women's role in indian freedom struggle essay upsc

General Studies

All Programmes

Study Material

Significance of Women’s Participation in Freedom Struggle

• Women played a crucial role in providing cohesiveness to the nationalist movement due to the universal category of "woman" that transcended divisions.
• Nationalists used the concept of "Bharat Mata" to evoke nationalist sentiments and delegitimise British rule, which also legitimised women's involvement in the public sphere.
• Women's support was essential for effective forms of resistance, such as boycotting foreign-made cloth and picketing shops.
• The female intelligentsia took leadership roles and facilitated the participation of women from the extended female space, creating an intermediate social space between the household and the public world.
• Women's participation in the freedom struggle empowered them and brought them out of domestic confinement into public life, professions, and governance roles. It strengthened the national movement and opened doors for gender equality.

PYQs on the Role of Women In Indian Freedom Struggle

Q)  Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase. (UPSC Mains 2016)

Q)  With reference to Indian freedom struggle, Usha Mehta is well-known for ? (UPSC Prelims 2011)

a) running the secret congress radio in the wake of quit India movement

b) participating in the second round table conference

c) leading a contingent of Indian national army

d) assisting in the formation of Interim Government under Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

Q)  Annie Besant was (UPSC Prelims 2013)

• responsible for starting the Home Rule Movement
• the founder of the Theosophical Society
• once the President of the Indian National Congress

Select the correct statement/statements using the codes given below.

a) 1 only 

b) 2 and 3 only

c) 1 and 3 only 

d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (c)

FAQs on the Role of Women In Indian Freedom Struggle

What was the background of the women who participated in the indian freedom struggle.

Women from diverse backgrounds, including royalty, aristocracy, and commoners, actively participated in the freedom struggle.

Which women freedom fighters took part in the Salt Satyagraha?

Women freedom fighters such as Sarojini Naidu, Mithuben Petit, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Matangini Hazra, etc., actively joined the Salt Satyagraha, which was a large-scale act of civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. 

Which Women Freedom Fighters made notable contributions in the field of education?

Some notable figures include Savitribai Phule, Ramabai Ranade, Rani Laxmi Bai, Sarojini Naidu, and Madam Bhikaji Cama. They were actively involved in promoting education and empowering women through various initiatives.

What were the challenges faced by women during the freedom struggle? 

While taking part in the freedom struggle, women encountered various obstacles, such as social stigma, violence, and imprisonment at the hands of colonial authorities.

Who was Annie Besant?

Annie Besant, a notable British theosophist and reformer, played a significant role in advocating for Indian independence. Besant became a member of the Theosophical Society and later served as its representative. 

© 2024 Vajiram & Ravi. All rights reserved

[Answered]Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase.

Women’s participation in India’s freedom struggle began as early as in 1817. While women were involved in the political arena since the foundation of Indian national congress days (Annie Besant started Home Rule League) and especially during the Swadeshi movement but it was Gandhiji who initiated the mass participation of women in freedom struggle.

Role played by women in freedom struggle:

Before Gandhian phase:

• Bhima Bai Holkar fought bravely against the British colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerrilla warfare.
• Maharani Velu Nachiyar (1730 – 1796) bravely fought with the British army decades before the 1857 Revolt. She probably remains the only queen to have defeated the British army successfully.
• Gauri Parvati Bai who was queen of Travancore carried out reforms and emphasized on the need for education of girls thus in many ways helping women elevate from social and educational stigma.
• The role of Rani of Ramgarh, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Tapasvini Maharani in the War of Independence (the Great Revolt) of 1857 was commendable.
• During Swadeshi campaign their activities were limited to boycott of foreign clothand picketing of liquor shops. A nationalistic cult around Bharat Mata (mother India) started to emerge which further necessitated the role of women.
• In the second phase of women participation, the idea of Home Rule and constitutionalism became dominant. Some western women played a significant role in this. Annie Besant, who became the first woman president of Indian National Congress, launched Home Rule movement.

