essay on kargil war brainly

Essay on Kargil War

500 words essay on kargil war.

Kargil war was a very difficult time that our country went through. Furthermore, it was a crisis situation that ensued a feeling of nationalism , patriotism, and unity among every Indian. This essay on Kargil War will throw light on the various developments of the war and its after-effects.

Background of the War

Kashmir is a beautiful region that resides in an extremely mountainous area, containing some of the highest peaks in the world. Unfortunately, this amazing land has remained a constant battleground between the two countries of India and Pakistan.

The dispute began from the First Kargil War in 1947-1948 which led to the establishment of the LOC, line of control. The LOC still divides the land of Kashmir between India and Pakistan.

As part of the Simla Agreement in 1972, there was an agreement that neither India nor Pakistan would contest the border by making use of military means. Since the agreement, both countries began guarding the border heavily for the majority of the year. During the exceedingly cold winter months, both the Indian and Pakistani guards abandon their posts, only to return back in the spring.

However, during the winter of 1998-1999, a surprise attack took place from the Pakistan army and it became successful in crossing the LOC and into India’s portion of Kashmir. Moreover, slowly and gradually, they went on capturing one Indian outpost after another and held their position in Kargil.

In February 1999, at the same time as the winter invasion, the Lahore Declaration was being signed between India and Pakistan which was based on peace. After a few months, the Kargil war began between the two countries. Furthermore, a series of bloody battles were fought between the two nations of India and Pakistan.

The battles posed a huge challenge for the Indian forces as they had to fight on difficult mountainous terrain.  In spite of this challenge, the Indian soldiers showed amazing bravery. After a long struggle, the Indian army became successful in pushing back the Pakistani forces across the line of control.

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Rise of Nationalism

By July 14, 1999, there were heavy causalities on both sides. However, the sacrifice of Indian soldiers was not in vain. This great struggle of the Indian army has carved a place in the heart of every Indian.

The entire Kargil war was a time of tension and nervousness for the Indian people. It infused the spirit of national pride in every Indian. Most noteworthy, it served as an opportunity of unifying all the Indians together irrespective of caste, colour, religion, language etc.

Conclusion of the Essay on Kargil War 

The Kargil war has become an unforgettable event in the history of India. Nevertheless, this was an event that brought about feelings of patriotism in the hearts of every Indian like never before. The brave struggle of the Indian soldiers will continue to be an inspiration for all the citizens of this country.

FAQs For Essay on Kargil War 

Question 1: When did the dispute over the region of Kashmir originally began between India and Pakistan?

Answer 1: The dispute between India and Pakistan over Kashmir began from the First Kargil War in 1947-1948, which led to the establishment of the LOC, line of control. Furthermore, the land of Kashmir is still divided by the LOC between India and Pakistan.

Question 2: What is the concept of nationalism?

Answer 2: Nationalism refers to a political principle, which upholds the congruency of the political and national unit. Furthermore, nationalism involves a strong sense of shared national identity among the people of a nation.

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Essay on Kargil War

Students are often asked to write an essay on Kargil War in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

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100 Words Essay on Kargil War

Introduction.

The Kargil War, also known as Operation Vijay, was a significant conflict between India and Pakistan in 1999. It took place in the Kargil district of Kashmir.

Causes of the War

The war began when Pakistani soldiers crossed the Line of Control, the border separating the two countries. They aimed to cut off the highway connecting Kashmir with the rest of India.

The Conflict

Indian forces, supported by the air force, fought bravely. The war lasted for more than two months, with heavy casualties on both sides.

The war ended with India regaining control of all territories. The Kargil War highlighted the importance of vigilance and readiness in maintaining national security.

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250 Words Essay on Kargil War

The prelude to the kargil war.

The Kargil War, also known as Operation Vijay, was a significant confrontation between India and Pakistan in the Kargil district of Kashmir from May to July 1999. The war was instigated by the infiltration of Pakistani soldiers disguised as Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the Line of Control (LoC).

The Conflict and International Response

The war, characterized by the harsh mountain warfare and high altitude battles, resulted in high casualties on both sides. The Indian forces launched ‘Operation Vijay’ to flush out the infiltrators. Eventually, under international pressure and due to the strategic advantage of Indian forces, Pakistan withdrew its forces.

