debate speech first speaker proposition example

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How to Write a Debate Speech

Last Updated: April 12, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Patrick Muñoz . Patrick is an internationally recognized Voice & Speech Coach, focusing on public speaking, vocal power, accent and dialects, accent reduction, voiceover, acting and speech therapy. He has worked with clients such as Penelope Cruz, Eva Longoria, and Roselyn Sanchez. He was voted LA's Favorite Voice and Dialect Coach by BACKSTAGE, is the voice and speech coach for Disney and Turner Classic Movies, and is a member of Voice and Speech Trainers Association. There are 9 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,493,781 times.

So, you've joined debate, and it's time to write a debate speech. There are some tried and true methods to writing an effective debate speech. If you understand them, and the components that make up a standard debate speech, you will increase your chances of success.

Sample Speeches

Preparing for the Debate Speech

• You may be asked to stand affirmative or negative. In LD (Lincoln-Douglas debate), the first affirmative speech will be at most 7 minutes long, and the first negative speech will be at most 6 minutes. [1] X Research source
• The speakers then present arguments against the earlier affirmative or negative speech that was just read. Speakers must listen carefully and be able to counter arguments. There are two segments involving cross-examination (CX), in which the debaters are allowed to ask questions and openly debate the topic. This is most often called cross-examination, or cx for short, and occurs after the first affirmative speech, and the first negative speech.
• The best thing you can do to better understand LD/PF/Policy debate is practice and research.

• Brainstorm the topic, and research it before you sit down to write. Write out a list of key components for both sides of the issue. If you are on a debate team, do this together. Each member could discuss the key component list, in order to figure out which issues you want to cover in each speech.
• Spend some time at the library or on the Internet using credible sources to research the key reasons that seem strongest. Use books, scholarly journals, credible newspapers, and the like. Be very cautious about unverified information bandied about on the Internet.
• You will also want prepare to deal with the strongest arguments your opponent(s) might make. Ignoring the other side’s best arguments can weaken your rhetorical appeal.

• A basic debate outline should contain six parts: An attention-getter, your stated stance (aff or neg)/ restatement of the resolution, your definitions, your value, criterion, and contentions.
• You can break each of those six parts into subcategories. It’s often a good idea to write the contentions last, focusing on the value and criterion to hold it up first.

Writing the Debate Speech

• You should address the jury or audience with formal salutations. For example, you could say something like, “Good morning, ladies and gentlemen.” Debates are very formal in tone.
• Making a good first impression with the judges is very important. This leads judges to assume the debater is persuasive. One technique to write a strong introduction is to contextualize the topic, especially in relation to real world events. [6] X Trustworthy Source American Bar Association Leading professional organization of lawyers and law students Go to source
• Introductions can also focus on prominent examples, quotations, or on a personal anecdote that can help establish a rapport with the audience and judges. Be careful using humor; it involves risks and can lead to awkward silences if not done right. Find a relevant specific that illustrates the underlying point.

• Don’t muddle your position. It needs to be extremely clear whether you affirm or negate the resolution, so don’t hem and haw and contradict yourself. The audience also should not have to wait until the end to find out. Make your stance very clear, and do it early on
• For example, you could say, “my partner and I firmly negate (or affirm) the resolution which states that unilateral military force by the United States is justified to prevent nuclear proliferation.” [7] X Research source

• A good rule of thumb is to back up your position with 3-4 strong points of supporting argumentation. You definitely need to have more than 1 or 2 key points to back up the stance you have taken.
• The body of the speech – the key points and their development – should be, by far, the longest part of the debate speech (perhaps 3 ½ minutes to 30 seconds for an opening and for a conclusion, depending on the rules of the debate you are doing).

• Focus on the causes of the problem, the effects of the problem, expert opinion, examples, statistics, and present a solution. Try to use visual images, not just generic terms – show don’t tell, and illustrate a point with details.
• Appeal to the motives and emotions of the listener with a light touch. Appeal to their sense of fair play, desire to save, to be helpful, to care about community, etc. Ground examples in how people are affected.
• Try using rhetorical questions, which make your opponents consider the validity of their point; irony, which undermines their point and makes you seem more mature and intelligent; simile, which gives them something to relate to; humor, which gets the audience on your side when done well; and repetition, which reinforces your point.

• Aristotle believed that speakers were more persuasive if they combined elements of logos (persuasion by reasoning) with pathos (having an element of emotional appeal) and ethos (an appeal based on the character of the speaker) - for example, that they seem intelligent or of good will.
• There are two ways to use logic – inductive (which makes the case with measurable evidence like statistics or a specific anecdote or example) and deductive (which makes the case by outlining a general principle that is related to the specific topic to infer a conclusion from it - as in, I oppose all wars except those involving imminent self defense; thus, I must oppose this one because it's a war that was not in imminent self defense, and here's why). Or the reverse.
• You should use pathos sparingly. Emotional appeal on its own can be dangerous. Logos - the appeal to reason - should be at the core. However, logical appeal without any pathos at all can render a speech dry and dull. Consider what you are trying to make your audience feel. Explaining how a topic affects real people is one way to use pathos well.

Concluding the Debate Speech

• One strong way to conclude a debate speech is to bookend the conclusion with the opening, by referring back to the introduction and tying the conclusion into the same theme.
• Quotations can be a good way to end a speech. You can also end with a brief summation of the key arguments of the speech to ensure they remain fresh in judges’ minds.

• Use a clear, loud voice, and be careful to watch pacing. You don’t want to speak too loud or too slowly. Remember that confidence goes a long way toward persuasion.

Expert Q&A

Reader Videos

• Never add new points in your speech because you still have time, as you might not present it in the best way. When you are nervous, you might even say an argument in favor of the other side and you don't want that. Thanks Helpful 31 Not Helpful 2
• Never degrade your topic. Thanks Helpful 32 Not Helpful 3
• Don't use all your points in your debate- in an actual debate, it is sometimes useful to have other information to cite if the argument starts going their way Thanks Helpful 29 Not Helpful 3

Tips from our Readers

• You can make a sample opening and closing speech beforehand so you can focus more time on developing your arguments during the actual debate.
• Make sure to include rebuttals in your speech, as they are just as important as your main arguments.
• Practice as much as possible — it will make you more confident and help you maintain eye contact.
• Imagine you're just practicing with a friend rather than performing in front of an audience.
• Take deep breaths before starting to ease nerves.

• Remember, just because you can write a debate speech, it doesn't mean you can say a debate speech effectively. Practice! Thanks Helpful 22 Not Helpful 5

You Might Also Like

• ↑ http://www.learndebating.com/english/DEBATING.pdf
• ↑ https://guides.lib.uw.edu/research/faq/reliable
• ↑ Patrick Muñoz. Voice & Speech Coach. Expert Interview. 12 November 2019.
• ↑ https://www.hamilton.edu/academics/centers/oralcommunication/guides/how-to-outline-a-speech
• ↑ https://www.americanbar.org/groups/litigation/resources/newsletters/trial-evidence/five-tips-engaging-opening-statements/
• ↑ http://www.oxfordsd.org/Page/5582
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/argument/
• ↑ https://www.comm.pitt.edu/persuasive-speaking
• ↑ https://www.comm.pitt.edu/speech-anxiety

About This Article

To write a debate speech, start by researching the topic thoroughly with credible and scholarly sources, and make an outline of your argument including an introduction, thesis argument, key points, and conclusion. Write the thesis argument and develop 3-4 strong points of argumentation. Be sure to clearly state your stance, and utilize expert opinions, statistics, and examples to support your opinion. To finish the speech, write an interesting introduction that incorporates your thesis and a brief conclusion that summarizes your main points. If you want to learn more, such as how to make your debate speech persuasive, keep reading the article! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Debate 101: 1st Speaker

First speakers should focus on the delivery of the main case, setting the foundation for your side to win the debate.

• Post author By Rachelle Amadea
• Post date June 24, 2021
• No Comments on Debate 101: 1st Speaker

First speakers should focus on the delivery of the main case, setting the foundation for your side to win the debate. What should you do as a first speaker? Firstly, take a breath and stay calm.

The first minute of your speech is called the Golden Minute. That’s because you have to make your speech appealing in just under 1-2 minutes. The way to do that is to make your  setup  concise, catchy, and understandable. So what is a setup?

The setup is sort of the ‘background’ section of your speech. What is the motion really about? Why is it worthwhile to implement this policy? A basic setup should ideally consist of these things:

• The problem in the SQ (i.e.  status quo  or current state)
• Stance and mechanism

Here are some things to remember:

• The problem in the status quo

This part is important because there’s almost always an issue in the real-world that can be solved through your motion.

Ask these questions: (a) does the problem not have successful solutions in SQ? (b) can the problem only be solved through this motion? (c) does the problem have an immediate impact to the actors?

At this point, it’s good to simply have an  overview  of the problem. Your arguments should detail the specific ways you solve it.

This part details the specific actions in your policy that are important for the debate to continue. For example, a motion may read “This House would only grant scholarships on the basis of financial necessity.” You’d probably have to talk a bit about how “financial necessity” is determined.

Stances are much broader because it details what your team agrees or disagrees with. Make sure it is not a half-stance! In the motion “This House would legalise abortion”, it’s a half-stance to say that you would only legalise it in cases where the mother may have health risks if not carried out. This is because the full extent of the motion is not defended.

Certain words or phrases might take on a different meaning based on the context of the debate. Think about what the motion asks you to defend, not what the dictionary says.

Arguments are really the core of debating. These are fleshed out reasons as to why you should support or not support a motion, depending on your side. An ideal first speaker should have two arguments.

In the broadest sense, arguments can be principled or practical. Here are refreshers on principle and practical arguments.

Note : If you’re the first speaker of the Opposition team, you’ll also have to deliver some rebuttals to the first Government speaker. Read more about effective rebuttals here.

What do I do during casebuild?

• Flesh out as much of your arguments as you can. Strive for as much detail to insulate your arguments against rebuttals and attacks.
• If you’re stuck, ask your teammates to help you. The first speaker’s speech should be prioritised in this case.

That’s it for first speakers! Does this seem like something you’d want to do? If you to find out more, there’s a more detailed guide here.

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Structure of a Debate Speech

Debate Speeches have 3 major parts: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

Introduction  - The key is to make it clear what your case is

1. Preamble (optional) – A short (30 seconds max) story or statistic that frames  (i.e. gives the audience a certain mindset when thinking about) the resolution 

2A. If and only if you are the 1st Prop/PM - Define the resolution. You must define all of the terms and then paraphrase your definition. The definition should be clear and may not be unreasonable or a truism.

2B. If not PM – Briefly paraphrase the government definition but use exact quotes if, and only if, one of the terms is crucial to your argument. If the Opposition is going to challenge the definition — and it is usually a bad idea to do so unless it is undebatable — it must do so here and it can only do so if the 1st Opposition can show that the government definition is unreasonable or a truism. In that case the 1st Opposition redefines it and then argues against the redefined resolution.

3. Framing – Discuss the fundamental question in the debate, generalizing it if appropriate. The fundamental question is often of the form “How do we decide if …”  or  “ What is the basis for deciding if …“ Explain what the issues are and, if appropriate, what are not issues. Explain what is the debate about. Do not just state that you are going to argue in favour and they are going to argue against. As the opposition you may not want to accept the proposition/government’s framing of the debate, in which case you must put forward your own and explain why it is better.

Body  (RDA (Refute, Defend, Add))

1- Refutation (except for PM’s first speech) – This is usually done before presenting your constructive case but can be done after it. Go over all of your opponents’ reasons one by one (number them) and refute each one. If you are the 2nd opposition, attack both the 1st Prop points (if you have time and if any are still standing after your partner’s speech) and the 2nd Prop's points. The way to attack their reasons is to show that they are irrelevant or insufficient (i.e. even if true, they are not significant enough to prove the resolution) or questionable (i.e. they are not true or are unproven) or that they are outweighed by other factors. You can the SEER format, i.e. S tate their reason, E xplain why it is wrong. give E vidence/Example to illustrate it, and R eturn to the resolution as defined – show that they haven not proven what they must prove ) 

2- Constructive Case

A) Allocation – If you are the first speaker on your side, explain how you are going to divide the case between yourself and your partner. It is best to see if there is a way to divide the case into two general areas, e.g. practical and principle, cost and safety, individual and society, long term and short term.