During Gandhian phase:

• Role in Gandhi led mass movement: Many women played a proactive role in Gandhian movements. Kasturba Gandhi imprisoned for participating in Quit India Movement and consequently died in Poona Jail. Vijaya laxmi Pandit actively participated in all civil disobedience movement (1932,1941) and got arrested. Similarly, Indira Gandhi organized ‘Monkey army’ of youths.
• Social and Women Mobilisation: Women played an important role in mobilisation by leading from the front and through their writings. Prominent women like Aruna Asaf Ali was the leading figure of Quit India movement and edited journal ‘inquilab for mobilization. Similarly Raj Kumari Kaur was the founder of All India Women’s Conference.
• Revolutionary movements: Some Indian women also took revolutionary steps against imperial rule. Kalapana datta was the prominent revolutionary leader and was part of Chittagong armoury raid. Rani Gaidineliu led the naga nationalist movement against British and known as ‘Queen of Naga’.
• Raising voice of freedom at International level: Bhikaji Cama organized free India Society in UK and called as Mother India’s first cultural representative of USA. Vijay laxmi Pandit raised Indian voice at San Francisco UN meeting. Sarojni Naidu participated in round table conference along with Gandhi and Nehru.
• As Indian National Congress leaders: Anne Besant, Irish lady and Sarojini Naidu emerged as an important national leader who later became the President of INC.
• Women Organisations: In the third phase, women’s participation in Non Cooperation movement helped in incorporating women from all over India. Independent bodies of women such as Rashtriya Stree Sanghas were fused with District Congress Committees. It also saw inclusion of women from all sections – Hindu/ Muslim, widows, scheduled/marginalised sections.
• Through participation in various movements: During Civil Disobedience, women volunteers participated in marches boycotts and prabhat pheris. Desh Sevika Sangh, patriotic groups within their association, was formed for passive resistance. Sarojini Naidu, Muhtulaxmi Reddy, Margret Cousins were put in jail. Bi Amma, the mother of Ali brothers addressed 6000 women to join men in picketing. In Andhra Pradesh, a vibrant Durgabai collected over a thousand devadasi to hear Gandhi’s speech.

Hence Women played an indispensable role in Indian freedom struggle ranging from a figure of common person to lead the Mass movement and such contribution is non measurable and non-quantifiable. In a book called Mother India, the writer Katherine Mayo criticised the Hindu men and slave like condition of women within the family. Nationalists and reformers were compelled to focus on families and making the domestic space non violent. Also this criticism bound Indian men and women together to national honour.

Type your email…

Search Articles

Latest articles.

• [Answered] UPSC Mains Answer writing 29 May, 2024 I Mains Marathon
• UPSC Prelims Marathon 30th May – The Mahajanapadas of the Indo – Gangetic Plain – 2024
• 10 PM UPSC Current Affairs Quiz 29 May, 2024
• 9 PM UPSC Current Affairs Articles 29 May, 2024
• The landslide risk in India
• Factors influence the RBI’s decision on rate cuts
• Status of Deaf and Hard of Hearing (DHH) individuals in India
• Resurgence of Nuclear Factors in Global Politics
• Rising Heat Stress in Urban India
• Enhanced Participation of Women in Politics

Prelims 2024 Current Affairs

• Art and Culture
• Indian Economy
• Science and Technology
• Environment  & Ecology
• International Relations
• Polity &  Nation
• Important Bills and Acts
• International Organizations
• Index, Reports and Summits
• Government Schemes and Programs
• Miscellaneous
• Species in news

30,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today

Meet top uk universities from the comfort of your home, here’s your new year gift, one app for all your, study abroad needs, start your journey, track your progress, grow with the community and so much more.

Verification Code

An OTP has been sent to your registered mobile no. Please verify

Thanks for your comment !

Our team will review it before it's shown to our readers.

• Indian History /

The Heroic Role of Women in India’s Freedom Struggle

• Updated on  
• Mar 5, 2024

Women have shaped our culture throughout history in significant ways. They support society as a whole. Without acknowledging the efforts of women, the history of the Indian freedom struggle would be incomplete. The sacrifice made by Indian women will take centre stage. When the majority of the men freedom fighters were imprisoned, the women stepped forward to lead the resistance and gave a boost to a new start to the women’s movement in India. They fought with great zeal and fearless courage, enduring numerous tortures, exploitations, and sufferings in order to achieve our freedom. Read this blog to find out the role of women in India’s freedom struggle, their contributions, and their courage.