Implications of the Kargil War

The Kargil War led to a significant paradigm shift in the South Asian security environment. It strained Indo-Pak relations and marked the first direct conflict between the two nations since they became nuclear powers. The war also highlighted the importance of strategic heights and brought to forefront the issues of proxy warfare and cross-border terrorism.

The Kargil War stands as a testament to India’s military prowess and the strength of its democratic institutions. It also underscores the complex nature of Indo-Pak relations and the volatile security scenario in South Asia. The war is a stark reminder of the need for peaceful dialogue and resolution of the Kashmir issue, to avoid such conflicts in the future.

500 Words Essay on Kargil War

The Kargil War, also known as Operation Vijay, was a significant armed conflict between India and Pakistan that took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LOC). The war is remembered for its strategic and tactical surprises, the scale of the high-altitude warfare, and the number of casualties on both sides.

The Prelude

The roots of the Kargil War can be traced back to the unresolved Kashmir dispute and the resulting skirmishes along the LOC. Following the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, the Simla Agreement was signed between the two nations, which resulted in a ceasefire along the LOC. However, the peace was short-lived. The infiltration of Pakistani soldiers and Kashmiri militants into positions on the Indian side of the LOC led to the outbreak of the Kargil War.

The Course of the War

The war began with the covert infiltration of Pakistani troops across the LOC. The Indian Army, aided by the Indian Air Force, retaliated by launching a massive military offensive on the infiltrators. The high-altitude warfare in the rugged terrains of Kargil posed significant logistical challenges. However, the Indian forces adapted and gradually recaptured most of the peaks that Pakistan had seized.

International Diplomacy and Conclusion of the War

The international community, led by the United States, played a crucial role in de-escalating the conflict. Under immense international pressure and faced with the Indian military’s determined response, Pakistan was forced to withdraw its forces across the LOC. The war officially came to an end on July 26, 1999, which is celebrated in India as Kargil Vijay Diwas.

The Aftermath

The Kargil War had profound implications for both India and Pakistan. It led to a significant shift in India’s military and foreign policy. The war highlighted the need for modernisation and upgradation of India’s defence capabilities, leading to significant defence reforms. For Pakistan, the war exposed the limitations of its military strategy and resulted in international diplomatic isolation.

The Legacy of the Kargil War

The Kargil War holds a unique place in the annals of military history due to the nature of high-altitude warfare and the valor displayed by the Indian Army. The war also catalysed a shift in public perception about national security, leading to a renewed focus on strategic defence policy and military preparedness.

In conclusion, the Kargil War was a significant event in the history of Indo-Pakistani relations. It not only highlighted the unresolved issues between the two nations but also underlined the importance of effective diplomacy and military preparedness in maintaining peace and security in the region.

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• The Last War of the 20th Century

Where is Kargil? - Kargil War 1999

Kargil was a tehsil of Ladakh before the time of partition. It is a region of people who speak different languages and religious groups. It is a region that is separated by mountains. Kargil district is located from Srinagar, about 205 Km. There is a continental climate in the district. Summers are cool, and winters are long and chilly, with temperatures dropping to -48°C.

Kargil War Information

Kargil war history.

The Kargil war refers to an armed conflict fought between India and Pakistan. It is fought on the land of Kargil, the district of Jammu and Kashmir, and on the line of control. It is an Indian Military Operation named 'Operation Vijay'. 

The main cause of the war was that Pakistani soldiers sneaked the LoC on the Indian side. In the two states of Kashmir, they serve as the de facto border between them. In starting, Pakistan did not accept this thing that they were the ones who did this injustice and blamed the Kashmiri people. Still, later the involvement of Pakistan forces will be cleared by the statements of Pakistan's Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff. Later the Indian Air Force helped the Indian Army, and they again captured the main positions of the LoC. Pakistani Forces stepped backwards after facing international opposition.

The war ended with the victory of India, but both countries had to pay a high price for this. The total death toll in this war on the Indian side stood at 527, whereas, on the Pakistan side, it was said to be somewhere between 357 & 453. Both sides got experience fighting at hard altitudes. After this, Gallantry Awards were given to the great war heroes, and the country also increased its defence budget.

