonate with the broader societal needs.
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Formulating research aim and objectives in an appropriate manner is one of the most important aspects of your thesis. This is because research aim and objectives determine the scope, depth and the overall direction of the research. Research question is the central question of the study that has to be answered on the basis of research findings.
Research aim emphasizes what needs to be achieved within the scope of the research, by the end of the research process. Achievement of research aim provides answer to the research question.
Research objectives divide research aim into several parts and address each part separately. Research aim specifies WHAT needs to be studied and research objectives comprise a number of steps that address HOW research aim will be achieved.
As a rule of dumb, there would be one research aim and several research objectives. Achievement of each research objective will lead to the achievement of the research aim.
Consider the following as an example:
Research title: Effects of organizational culture on business profitability: a case study of Virgin Atlantic
Research aim: To assess the effects of Virgin Atlantic organizational culture on business profitability
Following research objectives would facilitate the achievement of this aim:
Figure below illustrates additional examples in formulating research aims and objectives:
Formulation of research question, aim and objectives
Common mistakes in the formulation of research aim relate to the following:
1. Choosing the topic too broadly . This is the most common mistake. For example, a research title of “an analysis of leadership practices” can be classified as too broad because the title fails to answer the following questions:
a) Which aspects of leadership practices? Leadership has many aspects such as employee motivation, ethical behaviour, strategic planning, change management etc. An attempt to cover all of these aspects of organizational leadership within a single research will result in an unfocused and poor work.
b) An analysis of leadership practices in which country? Leadership practices tend to be different in various countries due to cross-cultural differences, legislations and a range of other region-specific factors. Therefore, a study of leadership practices needs to be country-specific.
c) Analysis of leadership practices in which company or industry? Similar to the point above, analysis of leadership practices needs to take into account industry-specific and/or company-specific differences, and there is no way to conduct a leadership research that relates to all industries and organizations in an equal manner.
Accordingly, as an example “a study into the impacts of ethical behaviour of a leader on the level of employee motivation in US healthcare sector” would be a more appropriate title than simply “An analysis of leadership practices”.
2. Setting an unrealistic aim . Formulation of a research aim that involves in-depth interviews with Apple strategic level management by an undergraduate level student can be specified as a bit over-ambitious. This is because securing an interview with Apple CEO Tim Cook or members of Apple Board of Directors might not be easy. This is an extreme example of course, but you got the idea. Instead, you may aim to interview the manager of your local Apple store and adopt a more feasible strategy to get your dissertation completed.
3. Choosing research methods incompatible with the timeframe available . Conducting interviews with 20 sample group members and collecting primary data through 2 focus groups when only three months left until submission of your dissertation can be very difficult, if not impossible. Accordingly, timeframe available need to be taken into account when formulating research aims and objectives and selecting research methods.
Moreover, research objectives need to be formulated according to SMART principle,
where the abbreviation stands for specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and time-bound.
Study employee motivation of Coca-Cola | To study the impacts of management practices on the levels of employee motivation at Coca-Cola US by December 5, 2022
|
Analyze consumer behaviour in catering industry
| Analyzing changes in consumer behaviour in catering industry in the 21 century in the UK by March 1, 2022 |
Recommend Toyota Motor Corporation management on new market entry strategy
| Formulating recommendations to Toyota Motor Corporation management on the choice of appropriate strategy to enter Vietnam market by June 9, 2022
|
Analyze the impact of social media marketing on business
| Assessing impacts of integration of social media into marketing strategy on the level of brand awareness by March 30, 2022
|
Finding out about time management principles used by Accenture managers | Identifying main time-management strategies used by managers of Accenture France by December 1, 2022 |
Examples of SMART research objectives
At the conclusion part of your research project you will need to reflect on the level of achievement of research aims and objectives. In case your research aims and objectives are not fully achieved by the end of the study, you will need to discuss the reasons. These may include initial inappropriate formulation of research aims and objectives, effects of other variables that were not considered at the beginning of the research or changes in some circumstances during the research process.
John Dudovskiy
Imagine you’re a student planning a vacation in a foreign country. You’re on a tight budget and need to draw…
Imagine you’re a student planning a vacation in a foreign country. You’re on a tight budget and need to draw up a pocket-friendly plan. Where do you begin? The first step is to do your research.
Before that, you make a mental list of your objectives—finding reasonably-priced hotels, traveling safely and finding ways of communicating with someone back home. These objectives help you focus sharply during your research and be aware of the finer details of your trip.
More often than not, research is a part of our daily lives. Whether it’s to pick a restaurant for your next birthday dinner or to prepare a presentation at work, good research is the foundation of effective learning. Read on to understand the meaning, importance and examples of research objectives.
What are the objectives of research, what goes into a research plan.
Research is a careful and detailed study of a particular problem or concern, using scientific methods. An in-depth analysis of information creates space for generating new questions, concepts and understandings. The main objective of research is to explore the unknown and unlock new possibilities. It’s an essential component of success.
Over the years, businesses have started emphasizing the need for research. You’ve probably noticed organizations hiring research managers and analysts. The primary purpose of business research is to determine the goals and opportunities of an organization. It’s critical in making business decisions and appropriately allocating available resources.
Here are a few benefits of research that’ll explain why it is a vital aspect of our professional lives:
One of the greatest benefits of research is to learn and gain a deeper understanding. The deeper you dig into a topic, the more well-versed you are. Furthermore, research has the power to help you build on any personal experience you have on the subject.
Research encourages you to discover the most recent information available. Updated information prevents you from falling behind and helps you present accurate information. You’re better equipped to develop ideas or talk about a topic when you’re armed with the latest inputs.
Research provides you with a good foundation upon which you can develop your thoughts and ideas. People take you more seriously when your suggestions are backed by research. You can speak with greater confidence because you know that the information is accurate.
Take any leading nonprofit organization, you’ll see how they have a strong research arm supported by real-life stories. Research also becomes the base upon which real-life connections and impact can be made. It even helps you communicate better with others and conveys why you’re pursuing something.
As we’ve already established, research is mostly about using existing information to create new ideas and opinions. In the process, it sparks curiosity as you’re encouraged to explore and gain deeper insights into a subject. Curiosity leads to higher levels of positivity and lower levels of anxiety.
Well-defined objectives of research are an essential component of successful research engagement. If you want to drive all aspects of your research methodology such as data collection, design, analysis and recommendation, you need to lay down the objectives of research methodology. In other words, the objectives of research should address the underlying purpose of investigation and analysis. It should outline the steps you’d take to achieve desirable outcomes. Research objectives help you stay focused and adjust your expectations as you progress.
The objectives of research should be closely related to the problem statement, giving way to specific and achievable goals. Here are the four types of research objectives for you to explore:
Also known as secondary objectives, general objectives provide a detailed view of the aim of a study. In other words, you get a general overview of what you want to achieve by the end of your study. For example, if you want to study an organization’s contribution to environmental sustainability, your general objective could be: a study of sustainable practices and the use of renewable energy by the organization.