Table of Contents

• 1 Role of Women in Indian Freedom Struggle: Overview
• 2.1 Early Struggles
• 2.2 The First War of Independence (1857-58)
• 2.3 The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)
• 2.4 Civil Disobedience and the Dandi Salt March (1920)
• 2.5 Revolutionary Activities
• 2.6 The Quit India Movement (1942)
• 3.1 Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)
• 3.2 Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949)
• 3.3 Rani Lakshmibai (1835-1858)
• 3.4 Kasturba Gandhi (1869-1944)
• 3.5 Annie Besant (1847-1933)
• 4 Significance
• 5 Conclusion

Role of Women in Indian Freedom Struggle: Overview

The role of women in the Indian freedom struggle was more of ‘crusaders’ rather than ‘helpers’. Their lives, sufferings, and contributions to the movement, however, are seldom given the same prominence as the males of the movement. 

Furthermore, their names are rarely or only briefly used while discussing the independence movement. Women began to participate in India’s freedom struggle as early as 1817. 

Throughout the twentieth century, countless women contributed to the movement in various ways, including military leadership, political leadership, and social engagement.

Must Read: Popular Struggles and Movements

Role of Women in Different Events of Freedom Struggle

Let us examine the role of Indian women who contributed to the freedom struggle against the British East India Company and the British Empire in a variety of ways.

Early Struggles

Women began to participate in India’s liberation movement as early as 1817. Bhima Bai Holkar fought heroically against British Colonel Malcolm in guerilla warfare and overcame him. Many women fought against the British East India Company in the nineteenth century, 30 years before the “First War of Independence” in 1857, notably Rani Channama of Kittur and Rani Begam Hazrat Mahal of Avadh .

The First War of Independence (1857-58)

Even though the British crushed it within a year, it was undoubtedly a popular insurrection in which the Indian rulers, masses, and militia all engaged passionately. Rani Lakshmibai was the heroic heroine of India’s First War of Independence. She exemplified patriotism, self-respect, and heroism. 

Must Read: Revisit the Landmarks of Indian Independence Struggle!

The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920)

In 1915, Gandhi Ji returned to India from South Africa, where he spearheaded the demand for self-rule and the non-cooperation movement . Some of the women who took part in the nonviolent movement were Sarla Devi, Muthulaxmi Reddy, Susheela Nair, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur, Sucheta Kripalani, and Aruna Asaf Ali.  

The National Movement was also supported by Mahatma Gandhi’s wife, Kasturba Gandhi, and the women of the Nehru family, Kamla Nehru, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, and Swarup Rani. In Lahore, the movement was led by Lado Rani Zutshi and her daughters Manmohini, Shyama, and Janak .

Civil Disobedience and the Dandi Salt March (1920)

The ladies began their march to liberty by breaching salt restrictions, and forest regulations, erecting “Prabhat Pheries” and holding processions picketing schools, colleges, legislative councils, and clubs. 

Gandhiji chose Sarojini Naidu to lead the protest at the Dharasana Salt Works in May 1930. Kamla Devi spoke at meetings, produced salt, and picketed foreign clothing and liquor stores during the agitation. During this time, the Nari Satyagraha Committee, Mahila Rashtriya Sangha, and the Ladies Picketing Board all played vital roles.

Must Read: Civil Disobedience Movement in India

Revolutionary Activities

The revolutionaries’ organization was highly active in Dhaka, Comilla, and Chittagong, and young college girls joined it. Samiti and Suniti, Bina Das, Kalpana Dutta, and Preetilata Waddedar were among the well-known women revolutionaries.

The Quit India Movement (1942)

The Quit India resolution , taken against the British, addressed women directly as “disciplined soldiers of Indian freedom” needed to keep the flame of war burning. Usha Mehta , a dedicated patriot, established The “Voice of Freedom” radio transmitter to disseminate the “mantra” of the freedom war. 

