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A study of a strut-free excavation system in deep excavations
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This paper presents the use of a strut-free earth retaining wall system, referred to as RFD system, in deep excavations. The strut free earth retaining system was a combination of diaphragm walls, cross walls, buttress walls, and U-shape walls. The performance and mechanisms of the strut-free earth retaining wall system were investigated through three-dimensional finite element analyses. Results showed that the system stiffness of the RFD system is a major factor of controlling deformations induced by deep excavation. As long as the depth and spacing of those walls were appropriately designed or analyzed, the excavation can be conducted without necessary installation of strutting system that even can result in a relatively small wall deflection and ground settlement.
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Case Record of a Strut-free Excavation with Buttress Walls in Soft Soil
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- Aswin Lim 5 , 6 &
- Chang-Yu Ou 6
Part of the book series: Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering ((SSGG))
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This paper presents a well-documented strut-free excavation case with diaphragm walls, buttress walls, and partial floor slabs as the strut-free retaining system. The final excavation level was 9.2 m, covering an area about 17340 m 2 . Because of its large excavation geometry, this project utilized the strut-free retaining system to reduce the construction cost and period. The soil layers above the final excavation level are dominated by the soft to medium clay layer (SPT = 2–7) and the loose silty sand layer (SPT = 2–6). According to the interpretation of field monitoring results, the following significant findings were drawn, such as (1) the measured maximum wall deflection was similar compared with strutted excavation case histories in the Taipei area. The maximum wall deflections to final excavation level ratio (δ hmax /H e ) were between 0.27 and 0.55; (2) at the long-side of diaphragm wall, the pattern of the wall deflections is a cantilever shape with a translational movement at the wall toe and the location of maximum wall deflection was near the top of the wall; (3) at the short-side of diaphragm wall, the pattern of the wall deflections when reaching the final excavation level was a curvature shape and the location of maximum wall deflection was slightly lower than the final excavation level; (4) The maximum ground surface settlements to final excavation level ratio were below δ vmax /H e = 0.3%. Although it was quite small, the ground surface settlements extend to the significant distance behind the diaphragm wall; (5) the strut-free retaining system was proven successful to retain soil during excavation.
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Efficiency of excavations with buttress walls in reducing the deflection of the diaphragm wall, investigation of the integrated retaining system to limit deformations induced by deep excavation.
Characteristics of Excavation-Induced Deformation Associated with Different Propped Retaining Walls in Soft Soil
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Acknowledgment
The authors acknowledge the support provided by the Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan via grant number MOST103-2221-E-011-070-MY3. The authors would like to thank Sino Geotechnology, Inc. for the provision of detailed geotechnical information on the case study.
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Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Katolik Parahyangan, Bandung, 40141, Indonesia
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Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Renpeng Chen
Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Lim, A., Ou, CY. (2018). Case Record of a Strut-free Excavation with Buttress Walls in Soft Soil. In: Chen, R., Zheng, G., Ou, C. (eds) Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Asia Urban GeoEngineering. Springer Series in Geomechanics and Geoengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-6632-0_11
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- DOI: 10.6310/JOG.202012_15(4).4
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Case Study: CASE RECORD OF PHASE 1 OF KAOHSIUNG METRO - GEOTECHNICAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A LARGE-SCALE UNDERGROUND STATION
- B. Hsiung , Li-Jung Chung , Miao Lin
- Published 1 December 2020
- Engineering, Geology
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Development and field analysis of a novel servo concrete bracing system for deep foundation pit excavation.