Kargil War Memorial

The Indian Army built 'The Kargil War Memorial' in Dras in Tololing Hill's foothills. About 5 km from the city centre across Tiger Hill, which commemorates the martyrs of the Kargil War. A poem named "Pushp ki Abhilasha", written by Makhanlal Chaturvedi, is engraved on the gateway of the memorial. It is a renowned neo-romantic Hindi poem of the 20th century. The names of those who lost their lives in the war are inscribed on the memorial walls, and visitors can read them. There is a museum located near the memorial. It was established to celebrate Operation Vijay. In the museum, pictures of Indian Soldiers, important documents regarding war, and recordings are kept. The equipment of Pakistani war gear and the official emblems of the army from the Kargil War. To celebrate India's victory in the war, the giant national flag was hoisted at the Kargil War Memorial on Kargil Vijay Diwas.

Kargil War Heroes

Many laid down their lives for their country in this war, including captain Vikram Batra, Captain Anuj Nayyar, and Grenadier Yogender Yadav. Many others also risked their lives and gave India a victory in the war. They are:

Captain Amol Kalia had to capture point 5203. For this, they started their mission at night with their teammates and reached the mountain before daybreak. Enemies hit him, but still, he continued his task.

Captain Neikezhakuo Kenguruse was awarded Mahavir Chakra for their bravery in the war. The words written on the medal are "He displayed conspicuous gallantry, indomitable resolve, grit, and determination beyond the call of duty and made the supreme sacrifice in the face of the enemy, in true traditions of the Indian Army."

Lt Keishing Clifford Nongrum reached the vertical top cliff, and their task was to capture point 4812 in the Batalik Sector. The enemy was targeting them continuously with automatic fire. He did not even think about his own life and charged towards them through the fire zone.

During Operation Vijay, Captain Jintu Gogoi was tasked to evade enemy soldiers in the Batalik sub-sector near LOC. Even with injuries, he showed great leadership and bravery and excellence.

Naik Brij Mohan Singh, the 30-member team's Commander, was tasked to capture Sando Top. He not only killed the enemy's soldiers but also saved his team.

Captain Jerry Prem Raj was tasked with launching an assault in the Drass Sector on Twin Bumps. He didn't even stop when he was fired on by the enemy and continued firing on the enemy. He was awarded the prestigious Vir Chakra.

Captain Shashi Bhushan Ghidiyal showed the effective presence of his mind when the company commander got injured, and he took command & started directing the team to assault the company.

This list does not end here. There were some soldiers whose contribution to the country got saved in the Kargil War.

Conclusion  

To wrap up, Kargil War ended with a victory for India but at a huge price. It was said to be the fourth war between India and Pakistan. It was the last war that happened between India and any other country. We learned about the Kargil war date, war heroes, history, its reasons & results, etc. After this war, the Government of India formed the Kargil Review Committee on July 29, 1999, "to examine the sequence of events and make recommendations for the future", whose report was submitted on January 7, 2000, during the Atal Bihari Vajpayee Government. Time has passed, but the brave service of the Kargil Heroes can never be forgotten.

FAQs on The Last War of the 20th Century

1. What was the reason for the Kargil War?

In 1999, Pakistani started "Operation Badr" and entered Indian territory with their troops. They wanted to negotiate with India on the Kashmir dispute. They wanted to cut the connections between Kashmir and Ladakh.

2. Who started the Kargil War?

The Kargil war was also known as the Kargil Conflict. It was a 60-day long war that was fought between India and Pakistan. It was from May 3, 1999, to July 26, 1999. The war took place because Pakistani armed forces entered Indian territory. They show them as the locals of Kashmir. But later, when Indians detected them. They did not accept the fact and blamed the locals. But after that, the statement of the Prime Minister and Chief of Army Staff showed the involvement in this. The Pakistani made the plan of attacking for so long. It made plans in 1998.

3. Who won the Kargil War?

After the fight continued for 60 days. On the last day, July 26, 1999, the Indian Army completed "Operation Vijay" successfully. India won over Pakistan. On July 26, 1999, the day was marked as the "Kargil Vijay Diwas". After that, Pakistani withdrew from the areas of the Line of Control.