Protests and arrests, actions of young nationalists, and Gandhi’s famous “Do or Die” warning for the Quit India movement were widely publicized. Usha Mehta and her brother continued to broadcast until they were arrested.

Must Read: The Making of National Movement Class 8: Notes & PDF

Role of Women in Indian Freedom Struggle: Top 15 Women Warriors

Now that we briefly know the role different women played in different events of the Indian freedom struggle and in the women’s movements in India, here are the top women who represented the masses, made a name for themselves and highlighted the role of women in India’s freedom struggle:

Pritilata Waddedar (1911-1932)

Surya Sen, a renowned Bengali Indian freedom fighter and leader of the anti-British freedom struggle in Chittagong, Bengal, plotted an attack on the Pahartali European Club, which had the sign “Dogs and Indians are not allowed” in 1932. 

He tasked Pritilata Waddedar, along with seven other young revolutionaries, with leading this operation. Pannalal Sen, Shanti Chakraborty, Prafulla Das, Bireswar Roy, Mahendra Chowdhury, Sushil Dey, and Kalikinkar Dey were the other members.

On September 24, 1932, at 10:00 p.m., all revolutionaries gathered near the Pahartali European Club, led by Pritilata. For the attack, the revolutionaries split into three parties; the building was set on fire before they began shooting into it. 

A couple of police officers with revolvers began shooting in the club. Pritilata was hit by a single bullet. To avoid arrest, she took cyanide and died at the age of 21.

Must Read: Significance of Independence Day

Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949)

Sarojini Naidu was dubbed the “Nightingale of India” for her poetic and oratory prowess, and her poetry was recognized by India’s and England’s political authorities. Naidu’s poetry is written in English and mainly takes the form of lyric poetry in the British Romantic tradition, which she was often forced to reconcile with her Indian nationalist ideals. 

She was recognized for her lush portrayals of India and her use of vivid sensory imagery in her writing. Sarojini got strongly involved in the Indian Independence movement and numerous women’s concerns connected to the nationalist movement, such as women’s suffrage, after a three-year spell in England from 1895 to 1898, by taking on the rhetorical position of representative Indian lady for Indian women.

As an ambassador and spokeswoman for Indian nationalism, she represented it in public venues around the world (including South Africa, England, France, and the United States). Naidu also served as the first female Indian president of the Indian National Congress in 1925 and as governor of the United Provinces, now Uttar Pradesh, in 1947. Also, her extensive support of the prevailing women’s movement in India was appreciated.

The Golden Threshold (1905), The Bird of Time: Songs of Life, Death, and the Spring (1912), and The Broken Wing: Songs of Love, Death, and Destiny, 1915-1916 (1917) comprise her collection of work.

Must Read: Essay on Sarojini Naidu In 100, 200, & 300 Words

Rani Lakshmibai (1835-1858)

Prior to the East India Company’s Great Rebellion of 1857-1858, Rani Lakshmibai, Queen of Jhansi, lost her kingdom to the Company under Lord Dalhousie’s concept of lapse when her husband, Gangadhar Rao, died in 1853, leaving behind an adopted successor.

She was determined to fight back when the Rebellion broke out. The 22-year-old queen would not hand over Jhansi to the British. Rani Lakshmibai was proclaimed regent of Jhansi shortly after the start of the uprising in Meerut in 1857, and she ruled on behalf of the minor heir. 

She quickly organized her men and took command of the rebels in the Bundelkhand region after joining the insurrection against the British. A ferocious fight ensued as the company’s men surrounded the fort of Jhansi. Rani Lakshmibai resisted the invaders even after her troops were crushed and the rescuing army of Tantia Tope, another rebel leader, was beaten at the Battle of Betwa. 

Tantia Tope and Rani Lakshmibai then launched a successful assault on Gwalior’s city fortress. The treasury and arsenal were taken over, and Nana Sahib, a renowned leader, was appointed Peshwa (ruler). 

Following the capture of Gwalior, Lakshmi Bai marched east to Morar to face a British assault headed by Rose. She fought a fierce battle as a man and was killed in battle. She gave a start to the women’s movement in India.