B) Have two to three reasons backed by detailed evidence or examples. If you are the second speaker on your side, go over your partner’s points before getting to your own; DO NOT just state them but defend them and expand them or point out that the other side has not dealt with them, and then go on to your point(s). You can use the ARE format ( A ssertion - state your reason, R easoning - explain why your reason is true and why that matters for the resolution, and E vidence/Example - provide evidence and /or examples to illustrate your reason. Your side should have no more than four reasons and your partner should have at least one of those four. Number your reasons.

Conclude your speech with a summary of what your side (include your partner’s points if, and only if, they have already spoken) has said. If you have time, try to summarize each of your reasons as a single sentence or clause. You may want to then end by emphasizing your strongest point, challenging the opposition, or using a quote or memorable phrase

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What is World Schools?

How to win a Worlds Debate Round

The Three Criterion for a Worlds Victory: Style, Content, and Strategy

How to prepare for a WSDC tournament

Giving a Killer 1

Giving a Great 2

Giving a Fire 3

A Strong Reply

Giving a Killer First Speech

The first speech in Worlds sets up the rest of the round. There are several components involved in giving a killer first speech. We will break down the general mold of the first speeches and then analyze how they vary from the proposition to the opposition side. First, the intro. Traditionally, there is a 15 to 30 second intro that frames how the proposition/opposition will approach the rest of the speech. Other strong strategies for an intro include “putting a face on the motion,” that is, telling the story of an affected stakeholder in the debate.   ‍ The next part of the first speech is to deliver the substantive arguments. Each substantive argument should consist of a claim, reasoning to back the claim, and implication as to why the claim in question wins you the debate. Each first speaker will deliver two substantive arguments apiece. Advanced first speakers would be wise to include a good deal of preemptive material in their speeches that can be drawn upon later in the debate. The first two substantives should be the strongest and soundest arguments you can think of. Traditionally, your first substantive should be more focused on the principle/ethics of the motion, while your second substantive should be focused on the pragmatic realities of the motion.  ‍ The following is the traditional outline for the first speeches: ‍ Outline for Prop 1 - Intro - Framing - 1st Sub - 2nd Sub ‍ Outline for Opp 1   - Intro - Framing responses - Refutation - Sub 1 - Sub 2

How To Debate: Mastering the Art of Persuasive Discourse

A debate is a form of persuasive communication involving two sides arguing for and against a specific position. The exercise is structured with many rules and conventions that a debater must follow. Knowing how to debate is crucial for success.

Being able to engage in a spirited debate is an essential skill in today’s complex and interconnected world.  Whether in academic settings, professional environments, or personal conversations, the ability to present and defend your ideas effectively significantly affects your reputation and influence.

This article explores key principles and practical tips to  develop your debating prowess , enabling you to articulate your views persuasively, handle counterarguments gracefully, and foster a constructive exchange of ideas. With these tools at your disposal, you’ll be ready to navigate the realm of debates with confidence and intellectual agility.

Table of Contents

What Are The Five Types Of Debates?

Debating is more than just expressing your opinion; it involves the art of persuasive discourse, where logical reasoning, compelling evidence, and respectful communication converge.

Here are five common types of debates:

• Policy debates focus on  analyzing and evaluating specific courses of action  or proposed policies. Participants delve into the potential benefits, drawbacks, and impacts of different policy options, often employing research and evidence to support their arguments.
• Value debates revolve around  discussing and weighing moral, ethical, or philosophical principles.  Participants explore abstract concepts such as justice, liberty, or equality to establish which values should be prioritized and why.
• Fact-based debates center on  examining empirical evidence  and verifying the truth or accuracy of a given statement or claim. Participants present data, research, and expert opinions to support their arguments, often engaging in a rigorous analysis of facts and evidence to determine the most accurate interpretation.
• Team debates involve groups of participants working collaboratively to present arguments and counterarguments. Typically structured as a competitive event, these debates require coordination and strategy, with each team member contributing their unique perspective to put forward a cohesive and persuasive case.
• Formal debates  adhere to specific rules and protocols, often following established formats such as parliamentary or  Lincoln-Douglas debates . These debates emphasize structured discourse, timed speeches, and strict guidelines for rebuttals and cross-examinations.

What Are The Three Main Parts Of A Debate?

The three main parts of a debate are the opening statements, the rebuttals, and the closing statements.

• The  opening statement s serve as the foundation of a debate. Each participant or team presents their initial arguments and outlines their main points. This is the opportunity to establish a clear position, provide supporting evidence, and capture the audience’s attention.
• Opening statements should be concise, persuasive, and set the stage for the rest of the debate.
• Rebuttals are the heart of a debate,  where participants directly address and challenge the arguments put forth by their opponents. During this phase, debaters critically analyze the opposing views, identify flaws or weaknesses, and present counterarguments supported by evidence and logic.
• Rebuttals require quick thinking, effective communication, and the ability to dismantle opposing claims while maintaining a respectful tone .
• The  closing statements  are the final opportunity for participants to leave a lasting impression. In this phase, debaters summarize their main points, reiterate their strongest arguments, and emphasize why their position is superior.
• Closing statements should leave the audience with a c ompelling reason to support the debater’s position. You must also reinforce the key points and provide a sense of closure to the debate.

What Are The Five Basic Debating Skills?

• Researching and gathering relevant information is a fundamental debating skill. It involves conducting thorough investigations, analyzing sources critically, and understanding different perspectives to develop well-informed arguments supported by evidence.
• Critical thinking is crucial for effective debating. It encompasses evaluating arguments objectively, identifying logical fallacies, spotting inconsistencies, and constructing well-reasoned counterarguments. Developing necessary thinking skills enables debaters to approach complex topics with analytical precision and form persuasive responses.
•  Debating necessitates clear and articulate communication skills. Debaters should be able to express their ideas coherently, use appropriate language and tone, and engage the audience. Active listening and responding thoughtfully to the points raised by opponents are also key components of effective communication in debates.
• Persuasive speaking is the art of influencing the audience and convincing them of the validity of one’s arguments. Debaters should employ rhetorical devices, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, to appeal to their listeners’ emotions, credibility, and logic.
•  Time management is critical in debates with limited time constraints. Debaters must learn to structure their arguments effectively within the given timeframe, allocate appropriate time for each point, and deliver concise and impactful speeches.
• Skillful time management ensures that debaters make their strongest case while leaving sufficient time for rebuttals and closing statements.

How To Debate Step By Step?

• Understand the topic:  Familiarize yourself with the subject matter, including key terms, concepts, and relevant arguments.
•   Research and gather evidence:  Conduct comprehensive research to support your position. Collect data, facts, examples, and expert opinions that strengthen your arguments.
•   Structure your arguments:  Organize your thoughts by outlining your main points and supporting evidence. Ensure a logical flow and coherence in presenting your ideas.
•   Engage respectfully:  Maintain a respectful and professional demeanor throughout the debate. Listen actively to your opponents, address their points directly, and avoid personal attacks.
•   Deliver compelling speeches:  Use clear and persuasive language to present your arguments confidently. Employ rhetorical devices, such as ethos, pathos, and logos, to appeal to the audience’s emotions, credibility, and logic.
•   Rebut opposing arguments:  During rebuttal, deconstruct and challenge your opponents’ arguments. Offer counterarguments supported by evidence and logical reasoning.
•   Stay focused and concise:  Remember time constraints and prioritize your strongest points. Keep to the topic at hand and avoid digressions.
•   Adapt to feedback:  Pay attention to comments from the audience, judges, or moderators. Adjust your approach, if necessary, and address any weaknesses or gaps in your arguments.
•   Conclude with impact:  Summarize your main points and reiterate the strength of your position in the closing statement. Leave a lasting impression on the audience and reinforce the key takeaways from your arguments.
•   Reflect and improve:  After the debate, analyze areas for improvement, learn from your experiences, and continue to develop your debating skills.

How Do You Begin A Debate?

To begin a debate, start with a compelling opening statement that captures the audience’s attention. Clearly state your position or proposition and briefly summarize your main arguments.

Hook the audience by using a thought-provoking question, a powerful statistic, or a relevant anecdote to establish the importance and relevance of the topic.

How Do You Structure A Debate?

When structuring a debate, begin with an introduction that clearly defines the topic and provides context for the discussion. Next, present your main arguments logically, ensuring each point builds upon the previous one.

Different Roles

High school students often find themselves as debate team members, taking on different roles such as the first affirmative, second speaker, or third affirmative.

In a parliamentary debate, the first speaker, often the prime minister, sets the tone by introducing the debate topic and outlining the team’s case. This crucial role requires thorough research, brainstorming new arguments, and presenting them coherently.

Affirmative And Negative Teams

Once the affirmative team presents its arguments, it’s time for the negative team to respond. The negative speaker must listen attentively, analyze their opponent’s arguments, and provide strong refutations.

Avoid constructing  straw man arguments  and instead engage with the core of the affirmative team’s points. To strengthen their position, the opposing team uses analogies or points of information to challenge the other side effectively.

Speakers use transition phrases to smoothly guide the audience from one point to another, concluding the debate by summarizing key points and reiterating their position.

How Does Teamwork Function In A Debate?

Teamwork plays a vital role in public speaking.

The affirmative speaker should work seamlessly with their team, ensuring a well-structured, logical debate. Each team member contributes to the overall coherence and success of the discussion, taking turns to present their viewpoints and fill any gaps in the team’s arguments.

Collaboration and effective time management, facilitated by the timekeeper, are key elements in achieving a strong performance.

What Should Be Your Goal In A Debate?

Ultimately, the goal of a debate is to persuade the adjudicator and the audience. Debaters should adopt a clear and confident point of view while presenting the team’s case.

They can build a solid foundation by analyzing the opponent’s argument and offering well-reasoned refutations. Avoiding filler and staying focused on the main points ensure a persuasive and impactful performance.

Mastering the art of persuasive discourse in debates requires dedication and practice . Aspiring debaters should embrace teamwork, understand the debate structure, and hone their research, refutation, and public speaking skills.

How Do You Debate Successfully?

Thorough preparation is the key to defeating your opposing team! Conduct research and gather evidence to support your arguments. Develop strong critical thinking skills to evaluate and respond to opposing viewpoints effectively.

Communicate confidently and respectfully, utilizing persuasive speaking techniques and positive body language (make eye contact!) to engage the audience and convey the strength of your position.

Adam Howarth

Adam covers the topic of Public Speaking for Digital Authority. From his first experience of oratory with his school debating society to his more recent experiences of promoting the local business scene in Wrexham, Wales, he has always been involved in public speaking.

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How to Write a Winning Debate Speech

What is a Debate?

A classroom debate involves students delivering persuasive speeches to present and support their opinions on a given subject. This activity helps develop critical thinking and communication skills, enabling students to gain a more comprehensive grasp of various topics.

Debate speeches are written according to a set of rules so a moderator can assess their effectiveness and allow others to question or challenge their statements within a formal debate.

A classroom debate is not an unruly fight or pointless argument but a structured formal conversation on a chosen topic in which two teams argue for or against it to convince the neutral moderator that they hold the stronger position.

Debating is a form of persuasive communication, and while we will be sticking to the fundamentals of how to write a debating speech, we also have a great guide to persuasive essay writing that elaborates on specific persuasive techniques.

Complete Teaching Unit on Class Debating

This unit will guide your students to write excellent DEBATE SPEECHES and craft well-researched, constructed ARGU MENTS ready for critique from their classmates.

Furthermore, this EDITABLE UNIT will provide the TOOLS and STRATEGIES for running highly engaging CLASSROOM DEBATES.

How To Run A Classroom Debate

Before jumping in headfirst to write your debating speech, ensure you understand how a debate is run to maximise your strategy and impact when it counts.