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Kargil War – 1999 – UPSC Post-Independence Notes

The Kargil War of 1999 was a significant military conflict between India and Pakistan. Here are some key details about the war:

• The Kargil region holds strategic importance as it houses the high-altitude Zojila pass, which is the crucial passage linking Srinagar with northern areas and Leh on the Indian side of the Line of Control (LOC).
• The intrusion through Skardu and Kargil could potentially disrupt the communication link between Srinagar and Leh, making this region highly vulnerable.
• Since 1977, there was an unofficial understanding between India and Pakistan that military posts would not be occupied from 5th September to 15th April due to the logistical and weather challenges associated with troop deployment during this period.
• However, in the winter of 1998-1999, Pakistan violated this agreement, launching a clandestine Kargil campaign.
• In late April 1999, Pakistan’s forces infiltrated and occupied approximately 130 posts across the LOC in sectors like Dras, Mushkoh, Kaksar, Batalik, and Chorbat-la.
• Initially, Indian authorities mistook these movements for actions by Kashmiri militants. It was later revealed that Pakistan’s well-trained Northern Light Infantry soldiers were involved.
• Indian troops faced challenging conditions, including enemy fire from well-concealed positions atop high mountain peaks at altitudes ranging from 13,000 to 18,000 feet.
• Due to issues like poor intelligence, inadequate acclimatization of troops, lack of high-altitude equipment, and coordination difficulties, Indian forces suffered significant casualties.
• In response, India launched “Operation Vijay” (Victory) in the third week of May 1999.
• The Indian Air Force conducted airstrikes in support of ground forces, escalating the conflict vertically.
• As Indian forces reclaimed territory, Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif faced mounting international pressure to withdraw. This led to the Washington Declaration with U.S. President Bill Clinton, outlining the withdrawal of Pakistani troops.
• On 11th July 1999, the Director Generals of Military Operations (DGMOs) from both countries met at the Wagah check post. The Pakistani DGMO agreed to commence withdrawal by 11th July and complete it by 16th July, later extended to 18th July.
• On 26th July 1999, the Indian DGMO announced the complete eviction of Pakistani intruders in and around the Kargil heights, officially marking the end of the conflict.

The Kargil War had a profound impact on the region, and it highlighted the strategic challenges and potential consequences of conflicts between India and Pakistan. The war also underlined the need for effective communication and conflict resolution mechanisms between the two nations.

The Kargil War of 1999 involved coordinated efforts from various branches of the Indian Armed Forces. Here’s a brief summary:

• Operation Vijay was a joint Infantry-Artillery operation aimed at evicting regular Pakistani soldiers (Northern Light Infantry) who had intruded into Indian territory across the Line of Control (LOC).
• It was primarily a ground operation involving Indian Army units.
• On May 26th, 1999, the Indian Air Force (IAF) entered combat with “Operation Safed Sagar”.
• This marked a significant shift in the conflict as the IAF launched airstrikes to support ground troops, providing crucial air cover and targeting enemy positions.
• The Indian Navy, particularly the Eastern Fleet, played a strategic role during the Kargil War.
• The Eastern Fleet sailed from Visakhapatnam on the east coast to participate in a major naval exercise named ‘SUMMEREX’ in the North Arabian Sea.
• Under “Operation Talwar”, the Eastern Fleet collaborated with the Western Naval Fleet to effectively block the Arabian Sea routes of Pakistan.

These coordinated efforts from the Indian Army, Air Force, and Navy played a crucial role in the successful eviction of intruders and the eventual resolution of the conflict. It demonstrated the effectiveness of a joint armed forces approach in addressing complex military situations.