Also Read: Essay on Mahatma Gandhi

Kasturba Gandhi (1869-1944)

Kasturba Gandhi began her political and social engagement activity in South Africa with her husband, Mohandas Gandhi, in 1904. She assisted Mohandas and others in establishing the Phoenix Settlement, a cooperative hamlet near Durban where people shared duties and cultivated their own food; the family later resided there for several years. 

In 1913, she was imprisoned and sentenced to three months in prison for taking part in a protest against South Africa’s treatment of Indian immigrants. Kasturba returned to India and took part in a number of civic actions and protests, frequently filling in for her husband while he was in prison. 

While Mohandas was striving to improve the life of indigo farmers in Champaran, Bihar, Kasturba was concerned with the women’s wellbeing. She was involved in a nonviolent civil disobedience action in Gujarat in 1922. 

Although she did not participate in the legendary Salt March of 1930, she did participate in a number of civil disobedience operations in the early 1930s and was arrested and imprisoned multiple times. She took part in nonviolent protests against the British in Rajkot in early 1939. 

She was imprisoned and held in solitary confinement near the city for a month, during which time her condition deteriorated considerably. She was captured again in 1942 for her involvement in the Quit India campaign and imprisoned in the Aga Khan Palace in Pune. Her severe bronchitis deteriorated in prison, and she caught pneumonia and had a series of heart attacks before dying in early 1944.

Must Read: 50 Most Popular Women of India You Must Know!

Annie Besant (1847-1933)

Annie Besan was born on October 1, 1847, in Annie Wood, Ireland. She was a well-known political activist, freedom warrior, and supporter of the anti-Church movement and women’s rights. 

In the 1870s, Annie Besant joined the National Secular Society, and the Fabian Society advocated for freedom of thought and independence from the tyranny of the Catholic Church in England. She joined the Theosophical Society in 1889 as a socialist seeking spiritual solace and a torchbearer of the women’s movement in India.

In 1893, she travelled to India with the goal of evangelizing the ideals of the Theosophical Society. She was inspired by the ongoing battle for freedom against British rule after arriving in India and gradually became an active participant.

In 1916, she co-founded the HOME RULE LEAGUE with Bal Gangadhar Tilak and continued this historic movement with the goal of achieving Indian Dominion. In 1917, she was elected as the FIRST WOMAN PRESIDENT OF THE INDIA NATIONAL CONGRESS. On September 20, 1933, she died in India. She had the personality of a brave and strong woman all her life.

Significance

The significance of women in India’s freedom struggle is immeasurable. Women played a pivotal role in the fight for independence, contributing in various capacities that transcended societal norms, and started various women’s movements in India. Their participation in movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement showcased their resilience and determination.

Prominent figures such as Sarojini Naidu, Annie Besant, and Aruna Asaf Ali emerged as iconic leaders, inspiring women across the nation. Women’s involvement in protests, satyagrahas, and underground activities demonstrated their unwavering commitment to the cause of freedom. Their contributions highlighted the unjust colonial rule and the need for a more equitable society.

Furthermore, the freedom struggle was instrumental in breaking traditional gender roles and empowering women, leading to a transformation in their status and rights in post-independence India. Women’s active participation in the freedom movement was not only a fight against foreign rule but also a significant step towards achieving gender equality and social justice in the country.

Must Read: Indian Freedom Fighters Who Studied Abroad

Indian women were instrumental in India’s freedom struggle against British rule. They engaged in a variety of kinds of protests, including civil disobedience, nonviolent resistance, and boycotts. 

Women from all walks of life, including monarchy, nobility, and commoners, joined the movement, challenging societal standards and colonial authorities. Despite severe obstacles like abuse, imprisonment, and social disgrace, these women fought for their rights and liberties, motivating future generations to do the same. 

Rani Lakshmibai, Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Kalpana Dutta are some of India’s renowned female liberation warriors. These women’s contributions to India’s freedom fight are still acknowledged and commemorated today.

Ans: Women were active participants in different independence struggles. The Swadeshi Movement in 1905, the Non-Cooperation Movement in 1920, the Bardoli Satyagraha in 1928, and the Quit Movement in 1942 were all key movements in which women played a significant role.