Debates occur in many different contexts, such as public meetings, election campaigns, legislative assemblies, and as entertainment on television shows. These contexts determine the specific structure the debate will follow.

This guide provides a basic step-by-step debate structure we can comfortably run with students in a classroom. By familiarizing students with this structure, they will effortlessly transition to other debate frameworks.

Running a classroom debate can be an engaging and educational activity that helps students develop critical thinking, communication, and research skills. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to organize and facilitate a successful classroom debate:

1. Choose a Topic For Your Debate.

Also called a resolution or a motion , the topic is sometimes chosen to debate. This is usually the case in a school activity to practice debating skills. 

The resolution or motion is usually centered around a true or false statement or a proposal to change the current situation. Often, the motion starts, ”This House believes that….”

Select a topic relevant to your curriculum and the students’ interests. Ensure that it is debatable and has multiple perspectives. Further down this article, you can find a list of popular classroom debating topics.

2. Form Two Debating Teams

Two teams of three speakers each are formed. These are referred to as ‘ The House for the Motion ’ or the ‘ Affirmative ’ team and ‘The House Against the Motion ’ or the ‘ Negative ’ team.

Preparation is an essential aspect of debating. The speech and debate team members will need time to research their arguments, collaborate, and organize themselves and their respective roles in the upcoming debate.

They’ll also need time to write and rehearse their speeches. The better prepared and coordinated they are as a team, the greater their chances of success in the debate.

3. Assign Roles to Students.

Each team member should have a specific role, such as speaker, researcher , or rebuttal specialist . This encourages teamwork and ensures that each student is actively involved.

4. Research and Preparation:

• Allocate time for teams to research and prepare their arguments. Encourage students to use multiple sources, including books, articles, and reputable websites. Make sure you read our complete guide to powerful student research strategies.

5. Set Debate Format:

• Define the debate format, including the structure of each round. Common formats include opening statements, cross-examination, rebuttals, and closing statements.

6. Establish Rules:

• Set ground rules for the debate, such as time limits for each speaker, etiquette, guidelines for respectful communication, and consequences for rule violations.

7. Conduct a Practice Debate:

• Before the actual debate, conduct a practice round. This helps students become familiar with the format and allows you to provide feedback on their arguments and presentation skills.
• On the day of the debate, set up the classroom to accommodate the format. Ensure that each round has a clear structure, and designate a timekeeper to keep the debate on schedule.

9. Facilitate Q&A Sessions:

• After each team presents their arguments, allow time for questions and cross-examination. This encourages critical thinking and engagement among the students.

10. Evaluate and Debrief:

• After the debate, provide constructive feedback to each team. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of their arguments, presentation skills, and teamwork. Also, please encourage students to reflect on what they learned from the experience.
• Have a class discussion about the debate, exploring different perspectives and opinions. This can deepen students’ understanding of the topic and enhance their critical thinking skills.

Consider integrating the debate topic into future lessons or assignments. This reinforces the learning experience and allows students to delve deeper into the subject matter.

Remember to create a supportive and respectful environment throughout the debate, emphasizing the importance of listening to opposing views and engaging in constructive dialogue.

Each speaker takes a turn making their speech, alternating between the House for the Motion, who goes first, and the House Against the Motion. Each speaker speaks for a pre-agreed amount of time.

Ensure your debate is held in front of an audience (in this case, the class), and occasionally, the audience is given time to ask questions after all the speeches have been made.

Finally, the debate is judged either by moderators or by an audience vote. 

Download our Debate Organizer

Stay fousssed with this handy template to keep all your ideas organized.

How To Write A Debate

How to start a debate speech.

In highly competitive speech and debate tournaments, students are only provided the topic on the day, and limited time is allowed for preparation, but this is not recommended for beginners.

Regardless of the stakes of your classroom debate, the speechwriting process always begins with research. Thorough research will provide students with both the arguments and the supporting evidence for their position on a topic and generate forward-thinking about what their opponents might use against them.

Writing Your Introduction

The purpose of the introduction in a debate speech is to achieve several things:

• Grab the attention of the audience,
• Introduce the topic
• Provide a thesis statement
• Preview some of the main arguments.

Grab The Attention Of Your Audience With Strong Hooks

Securing the audience’s attention is crucial, and failure to do this will have a strong, negative impact on how the team’s efforts will be scored as a whole. Let’s explore three proven strategies to hook your audience and align their thinking to yours.

Introduce Your Topic With Efficiency and Effectiveness

Once the audience’s attention has been firmly grasped, it’s time to introduce the topic or the motion. This should be done straightforwardly and transparently to ensure the audience understands the topic of the debate and the position you are approaching it from.

For example, if the topic of the debate was school uniforms, the topic may be introduced with:

Provide Your Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is a concise declaration summarizing the points and arguments of your debating speech.

• It presents a clear stance on a topic and guides the reader on what to expect in the content.
• A good thesis statement is debatable and allows for opposing viewpoints and discussion.
• It serves as a roadmap for the writer, ensuring coherence and focus in the piece.
• It helps the audience understand the purpose and direction of the work from the beginning.

The thesis statement should express the student’s or the team’s position on the motion. Clearly explaining the speaker’s side of the debate. An example can be seen here.

Provide A Preview Of Your Arguments

The final part of the introduction section of a debate speech involves previewing the main points of the speech for the audience.

There is no need to go into detail with each argument here; that’s what the body of the speech is for. It is enough to provide a general thesis statement for each argument or ‘claims’ – (more on this to follow).

Previewing the arguments in a speech is especially important as the audience and judges only get one listen to a speech – unlike a text, which can be reread as frequently as the reader likes.

debate introduction examples for students

Attention grabbers task.

After explaining the different types of attention grabbers and the format for the rest of the introduction to your students, challenge them to write an example of each type of opening for a specific debate topic. 

When they’ve finished writing these speech openings, discuss with the students which one best fits their chosen topic. Then, they can continue by completing the rest of the introduction for their speech using the format described above.

You might like to try a simple topic like “Homework should be banned.” you can choose from our collection further in this article.

Writing T he Body of the Speech

The body paragraphs are the real meat of the speech. They contain the in-depth arguments that make up the substance of the debate, and How well these arguments are made will determine how the judges will assess each speaker’s performance, so it’s essential to get the structure of these arguments just right.

Let’s take a look at how to do that.

How to structure an Argument

With the introduction out of the way, it’s time for the student to get down to the nitty-gritty of the debate – that is, making compelling arguments to support their case.

There are three main aspects to an argument in a debate speech. They are:

• The Warrant

Following this structure carefully enables our students to build coherent and robust arguments. Ttake a look at these elements in action in the example below.

Brainstorming Arguments

Present your students with a topic and, as a class, brainstorm some arguments for and against the motion.

Then, ask students to choose one argument and, using the Claim-Warrant-Impact format, take a few moments to write down a well-structured argument that’s up to debate standard.

Students can then present their arguments to the class. 

Or, you could also divide the class along pro/con lines and host a mini-debate!

Concluding a Debate Speech

The conclusion of a speech or a debate is the final chance for the speaker to convey their message to the audience. In a formal debate that has a set time limit, the conclusion is crucial as it demonstrates the speaker’s ability to cover all their material within the given time frame.

Avoid introducing new information and focus on reinforcing the strength of your position for a compelling and memorable conclusion.

A good conclusion should refer back to the introduction and restate the main position of the speaker, followed by a summary of the key arguments presented. Finally, the speaker should end the speech with a powerful image that will leave a lasting impression on the audience and judges.

Examples of strong debate Conclusions

The Burden of the Rejoinder

In formal debates, the burden of the rejoinder means that any time an opponent makes a point for their side, it’s incumbent upon the student/team to address that point directly.

Failing to do so will automatically be seen as accepting the truth of the point made by the opponent.

For example, if the opposing side argues that all grass is pink, despite how ridiculous that statement is, failing to refute that point directly means that, for the debate, all grass is pink.

Our students must understand the burden of the rejoinder and ensure that any points the opposing team makes are fully addressed during the debate.

The Devils Advocate

When preparing to write their speech, students should spend a significant proportion of their team collaborating as a team. 

One good way to practice the burden of the rejoinder concept is to use the concept of Devil’s Advocate, whereby one team member acts as a member of the opposing team, posing arguments from the other side for the speaker to counter, sharpening up their refutation skills in the process.

20 Great Debating Topics for Students

• Should cell phones be allowed in schools?
• Is climate change primarily caused by human activities?
• Should the voting age be lowered to 16?
• Is social media more harmful than beneficial to society?
• Should genetically modified organisms (GMOs) be embraced or rejected?
• Is the death penalty an effective crime deterrent?
• Should schools implement mandatory drug testing for students?
• Is animal testing necessary for scientific and medical advancements?
• Should school uniforms be mandatory?
• Is censorship justified in certain circumstances?
• Should the use of performance-enhancing drugs be allowed in sports?
• Is homeschooling more beneficial than traditional schooling?
• Should the use of plastic bags be banned?
• Is nuclear energy a viable solution to the world’s energy needs?
• Should the government regulate the fast food industry?
• Is social inequality a result of systemic factors or individual choices?
• Should the consumption of meat be reduced for environmental reasons?
• Is online learning more effective than traditional classroom learning?
• Should the use of drones in warfare be banned?
• Is the legalization of marijuana beneficial for society?

These topics cover a range of subjects and offer students the opportunity to engage in thought-provoking debates on relevant and impactful issues.

OTHER GREAT ARTICLES RELATED TO DEBATING

The Ultimate Guide to Opinion Writing for Students and Teachers

Top 5 Persuasive Writing Techniques for Students

5 Top Persuasive Writing Lesson Plans for Students and Teachers

23 Persuasive writing Topics for High School students

How to Write Perfect Persuasive Essays in 5 Simple Steps

Debating strategies for students.

Research and preparation are essential to ensure good performance in a debate. Students should spend as much time as possible drafting and redrafting their speeches to maximize their chances of winning. However, a debate is a dynamic activity, and victory cannot be assured by pre-writing alone.

Students must understand that the key to securing victory lies in also being able to think, write (often in the form of notes), and respond instantly amid the turmoil of the verbal battle. To do this, students must understand the following keys to victory.

When we think of winning a debate, we often think of blinding the enemy with the brilliance of our verbal eloquence. We think of impressing the audience and the judges alike with our outstanding oratory.

What we don’t often picture when we imagine what a debate winner looks like is a quiet figure sitting and listening intently. But being a good listener is one of our students’ most critical debating skills.

If students don’t listen to the other side, whether by researching opposing arguments or during the thrust of the actual debate, they won’t know the arguments the other side is making. Without this knowledge, they cannot effectively refute the opposition’s claims.

Read the Audience

In terms of the writing that happens before the debate takes place, this means knowing your audience. 

Students should learn that how they present their arguments may change according to the demographics of the audience and/or judges to whom they will be making their speech. 

An audience of retired school teachers and an audience of teen students may have very different responses to the same arguments.

This applies during the actual debate itself too. If the student making their speech reads resistance in the faces of the listeners, they should be prepared to adapt their approach accordingly in mid-speech.

Practice, Practice, Practice

The student must practice their speech before the debate. There’s no need to learn it entirely by heart. There isn’t usually an expectation to memorize a speech entirely, and doing so can lead to the speaker losing some of their spontaneity and power in their delivery. At the same time, students shouldn’t spend the whole speech bent over a sheet of paper reading word by word.

Ideally, students should familiarize themselves with the content and be prepared to deliver their speech using flashcards as prompts when necessary.

Another important element for students to focus on when practising their speech is making their body language, facial expressions, and hand gestures coherent with the verbal content of their speech. One excellent way to achieve this is for the student to practice delivering their speech in a mirror.

And Finally…

Debating is a lot of fun to teach and partake in, but it also offers students a valuable opportunity to pick up some powerful life skills.

It helps students develop a knack for distinguishing fact from opinion and an ability to assess whether a source is credible or not. It also helps to encourage them to think about the other side of the argument. 

Debating helps our students understand others, even when disagreeing with them. An important skill in these challenging times, without a doubt.