1. Introduction
2. engineering background, 2.1. overall project information, 2.2. site geological conditions, 2.3. bracing structure design of the foundation pit, 3. servo concrete bracing system design and field implementation, 3.1. configuration of servo concrete bracing system, 3.2. field implementation, 4. field monitoring result and discussion, 4.1. wall lateral displacement monitoring results, 4.1.1. wall displacement results, 4.1.2. assessing the performance of the servo strut system, 4.1.3. displacement evolution of characteristic depths with servo strut, 4.2. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
| Soil Type | Strength Parameters |
(kN/m ) | Saturation
Sr (%) | Void
Ratio e | Static Earth Pressure Coefficient
| Permeability Coefficient
(cm/s) | Subgrade Reaction Stiffness
(kN/m ) | Compression Modulus
(MPa) |
|---|
C
(KPa) |
(°) |
|---|
| Silty clay | 21 | 19 | 18.6 | 96 | 0.891 | 0.50 | 3.5 × 10 | 3000 | 4.73 |
| Muddy silty clay | 11 | 19 | 17.3 | 99 | 1.243 | 0.56 | 8.6 × 10 | 1500 | 3.02 |
| Clayey silt | 7 | 31 | 18.7 | 96 | 0.850 | 0.40 | 2.2 × 10 | 3000 | 7.94 |
| Muddy clay | 10 | 13 | 16.4 | 96 | 1.499 | 0.60 | 4.2 × 10 | 1500 | 1.96 |
| Clay | 14 | 12 | 17.2 | 96 | 1.238 | 0.55 | 5.7 × 10 | 2000 | 2.80 |
| Silty clay | 6 | 32.5 | 18.6 | 95 | 0.858 | 0.41 | 3.0 × 10 | 4000 | 8.38 |
| Silty sand | 4 | 34.0 | 18.7 | 96 | 0.830 | 0.41 | 3.0 × 10 | 4000 | 8.87 |
| Silty clay interbedded with silty soil | 15 | 19.5 | 18.3 | 96 | 0.955 | 0.56 | 1.3 × 10 | 2500 | 4.43 |
| Silty sand | 4 | 35 | 18.8 | 95 | 0.807 | 0.41 | 3.0 × 10 | 4500 | 8.25 |
| Silty sand | 2 | 35.5 | 18.9 | 95 | 0.771 | 0.39 | 4.0 × 10 | 7000 | 9.68 |
| Muddy silty clay interbedded with sandy silt | 17 | 21 | 18.4 | 96 | 0.915 | 0.54 | 3.6 × 10 | 3000 | 5.91 |
| Strut | Cross-Section (Width × Height, mm) | Depth (m) /BGS |
|---|
| Z1 | Z3 | Z1 | Z3 |
|---|
| 1st RC strut | 800 × 800 | 800 × 800 | 0.6 | 0.6 |
| 2nd RC strut | 1000 × 900 | 1000 × 1000 | 5.1 | 4.6 |
| 3rd RC strut | 1000 × 1000 | 1100 × 1100 | 9.1 | 8.4 |
| 4th RC strut | 1000 × 1000 | 1000 × 1000 | 13.1 | 12.2 |
| 5th RC strut | 1100 × 1000 | 1000 × 1000 | 17.1 | 16.1 |
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Wang, S.; Xu, L.; Zhang, X.; Long, L.; Zhuang, X. Development and Field Analysis of a Novel Servo Concrete Bracing System for Deep Foundation Pit Excavation. Buildings 2024 , 14 , 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061674
Wang S, Xu L, Zhang X, Long L, Zhuang X. Development and Field Analysis of a Novel Servo Concrete Bracing System for Deep Foundation Pit Excavation. Buildings . 2024; 14(6):1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061674
Wang, Shaochun, Lei Xu, Xuehui Zhang, Luyuan Long, and Xiaoying Zhuang. 2024. "Development and Field Analysis of a Novel Servo Concrete Bracing System for Deep Foundation Pit Excavation" Buildings 14, no. 6: 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061674
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A Novel Strut-free Retaining Wall System for Deep Excavation in Soft Clay : Numerical Study
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Strut Design of Deep Excavation: Theory and Solved Example
In this paper, the theory and the background of strut design are presented. The limitations of the traditional method and the results of new researches have been discussed. Overall, by presenting a solved example, this article is like a design guideline for engineers.
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This paper presents a successful design of a strut-free excavation retaining system, namely the TPKE project. The TPKE excavation project was 13.2 m deep, covering approximately 127 × 105 m which is considered as a large excavation. Considering the cost saving and construction period shortening, the configurations of the diaphragm walls, buttress walls, cross walls, and the capping slab were ...
Abstract and Figures. This paper presents a successful design of a strut-free excavation retaining system, namely the TPKE project. The TPKE excavation project was 13.2 m deep, covering ...
Article on A case study of strut-free excavation retaining system, published in Acta Geotechnica 17 on 2022-05-27 by Tzu-Yuan Yeh+2. Read the article A case study of strut-free excavation retaining system on R Discovery, your go-to avenue for effective literature search.
This paper presents a novel strut-free earth retaining wall system for excavation in soft clay, referred to as the rigid and fixed diaphragm (RFD) wall retaining system. The RFD system is comprised of four main structures—diaphragm walls, rib-walls, cross walls, and buttress walls—and a complementary structure—the cap-slab. The characteristics of the RFD system are: (1) the formation of ...
The strut free earth retaining system was a combination of diaphragm walls, cross walls, buttress walls, and U-shape walls. The performance and mechanisms of the strut-free earth retaining wall system were investigated through three-dimensional finite element analyses. Results showed that the system stiffness of the RFD system is a major factor ...
AbstractStrut-free retaining walls are an efficient and cost-effective technology for large-scale excavations, but their application at excavation depths of more than 10 m in soft soils has rarely been reported. An innovative multibench retaining system ...Practical ApplicationsThis case study reports an application of multibench excavation with IVFRW in a 14.7-m excavation in soft soil ...