The Kargil War of 1999 had significant implications and historical context:

• The conflict is deeply rooted in the longstanding dispute between India and Pakistan over the political status of Jammu and Kashmir.
• A successful intrusion would have boosted the Kashmiri insurgency and given Pakistan greater leverage in negotiations over Kashmir.
• The loss of territory around the Siachen glacier in 1984 was a source of tension and a deep scar for the Pakistan Army.
• Kargil was seen as an attempt to rectify the situation by seizing advantageous positions in the region.
• The Kargil War was the first major military engagement between two nuclear-armed countries since the Sino-Soviet border clashes in 1969.
• It raised concerns about the potential escalation of a conflict involving nuclear-armed states, highlighting the need for responsible nuclear behavior.
• The war provided valuable lessons for India in terms of intelligence, operational preparedness, air support, and leadership.
• These lessons contributed to India’s military readiness and ability to respond effectively to future challenges.

In conclusion, the Kargil War is significant for its historical context, the nuclear dimension, and the lessons learned. It represented a military, political, and diplomatic victory for India and is commemorated annually as Kargil Vijay Diwas to honor the Indian Army’s victory and sacrifices during the conflict.

Table of Contents

Q: What was the cause of the Kargil War?

A: The Kargil War of 1999 was sparked by Pakistan’s infiltration of soldiers and militants into Indian-controlled territory in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistan aimed to seize strategic positions along the Line of Control (LoC) and disrupt Indian control over the region.

Q: How did India respond to the Pakistani intrusion?

A: India responded with Operation Vijay, a military campaign to reclaim the occupied territory. The Indian Army launched a massive ground offensive backed by air support to evict the Pakistani intruders from the high-altitude posts they had captured.

Q: What role did the international community play during the Kargil War?

A: The international community, including countries like the United States and China, urged Pakistan to withdraw its forces from Indian territory and resolve the conflict through diplomatic means. However, India maintained that the intrusion was a clear violation of the Line of Control and proceeded with its military operation.

Q: How did the Kargil War come to an end?

A: The Kargil War concluded with India successfully pushing back the Pakistani intruders and reclaiming the occupied territory. Under international pressure, Pakistan withdrew its forces from the region, leading to the restoration of the status quo ante along the Line of Control.

Q: What were the consequences of the Kargil War?

A: The Kargil War had significant political, military, and diplomatic ramifications. It exposed Pakistan’s strategy of employing irregular forces to alter the status quo in Kashmir and highlighted the need for improved border surveillance and intelligence sharing for India. The conflict also led to a heightened sense of nationalism in India and strengthened international condemnation of Pakistan’s support for cross-border terrorism.

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Pokhran-II testing, Kargil War, & 2002 Gujarat riots: How India flared under the Vajpayee govt

Atal bihari vajpayee led the national democratic alliance coalition for six straight years in power at the centre. under him, india became a nuclear state, defeated pakistan in the heights of kargil, and saw terrible communal riots in gujarat..

After the Congress pulled down the United Front government in late 1997, the elections of February 1998 gave the BJP a second chance at power in less than two years. This BJP government lasted for longer than the 13 days of the 1996 edition, but was still defeated in just over a year by the narrowest possible margin in Parliament. Yet another election would take place in 1999.

1998-2004 were the years of Atal Bihari Vajpayee in Indian politics. It was a tenure scattered with momentous signposts — the Pokhran-II testing that announced the arrival of India as a nuclear power; a real attempt at making peace with Pakistan, followed within months by war and a heroic victory in the Himalayas; the terrorist attack on Parliament; and the 2002 communal riots in Gujarat.

The election of 1998

In August 1997, at the Congress plenary in Calcutta, Sonia Gandhi joined the party. After Prime Minister I K Gujral resigned that November and elections were announced, the Congress Working Committee requested her to campaign for the party in its “difficult” time.

She addressed almost 130 election rallies, beginning in Tamil Nadu , the state in which an LTTE terrorist had killed her husband in May 1991. On March 14, 1998, soon after the election, the Congress would remove Sitaram Kesri as its leader, and Sonia would formally take over the party.

A total 37.54 crore voters, almost 62% of the 60.58-crore electorate, voted on February 16, 22, and 28, 1998. The Election Commission of India under T N Seshan had changed the rules on nominations, increasing the number of proposers. This one step dramatically reduced the number of non-serious candidates crowding ballot papers — to just 4,750 contestants around the country from the 13,952 in 1996.