Debating Teaching Strategies

Clearly Define Debate Roles and Structure when running speech and debate events: Clearly define the roles of speakers, timekeepers, moderators, and audience members. Establish a structured format with specific time limits for speeches, rebuttals, and audience participation. This ensures a well-organized and engaging debate.

• Provide Topic Selection and Preparation Time: Offer students a range of debate topics, allowing them to select a subject they are passionate about. Allocate ample time for research and preparation, encouraging students to gather evidence, develop strong arguments, and anticipate counterarguments.
• Incorporate Scaffolded Debating Skills Practice: Before the actual debate, engage students in scaffolded activities that build their debating skills. This can include small group discussions, mock debates, or persuasive writing exercises. Provide feedback and guidance to help students refine their arguments and delivery.
• Encourage Active Listening and Note-taking during speech and debate competitions: Emphasize the importance of active listening during the debate. Encourage students to take notes on key points, supporting evidence, and persuasive techniques used by speakers. This cultivates critical thinking skills and prepares them for thoughtful responses during rebuttals.
• Facilitate Post-Debate Reflection and Discussion: After the debate, facilitate a reflection session where students can share their thoughts, lessons learned, and insights gained. Encourage them to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of their arguments and engage in constructive dialogue. This promotes metacognitive skills and encourages continuous improvement.

By following these tips, teachers can create a vibrant and educational debate experience for their students. Through structured preparation, active engagement, and reflective discussions, students develop valuable literacy and critical thinking skills that extend beyond the boundaries of the debate itself.

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Defining the motion.

Whoever speaks first in a debate (first proposition) gets to define the motion. Your opponents have no choice but to accept your definition, even if they don't like it / don't agree with it. So being given first proposition is a bit like winning the toss in cricket or tennis, or getting white in chess. You get to set the terms; you decide what it is you will be debating about.

How can you make the most of this advantage?

Fencers stand sideways on, to minimise the area in which their opponents can attack them. In the same way, the best motion definitions will be tight, focused, and precise, to minimise the areas in which your opponents can attack you. A tight and focused definition also allows you to develop your proposition much more fully and thoroughly. However, before you can define the motion, you first need to analyse it. You need to understand what kind of motion it is. Is it a policy motion, i.e. one concerned with changing what happens in the world? Policy motions usually begin: 'This house would ...' They call for either:

• something to be done that isn't being done
• something that is being done to be done differently

Examples of policy motions are:

• This house would give every citizen a universal basic income
• This house would impose a 20 mph speed limit in all built up areas

Policy motions are usually concerned with the status quo. This is a Latin term meaning 'the situation at the moment'. They want to either:

• A Introduce a new situation which does not currently exist in the status quo: 'This house would give every citizen a universal basic income' is an example of this. No country in the world has a universal basic income at the moment, so this would be an innovation, something which does not exist in the status quo.
• B Adapt the status quo: 'This house would introduce a 20 mph speed limit in all built up areas' is an example of this. Speed limits already exist, and are part of the status quo; the proposal is to change the status quo by making them stricter

In other words, policy motions are about either innovating or changing. If you're proposing an innovation, you need in your definition to answer these questions:

• What form would your innovation take?
• How would it be brought into being?
• What would its scope be?

So, if the motion is 'This house would give every citizen a universal basic income', you need to explain:

• How much would the universal basic income be? (The minimum wage at 40 hours a week? The living wage at 40 hours a week? Current Universal Credit?)
• How would it be funded? (Taxes? National Insurance? Abolishing all benefit payments and replacing them with universal basic income?)
• Who would count as a citizen? (Everyone with citizenship rights over the age of 18? Or over 25? Or over 30? Or people who have already paid a certain amount of tax?)

If you're proposing changing the status quo, you need in your definition to answer these questions:

• What will be changed?
• What will be the scope of the change?
• How will this change be implemented?

So, if the motion is 'This house would reduce speed limits to 20 mph in built up areas', you need to explain:

• What counts as a built up area? (All cities? Where are the boundaries? Residential areas? What do you mean by residential?)
• Who will it apply to? (Cars? Motorbikes? Superfit cyclists? Will emergency services be exempt?)
• How will the new law be enforced? (Speed cameras? Will offenders be fined? How much? Will they have endorsements on their licence?)

In both cases, the more questions (and answers) you (and your debating partner) can think of in the preparation stage, the more precisely defined your motion will be, the easier it will be to propose, and the easier it will be to defend against attack. Alternatively, it might be an ideas motion, i.e. one concerned with changing what people think. Ideas motions usually begin with: 'This house believes ...' Examples of ideas motions are:

• This house believes that money does not bring happiness
• This house believes that society is still sexist

For motions of ideas, you do not need to explain what action you would take. Instead, you need to define how you understand the meaning of the words. So, for 'This house believes that money does not bring happiness', you need to explain:

• What do you mean by 'happiness'? (Emotional well-being? A sense of purpose? Feeling loved? Having a good relationship with God?)
• What do you mean by 'money'? (Everyone needs some money to survive - do you mean having more than this does not bring happiness? Do you mean having too much gets in the way of happiness? How much is too much?)

In the case of 'This house believes society is still sexist', you need to explain:

• What do you mean by 'society'? (Formal institutions such as the media, the justice system and education? The world of work? Or the way that people interact with each other in everyday life?)
• What do you mean by 'sexist'? (Discrimination with a practical impact, e.g. unequal pay. women being denied promotion etc.? Attitudes expressed in speech, writing and the media which demean women? Or institutional structures, e.g. laws about parental leave?)

Again, the more questions (and answers) you (and your debating partner) can think of in the preparation stage, the more precisely defined your motion will be, the easier it will be to propose, and the easier it will be to defend against attack.

So, when you're defining:

• Be specific and precise
• Pay attention to detail; anticipate problems
• Be clear about what you think words mean

And one last thing ... once you've defined your motion, make sure you and your partner stick consistently to that definition all through the debate.

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Debate Writing

Debate Speech

A Comprehensive Guide to Preparing and Delivering A Debate Speech

Published on: Mar 9, 2022

Last updated on: Jan 31, 2024

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Whether you are a student, a policymaker, or a business leader, the ability to debate effectively can be a game-changer. 

Debate speeches are important for anyone wanting to persuade others. However, writing and delivering a debate speech isn’t easy, especially if you are new to the process. 

This guide explains simple steps on how to write and deliver an excellent debate speech. It covers everything from preparing your arguments to delivering your speech with confidence and conviction.

So dive in to learn!   

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What is a Debate Speech?

A debate speech is a structured argument on a specific topic that is presented in a formal setting.  

The main purpose of debate speech is to:  

• Express your point of view persuasively and effectively
• Convince the opposition that you are right.
• Change the people’s point of view on a particular topic.

In a debate speech, the speaker presents their argument in a clear, concise, and convincing manner. Debate speeches have a set time limit, and the speaker must use their time effectively to make their case and address counterarguments. 

Preparing for a Debate Speech 

You can only win your debate if you have spent time preparing it well. Follow the steps below to be prepared for your next debate speech.

Understanding the Debate Format 

It's essential to understand the format of the debate in which you want to participate. Different debate formats have specific rules and guidelines that you need to follow to succeed. 

Some popular types of debates include parliamentary, Lincoln-Douglas, and policy debates.

• Parliamentary debate is a format where two teams of two or three members argue for or against a motion. It is presided over by a moderator. In this format, debaters have limited preparation time to gather information and construct their arguments.
• Lincoln-Douglas debate is a one-on-one debate where debaters argue for their positions on a specific topic. This format usually involves a value system and a criterion that the debaters must uphold and defend.
• Policy debate is a format where two teams of two members argue for or against a specific policy proposal. This format requires in-depth research and analysis of the policy and its potential implications.

Selecting a Position

Choose a topic that you are passionate about and that you feel strongly about. Once you have chosen a topic, narrow it down to a specific aspect that you can argue for or against. 

The clearer your position, the easier it will be to research and prepare your arguments.

Need some good debate topic ideas to get started? Check out our list of interesting and engaging debate topics to help you out!

Researching and Gathering Information

Once you have selected your topic, research it thoroughly. Gather as much information as you can from credible sources such as academic journals, news articles, and government reports. 

Take detailed notes, and make sure to record the sources you use so that you can reference them later.

Understanding Both Sides of the Argument 

To write a persuasive debate speech, it is important to understand both sides of the argument. 

Consider the arguments that your opponents might make and anticipate counterarguments. This will help you to strengthen your own arguments and address potential weaknesses in your position.

Organizing Your Arguments 

Once you have gathered all of the information you need, organize your arguments in a clear and logical way. 

Start by outlining the main points you want to make and then add supporting evidence to each point. Make sure that your arguments flow logically and build on each other.

Practicing Your Delivery

Finally, practice your delivery. Read your speech out loud several times to get a feel for how it flows. 

Time yourself to make sure that you can fit all of your arguments into the allotted time. Consider practicing in front of a friend or family member to get feedback on your delivery.

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How to Present a Debate Speech?

This type of speech requires some essential components. Here are the major components you need to present an effective debate speech. 

1. Catchy Introduction

The first important step is starting the debate with a compelling introduction. You can begin with a question, a quote, or a statistic related to the topic.

Moreover, your introduction should state your stance on the topic and provides a preview of your arguments. 

2. State the Problem & Define Key Terms

Define key terms in your speech that are important to your argument. This helps to ensure that your audience understands the meaning of the words you use.

3. Present Your Arguments

Present your arguments in a clear and logical order. Start with your strongest argument and provide evidence to support it. Then, move on to the weaker arguments and provide evidence for each one.

A good argument often follows the PEE structure, which means “Point, Evidence, Explanation (PEE)”.

• Point or Reason: This is where you state your main idea or argument, providing a concise and clear statement of your position. The point should be specific, focused, and relevant to the topic at hand. It serves as the foundation for your argument
• Evidence: Here, you provide supporting evidence to bolster your argument. This can take the form of examples, statistics, or any other relevant information that helps illustrate your point. 
• Explanation: In this part, you elaborate on how the evidence you provided supports your point. This is where you explain the relationship between your point and the evidence, highlighting its significance

4. Rebuttals 

Address counterarguments by acknowledging the opposing viewpoints and refuting them with evidence. This is called a rebuttal. 

It shows that you have considered both sides of the argument and strengthens your own position. Addressing counterarguments through rebuttals is a vital aspect of constructing a well-rounded and persuasive argument. 

Rebuttals involve presenting evidence that challenges the opposing counter-arguments and weakens their validity. Additionally, it is crucial to explain the flaws or fallacies in the opposing arguments during the process of rebuttal.

5. Conclusion

End your speech with a strong conclusion that summarizes your arguments and restates your stance on the topic. You can also end with a call to action, encouraging your audience to take action based on your argument.

Tips for Presenting a Debate Speech Effectively

The above steps will help you prepare and present an acceptable speech, but you can improve it even more with the tips below.

• Use Clear and Concise Language

Speak clearly and use language that is easy to understand. Avoid using jargon or complex words that might confuse your audience.

• Emphasize Key Points

Highlight the key points of your argument by using vocal inflection and tone. Emphasize important words or phrases to help your audience remember your key arguments.

• Use Body Language and Gestures

Body language and gestures can help to reinforce your arguments and make your speech more engaging. Use hand gestures to emphasize key points, and vary your posture and movement to keep your audience interested.

• Maintain Eye Contact

Maintain eye contact with your audience throughout your speech. This will help to establish a connection with them and make them feel more engaged with your argument.

• Use Vocal Variety and Tone

Vary your vocal tone and pace to add interest and emphasis to your speech. Use pauses and changes in pace to emphasize important points, and vary your volume to make your arguments more impactful.

• Use the Debate Speech Checklist

Here is a checklist that can help you evaluate your debate.

• Does your speech cover your opinion about the topic?
• Does your speech start with a catchy hook?
• Does your speech cover all the main points?
• Does your speech provide sufficient counterarguments?
• Does your speech contain enough evidence?
• Does your speech provide a call to action to the conclusion?

Debate Speech Examples 

Here are some examples to help you prepare and present your debate speech better. 