Specific objectives define the primary aim of the study. Typically, general objectives provide the foundation for identifying specific objectives. In other words, when general objectives are broken down into smaller and logically connected objectives, they’re known as specific objectives. They help define the who, what, why, when and how aspects of your project. Once you identify the main objective of research, it’s easier to develop and pursue a plan of action.
Let’s take the example of ‘a study of an organization’s contribution to environmental sustainability’ again. The specific objectives will look like this:
To determine through history how the organization has changed its practices and adopted new solutions
To assess how the new practices, technology and strategies will contribute to the overall effectiveness
Once you’ve identified the objectives of research, it’s time to organize your thoughts and streamline your research goals. Here are a few effective tips to develop a powerful research plan and improve your business performance.
Your research objectives should be SMART—Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-constrained. When you focus on utilizing available resources and setting realistic timeframes and milestones, it’s easier to prioritize objectives. Continuously track your progress and check whether you need to revise your expectations or targets. This way, you’re in greater control over the process.
Create a plan that’ll help you select appropriate methods to collect accurate information. A well-structured plan allows you to use logical and creative approaches towards problem-solving. The complexity of information and your skills are bound to influence your plan, which is why you need to make room for flexibility. The availability of resources will also play a big role in influencing your decisions.
After you’ve created a plan for the research process, make a list of the data you’re going to collect and the methods you’ll use. Not only will it help make sense of your insights but also keep track of your approach. The information you collect should be:
Logical, rigorous and objective
Can be reproduced by other people working on the same subject
Free of errors and highlighting necessary details
Current and updated
Includes everything required to support your argument/suggestions
Data analysis is the most crucial part of the process and there are many ways in which the information can be utilized. Four types of data analysis are often seen in a professional environment. While they may be divided into separate categories, they’re linked to each other.
The most commonly used data analysis, descriptive analysis simply summarizes past data. For example, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) use descriptive analysis. It establishes certain benchmarks after studying how someone has been performing in the past.
The next step is to identify why something happened. Diagnostic analysis uses the information gathered through descriptive analysis and helps find the underlying causes of an outcome. For example, if a marketing initiative was successful, you deep-dive into the strategies that worked.
It attempts to answer ‘what’s likely to happen’. Predictive analysis makes use of past data to predict future outcomes. However, the accuracy of predictions depends on the quality of the data provided. Risk assessment is an ideal example of using predictive analysis.
The most sought-after type of data analysis, prescriptive analysis combines the insights of all of the previous analyses. It’s a huge organizational commitment as it requires plenty of effort and resources. A great example of prescriptive analysis is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which consumes large amounts of data. You need to be prepared to commit to this type of analysis.
Once you’ve collected and collated your data, it’s time to review it and draw accurate conclusions. Here are a few ways to improve the review process:
Identify the fundamental issues, opportunities and problems and make note of recurring trends if any
Make a list of your insights and check which is the most or the least common. In short, keep track of the frequency of each insight
Conduct a SWOT analysis and identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats
Write down your conclusions and recommendations of the research
When we think about research, we often associate it with academicians and students. but the truth is research is for everybody who is willing to learn and enhance their knowledge. If you want to master the art of strategically upgrading your knowledge, Harappa Education’s Learning Expertly course has all the answers. Not only will it help you look at things from a fresh perspective but also show you how to acquire new information with greater efficiency. The Growth Mindset framework will teach you how to believe in your abilities to grow and improve. The Learning Transfer framework will help you apply your learnings from one context to another. Begin the journey of tactful learning and self-improvement today!
Explore Harappa Diaries to learn more about topics related to the THINK Habit such as Learning From Experience , Critical Thinking & What is Brainstorming to think clearly and rationally.
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* Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, the
† Division of Orthopaedic Surgery and the
‡ Departments of Surgery and
§ Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
There is an increasing familiarity with the principles of evidence-based medicine in the surgical community. As surgeons become more aware of the hierarchy of evidence, grades of recommendations and the principles of critical appraisal, they develop an increasing familiarity with research design. Surgeons and clinicians are looking more and more to the literature and clinical trials to guide their practice; as such, it is becoming a responsibility of the clinical research community to attempt to answer questions that are not only well thought out but also clinically relevant. The development of the research question, including a supportive hypothesis and objectives, is a necessary key step in producing clinically relevant results to be used in evidence-based practice. A well-defined and specific research question is more likely to help guide us in making decisions about study design and population and subsequently what data will be collected and analyzed. 1
In this article, we discuss important considerations in the development of a research question and hypothesis and in defining objectives for research. By the end of this article, the reader will be able to appreciate the significance of constructing a good research question and developing hypotheses and research objectives for the successful design of a research study. The following article is divided into 3 sections: research question, research hypothesis and research objectives.
Interest in a particular topic usually begins the research process, but it is the familiarity with the subject that helps define an appropriate research question for a study. 1 Questions then arise out of a perceived knowledge deficit within a subject area or field of study. 2 Indeed, Haynes suggests that it is important to know “where the boundary between current knowledge and ignorance lies.” 1 The challenge in developing an appropriate research question is in determining which clinical uncertainties could or should be studied and also rationalizing the need for their investigation.
Increasing one’s knowledge about the subject of interest can be accomplished in many ways. Appropriate methods include systematically searching the literature, in-depth interviews and focus groups with patients (and proxies) and interviews with experts in the field. In addition, awareness of current trends and technological advances can assist with the development of research questions. 2 It is imperative to understand what has been studied about a topic to date in order to further the knowledge that has been previously gathered on a topic. Indeed, some granting institutions (e.g., Canadian Institute for Health Research) encourage applicants to conduct a systematic review of the available evidence if a recent review does not already exist and preferably a pilot or feasibility study before applying for a grant for a full trial.
In-depth knowledge about a subject may generate a number of questions. It then becomes necessary to ask whether these questions can be answered through one study or if more than one study needed. 1 Additional research questions can be developed, but several basic principles should be taken into consideration. 1 All questions, primary and secondary, should be developed at the beginning and planning stages of a study. Any additional questions should never compromise the primary question because it is the primary research question that forms the basis of the hypothesis and study objectives. It must be kept in mind that within the scope of one study, the presence of a number of research questions will affect and potentially increase the complexity of both the study design and subsequent statistical analyses, not to mention the actual feasibility of answering every question. 1 A sensible strategy is to establish a single primary research question around which to focus the study plan. 3 In a study, the primary research question should be clearly stated at the end of the introduction of the grant proposal, and it usually specifies the population to be studied, the intervention to be implemented and other circumstantial factors. 4
Hulley and colleagues 2 have suggested the use of the FINER criteria in the development of a good research question ( Box 1 ). The FINER criteria highlight useful points that may increase the chances of developing a successful research project. A good research question should specify the population of interest, be of interest to the scientific community and potentially to the public, have clinical relevance and further current knowledge in the field (and of course be compliant with the standards of ethical boards and national research standards).