The BJP won 181 seats, 20 more than in 1996; the Congress won 141, an improvement of just one seat. The CPI(M) won 32, Mulayam Singh Yadav’s SP 20, J Jayalalithaa’s All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) 18, and Lalu Prasad’s Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) 17.

The BJP put together a 19-party coalition called the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) and, in the interest of unity, agreed to put aside its core agenda of building a Ram temple in Ayodhya, abrogation of Article 370, and promulgating a Uniform Civil Code, and to abide by a common minimum programme of coalition partners called the National Agenda for Governance.

N Chandrababu Naidu , who had been convener of the United Front, decided to support the NDA. Other United Front partners such as Mulayam and Lalu joined hands in an anti-Congress, anti-BJP front called the Rashtriya Loktantrik Morcha. Vajpayee took oath as Prime Minister on March 20, 1998. GMC Balayogi, an MP of Naidu’s Telugu Desam Party (TDP) became Speaker of Lok Sabha.

Two months after coming to power, Vajpayee’s government conducted five successful underground nuclear tests in the desert of Pokhran in Rajasthan . From late 1998 onward, the Prime Minister began his peace initiative with Pakistan and, with the collaboration of his counterpart Nawaz Sharif , made his historic bus journey across the border that led to the signing of the Lahore Declaration on February 21, 1999.

Defeat by just one vote

Vajpayee had an extraordinarily difficult political task of managing his fractious coalition. The most difficult problem was posed by the AIADMK — its 18 MPs were critical to the government’s survival, but it was becoming increasingly difficult for Vajpayee to meet the demands of its temperamental leader. Jayalalithaa finally pulled the plug on the NDA on April 8, 1999.

Vajpayee tabled a motion of confidence on April 15. The outcome of the vote that took place two days later was remarkable: 269 ayes and 270 noes. Vajpayee had lost by one vote.

Three MPs claimed credit for casting the vote that defeated the government: Mayawati of the BSP; Saifuddin Soz, who was then with Farooq Abdullah ’s Jammu and Kashmir National Conference; and Giridhar Gamang, whom Sonia had appointed Chief Minister of Orissa in place of J B Patnaik in February 17 that year, but who was yet to give up his membership of Lok Sabha.

On April 21, Sonia met President K R Narayanan and staked her claim to form the next government, saying she had the support of 272 MPs. But after originally promising his support, Mulayam flipped, saying he could not back a person of “foreign origin” as Prime Minister, and instead floated the name of West Bengal Chief Minister Jyoti Basu for the job. Within the Congress, Sharad Pawar led a rebellion against Sonia, which ended with him being expelled along with P A Sangma and Tariq Anwar. On June 10, Pawar formed his Nationalist Congress Party (NCP).

With no party or coalition in a position to form the government, President Narayanan dissolved Lok Sabha. Vajpayee was to continue as caretaker Prime Minister. But before the next election could be held came the Kargil conflict with Pakistan.

Atal wins war and election

On May 3, 1999, the Indian Army, with support from the Air Force, launched Operation Vijay to push back Pakistani infiltrators who had captured Indian posts along the Line of Control in Kargil. Victory was achieved on July 26, 1999, but more than 500 Indian soldiers fell in the war.

The Lok Sabha election of 1999 could finally begin only on September 5. The BJP, heading a 20-party coalition, contested 339 seats. The election, which was technically held in eight phases but saw voting at just four seats spread over three phases, concluded on October 3. Of the 61.95-crore electorate, 37.16 crore, or just below 60%, cast their votes.

Despite the victory in Kargil, the BJP could win only 182 seats, just one more than in 1998. The party suffered greatly in Uttar Pradesh as a result of ego clashes between Vajpayee and Chief Minister Kalyan Singh, and ended up winning at just 29 of the 85 seats — half its tally of 58 in 1998.

The Congress diminished further to 114 seats. The CPI(M) won 33 seats, TDP 29, and SP 26. Contesting their first Lok Sabha elections, Pawar’s NCP and Mamata Banerjee ’s Trinamool Congress won eight seats each.

Vajpayee won in Lucknow , Murli Manohar Joshi in Allahabad, and L K Advani in Gandhinagar , where the Congress had fielded the now-retired Chief Election Commissioner Seshan. Sonia won in Amethi, and Chandra Shekhar in Ballia after Mulayam refrained from fielding a candidate against him.