Debate Speech Structure

Debate Speech Template

Debate Speech Sample

Writing and delivering a successful debate speech requires careful planning, research, and effective communication skills. 

By following the steps and tips provided above, you can persuade your audience effectively and make a lasting impact. Remember to practice, rehearse, and be confident in your abilities. 

Still need expert help in writing your speech? We’ve got you covered! 

CollegeEssay.org is here to assist you. We are an expert speech writing service with a team of experienced professionals. 

Our AI essay writing tools can help you at every step of the speech-writing process, from selecting a topic to gathering evidence.

We provide customized, high-quality writing services at an affordable price. You can also take advantage from our AI essay writer tool to improve your writing skills.

So why wait? Contact our professional essay writing service and impress your audience with an amazing speech!

Frequently Asked Questions

What are the 4 types of debate.

The four main types of debate are: 

• Parliamentary Debate 
• Lincoln-Douglas Debate 
• Cross-Examination Debate 
• Academic Debate 

What are the 2 sides of a debate called?

The opposition and proposition are the two sides of a debate. 

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@ BETTER DEBATE MANUAL

Thinking and speaking a better world.

There are two first speeches, namely, proposition's and opposition's first speech. As they have to fulfill different roles, their structure and content differs. WSDC (somewhat informal) rules specify some of the requirements each of the speeches must meet. Proposition's first speech must contain positive material, in other words, arguments in favor of the motion. It must introduce the case line and sign post any other positive material coming in the later speeches. Opposition's first speech must provide a response on the positive material brought forward, in other words, negate the arguments of the first proposition speaker. In addition to that it must also introduce opposition's case line and bring in opposition's own positive material going against the motion, which, in content, ideally differs from what has been thus far said during the negation. Long story short, 1st prop. prepares the ground for the debate and introduces positive material in favor of the motion, 1st opp. provides a response to 1st prop. and it itself introduces opp.'s own positive material arguing against the motion. Now, let's explain this in a bit more detail. I think the best way to do it is to go through the speeches chronologically.

Opening the Debate

First speeches.

The First Proposition Speech

As you know, you have 8 minutes you can use. Since 1st prop. is starting the debate, its introduction is going to be the longest. I would say you spend 1 to 2 minutes on the introduction. What you should say in the introduction differs in regards to the type of the motion you're debating. However, in all cases you have to frame the debate. I would say there are five distinct constitutive elements of framing. These are i) stating definition and/or providing factual data if necessary, ii) stating the issue of this debate (in other words, explicating the problem 

Before moving on a short explanation of particular points might be useful. Point 'ii)' is more useful when debating policy motions (when the motion proposes a change in the status quo) and less when debating evaluative motions. If the motion wants you to argue in favor of a policy of positive discrimination, for example, you should explain what is the wrong that the motion is addressing. In other words, explain what sort of injustice, wrong or harm is the motion addressing and why is it important. Point 'iii)' is not difficult to make, it might be useful to think of a case line as one sentence which explains the core of your case, that is, the point of all the arguments you will present. Point 'iv)' is perhaps slightly more difficult. The burden of the debate is that, which must be fulfilled in order for one team to win the debate 'on content'. Sometimes people speak of a criterion rather than a burden of the debate, which can be misleading, as usually fulfillment of burden is the criterion upon which to judge the debate. However, an example where proposition's burden is be fulfilled would be a debate where they manage to show that the proposed policy solves the addressed issue and is in general good for the majority of stakeholders.

Next step for the 1st prop. speech is to tell the arguments. Ideally 1st prop. speech has two arguments, ideally you spend around three minutes explaining each one. Start with the most important one and finish with the least important one. Try to avoid having so-called 'filler' arguments, that is arguments not really relevant to your case, but are there just to make the quota of three arguments per proposition case. It's very important that you link your arguments back to the burden you set and back to the motion itself. Don't let them hanging around in the air, nail them down. After you've gone through the arguments there's nothing much left to do. It's time for a nice conclusion where you sum up your speech. It is good if in the end of your speech you remind the judge of what burden the opposing team must fulfil so that they're not able to change the grounds on which you're debating.

The First Opposition Speech

The opposition's first speech contains basically all the elements of the 1st prop. speech. However, they do not follow in the same order. In the introduction part you have to do most of the five points 1st prop did. However, if you agree with the i) definitions of crucial words in the motion, ii) the issue of the debate as presented by the proposition, iv) the burden as set by the proposition, and possibly v) the plan as presented by the prop. side, you can ignore those points. If, however, you disagree with any of the elements of framing, you should say it as 

After the introduction you touch the arguments provided by the 1st prop. Ideally your negation is structured in 2 to 5 points. Each point should be a coherent response to another point talked about by the proposition. Points of negation don't have to necessarily correspond to the structure of argumentation through which the proposition has conveyed their ideas. If you feel like 1st prop. has talked about four separate points, but has only introduces two arguments, respond to each of the four point separately.

Note that you can also start your speech with negation and explain your case line later on, before you move on to your positive material. However, for most of the debates I would say having a proper introduction in the beginning is better.

Next is the argumentation. Ideally you introduced one, the most important argument opposition team has and spend at least 3 to 4 minutes explaining it. After you've gone through the argument there's nothing much left to do. It's time for a nice conclusion where you sum up your speech. Note that summing up your speech should not consist of just restating what you've already said. I think it's best if you link main points of negation and argumentation back to the motion itself, if you feel like you haven't done so well enough during the speech. 

In the end keep in mind that you can always improvise the structure of your speech, as long as it makes sense to you and everyone else in the room. Let this entry be a set of guidelines you can follow. However, if you feel like structuring your speech in a different way give it a try and see if it works.

Denis Horvat

Za in proti.

contained within the motion), iii) providing your team's general take on the debate and sign posting the arguments, in other words, explaining your case line and, lastly, iv) analyzing the burden of the debate. Additionally, if the motion requires you to have some sort of a plan (e.g. motions starting with 'This House Would') you should state it in the introduction. The order in which you should go through these for our five points is not fixed, however, I would recommend you go through them in the same order as I did.

soon as possible, preferably already in the PoI during the 1st prop. speech. But if you do that, don't forget to explain it again in your speech. If you feel that proposition hasn't explained some of the five points you can do that yourself or you can just point out that they have failed to frame the debate sufficiently. For example, if proposition hasn't told us what is the issue of the debate, and it is still not clear what exactly is the problem that we are debating about, point this out. However, newer pretend that you haven't understood the core issue of the debate. What you absolutely have to do, regardless of proposition's first speech, is to state your case line and explain your team's general take on the motion.

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Struggling to compose an impactful debate speech that captivates your audience and secures a win? 

You're not alone. Crafting a persuasive and well-structured debate speech is a challenge faced by numerous students. The process of articulating your thoughts, organizing arguments can be challenging.

However, fear not! This blog post is your comprehensive guide, presenting a step-by-step approach to empower you in constructing a debate speech. We’ve included examples and tips to make sure your speech captures attention and ensures a compelling and victorious performance.

So, keep reading.

• 1. What Is A Debate Speech?
• 2. How To Prepare For Debate Speech?
• 3. Debate Speech Examples for Students
• 4. Tips for an Effective Debate Speech
• 5. Debate Speech Topics

What Is A Debate Speech?

A debate speech is a formal presentation where you argue for or against a specific topic. 

It involves structured arguments presented in different sections, aiming to persuade the audience with facts and convincing points. It's a way of discussing and trying to show why your side is the right one on a particular subject.

Key Elements of A Debate Speech

A debate typically includes several essential elements to effectively communicate your position and persuade the audience. These elements form the building blocks of a strong debate speech:

• Opening Statements: These kick off the debate, presenting the main arguments for your side or against the motion. It sets the tone for the discussion.
• Rebuttals: In this stage, you respond to the arguments made by the opposing side, highlighting weaknesses or presenting counterpoints.
• Summary: Towards the end of the debate, a summary is provided to reinforce your main arguments and explain why your perspective is stronger. This section aims to leave a lasting impression on the audience.
• Use of Evidence: Supporting your arguments with evidence, facts, and examples strengthens your position and makes your speech more convincing.
• Logical Reasoning: Presenting arguments in a clear, logical sequence enhances the coherence and persuasiveness of your speech.
• Rhetorical Appeal: Adding appeals like ethos, pathos and logos to your speech can engage the audience, making your points more relatable and impactful.

How To Prepare For Debate Speech?

Creating a compelling debate speech requires a methodical approach that ensures a clear, convincing, and organized presentation. Let's delve into the detailed steps for an effective preparation:

Choosing a Position

Start by selecting a clear stance or position regarding the debate topic. Decide whether you are arguing for or against the motion. Understanding and committing to your position forms the foundation of your speech.

Conducting Thorough Research

Gathering information for your debate speech is really important. Look at different sources like books, reliable websites, and experts' ideas. 

Find facts, numbers, and real stories that support what you want to say. It's key to use strong and trusted information that backs up your side of the argument. 

When you collect different types of information, it makes your speech stronger and more convincing. This way, you'll be well-prepared to explain your ideas during the debate.

Structure The Key Points

After research and collecting points, organize your main arguments in a clear and logical manner to effectively convey your position in the debate. Set sufficient time to each key point to ensure they're adequately developed and presented. 

You can do this by following a debate format. Here is a standard debate speech format for a 20-15 minutes long debate:

How to Start a Debate Speech

Crafting a compelling opening for your speech involves capturing the audience's attention while introducing key points of discussion. 

You can achieve this by using attention-grabbing techniques such as sharing an eye-opening fact, a powerful quote, or a personal anecdote related to the topic. 

Additionally, it's beneficial to briefly outline the key areas of discussion that you'll cover in your speech. By providing a sneak peek of the main points, you offer the audience a roadmap of what's to come. 

This not only piques the audience's interest but also helps them anticipate and follow the structure of your speech.

Structure Your Arguments

Structuring arguments in the debate speech means organizing your ideas in a way that makes sense to others. 

A well-structured argument often uses the P-E-E format, which stands for Point, Evidence, Explanation (P-E-E):

• Point or Reason: Begin by stating your main argument or reason. This is the central idea you want to convey in support of your position.
• Evidence: Provide evidence, facts, or examples that support your point. This evidence should be reliable and back up what you're saying.
• Explanation: Explain how your evidence supports your point. Make it clear to your audience why this evidence is important and how it links to your argument.

This structure helps make your arguments more persuasive and clear. It enables you to present your points effectively, support them with evidence, and explain why that evidence matters in the context of your argument.

Address Counterarguments (Rebuttals)

Addressing counterarguments involves anticipating the opposing viewpoints and crafting responses, known as rebuttals , within your speech. A rebuttal is a persuasive counter-argument that challenges or opposes the points raised by the other side.

By thinking ahead and having strong responses, you showcase a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. 

This approach makes your argument stronger and shows your skill in defending your position, boosting your speech's credibility.

How to End a Debate Speech

Concluding your debate speech effectively is as important as starting it strong. Here are two impactful ways to conclude your speech:

• Summarize Key Points with a Call to Action Example: "In conclusion, the evidence overwhelmingly supports the idea that [your stance on the topic]. As we leave here today, let's not merely acknowledge the importance of [debate topic] but commit to [call to action], ensuring a brighter future for all."
• End with a Powerful Quote or Statement Example: "As [relevant figure] once wisely said, '[insert impactful quote].' Let these words guide us in our understanding of [debate topic]. Together, we can [highlight the desired outcome or change]."

Review And Practice

The last step is to review and practice a lot. Read through your speech to make sure it all makes sense and fits the time limit. 

Practice how you talk, how fast or slow, and how you use your body while speaking. Also, be ready to answer questions or handle different arguments. 

Do a few final practice rounds to feel more confident and comfortable. This way, you'll be well-prepared and ready to deliver a strong debate speech.

Debate Speech Examples for Students

For students, understanding how to structure and present a debate speech is crucial. Here are some debate speech samples to help you grasp the basics of debating:

First Speaker Debate Speech Example

2nd Speaker Debate Speech Example

3rd Speaker Debate Speech Example

Short Example Of Debate Speech

Debate Speech Structure

Examples can serve as a great starting point. Check out more expertly crafted debate examples for inspiration!