Feasible | ||
Interesting | ||
Novel | ||
Ethical | ||
Relevant |
Adapted with permission from Wolters Kluwer Health. 2
Whereas the FINER criteria outline the important aspects of the question in general, a useful format to use in the development of a specific research question is the PICO format — consider the population (P) of interest, the intervention (I) being studied, the comparison (C) group (or to what is the intervention being compared) and the outcome of interest (O). 3 , 5 , 6 Often timing (T) is added to PICO ( Box 2 ) — that is, “Over what time frame will the study take place?” 1 The PICOT approach helps generate a question that aids in constructing the framework of the study and subsequently in protocol development by alluding to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and identifying the groups of patients to be included. Knowing the specific population of interest, intervention (and comparator) and outcome of interest may also help the researcher identify an appropriate outcome measurement tool. 7 The more defined the population of interest, and thus the more stringent the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the greater the effect on the interpretation and subsequent applicability and generalizability of the research findings. 1 , 2 A restricted study population (and exclusion criteria) may limit bias and increase the internal validity of the study; however, this approach will limit external validity of the study and, thus, the generalizability of the findings to the practical clinical setting. Conversely, a broadly defined study population and inclusion criteria may be representative of practical clinical practice but may increase bias and reduce the internal validity of the study.
Population (patients) | ||
Intervention (for intervention studies only) | ||
Comparison group | ||
Outcome of interest | ||
Time |
A poorly devised research question may affect the choice of study design, potentially lead to futile situations and, thus, hamper the chance of determining anything of clinical significance, which will then affect the potential for publication. Without devoting appropriate resources to developing the research question, the quality of the study and subsequent results may be compromised. During the initial stages of any research study, it is therefore imperative to formulate a research question that is both clinically relevant and answerable.
The primary research question should be driven by the hypothesis rather than the data. 1 , 2 That is, the research question and hypothesis should be developed before the start of the study. This sounds intuitive; however, if we take, for example, a database of information, it is potentially possible to perform multiple statistical comparisons of groups within the database to find a statistically significant association. This could then lead one to work backward from the data and develop the “question.” This is counterintuitive to the process because the question is asked specifically to then find the answer, thus collecting data along the way (i.e., in a prospective manner). Multiple statistical testing of associations from data previously collected could potentially lead to spuriously positive findings of association through chance alone. 2 Therefore, a good hypothesis must be based on a good research question at the start of a trial and, indeed, drive data collection for the study.
The research or clinical hypothesis is developed from the research question and then the main elements of the study — sampling strategy, intervention (if applicable), comparison and outcome variables — are summarized in a form that establishes the basis for testing, statistical and ultimately clinical significance. 3 For example, in a research study comparing computer-assisted acetabular component insertion versus freehand acetabular component placement in patients in need of total hip arthroplasty, the experimental group would be computer-assisted insertion and the control/conventional group would be free-hand placement. The investigative team would first state a research hypothesis. This could be expressed as a single outcome (e.g., computer-assisted acetabular component placement leads to improved functional outcome) or potentially as a complex/composite outcome; that is, more than one outcome (e.g., computer-assisted acetabular component placement leads to both improved radiographic cup placement and improved functional outcome).
However, when formally testing statistical significance, the hypothesis should be stated as a “null” hypothesis. 2 The purpose of hypothesis testing is to make an inference about the population of interest on the basis of a random sample taken from that population. The null hypothesis for the preceding research hypothesis then would be that there is no difference in mean functional outcome between the computer-assisted insertion and free-hand placement techniques. After forming the null hypothesis, the researchers would form an alternate hypothesis stating the nature of the difference, if it should appear. The alternate hypothesis would be that there is a difference in mean functional outcome between these techniques. At the end of the study, the null hypothesis is then tested statistically. If the findings of the study are not statistically significant (i.e., there is no difference in functional outcome between the groups in a statistical sense), we cannot reject the null hypothesis, whereas if the findings were significant, we can reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternate hypothesis (i.e., there is a difference in mean functional outcome between the study groups), errors in testing notwithstanding. In other words, hypothesis testing confirms or refutes the statement that the observed findings did not occur by chance alone but rather occurred because there was a true difference in outcomes between these surgical procedures. The concept of statistical hypothesis testing is complex, and the details are beyond the scope of this article.
Another important concept inherent in hypothesis testing is whether the hypotheses will be 1-sided or 2-sided. A 2-sided hypothesis states that there is a difference between the experimental group and the control group, but it does not specify in advance the expected direction of the difference. For example, we asked whether there is there an improvement in outcomes with computer-assisted surgery or whether the outcomes worse with computer-assisted surgery. We presented a 2-sided test in the above example because we did not specify the direction of the difference. A 1-sided hypothesis states a specific direction (e.g., there is an improvement in outcomes with computer-assisted surgery). A 2-sided hypothesis should be used unless there is a good justification for using a 1-sided hypothesis. As Bland and Atlman 8 stated, “One-sided hypothesis testing should never be used as a device to make a conventionally nonsignificant difference significant.”
The research hypothesis should be stated at the beginning of the study to guide the objectives for research. Whereas the investigators may state the hypothesis as being 1-sided (there is an improvement with treatment), the study and investigators must adhere to the concept of clinical equipoise. According to this principle, a clinical (or surgical) trial is ethical only if the expert community is uncertain about the relative therapeutic merits of the experimental and control groups being evaluated. 9 It means there must exist an honest and professional disagreement among expert clinicians about the preferred treatment. 9
Designing a research hypothesis is supported by a good research question and will influence the type of research design for the study. Acting on the principles of appropriate hypothesis development, the study can then confidently proceed to the development of the research objective.
The primary objective should be coupled with the hypothesis of the study. Study objectives define the specific aims of the study and should be clearly stated in the introduction of the research protocol. 7 From our previous example and using the investigative hypothesis that there is a difference in functional outcomes between computer-assisted acetabular component placement and free-hand placement, the primary objective can be stated as follows: this study will compare the functional outcomes of computer-assisted acetabular component insertion versus free-hand placement in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty. Note that the study objective is an active statement about how the study is going to answer the specific research question. Objectives can (and often do) state exactly which outcome measures are going to be used within their statements. They are important because they not only help guide the development of the protocol and design of study but also play a role in sample size calculations and determining the power of the study. 7 These concepts will be discussed in other articles in this series.
From the surgeon’s point of view, it is important for the study objectives to be focused on outcomes that are important to patients and clinically relevant. For example, the most methodologically sound randomized controlled trial comparing 2 techniques of distal radial fixation would have little or no clinical impact if the primary objective was to determine the effect of treatment A as compared to treatment B on intraoperative fluoroscopy time. However, if the objective was to determine the effect of treatment A as compared to treatment B on patient functional outcome at 1 year, this would have a much more significant impact on clinical decision-making. Second, more meaningful surgeon–patient discussions could ensue, incorporating patient values and preferences with the results from this study. 6 , 7 It is the precise objective and what the investigator is trying to measure that is of clinical relevance in the practical setting.