On October 13, 1999, Vajpayee took oath for the third time, heading a 303-MP NDA.

An eventful five years

In November 2000, India got three large new states — Uttaranchal, later renamed as Uttarakhand, was carved out of UP, and Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh were created by bifurcating Bihar and Madhya Pradesh respectively.

In 2001, Bangaru Laxman, the BJP’s first Scheduled Caste chief, was trapped in a sting and caught on camera allegedly accepting a bribe of Rs 1 lakh. K N Govindacharya, the RSS-appointed general secretary (organisation) of the BJP, was ousted after he reportedly called Vajpayee the party’s mukhota (mask), and Advani its “real leader”. Conflict with Vajpayee led to the removal of Kalyan Singh in UP. In October 2001, Gujarat Chief Minister Keshubhai Patel was replaced by Narendra Modi .

Terrible communal riots took place in Gujarat at the end of February and in early March 2002. Modi was under pressure for some time, but at the meeting of the BJP’s national executive in Goa in April, second-generation leaders including M Venkaiah Naidu (future Vice President) and Arun Jaitley backed him strongly.

In the presidential election of 2002, the BJP backed Dr APJ Abdul Kalam, India’s Missile Man. Kalam entered Rashtrapati Bhavan with support from Mulayam and Pawar, and the veteran BJP leader Bhairon Singh Shekhawat became Vice President.

A delimitation exercise was due, since a 1976 policy change had frozen parliamentary and Assembly constituencies till the 2001 Census. The Vajpayee government decided to continue the freeze until 2026, but to allow the rationalisation of constituency boundaries and redistribution of voters among constituencies. To effect this, a Delimitation Commission was constituted under Justice Kuldeep Singh (retired) in July 2002.

As Lok Sabha elections approached, the BJP was confident of victory. The polls were due in September-October 2004, but younger BJP leaders such as Pramod Mahajan persuaded Vajpayee to advance the election to take advantage of their “India Shining” campaign and seeming “feel-good factor”. Elections were held in April-May 2004.

This is Part 12 of our series on the history of Indian elections. Click here for rest of the stories.

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Shyamlal Yadav is one of the pioneers of the effective use of RTI for investigative reporting. He is a member of the Investigative Team. His reporting on polluted rivers, foreign travel of public servants, MPs appointing relatives as assistants, fake journals, LIC’s lapsed policies, Honorary doctorates conferred to politicians and officials, Bank officials putting their own money into Jan Dhan accounts and more has made a huge impact. He is member of the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ). He has been part of global investigations like Paradise Papers, Fincen Files, Pandora Papers, Uber Files and Hidden Treasures. After his investigation in March 2023 the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York returned 16 antiquities to India. Besides investigative work, he keeps writing on social and political issues. ... Read More

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Two doctors from Sassoon General Hospital in Pune were arrested for tampering with blood samples and destroying evidence in a car accident case involving a drunk 17-year-old driver. The accident caused the deaths of two IT professionals. The teenager was first granted bail, but due to public outcry, he was sent to an observation home.

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Class Notes NCERT Solutions for CBSE Students

Kargil War Essay For Students And Children

admin June 25, 2018 Essays in English 20,808 Views

In Indian history Kargil will be remembered for 1999 tragedy. Actually 2,000 terrorists illegally occupied the Kargil and developed the temporary forts at important areas. Indian army came to know all this in May 1999. To remove these terrorists India army started ‘ Operation Flush Out ‘ after which Air-force followed with ‘ Operation Vijay ‘. Air-force destroyed the important coverings of terrorists with bombarding. The took three months to finish this operation. In this 500 soldiers died and government spend-ed much more than the previous with Pakistan.

Pakistan tried to internationalize this issue but the patience of India made everybody in the word to criticize Pakistan and appreciate India. Ultimately Indian soldiers eradicated the Pakistani terrorists from our sacred earth. This episode stimulated the people of India and they helped the government in all respects. This spread-ed the feeling of patriotism all over India as India has once again proved that he can maintain the oneness of the country at any cost.

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