Tips for an Effective Debate Speech

Crafting a persuasive and impactful debate speech requires careful consideration and strategic planning. Here are key tips to enhance the effectiveness of your presentation:

• Tailor language to match the audience's demographics and interests.
• Strengthen arguments with credible sources and diverse perspectives.
• Organize with a clear introduction, well-developed body, and strong conclusion for a logical flow.
• Capture attention with a compelling quote, question, or anecdote.
• Support arguments with relevant statistics, examples, and real-world scenarios.
• Anticipate opposing viewpoints and incorporate strong rebuttals.
• Clearly articulate and repeat key ideas to reinforce your stance.
• Maintain a dynamic and engaging delivery by varying tone and pace.
• Pay attention to body language, eye contact, and gestures.
• Allocate time wisely for each speech segment to ensure a well-paced presentation.
• Be prepared to adapt to unexpected changes during the debate.
• Practice multiple times to enhance clarity, emphasis, and pacing, boosting confidence.

Need to polish your debate? Have a look at this in-depth blog on debate techniques and get effective tips!

Debate Speech Topics

Here are some unique topic ideas for you to write a debate on.

• Credit cards are more harmful than debit cards.
• We are becoming too dependent on technology.
• Marriage is an outdated concept.
• Homework is necessary with regard to the learning process.
• Being a college graduate in the United States is necessary for a successful career.
• It is a good idea to have laptops in classrooms.
• Facebook is a better social platform than Twitter.
• Cell phones can be used as educational tools.
• Junk food must be banned in high schools and colleges.
• The Prime Minister of any state enjoys more power than the president.

Can’t pick a topic? Check out this extensive blog with multiple debate topics and get unique ideas!

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Debate Speech

Debate. What would be the first thing that pops in our minds when we think of that? To some, it is an intellectual argument on about almost anything. From various concepts such as love and the reason of living in the first place to something serious such as political views of a person. Merriam-Webster defines debate as a contention by words or arguments. In terms of law or government, it is the formal discussion of a motion before a deliberative body according to the rules of parliamentary procedure. A debate can also serve as a regulated discussion of a proposition between two matched sides.

• Speech Templates
• Welcome Speech

Although the concept of a debate is that it does not always have to be so formal and that the exchange of ideas can be casually done, there are occasions that it will have to be formal especially when representing your school for a inter-school competition or simply for a debate class. You may also see motovational speech .

Considering that the topic has already been assigned to you and your group mates, it is important that you begin preparing for your debate with the opposing party. Here are some examples listed down.

1.  Preparing for the Debate Speech

2. research the topic very thoroughly with credible information..

• Brainstorm the topic and research before you sit down to write. Write out a pro and con list. If you are on a debate team, do this together. Each member could discuss the pro and con lists, and then strike the weaker reasons until you are left with three or four reasons that seem strongest in support or opposition.You may also see self introduction speech .
• It also helps to spend time in the library since not every resource material can be found on the internet.
• You and the team would also want to deal with the strongest arguments on the other side in your speech as ignoring the other side’s best arguments can weaken your rhetorical appeal.You may also see informative speech .

3. Write an outline of your speech.

• A simple debate outline should at least contain these four parts: An introduction, your thesis argument, your key points to back your stance up, and a conclusion. For unknown terminologies, prepare a definition in advance so that you can have an answer when the judges ask you may also see presentation speech .
• You can break each of those four part into subcategories. It’s often a good idea to write the introduction and conclusion last, focusing on the thesis argument and the evidence to back it up first.

Writing the Debate Speech

1. write an introduction that is catchy and interesting..

Who does not love a good and catchy introduction? But for these kinds of situations, it is best to stay mindful as the whole point of this debate lies in the formality sense which is something to be taken seriously.

• For instance, a simple good morning to all parties involved and witnessing the said debate will suffice. There is no need for extra remarks or commentaries if not asked.You may also see orientation speech
• its critical to always make a good impression, especially to the judges as this will make them think that the debater is persuasive speech. In order to achieve this, one technique in writing a strong introduction is to contextualize the topic, especially when the topic depicts a present situation.
• Some introduction speech can also focus on prominent examples, quotations, or on a personal anecdote that can help establish a rapport with the audience and judges. Be mindful when using humor though as it involves risks that can eventually lead to awkward silences if not done right. Find a relevant specific that illustrates the underlying point.

2. Outline where you stand very clearly.

Make sure that you point out which stance your team belongs to. Since this is a debate, being part of the positive or negative stance does not serve as an advantage for as long as you are able make your points get through the judges and the audience, then it is enough.You may also see speech examples for students .

• Don’t muddle on your assigned stance. It needs to be extremely clear whether you affirm or negate the resolution, so don’t try to confuse and eventually contradict yourself in the middle of the debate. The audience also should not have to wait until the end to find out. Make your stance very clear, and do it early on. You may also see declamation speech .

3. Make key points to back up your stance.

As early as possible, you have to identify the main key points found in your speech.

• One good way to do this is to back up your position with three to four strong points of supporting argumentation. More than one to two key points are required to back up your stance.
• In every speech, the body or the “meat” of the speech is always the most important part . But keep in mind that you will only be given a short span of time for you to say your piece before time runs out (perhaps 3 ½ minutes to 30 seconds for an opening and for a conclusion, depending on the given rules of the debate).

4. Develop your key points.

Even as you deliver your key points in the said debate, it still cannot be without substance. Back every single one of your key points up with examples, statistics and other resources that can be found during your research.

Focus on the causes of the problem, the effects of the problem, expert opinion, examples, and statistics. Then after that, present a solution. In a debate, you are not given the opportunity to use a PowerPoint Presentation, so as you continue discussing the points of your stance, allow your audience to visualize on what you are saying. You may also see debate speech. You may also see graduation speech .

Do not only attempt to appeal to the motives and emotions of the listener, but also to their sense of fair play, desire to save, to be helpful, to care about the community, and others with a light touch.Try using rhetorical questions which make your opponents consider the validity of their point. Consider irony which undermines their point and makes you seem more mature and intelligent, simile  which gives them something to relate to, humor which gets the audience on your side when done well, and repetition which reinforces your point. You may also see inspirational speech .

5. Understand the art of persuasion.

Finally, what is a debate with persuasion? Ancient philosophers such as Aristotle studied the art of persuasion, and by understanding their techniques will further help your debate speech. You may also tribute speech .

Aristotle believed that speakers are more persuasive writing if they combined elements of logos (persuasion by reasoning) with pathos (having an element of emotional appeal) and ethos (an appeal based on the character of the speaker) – for example, that they seem intelligent or of good will.

There are two ways to use logic – inductive (the premises are viewed as supplying strong evidence for the truth of the conclusion) and deductive (if all premises are true, the terms are clear, and the rules of deductive logic are followed, then the conclusion is necessarily true). You may also see wedding speech .

We hope you enjoyed browsing through our debate speech examples. Debating is both an entertaining an serious activity especially when tackling issues on humanity and the natural environment. Despite what topics you choose, there is a standard forma. You may also see youth speech .

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Debate — Questions, Structure, and Topics

What is a debate?

A debate is a form of public discourse that presents organized arguments by two opposing sides. In a typical debate, two sides (affirmative and negative) are given a proposition to debate using a structured format that differs based on the type.

The affirmative side advocates for the proposition, providing supporting evidence and explanation, while the opposing side refutes the resolution. Therefore, the affirmative wants to convince the audience to adopt the resolution, while the opposition side wants them to reject it.

The audience varies depending on the topic of the debate. Consider the following examples:

Political: Voters

Policy: Lawmakers

Trial: Jury

Public Debate/Forum: Community members

Debate questions

The basis of a debate stems from the resolution, a declarative statement determined by a question. The resolution contains the claim the two sides will debate. These statements derive from debate questions:

Structure for debate

The specific structure depends on the form of debate. However, every formal debate contains a judge, opposing sides, speeches, and a decision.

Debates are set up to persuade a panel of judges rather than the opponent.

There are always two sides in a debate – one that agrees with the resolution (affirming) and one that disagrees (opposing).

Each debate includes rounds of speeches that present the side’s argument. The placement of the speech in the debate impacts its purpose.

The constructive speech is each team’s first speech to build their case.

Rebuttals provide the opportunity for both sides to discredit their opponent’s argument.

Cross-examination allows each side to question the other side.

The period where speakers from both sides can ask and answer each other’s questions is called crossfire . The grand crossfire functions in the same way, except all four speakers participate.

Closing statements offer each side a final opportunity to present their argument.

Upon conclusion of the debate, the judge(s) or moderator decides the winning side.

Types of debates

Team policy, Lincoln-Douglas, spontaneous argumentation, public forum, and parliamentary are the most common types of debates.

Team policy debates consist of two teams of two who take a position concerning a predetermined policy. One team argues to enact the policy while the opposing team members offer reasons to reject it.

Policy debates are structured as follows:

Lincoln-Douglas debates consist of one speaker debating against another speaker and are a common form of high school debates. The topic typically concerns social and philosophical issues with questions concerning ideas such as morality, justice, democracy, etc. They focus on determining if certain thoughts or actions are good or bad, right or wrong, and moral or immoral. Presidential debates typically look most like Lincoln-Douglas debates.

Spontaneous argumentation (SPAR) is a quick and simple type of debate. It typically involves two debaters given a topic right before the debate, allowing only a few minutes for preparation.

Public forum debates feature two teams with two speakers each who debate a topic regarding a current event.

A parliamentary debate includes two teams with two speakers each. The affirmative team is often referred to as the government and is trying to uphold the resolution, whereas the negative team (the opposition) opposes the government’s viewpoint. The government identifies a problem and offers a solution, while the opposition argues against that solution. The rules for this type of debate originated from British parliamentary procedure.

Debating tips

When debating, the following strategies can positively affect the outcome:

While some debate formats allow for a limited amount of preparation time, utilize the time provided. It is best to take as much time as possible to formulate an argument. Going into a debate unprepared not only impacts the argument but can negatively influence body language, eye contact, volume, pacing, etc.

Focus and stay on topic. Make sure each sentence has a purpose and supports the argument.

Use good public speaking skills like appropriate eye contact, volume, pacing, intonation, inflection, posture, etc., which show the speaker’s confidence. Sometimes the presentation can be as important as what is presented.

Debates provide speakers with the opportunity to respond to their opponent’s argument. Focus on actively listening to the opposing side. While it is possible to predict their argument, providing a direct response to something they said is much more persuasive than moving forward as if there is no opposing side.

The point of a debate is to attack the argument , not the opponent.

Debate topics

The following are example topics for each main type of debate:

Team Policy Debate

The United States federal government should substantially increase its protection of its water resources.

The United States federal government should substantially increase its security cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in one or more of the following areas: artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and cybersecurity.

New York should offer universal healthcare to its residents.

Lincoln-Douglas Debate

In a democracy, a free press ought to prioritize objectivity over advocacy.

Radicalism is preferable to incrementalism to achieve social justice.

Civil disobedience in a democracy is morally justified.

The actions of corporations ought to be held to the same moral standards as the actions of individuals.

Spontaneous Argumentation (SPAR)

Lying is sometimes justified.

High schools should require uniforms.

Voting is a duty and not a right.

The pen is mightier than the sword.

Money can buy happiness.

Public Forum Debate

Japan should revise Article 9 of its Constitution to develop offensive military capabilities.

The United States should establish a comprehensive bilateral trade agreement with Taiwan.

Parliamentary Debate

In the US criminal justice system, truth-seeking ought to be valued above attorney-client privilege.

Chain stores are detrimental to the best interests of the American public.

The United States Senate should eliminate the filibuster.

Welcome to the DAV Website The DAV is a non-profit association which exists to promote debate. It is the peak debating body in Victoria and runs large competitions for adults and for schools across Victoria. It provides training and resources for debaters, teachers and adjudicators.