The following is an example from the literature about the relation between the research question, hypothesis and study objectives:
Study: Warden SJ, Metcalf BR, Kiss ZS, et al. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound for chronic patellar tendinopathy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Rheumatology 2008;47:467–71.
Research question: How does low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) compare with a placebo device in managing the symptoms of skeletally mature patients with patellar tendinopathy?
Research hypothesis: Pain levels are reduced in patients who receive daily active-LIPUS (treatment) for 12 weeks compared with individuals who receive inactive-LIPUS (placebo).
Objective: To investigate the clinical efficacy of LIPUS in the management of patellar tendinopathy symptoms.
The development of the research question is the most important aspect of a research project. A research project can fail if the objectives and hypothesis are poorly focused and underdeveloped. Useful tips for surgical researchers are provided in Box 3 . Designing and developing an appropriate and relevant research question, hypothesis and objectives can be a difficult task. The critical appraisal of the research question used in a study is vital to the application of the findings to clinical practice. Focusing resources, time and dedication to these 3 very important tasks will help to guide a successful research project, influence interpretation of the results and affect future publication efforts.
FINER = feasible, interesting, novel, ethical, relevant; PICOT = population (patients), intervention (for intervention studies only), comparison group, outcome of interest, time.
Competing interests: No funding was received in preparation of this paper. Dr. Bhandari was funded, in part, by a Canada Research Chair, McMaster University.
February 27, 2020
Dr Jana Martiskova
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Qualitative Research Objectives
Table of Contents
Should you conduct qualitative research or quantitative research – that is the question, are you a student who doesn’t know which of these two research types should you be conducting for your thesis or dissertation.
If you are a student of sociology, psychology, or marketing, then you should most probably be using qualitative research methods as it gives you better insight for your study.
The objectives of qualitative research are to focus more on target audiences’ range of behavior and perceptions that drive it rather than facts and statistics that govern quantitative research.
Quantitative research objectives try to determine a relationship between a dependent and an independent variable whereas qualitative objectives study complex behavior that is difficult, but not impossible, to capture with statistics.
Because of that, the scope of qualitative research aims and objectives are far wider than quantitative and gives the researcher more freedom than its peer.
Qualitative research has originated from sociology and psychology , two fields of science that study human behavior, preferences, and the decision-making process.
But there are still several different approaches in the qualitative research field. Which approach should you use for your study and how will you develop their research objectives the core and central point of any research study?
Below mentioned are a few sample qualitative research objectives for your easy understanding and application:
This type of research focuses on the study of human societies and how different people act in different cultures.
This type of study tries to understand the origin of rights, obligations, and how people develop the sense of right and wrong based on their environment.
This type of research tries to understand how and why the process of learning takes place amongst people of different ages.
It is the study of a person’s current social attitude and community structure based on his past events and experiences.
This type of research is known as identifying an experience from an individual’s point of view. It tries to identify how different individuals perceive different experiences.
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There are plenty of ways to be better and learn more things in life. Learn to become efficient by setting learning objectives, learning goals , and long-term goals for yourself.
A learning objective is a target you set for yourself about particular abilities and information you wish to gain. The learning objective does not focus on the outcomes or results of a training program but instead places greater emphasis on the contexts , characteristics , elements , themes , and tones of the learning process.
Guiding teaching and learning.
Learning objectives provide a clear focus for both instructors and students. They outline what students are expected to learn, which helps teachers plan their lessons and instructional activities effectively. For students, these objectives clarify the expectations and what they need to achieve by the end of a lesson or course.
Objectives make it easier to assess student progress and performance. By setting specific targets, educators can develop assessments that directly measure whether students have achieved the intended outcomes. This alignment helps ensure that assessments are relevant and meaningful.
When students understand the goals of their learning journey, they are more likely to be motivated. Learning objectives provide a roadmap, helping students see the purpose behind their activities and how these activities will help them achieve their educational and personal goals.
Learning objectives help maintain alignment across the curriculum, instruction, and assessment. This alignment is crucial for ensuring that educational programs are coherent and that all components work together to support student learning effectively.
An effective learning subject is a clear, specific, and measurable statement that defines what students will know or be able to do as a result of a learning activity. It is designed to guide the instructional process and to assess students’ learning progress.
Learning objectives can help a person succeed and achieve a sense of personal growth. To be efficient and effective, it is best if you use the SMART framework when setting your learning objectives . The SMART framework needs you to set Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Time-Sensitive goals or learning objectives.
Begin by making the objective as specific as possible. This is because it is difficult to quantify a very broad learning objective, due to the wide space of interpretation. The opposite is also true, which means that the more specific the goal, the easier it is to quantify.
You will need to indicate the vectors of measurement to help ensure that your goal is quantifiable. This means that there needs to be a physical measurement that can act as the hallmark or a sign that the goal has been achieved.
The goal needs to be achievable, which means it has a specific set of observable requirements. Not only that, but the learning objective must also be reachable in the given period or deadline. If you need to know how to list out the requirements, you may opt to use outline or outline formats for this.
The learning objective needs to be realistic. This means that the learning objective or goal should be catered to the specific person. This means that not all learning objectives can be applied to other people, as it may not be realistic for them to achieve in a particular timeline.
The deadline is the outside source of motivation for the person to achieve their learning objective. This is because the deadline brings a sense of urgency into the mix, ensuring that the person will try their best to reach their learning objective before the deadline.
Understand the purpose.
Learning objectives are clear, concise statements that define what learners will be able to do as a result of a learning event. They help guide the instructional process and assess learning outcomes, ensuring alignment between teaching activities and learning goals.
Learning objectives should be:
Begin each objective with an action verb that specifies the performance required. Avoid vague terms like “understand” or “learn” as they are difficult to measure. Instead, use Bloom’s Taxonomy to choose verbs that match the level of cognitive effort expected, such as:
After drafting your objectives, review them to ensure they are clear and meet the SMART criteria. It may also be helpful to get feedback from colleagues or pilot them with a small group of students to ensure they are understandable and achievable. Adjust as necessary based on this feedback.
Writing and communication skills.
Crafting effective career objectives requires strong writing skills to clearly and concisely convey your goals and aspirations. The ability to articulate your career vision and how a particular job fits into that vision is crucial. This involves selecting appropriate vocabulary, structuring sentences effectively, and tailoring the message to the intended audience, usually potential employers.
Developing career objectives involves strategic thinking about where you want to be professionally in the short and long term. This skill helps you to align your career path with your overarching professional goals, considering your current skills, potential career opportunities, and personal aspirations.
Self-assessment skills are vital for identifying your strengths, weaknesses, interests, and values. Understanding these personal attributes allows you to create realistic and achievable career objectives that are aligned with your professional identity and personal growth goals.