This paper presents a well-documented strut-free excavation case with diaphragm walls, buttress walls, and partial floor slabs as the strut-free retaining system. The final excavation level was 9.2 m, covering an area about 17340 m 2. Because of its large excavation geometry, this project utilized the strut-free retaining system to reduce the ...
The characteristics of the RFD system are: (1) the formation of a continuous earth retaining wall by constructing diaphragm walls along the circumference of the excavated zone; (2) the formation ...
This paper aims to evaluate the performance of a novel strut-free excavation system in clays using three-dimensional finite element analyses. This system typically consists of the diaphragm wall ...
These findings confirm, as stated by [35], [36], [37], [39], that strut-free retaining walls are an efficient and cost-effective technology for large-scale excavations. Download ... Three-dimensional response of the supported-deep excavation system: case study of a large-scale underground metro station. Geosciences, 10 (2) (2020), p. 76, 10. ...
To simultaneously limit the excavation-induced movement and ensure cost-effectiveness, a new strut-free retaining wall system, so-called inclined-vertical framed retaining wall (IVFRW), is developed for deep excavation (Zheng et al., 2022).The basic configuration of an IVFRW is depicted in Fig. 1 (a). The IVFRW consists of three main components: a vertical pile, an inclined pile and a capping ...
IMPLICATIONS IN CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT： A CASE STUDY Pei-Yan Lin 1 , Teng-Kuei Chang 2, Shu-Ken Ho 3, and S. Ping Ho 4 ABSTRACT This paper presents a case study of a basement construction during building renovation, where an underground tube-like retaining structure was constructed with a strut-free support system.
A study of a strut-free excavation system in deep excavations. April 2021. DOI: 10.1201/9780429321559-47. In book: Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground (pp.365-370 ...
This paper presents a novel strut-free earth retaining wall system for excavation in soft clay, referred to as the rigid and fixed diaphragm (RFD) wall retaining system. The RFD system is comprised of four main structures—diaphragm walls, rib-walls, cross walls, and buttress walls—and a complementary structure—the cap-slab. The characteristics of the RFD system are: (1) the formation of ...
The final excavation level was 9.2 m, covering an area about 17340 m2. Because of its large excavation geometry, this project utilized the strut-free retaining system to reduce the construction cost and period. The soil layers above the final excavation level are dominated by the soft to medium clay layer (SPT = 2-7) and the loose silty sand ...
This paper mainly aims to describe details of a large- scale strut-free cofferdam excavation with a diameter of 140 m and a depth of 27 m. The excavation was performed as part of the construction of an interchange station in Phase 1 of the Kaohsiung MRT system and it includes aspects of geotechnical engineering design, construction and performance of said excavation in this paper. The pit was ...
90 For each level of struts, the struts at x=-2 m and x=2 m sections (when horizontal strut spacing 91 was 4 m) are identical due to symmetry of the struts and walers. Fig.2 also plots the embedded 92 retaining wall together with a five-level strut system for H e =17 m. H p refers to the wall's
This paper presents a successful design of a strut-free excavation retaining system, namely the TPKE project. The TPKE excavation project was 13.2 m deep, covering approximately 127 × 105 m which ...
The strutted diaphragm wall method is adopted, the depth of the excavation and the excavation width are 10 m, the horizontal distance between struts is 5 m, the soil of the site is sandy soil and the groundwater level is rather deep. The unit weight of sand is 19.9 kN/m3 and the friction angle (ϕ) of soil is 33˚.
This study demonstrates the design and field implementation of an innovative servo concrete bracing system in foundation pit excavation. The bracing system comprises concrete struts, revised purlins, and hydraulic jacks, and its field performance is evaluated in a deep foundation pit project in Shanghai, China. The field measurements demonstrate that the servo bracing system effectively ...
Abstract: This paper presents a novel strut-free earth retaining wall system for excavation in soft clay, referred to as the rigid and fixed diaphragm (RFD) wall retaining system. The RFD system is comprised of four main structures—diaphragm walls, rib-walls, cross walls, and buttress walls—and a complementary structure—the cap-slab.
However, the dense arrangement of struts could obstruct construction works and increase the cost and construction period because of insufficient working space. erefore, the strut-free retaining ...
A novel strut-free excavation system is specifically adapted to optimize working space, shorten the construction period, and effectively reduce excessive wall displacement, which has been verified ...
View PDF. Strut Design of Deep Excavation Theory and Solved Example Mohammad Bahrami PhD Student, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran Abstract In this paper, the theory and the background of strut design are presented. The limitations of the traditional method and the results of new researches have been ...