• Schools Competition resource guide
• DAV Teacher Inservice
• Topics archive
• Australia-Asia Debating Guide
• Training DVD
• Points of Information
• Chairing a debate
• Speaker roles
• Definitions
• Team line & split
• Speech Template
• Matter, method, & manner
• Introduction
• Getting more Matter
• Improving your Matter

Speaker Roles

Debating is a team sport – you must work together when preparing you case and during the debate. Each speaker within the team has a certain role to play. It is important that each speaker understands and fulfils their role.

These speaker roles might sound a bit restrictive, but they help the debate run smoothly and clearly, so that everyone in the room understands what the debate is about and what each team stands for.

In each debate, there are two teams of three speakers. The team which argues for the topic is called the affirmative. The team arguing against the topic is called the negative. Each speaker speaks once for a defined period. The order of speakers is: first affirmative, first negative, second affirmative, second negative, third affirmative, third negative. Following this final speech, the debating component is done, and the adjudicator takes time to give feedback and award the win.

First Affirmative

The first affirmative’s role is to set out their team’s interpretation of the topic (the contention/team case), define the topic, outline the team split, and present arguments.

Define the topic

The first task of the first affirmative speaker is to define the topic.  The definition specifies the important issue(s) in contention, and places boundaries on the issues that can be argued in the debate. Certain words will have vague or multiple meanings. The definition should note the meaning of key words in the topic. Definitions of words do not need to be dictionary definitions/quote directly from the dictionary.

For example, if the topic was ‘that we should ban junk food in schools,’ the words which are vague and may need definition are: we, junk food, and, schools. Defining ‘we’ says who or where the topic applies (Australia, Victoria, the world). Defining ‘schools’ says what is being impacted - is it primary, secondary schools, or both? Defining ‘junk food’ notes the subject, and can be used to include certain foods, or exclude certain foods. However, as there is a common sense understanding of what junk food is, it can be fine to just say ‘junk food’ if the affirmative team wants. The words in the topic like ‘that’, ‘should’, ‘ban’ and ‘in’ don’t require definition as they are not the issues of contention.

A definition can be short, and to the point. Using the sample topic, the first affirmative could define the topic in their speech as: ‘we define the topic to mean that Australia should ban junk food from all schools, both primary and secondary.’

The team split

It is essential to let the audience know early on in the debate exactly which way your team will be heading and the approach they will be taking to the debate. The split introduces the first and second speakers, and notes what their arguments will be.

Present arguments

First and second speakers of both teams present arguments. The arguments said by the first speaker should be different, and not overlap, with the arguments of the second speaker. The arguments should be supporting your team’s contention (agreeing or disagreeing with the topic). The first affirmative should present the arguments allocated to the first speaker.

First Negative

The role of the first negative is very similar to the first affirmative. The first negative’s role is to outlines their team’s contention, team split, rebut the arguments of the first affirmative, and present arguments.

The main difference between first affirmative and negative is that the first affirmative defines the topic, which the first negative does not (typically) do so, and, that the first negative offers rebuttal. 

The Definitional Challenge

In most circumstances, the definition provided by the affirmative is sufficient for the debate. On occasion, the negative may have a substantial disagreement with the definition provided by the Affirmative. If this is the case, then these must be dealt with immediately. To successfully challenge the definition, the first negative must prove to the adjudicator that they have the most reasonable definition (thus showing the affirmative’s definition was not reasonable).

A rebuttal is a counterargument. The speaker should attack the main theme of the affirmative argument, as well as the specific issues raised by the first affirmative speaker. It is important to remember that you are rebutting the arguments the opposing speaker has raised, not the opposing speaker personally.

Outline team split

Like the first affirmative, they should give an outline of the team case and the arguments to be dealt with by each speaker.

First and second speakers of both teams present arguments. The arguments said by the first speaker should be different, and not overlap, with the arguments of the second speaker. The arguments should be supporting your team’s contention (agreeing or disagreeing with the topic). The first negative should present the arguments allocated to the first speaker.

Second Affirmative & Second Negative

The second speakers of both teams have the same speaker role. They both rebut their opposition’s arguments, and present their own arguments.

Defend the definition if necessary

If there are any definitional issues in the debate, then these need to be dealt with and hopefully fully cleared up. Both speakers should keep in mind, like the first negative, that they are trying to prove that their definition is the most reasonable.

Each speaker should attack the main arguments of their opponents. The second affirmative should clearly identify the major areas of disagreement with the with the negative case and attack the specific arguments of the first negative.

The second negative needs to attack the main arguments of the affirmative, focusing on the specific arguments raised by the second affirmative.

The speaker should then present their allocated arguments.

Third Affirmative & Negative

The third speakers of both teams have the same role: to rebut their opposition’s arguments, and to summarise their team’s arguments.

Third speakers do not present arguments! New matter is illegal from the third speaker from the Negative, and whilst it is legal for the third Affirmative speaker to introduce new material, you are best advised to leave that speaker as much time as possible for rebuttal. If it is an important argument, it should not be left to the last speaker in your team!

The third speaker should rebut all the arguments raised by their opposition across the debate, not just the arguments raised by the speaker before them. They should to present an overview by analysing the main themes of the debate. [29]They should identify the essential issues on which the teams have disagreed, rebut the important arguments of the opposing team and defend any important attacks made against their own team’s case.

Summary of their team’s arguments

Both speakers should conclude their speech with a brief summary of their teams’ case.

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Propositions in Debate Definition and Examples

Glossary of Grammatical and Rhetorical Terms

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• An Introduction to Punctuation
• Ph.D., Rhetoric and English, University of Georgia
• M.A., Modern English and American Literature, University of Leicester
• B.A., English, State University of New York

In an argument or debate , a proposition is a statement that affirms or denies something.

As explained below, a proposition may function as a premise or a conclusion in a syllogism or enthymeme .

In formal debates, a proposition may also be called a topic, motion , or resolution .

Etymology From the Latin, "to set forth"

Examples and Observations

"An argument is any group of propositions where one proposition is claimed to follow from the others, and where the others are treated as furnishing grounds or support for the truth of the one. An argument is not a mere collection of propositions, but a group with a particular, rather formal, structure. . . .

"The conclusion of an argument is the one proposition that is arrived at and affirmed on the basis of the other propositions of the argument.

"The premises of an argument are the other propositions which are assumed or otherwise accepted as providing support or justification for accepting the one proposition which is the conclusion. Thus, in the three propositions that follow in the universal deductive categorical syllogism, the first two are premises and the third the conclusion :

All men are mortal.​ Socrates is a man. Socrates is mortal.

. . . Premises and conclusions require each other. A proposition standing alone is neither a premise nor a conclusion." (Ruggero J. Aldisert, "Logic in Forensic Science." Forensic Science and Law , ed. by Cyril H. Wecht and John T. Rago. Taylor & Francis, 2006)

Effective Argumentative Essays

"The first step in arguing successfully is to state your position clearly. This means that a good thesis is crucial to your essay. For argumentative or persuasive essays, the thesis is sometimes called a major proposition , or a claim. Through your major proposition, you take a definite position in a debate, and by taking a strong position, you give your essay its argumentative edge. Your readers must know what your position is and must see that you have supported your main idea with convincing minor points." (Gilbert H. Muller and Harvey S. Wiener, The Short Prose Reader , 12th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2009)

Propositions in Debates

"Debate is the process of presenting arguments for or against a proposition. Propositions for which people argue are controversial and have one or more individuals presenting the case for the proposition while others present the case against it. Every debater is an advocate; the purpose of each speaker is to gain the belief of the audience for his side. Argument is the core of the debate speech—the superior debater must be superior in the use of argument. The chief means of persuasion in debate is the logical mode." (Robert B. Huber and Alfred Snider, Influencing Through Argument , rev. ed. International Debate Education Association, 2006)

Clarifying Propositions

"[It often requires] some work to extract a clear representation of an argument from any given prose passage. First of all, it is possible to express a proposition using any kind of grammatical construction. Interrogative, optative, or exclamatory sentences, for example, can, with appropriate contextual stage setting, be used to express propositions. In the interests of clarity, therefore, it will often be helpful to paraphrase an author's words, in expressing a premise or conclusion, into the form of a declarative sentence that transparently expresses a proposition. Second, not every proposition expressed in an argumentative prose passage occurs within that passage as either a premise or a conclusion, or as (a proper) part of a premise or conclusion. We'll refer to these propositions, which are neither identical with nor embedded in any premise or conclusion, and to the sentences by which they are expressed, as noise . A noisy proposition makes a claim that is extraneous to the content of the argument in question." (Mark Vorobej, A Theory of Argument . Cambridge University Press, 2006)

Pronunciation: PROP-eh-ZISH-en

• Definition and Examples of Conclusions in Arguments
• Premise Definition and Examples in Arguments
• Definition and Examples of Valid Arguments
• What Is an Argument?
• What Is Deductive Reasoning?
• Enthymeme - Definition and Examples
• Definition and Examples of Syllogisms
• Reductio Ad Absurdum in Argument
• AP English Exam: 101 Key Terms
• Contradictory Premises in an Argument
• Tips on How to Write an Argumentative Essay
• Positive Rhetoric: Affirmative Sentences
• How to Prove an Argument Invalid by a Counterexample
• Definition and Examples of Propaganda
• Quoting Out of Context Fallacy
• Definition and Examples of Dialectic in Rhetoric

Myths & Misconceptions: Speaker 2

In this series titled ‘Myths & Misconceptions’, we will address the myths surrounding each speaker role. In this article, we’ll be looking at Speaker 2.

‘Don’t rebut’

Similar to what we discussed in the previous article: many 2nd speakers leave the role of rebuttal to 3rd speakers. However, we must clarify that rebuttal is one of the most important components to a 2nd speaker’s speech. Opening your speech with rebuttal puts pressure on the opposing team while also reaffirming the strength and composure of your side.

‘Don’t waste time on what your first speaker said’

Time is a scarce resource in debating, and though we encourage you to be wary of it, do not let yourself be scared by it. Younger debaters have a much more panicked attitude towards time in debates, and therefore feel that need to ration all their points. This may result in what can, in the big picture, look like a disconnected and scattered team argument.

Strong second speakers are able to take the initial point mentioned by their first speaker and build on it, adding different threads of logic, different interpretations, or even new evidence to help prove the argument. Either way, the key point to take away is to follow up on your first speaker.

‘Say all your team’s points’

Similarly to the last point, trying to stuff as many points as you can into your speech will not earn you more credit. The phrase ‘quality over quantity’ is most true in this scenario. Try and break up your argument into different themes and key concepts, and start working from there. Breaking one point up into several threads of reasoning is much more credible and persuasive than several points explained in less detailed ways.

Disclaimer:  This purpose of this article is solely to analyse debating technique through a certain perspective.

Produced by Nikola Pandurovic (Chief Editor at DebatePro)

Myths & Misconceptions: Speaker 1

In this series titled ‘Myths & Misconceptions’, we will address common thoughts, expectations, and ideas that people have about their speaker roles which aren’t actually true. In this article, we’ll be looking at the first speaker.

‘Define the Motion’

There exists a widespread idea that all first speakers are required to ‘define the motion’ as per the dictionary meaning. This should not be the main intention because it is better to explain your team’s interpretation of the motion. In your preparation, you should strive to deconstruct the motion, and explore the ideal strategic approach.

Let’s look at a mock motion:

THR the influence of traditional masculinity on society .

With motions of this sort, the debate is really won or lost in how you approach the motion itself. How would you define ‘traditional masculinity’? Team Proposition may associate ‘traditional masculinity’ with ‘toxic masculinity’. Team Opposition, on the other hand, would argue that those two ideas are independent from each other. Another possible definition to explore: what is society? 

As you can see, there is great potential in expanding your debate just by taking more time to analyse and unpick the motion.

Again, a common belief is that first speakers should leave all their rebuttal to the second or third speakers. This is simply incorrect and could be detrimental to your team’s performance. If Team Proposition’s first speaker makes a critical error, the Opposition first speaker should use their speech as an opportunity to strike back and regain momentum. As the adage goes ‘A lie told too many times becomes the truth’; and in this way, you should not let your opponent repeat false statements without calling them out.