To formulate informed career objectives, it’s important to research the industry, potential roles, and companies of interest. This research helps you understand the necessary qualifications, the industry’s direction, typical career paths, and organizational cultures, enabling you to tailor your objectives to fit real-world contexts.
Effective goal-setting is critical when defining career objectives. This involves understanding how to set SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, and Time-bound) goals. Proper goal-setting ensures that your career objectives are clear, achievable, and designed to propel you toward your desired career outcomes.
Learning objectives are specific, measurable statements detailing what students are expected to learn or achieve by the end of a lesson. These objectives guide the teaching strategies and assessments used throughout the lesson.
Here are a few examples of learning objectives for different subjects:
Student Learning Objectives (SLOs) are detailed, measurable goals used to assess the progress of students towards mastering specific skills or knowledge over a course or a year. SLOs are typically set by teachers at the beginning of the academic period and are used to track student progress, inform instructional strategies, and adjust teaching methods to meet the needs of students. These objectives are crucial in educational planning and are often aligned with standards and benchmarks to ensure they are objective and actionable.
Clarity and direction.
Learning objectives provide clear, concise statements about what learners are expected to achieve by the end of a lesson or course. They help both instructors and students by outlining the specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes that should be developed. This clarity guides instructional planning and gives students a clear understanding of expectations, helping them focus their efforts more effectively.
With well-defined objectives, instructors can design their teaching strategies and materials to directly support targeted outcomes. This alignment enhances the effectiveness of teaching and can lead to more consistent and meaningful learning experiences for students. Learners benefit by understanding precisely what they need to learn, which can increase their motivation and engagement.
Learning objectives are crucial for designing assessments that accurately measure student learning. They ensure that evaluations are aligned with the intended outcomes of the course, providing a direct link between what is taught and what is assessed. This alignment helps in fairly evaluating student performance and also in identifying areas where students may need additional support.
Clear objectives allow both teachers and students to track progress throughout the course. Instructors can use them to provide targeted feedback, helping students understand where they are excelling and where they need improvement. This ongoing feedback loop can significantly enhance student learning and achievement.
For educators, the process of creating and refining learning theories is a valuable professional development tool. It encourages reflection on teaching practices and student outcomes, leading to continual improvement in instructional design and delivery. This iterative process helps teachers become more effective educators over time.
Bloom’s Taxonomy is a framework developed by educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom in 1956, used to classify educational learning objectives into levels of complexity and specificity. The taxonomy aims to encourage higher forms of thinking in education, such as analyzing and evaluating concepts, rather than just remembering facts. It is widely used to guide the development of assessments, curriculum, and instructional methods.
Bloom’s Taxonomy directly influences the formulation of learning objectives by providing a structured framework to craft clear, measurable, and achievable goals at different levels of learning complexity. It helps educators design objectives that not only cover basic knowledge acquisition (remembering and understanding) but also encourage higher-order thinking skills such as applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. By using this taxonomy, educators can ensure that learning objectives are diversified across cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains, thereby catering to comprehensive skill development and deeper learning experiences for students. This methodical approach allows for targeted teaching strategies and assessments that align with desired educational outcomes, making learning both effective and efficient.
Learning objectives guide instruction, provide clear expectations, and help measure student progress, ensuring effective teaching and learning.
Write clear, specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound objectives using action verbs that define student outcomes.
Examples include: “Students will be able to analyze historical events” or “Students will demonstrate proficiency in algebraic equations.”
Learning objectives are specific, measurable outcomes, while learning goals are broader, general aspirations for student learning.
Yes, learning objectives can be adjusted based on student needs, progress, and feedback to ensure effective learning.
Assess learning objectives through quizzes, exams, projects, presentations, and other measurable assessments aligned with the objectives.
Learning objectives shape curriculum design by defining the content, activities, and assessments necessary to achieve desired student outcomes.
Learning objectives provide students with clear expectations, focus their learning efforts, and help track their progress and achievements.
Bloom’s Taxonomy categorizes learning objectives into cognitive levels, guiding educators in creating objectives that foster higher-order thinking skills.
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Published on October 30, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on October 19, 2023.
The research question is one of the most important parts of your research paper , thesis or dissertation . It’s important to spend some time assessing and refining your question before you get started.
The exact form of your question will depend on a few things, such as the length of your project, the type of research you’re conducting, the topic , and the research problem . However, all research questions should be focused, specific, and relevant to a timely social or scholarly issue.
Once you’ve read our guide on how to write a research question , you can use these examples to craft your own.
Research question | Explanation |
---|---|
The first question is not enough. The second question is more , using . | |
Starting with “why” often means that your question is not enough: there are too many possible answers. By targeting just one aspect of the problem, the second question offers a clear path for research. | |
The first question is too broad and subjective: there’s no clear criteria for what counts as “better.” The second question is much more . It uses clearly defined terms and narrows its focus to a specific population. | |
It is generally not for academic research to answer broad normative questions. The second question is more specific, aiming to gain an understanding of possible solutions in order to make informed recommendations. | |
The first question is too simple: it can be answered with a simple yes or no. The second question is , requiring in-depth investigation and the development of an original argument. | |
The first question is too broad and not very . The second question identifies an underexplored aspect of the topic that requires investigation of various to answer. | |
The first question is not enough: it tries to address two different (the quality of sexual health services and LGBT support services). Even though the two issues are related, it’s not clear how the research will bring them together. The second integrates the two problems into one focused, specific question. | |
The first question is too simple, asking for a straightforward fact that can be easily found online. The second is a more question that requires and detailed discussion to answer. | |
? dealt with the theme of racism through casting, staging, and allusion to contemporary events? | The first question is not — it would be very difficult to contribute anything new. The second question takes a specific angle to make an original argument, and has more relevance to current social concerns and debates. |
The first question asks for a ready-made solution, and is not . The second question is a clearer comparative question, but note that it may not be practically . For a smaller research project or thesis, it could be narrowed down further to focus on the effectiveness of drunk driving laws in just one or two countries. |
Note that the design of your research question can depend on what method you are pursuing. Here are a few options for qualitative, quantitative, and statistical research questions.
Type of research | Example question |
---|---|
Qualitative research question | |
Quantitative research question | |
Statistical research question |
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
Statistics
Research bias
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The proliferation of microplastics (MPs) represents a burgeoning environmental and health crisis. Measuring less than 5 mm in diameter, MPs have infiltrated atmospheric, freshwater, and terrestrial ecosystems, penetrating commonplace consumables like seafood, sea salt, and bottled beverages. Their size and surface area render them susceptible to chemical interactions with physiological fluids and tissues, raising bioaccumulation and toxicity concerns. Human exposure to MPs occurs through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. To date, there is no direct evidence identifying MPs in penile tissue. The objective of this study was to assess for potential aggregation of MPs in penile tissue. Tissue samples were extracted from six individuals who underwent surgery for a multi-component inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP). Samples were obtained from the corpora using Adson forceps before corporotomy dilation and device implantation and placed into cleaned glassware. A control sample was collected and stored in a McKesson specimen plastic container. The tissue fractions were analyzed using the Agilent 8700 Laser Direct Infrared (LDIR) Chemical Imaging System (Agilent Technologies. Moreover, the morphology of the particles was investigated by a Zeiss Merlin Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), complementing the detection range of LDIR to below 20 µm. MPs via LDIR were identified in 80% of the samples, ranging in size from 20–500 µm. Smaller particles down to 2 µm were detected via SEM. Seven types of MPs were found in the penile tissue, with polyethylene terephthalate (47.8%) and polypropylene (34.7%) being the most prevalent. The detection of MPs in penile tissue raises inquiries on the ramifications of environmental pollutants on sexual health. Our research adds a key dimension to the discussion on man-made pollutants, focusing on MPs in the male reproductive system.
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Desai Sethi Urology Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Jason Codrington, Alexandra Aponte Varnum, Joginder Bidhan, Kajal Khodamoradi, Aymara Evans, David Velasquez, Christina C. Yarborough, Ashutosh Agarwal, Edoardo Pozzi, Francesco Mesquita, Francis Petrella, David Miller & Ranjith Ramasamy
Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Department for Inorganic Environmental Chemistry, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
Lars Hildebrandt & Daniel Pröfrock
Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Str 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
Anke-Lisa Höhme & Martin Held
Dr. J.T. MacDonald Foundation BioNIUM, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Bahareh Ghane-Motlagh
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Ashutosh Agarwal
University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
Justin Achua
Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
Edoardo Pozzi
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Jason Codrington—conceptualization, methodology, investigation, project administration, data curation, visualization, writing—original draft, editing. Alexandra Aponte Varnum—investigation, writing—original draft, editing, data curation, visualization. Lars Hildebrandt—investigation, writing—original draft, validation, resources. Daniel Pröfrock—investigation, editing, validation, resources. Joginder Bidhan—resources, writing—original draft. Kajal Khodamoradi—project administration, resources. Anke-Lisa Höhme—investigation, visualization. Martin Held—writing—original draft, editing. Aymara Evans—writing—original draft. David Velasquez—writing—original draft. Christina C. Yarborough—writing—original draft. Bahareh Ghane-Motlagh—investigation. Ashutosh Agarwal—investigation. Justin Achua—writing—original draft. Edoardo Pozzi—editing. Francesco Mesquita—editing. Francis Petrella—writing—review. David Miller—writing—review. Ranjith Ramasamy—conceptualization, methodology, project administration, resources, supervision, editing, funding acquisition
Correspondence to Ranjith Ramasamy .
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Dr. Edoardo Pozzi is currently an Associate Editor for the International Journal of Impotence Research.
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Codrington, J., Varnum, A.A., Hildebrandt, L. et al. Detection of microplastics in the human penis. Int J Impot Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-024-00930-6
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Received : 21 March 2024
Revised : 29 May 2024
Accepted : 04 June 2024
Published : 19 June 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41443-024-00930-6
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Xylella fastidiosa dispersion on vegetal hosts in demarcated zones in the north region of portugal.
2. materials and methods, 2.1. prospection phase, 2.1.1. sample collection, 2.1.2. results reception.
Click here to enlarge figure
3. results and discussion, 3.1. number of locations observed, 3.2. type of locations observed, 3.3. presence of symptoms, 3.4. hosts observed, 4. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.
Tests | |||
---|---|---|---|
N | |||
15,345 | 37 | 379.13984 | 0.0825 |
Test | |||
Likelihood ratio | 758.280 | <0.001 | |
Pearson | 967.623 | <0.001 |
Frequency Level | Count | Prob |
---|---|---|
Outros | 6746 | 0.43962 |
Olea europaea | 842 | 0.05487 |
Desconhecido | 641 | 0.04177 |
Citrus | 420 | 0.02737 |
Laurus nobilis L. | 385 | 0.02509 |
Rosa spp. | 351 | 0.02287 |
Nerium oleander L. | 332 | 0.02164 |
Pelargonium sp. | 325 | 0.02118 |
Hedera helix L. | 322 | 0.02098 |
Lavandula dentata L. | 317 | 0.02066 |
Metrosideros excelsea | 305 | 0.01988 |
Quercus suber | 304 | 0.01981 |
Prunus laurocerasus | 259 | 0.01688 |
Quercus sp. | 251 | 0.01636 |
Ilex aquifolium L. | 231 | 0.01505 |
Euryops chrysanthemoides (DC) B.Nord | 196 | 0.01277 |
Vitis vinifera | 183 | 0.01193 |
Citrus sinensis | 182 | 0.01186 |
Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq. | 182 | 0.01186 |
Prunus sp. | 173 | 0.01127 |
Ficus carica L. | 170 | 0.01108 |
Rubus | 168 | 0.01095 |
Prunus dulcis | 165 | 0.01075 |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | 157 | 0.01023 |
Citrus limon | 154 | 0.01004 |
Quercus robur | 154 | 0.01004 |
Hebe | 150 | 0.00978 |
Brassica | 148 | 0.00964 |
Prunus domestica L. | 139 | 0.00906 |
Lonicera japonica Thunb | 130 | 0.00847 |
Strelitzia reginae Aiton | 120 | 0.00782 |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | 111 | 0.00723 |
Asparagus acutifolius L. | 110 | 0.00717 |
Veronica sp. | 107 | 0.00697 |
Lavandula angustifélia L. | 106 | 0.00691 |
Pelargonium graveolens (L’Hér.) Dum. Cours | 104 | 0.00678 |
Prunus lusitanica | 103 | 0.00671 |
Eugenia myrtifolia Sims | 102 | 0.00665 |
Total | 15,345 | 1.00000 |
Level | Count | Prob |
---|---|---|
Outros | 196 | 0.64901 |
Lavandula dentata L. | 57 | 0.18874 |
Hebe | 6 | 0.01987 |
Citrus limon | 5 | 0.01656 |
Lavandula angustifólia L. | 5 | 0.01656 |
Olea europaea L. | 5 | 0.01656 |
Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq. | 4 | 0.01325 |
Pelargonium graveolens (L’Hér.) Dum. Cours | 3 | 0.00993 |
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | 3 | 0.00993 |
Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | 3 | 0.00993 |
Asparagus acutifolius L. | 2 | 0.00662 |
Citrus sinensis | 2 | 0.00662 |
Euryops chrysanthemoides (DC.) B.Nord | 2 | 0.00662 |
Metrosideros excelsea | 2 | 0.00662 |
Strelitzia reginae Aiton | 2 | 0.00662 |
Ilex aquifolium L. | 1 | 0.00331 |
Prunus laurocerasus | 1 | 0.00331 |
Quercus suber L. | 1 | 0.00331 |
Rosa spp. | 1 | 0.00331 |
Vitis vinifera | 1 | 0.00331 |
Total | 302 | 1.00000 |
1. Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Wild. | 41. Lagerstroemia indica L. | 38. Hypericum androsaemum L. |
2. Acacia melanoxylon R. Br. | 42. Laurus nobilis | 39. Hypericum perforatum L. |
3. Acacia dealbata Link. | 43. Lavandula angustifólia L. | 40. Ilex aquifolium L. |
4. Adenocarpus lainzii (Castrov.) | 44. Lavandula dentata L. | 78. Vinca |
5. Argyranthemum frutescens L. | 45. Lavandula stoechas L. | 79. Vitis spp. |
6. Artemisia arborescens L. | 46. Lavatera cretica L. | |
7. Asparagus acutifolius L. | 47. Liquidambar styraciflua L. | |
8. Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth. | 48. Lonicera periclymenum L. | |
9. Berberis thunbergii DC. | 49. Magnolia grandiflora L. | |
10. Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull. | 50. Magnolia x soulangeana Soul.-Bod. | |
11. Castanea sativa Mill. | 51. Mentha suaveolens Ehrh. | |
12. Cistus psilosepalus Sweet. | 52. Medicago sativa L. | |
13. Cistus salviifolius L. | 53. Metrosideros excelsea Sol. Ex Gaertn. | |
14. Citrus limon (L.) N. Burman | 54. Myrtus communis L. | |
15. Citrus paradisii Macfadyen | 55. Nerium oleander L. | |
16. Citrus reticulata Blanco | 56. Olea europaea L. | |
17. Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck | 57. Pelargonium graveolens (L’Hér.) Dum. | |
18. Coprosma repens A. Rich. | 58. Pyracantha coccinea M. Römer | |
19. Cortaderia selloana | 59. Plantago lanceolata L. | |
20. Cytisus scoparius (L.) Link. | 60. Platanus x hispanica | |
21. Dimorphoteca ecklonis (DC.) Norl. | 61. Prunus laurocerasus L. | |
22. Dodonea viscosa (L.) Jacq. | 62. Prunus persica (L.) Batsch | |
23. Echium plantagineum L. | 63. Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. | |
24. Elaeagnus x submacrophylla | 64. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn | |
25. Erica cinerea L. | 65. Quercus coccinea Münchh. | |
26. Erigeron canadensis (L.) | 66. Quercus robur L. | |
27. Erodium moschatum (L.) L. Her. | 67. Quercus rubra L. | |
28. Euryops chrysanthemoides (DC.) B. Nord. | 68. Quercus suber L. | |
29. Frangula alnus Mill. | 69. Rosa | |
30. Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn. | 70. Rubus idaeus L. | |
31. Genista triacanthos Brot. | 71. Rubus ulmifolius Schott. | |
32. Genista tridentata (L.) | 72. Ruta graveolans L. | |
33. Gleditsia triacanthos L. | 73. Salvia rosmarinus Spenn. | |
34. Grevillea rosmarinifolia | 74. Sambucus nigra L. | |
35. Hebe | 75. Santolina chamaecyparissus L. | |
36. Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don | 76. Strelitzia reginae Ait. | |
37. Hibiscus syriacus L. | 77. Ulex spp. |
Sequence Type | Subspecies | Country Most Frequently Found in | Number of Records |
---|---|---|---|
ST53 | pauca | Italy, France, Costa Rica | 475 |
ST11 | pauca | Brazil | 52 |
ST1 | fastidiosa | US, Spain, Mexico | 201 |
ST06 | multiplex | France, Spain, US | 160 |
ST07 | multiplex | Portugal, US, France | 142 |
ST81 | multiplex | Spain | 100 |
ST87 | multiplex | Italy | 91 |
ST29 | morus | US | 10 |
ST05 | sandyi | US | 25 |
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Loureiro, T.; Serra, L.; Martins, Â.; Cortez, I.; Poeta, P. Xylella fastidiosa Dispersion on Vegetal Hosts in Demarcated Zones in the North Region of Portugal. Microbiol. Res. 2024 , 15 , 1050-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030069
Loureiro T, Serra L, Martins Â, Cortez I, Poeta P. Xylella fastidiosa Dispersion on Vegetal Hosts in Demarcated Zones in the North Region of Portugal. Microbiology Research . 2024; 15(3):1050-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030069
Loureiro, Talita, Luís Serra, Ângela Martins, Isabel Cortez, and Patrícia Poeta. 2024. " Xylella fastidiosa Dispersion on Vegetal Hosts in Demarcated Zones in the North Region of Portugal" Microbiology Research 15, no. 3: 1050-1072. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres15030069
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The Epoxy-based hybrid composites are attention in various engineering domains. Distinctively, natural fiber-made epoxy composites are advantageous over synthetic fiber-made composites and attracted in automotive applications such as set frames, interior panels, dashboards, etc. Moreover, due to its high moisture absorption nature, the epoxy composite formed with natural fiber is suspected to have poor adhesive quality compared to synthetic fiber composite. It leads to lower adhesive performance and limits the behaviour of composite. The prime objective of the current work is to ensure the adhesive behaviour of NaOH-treated sisal fiber (SF) epoxy composite featured with silicon carbide nanoparticles (SiC). This composite is prepared with the constant percentage of SF as 15 wt% and varied wt% of SiC through compression mould technology. Influences of treated SF and SiC on pressing behaviour of surface morphology, tensile & flexural strength, microhardness, and fracture toughness of composites are experimentally investigated with ASTM D638, D790, D4762, and D6110 policy, and its outcomes are compared to 15wt% treated SF epoxy composite. The surface morphology study confirms that the SF and SiC appearances in the epoxy matrix are uniform and homogenous. The 5wt% SiC embedded with 15wt% treated SF facilitates higher tensile (65.2 ± 1.1 MPa) & flexural strength (69.1 ± 1.3 MPa), microhardness (35.5 ± 0.5 HV), and fracture toughness (1.56 ± 0.01 MPam 0.5 ). The enriched epoxy hybrid composite sample will recommended for automobile interior parts application.
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This project was supported by Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2024R315) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The research funding from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Ural Federal University Program of Development within the Priority-2030 Program) is gratefully acknowledged.
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Ismail Hossain
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, Chennai, 603308, Tamilnadu, India
Karthigairajan M
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, , Chennai, 602105, Tamilnadu, India
R. Venkatesh
Department of Civil Engineering, Kongunadu College of Engineering and Technology, Trichy, 621215, Tamil Nadu, India
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box -2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Sami Al Obaid & Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar—Delhi, G.T. Road, Phagwara, Punjab, India, 144411
S. Kaliappan
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All authors contributed to the study's conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by M. Aruna, S. Ravi, Ismail Hossain, Karthigairajan M, R. Venkatesh, P. Prabhu, Sami Al Obaid, Sulaiman Ali Alharbi, and S. Kaliappan. The first draft of the manuscript was written by [R. Venkatesh], and all authors provided language help, writing assistance, and proofreading of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to R. Venkatesh .