‘Don’t mention the best point’

Many first speakers are intimidated to discuss the strong arguments as they think they are stealing the job of the second speaker. We believe the first speaker should mention the most important point in their team’s case. Thus, they are able to set the tone for the debate and provide a platform for their second speaker to use.

Disclaimer:  This purpose of this article is solely to analyse debating technique and not offer any views or stance on the content of the aforementioned debate/motion.

Style vs Substance

The question of ‘Style vs Substance’ is central in debating. What sets apart great debaters is their ability to strike a balance between those two concepts. It is important to be able to provide a strong, sophisticated speech while also decorating them with your own personal touch.

Substance :

Working and developing the content of your speeches is easy to learn but hard to master. Refining the substance of your speeches is very closely tied to refining your knowledge of the speaker roles. Each speaker role, from 1st to reply, has specific goals and strategies to achieve and implement. At DebatePro, we offer various resources and guides for improving your skill set in your speaker roles. Maintaining a concise structure in your speeches is also vital, as it will keep it engaging and clear throughout.

Learning how to thread your own charm and charisma is something which you develop only through experience. The more you debate, the more you realise what works for you, and the easier it is for you to find and channel your voice. The great advantage of a speaker who knows how to maximise their style is how unique and memorable their speech becomes. Substance is, of course, the most important component of your speech, but marrying a well written speech with unique style is what differentiates you from the others.

Presidential Debate #2

Sometimes we get so drawn into analyzing our jobs as debaters, we forget how prevalent debating is in the real-world. From arguments on television to discussions at home, we are surrounded by debate. Because of this, we feel it is important for all debaters to extend their skills outside the traditional WSDC format. At its simplest, debating is about explaining your ideas, and the best way for you to master that skill is by exploring how it is done in different situations.

One of the most popular demonstrations of debating is in the US Presidential debates. In this article we will be dissecting a brief point of clash during the 2012 debates. Particularly, we will look at how Mitt Romney was able to use statistical evidence to form a point, and how Barack Obama efficiently conducted rebuttal.

‘Our navy is smaller now than any time since 1917’ (4:12)

Mitt Romney presents a point as to why military spending should increase. He justifies it using a statistic which shows how the US military is the smallest it has been in almost a hundred years. Romney leads the audience to believe that ‘the smallest army’ also means ‘the weakest army’, and hence military spending needs to be increased. By using such a data point to substantiate his argument, Romney looks to convince the audience. 

There’s plenty for you to learn from this. Firstly, what’s important to note is that Romney does a solid job in developing his argument using statistics. Remember that whilst the debate may be between two sides of the house, there is a third party involved: the judge. At the end of the day your job is to convince the judge, not your opponent, that you’ve won. Rarely will judges be as well prepped in the motion as you, therefore, it is vital that you use simple and clear statistics in order to help paint the picture that you wish to paint.

Though there is nothing wrong with making a bold jump, the issues begin to surface if you make a jump that’s too big. Romney made a point and delivered it well, but the premise was based on a misinterpretation, something that Obama would soon rebut. 

‘That’s unacceptable to me’ (4:23)

By using the pronoun ‘me’, Romney looks to personalise his argument and present himself as a figure of authority. In this way, he tries to win some credibility and trust with the American audience.

It may seem like a minor thing, but the effect of pronouns can be very powerful. If we look back at some of the iconic political quotes in American history, and you will find that many of them feature a deliberate use of a pronoun e.g. ‘I have a dream (Martin Luther King Jr.)’, ‘We choose to go to the moon (John F. Kennedy).’  Language is a very powerful tool, so maximise it.

‘Not something that I proposed…It will not happen’ (5:08)

Romney appeared to falsely quote Obama in his speech, and the then President took almost no time to correct his opponent and clarify his own stance.

Very often in debating, you will face situations where your opponents may misquote or manipulate your argument. The absolute worst mistake you could make here is to not comment and hope the judge sees their error. You must affirmatively and confidently address this and clarify your stance to the judge. It may end up being a critical point that wins or loses you the debate.

‘Governor we have fewer horses and bayonets…’ (5:28)

Romney took a bold risk by using a statistic based on history. What Obama did outstandingly well was not just be quick on his feet and refute his opponent’s argument, but articulate it in a concise and accessible manner.

Frequently, debaters treat rebuttal as a short task to do before their speeches. If you truly want to conduct a strong and effective rebuttal, you need to nurture it and develop it just as you would any other point. Don’t be afraid to go into depth.

‘When I sit down with the secretary of the Navy and the joint chiefs of staffs,’ (5:49)

In the same way that Romney tried to reach out to the audience by using personal pronouns, Obama does so too. Whilst Romney tries to gain credibility by stating that the topic at hand is important to him, Obama states how he has worked on the matter. Thus he shows himself to have a more developed understanding of the situation. He frames it in a manner which presents him as the more experienced candidate.

‘It just doesn’t work. We visited the website quite a bit, and it still doesn’t work’ (6:14)

Here, Obama makes a call-back to an earlier moment in the debate, when Romney asked the audience to visit his website to check the further details of his plan. The purpose of this line from Obama is purely flair, much like his ‘horses and bayonets’ line previously.

Using style and charisma in your speeches can be a very tight rope to walk, however, if you learn to deliver those lines at the right time, you will end with very memorable and powerful moments.

Disclaimer: This purpose of this article is solely to analyse debating technique and not offer any views or stance on the content of the aforementioned debate.

An Exemplar Debate from WSDC #4

Speaker 2 begins powerfully by simplifying the underlying principle of the opposition’s case. He then refutes this premise through characterising their stance in a negative manner. The speaker then effectively proves the validity and strength of his own argument compared to the opposition’s ‘flawed’ premise. 

After this refutation, he logically outlines his team’s three pronged constructive argument. By providing a clear structure, the speaker ensures that the adjudicator can follow his argument. This is an effective technique as it simplifies your team’s argument thus allowing for the audience and judge to better interact and understand your ideas. Regardless of the strength of your ideas and points, the judge has to always be able to follow what you are saying otherwise there is no use. Therefore, this is an important skill that all speakers should try to employ.

As stated in our article on the WSDC judging guideline, strategy accounts for 20 points in the judging criteria. During this speech, the second speaker demonstrates effective use of strategy by linking back to his team members’ previous arguments, and strengthening it by providing an alternate constructive argument on the same basic ideas. By linking your second speech to your team’s argument, you will be able to maximise your points in the judging criteria.

Point of Information

Certain formats of debate have the ability for speakers to be questioned and interjected during their speeches in the form of polite ‘Points of information’. These points are questions targeted at the speaker by the opposing team. This technique obliges the speaker to engage with the opposing point of view raised during their speech. 

If your opponents are speaking and they discuss something that is untrue, you can respectfully raise your hand and say ‘point of information.’ The opponent can then choose whether to accept or decline it. If the speaker accepts your request, you can then ask a short, snappy question that aims to expose your opponent’s flaws and weaknesses. They can be asked at any point in time during the opponent’s speech, apart from the allocated protected time and reply speeches. 

It is encouraged that a speaker accepts at least one POI during their speech. In addition, a team should wait a minimum of 15 seconds before asking their next POI to the speaker. This is an important part of debate etiquette which respects the speaker and allows them to frame their team’s argument without too much disruption. Certain judges will frown upon teams who ‘badger’ and ask too many POIs to the speaker as this can be construed as unfair. There is a fine balance that needs to be achieved which will come as you continue to gain experience.

POIs are very important for you to develop as a debater, because this allows you to develop a presence of mind and teaches you to think quickly on your feet. At the same time, they also learn to frame well-phrased arguments, both while asking and answering points of information, in a short period of time.

An Exemplar Debate from WSDC #3

WSDC 2018 – England vs USA – Speaker 1 Proposition Analysis:

Speaker 1, the opener of a WSDC debate, is vital in setting the tone and structure of the rest of the debate. England’s speaker 1 in the debate began powerfully with a real life example that would resonate throughout the debate. This effortlessly flowed into his team stance, burden of proof and case division. It is this type of interesting introduction that deviates from the traditional structure of a 1st speech, providing a unique insight into his style. This unique approach may be something you consider incorporating into your own speech. The speaker uses imagery to convey the practical impacts of the motion, which is very effective in providing the judge with a visual image of the destructive consequences of implementing the policy.

Debate Etiquette

Understanding the decorum of a debate can help debaters enhance their argumentation and delivery, as well as ensuring that you remain respectful to all participants and adjudicators. 

One of the most important aspects of debate etiquette is to focus on attacking the ideas presented, rather than the people. Attacking an opponent on the personal level only weakens the argument. Instead, debaters should identify flaws in their opponents’ reasoning and call their logic into question. 

Another element which is central to the success of the debate as a whole, is politeness. This can be in a variety of ways. For example, if the debater believes the opponent is wrong about a point, they should address this in a tactful manner. Instead of simply stating the opponent is wrong, students should explain why the opponents idea is flawed with substantial support. Politeness is also conveyed during communication with both the judge, and fellow debaters. It is essential to accept the judges final decision, compliments and criticism during the debate. If you are unhappy with the result of a debate, politely ask for the judges guidance on areas of improvement at the end – this will benefit you in the long-term as a debater! 

Finally, as a debater you should use an appropriate tone of voice, maintain composure throughout the debate and avoid talking/bickering whilst another speaker is debating.

WSDC Judging Criteria

The World Schools Debating Championships (WSDC) is a global competition for high school debaters. The championships take place each year in a different country, hosted by a national debating body. It is important to understand the judging criteria for this style of debate, to formulate an effective speech, and win the debate on the comparative. Each speaker in WSDC format, is judged based on 3 categories: Content (40 points), Style (40 points) and Strategy (20 points). 

Content accounts for WHAT is being presented. It refers to the strength of the argument, and the material presented by the speaker on its own terms. This section assesses the quality of analysis, and the cohesive manner in which it is presented, as well as the evidence, examples and anecdotes used to support the points made. It also evaluates whether the speaker has an accurate grasp of opponents arguments, and quality of rebuttals presented.

Style accounts for HOW content is being presented. It covers the manner in which the speaker is presenting the argument, using language effectively, for example rhetorical tools. It emphasizes clarity, audience engagement and persuasion.

Strategy accounts for WHY content is being said. This looks at which arguments are being prioritized, and whether the team as a whole have identified and demonstrated an understanding of the relevant, critical arguments for each side. Consistency between team members, and the ability to respond to POI’s are all judged in this section.

The WSDC judging format is a holistic overview of the quality of individual speakers as well as an analysis of the team functioning as a unit. It rewards adaptability, teamwork and preparation. Having an awareness of these points whilst debating, will ensure success for you and your team!

How to deliver an effective reply speech?

What are the key features of a reply speech?

These are the last speeches delivered in the debate. The speaking time for a reply speech is half the time of the regular speeches. A reply speech is usually delivered by either the 1st or 2nd speaker of the team.

What is the aim of a reply speech?

The aim of a reply speech is to provide each team a chance to consolidate and review the debate in a favourable light. A good reply speech analyses the main themes/points in the debate. There is no point in repeating what your team has said as you should be using the previously laid out points to show why you have won. You need to show why your arguments are more significant than the other team’s case.

What is one way that we can structure a reply speech?

Pick certain contentious points/themes to clarify and analyse

• Assess what would happen in your world
• Assess what would happen in their world
• Tell the judge why the things that happen in your world are more significant/meaningful

This idea of ‘our world’ and ‘your world’ is a common technique that is used in reply speeches. This is because it ensures that the speaker is not just talking about their case but rather weighing it against the opposition.

General Reminders:

Make sure you have proven the burden of proof that was initially set by your 1st speaker. In addition, you need to ensure that you have strongly summarised your team’s case as you have the last word. It is your duty to make sure the debate is simplified and all possible rebuttal or flaws that were directed at your team have been handled.

A reply speech is a unique opportunity because it allows the speaker to approach the issue in a creative way. The structure that we endorse is a mere recommendation; if you feel that there is another way that suits you better, feel free to use what works for you.

If you need any clarification, please feel free to email us at [email protected].

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