Ethics approval.
This is an observational study. Treated sisal fiber made epoxy composite hybridize with silicon carbide nanoparticles: Characteristics study; the Research Ethics Committee has confirmed no ethical approval is required.
Informed consent was obtained from all individual authors included in the study.
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
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Aruna, M., Hossain, I., M, K. et al. Treated sisal fiber made epoxy composite hybridize with silicon carbide nanoparticles: Characteristics study. J Polym Res 31 , 191 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04012-5
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Received : 12 February 2024
Accepted : 14 May 2024
Published : 19 June 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-024-04012-5
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Examples of Specific Research Objectives: 1. "To examine the effects of rising temperatures on the yield of rice crops during the upcoming growth season.". 2. "To assess changes in rainfall patterns in major agricultural regions over the first decade of the twenty-first century (2000-2010).". 3.
Formulating research objectives has the following five steps, which could help researchers develop a clear objective: 8. Identify the research problem. Review past studies on subjects similar to your problem statement, that is, studies that use similar methods, variables, etc.
Research objectives describe what your research project intends to accomplish. They should guide every step of the research process, including how you collect data, build your argument, and develop your conclusions. Your research objectives may evolve slightly as your research progresses, but they should always line up with the research carried ...
Research Objectives. Research objectives refer to the specific goals or aims of a research study. They provide a clear and concise description of what the researcher hopes to achieve by conducting the research.The objectives are typically based on the research questions and hypotheses formulated at the beginning of the study and are used to guide the research process.
Research Aims: Examples. True to the name, research aims usually start with the wording "this research aims to…", "this research seeks to…", and so on. For example: "This research aims to explore employee experiences of digital transformation in retail HR.". "This study sets out to assess the interaction between student ...
A research objective is defined as a clear and concise statement that outlines the specific goals and aims of a research study. These objectives are designed to be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART), ensuring they provide a structured pathway to accomplishing the intended outcomes of the project.
5 Examples of Research Objectives. The following examples of research objectives based on several published studies on various topics demonstrate how the research objectives are written: This study aims to find out if there is a difference in quiz scores between students exposed to direct instruction and flipped classrooms (Webb and Doman, 2016).
Summary. One of the most important aspects of a thesis, dissertation or research paper is the correct formulation of the aims and objectives. This is because your aims and objectives will establish the scope, depth and direction that your research will ultimately take. An effective set of aims and objectives will give your research focus and ...
A research objective is defined as a clear and concise statement of the specific goals and aims of a research study. It outlines what the researcher intends to accomplish and what they hope to learn or discover through their research. Research objectives are crucial for guiding the research process and ensuring that the study stays focused and ...
For example, the sample(s) to be approached for participation in the primary data collection. Identifying research objectives that are SMART is key to ensuring key aspects of the work are considered prior to any data collection. This includes consideration of access to samples and the ethics of researching the topic and research design.
To develop a set of research objectives, you would then break down the various steps involved in meeting said aim. For example: This study will investigate the link between dehydration and the incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in intensive care patients in Australia. To achieve this, the study objectives w ill include:
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement, before your research objectives. Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you'll address the overarching aim.
You can also define the scope of your study and set realistic and attainable study goals with research objectives. For example, with clear research objectives, your study focuses on the specific goals you want to achieve and prevents you from spending time and resources collecting unnecessary data. ... Examples of Well-Written Research ...
Research Objectives Examples in Different Fields. The application of research objectives spans various academic disciplines, each with its unique focus and methodologies. To illustrate how the objectives of the study guide a research paper across different fields, here are some research objective examples:
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
Introduction to Your Study 61 research study, and to provide you with an illustration of a well-constructed introduc-tory chapter. In this chapter, we introduce the research problem on which this book is based, and we continue to use this same problem throughout the succeeding chap-ters to illustrate each step of the dissertation process.
Formulating research aim and objectives in an appropriate manner is one of the most important aspects of your thesis. This is because research aim and objectives determine the scope, depth and the overall direction of the research. Research question is the central question of the study that has to be answered on the basis of research findings.
An in-depth analysis of information creates space for generating new questions, concepts and understandings. The main objective of research is to explore the unknown and unlock new possibilities. It's an essential component of success. Over the years, businesses have started emphasizing the need for research.
Crafting research objectives can be a daunting task, but this collection of research objectives samples made it so much easier. I found the objective of the study examples particularly helpful in defining the purpose of my research. A fantastic resource!" "Olivia's Success Story:
You don't want to be too deep into your research plan before realizing the set of participants you recruited aren't the right people for answering the questions you want to answer with your research. I highly recommend writing your qualitative research objective first, and socializing it before beginning any study. Here's a quick guide:
The development of the research question, including a supportive hypothesis and objectives, is a necessary key step in producing clinically relevant results to be used in evidence-based practice. A well-defined and specific research question is more likely to help guide us in making decisions about study design and population and subsequently ...
Below mentioned are a few sample qualitative research objectives for your easy understanding and application: Ethnographic Research. This type of research focuses on the study of human societies and how different people act in different cultures. Sample Objective: Determine the impact of tribal environment on an individual's personality
10 examples of professional development goals. Here are ten examples of professional development goals to inspire your own: 1. Develop a new skill set. Growing professionally often means expanding the arsenal of things you're able to do. What skill you choose to develop can depend on your industry, job, and personal preferences.
Examples of Learning Objectives in a Lesson Plan. Here are a few examples of learning objectives for different subjects: Math: Students will be able to solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula with 90% accuracy. History: Students will identify and describe the causes and effects of the American Revolution.
Objective: There is inadequate evidence regarding the symptom profile of people who have posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) over time. The goal of this study was to determine the consistency of symptoms in people with PTSD over successive assessments. Method: The sample comprised military personnel who participated in the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers.
The first question asks for a ready-made solution, and is not focused or researchable. The second question is a clearer comparative question, but note that it may not be practically feasible. For a smaller research project or thesis, it could be narrowed down further to focus on the effectiveness of drunk driving laws in just one or two countries.
The objective of this study was to assess for potential aggregation of MPs in penile tissue. Tissue samples were extracted from six individuals who underwent surgery for a multi-component ...
The main objective of this study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of this problem within the defined Demarcated Zones in the North Region of Portugal from 2019 to June 2023. This work comprised two phases: the prospection phase (inspecting plants, sampling, and submission of samples to the laboratory) and the research phase (collecting ...
The Epoxy-based hybrid composites are attention in various engineering domains. Distinctively, natural fiber-made epoxy composites are advantageous over synthetic fiber-made composites and attracted in automotive applications such as set frames, interior panels, dashboards, etc. Moreover, due to its high moisture absorption nature, the epoxy composite formed with natural fiber is suspected to ...