Ans: Gandhi was instrumental in inspiring women to participate in the liberation fight and in politics. Gandhi’s views on women and their roles in politics differed from those of other twentieth-century reformers. He viewed women as a potentially powerful force in the quest to establish a new social and political order.

Ans: Rani Kittur Chennamma was one of the first Indian women to lead an armed rebellion against the British. In Karnataka, she is regarded as a national hero, and her story serves as an example to all Indians who fight for their freedom.

Ans: Very few women have worked in public service, law, medicine, education, athletics, film, and industry, among other disciplines. Women make up a sizable proportion of the labour force in rural areas. Women have equal positions in the political sphere in post-independence India.

Relevant Blogs

This was all about the role of women in India’s freedom struggle and their contribution to the various women’s movements in India. If you want to read more articles like this, you can get Short notes on the Modern History of India here. Also, you can visit our general knowledge page on Indian History !

Vidisha Dewan

Graduated with English as a major, I’m a writing enthusiast. Writing helps me blend my passion and profession to achieve creative satisfaction. I am an opinionated person, but always open to change. Try to keep my work surroundings creative and fun, with space for constructive feedback.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Contact no. *

Connect With Us

30,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today.

Resend OTP in

Need help with?

Study abroad.

UK, Canada, US & More

IELTS, GRE, GMAT & More

Scholarship, Loans & Forex

Country Preference

New Zealand

Which English test are you planning to take?

Which academic test are you planning to take.

Not Sure yet

When are you planning to take the exam?

Already booked my exam slot

Within 2 Months

Want to learn about the test

Which Degree do you wish to pursue?

When do you want to start studying abroad.

January 2024

September 2024

What is your budget to study abroad?

How would you describe this article ?

Please rate this article

We would like to hear more.

Have something on your mind?

Make your study abroad dream a reality in January 2022 with

India's Biggest Virtual University Fair

Essex Direct Admission Day

Why attend .

Don't Miss Out

• IAS Preparation
• UPSC Preparation Strategy
• Bhikaiji Cama

Bhikaji Cama

Bhikaiji Rustom Cama was a prominent figure in the Indian Independence Struggle . She is famous for hosting the precursor to the Indian National Flag on foreign soil. For this act, she came to be known as the ‘Mother of the Indian Revolution’.

Know in-depth about the Indian Independence Struggle on the linked page.

This article will give details about Madam Bhikaiji Cama (also spelt Bhikaji Cama) within the context of the Civil Services Examination .

Background of Bhikaiji Cama

Bhikaiji Cama was born on September 24, 1861, to Sorabji Framji Patel and his wife Jaijibai Sorabai Patel. Her father was a merchant by profession though he had been trained in law as well as being an influential member of the Parsi community.

She attended the Alexandra Girl’s English Institution and was reportedly a diligent student. On 3 August 1885, she married Rustom Cama. Bhikaiji Cama at this point spent most of her time in social work.

Find NCERT Ancient Indian History Notes for UPSC in the given link.

Role in the Freedom Struggle

During her visit to London, Bhikaiji Cama met Shyamji Krishna Varma, Indian nationalist known for his speeches he gave in Hyde Park. She met Dadabhai Naoroji. The president of the British committee of the Indian National Congress (founded on December 28, 1885 ). 

Bhikaiji Cama moved to Paris where she founded the Paris Indian Society. Munchershah Burjorji Godrej and S.R. Rana were the co-founders of this society. Joining hands with the Indian diaspora fighting for independence while in exile, she wrote and distributed literature for the freedom movement. One of the works she distributed included copies of the Bande Mataram which was banned by the British government in India. The literature she created found its way to India via the French colony at Pondicherry.

Bhikaiji Cama spoke at length about the devastating effects of British Colonialism at Stuttgart, Germany in 1907. These effects included constant famine and crippling taxes that had ripped the Indian economy to shreds. It was during this event when she unfurled the “Flag of Independence”. The flag was designed by Bhikaiji Cama and fellow activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. The flag of independence would be the precursor to the current national flag of India .

Read about 10 Interesting facts about the National Flag of India .

Following the assassination of William Hutt Curzon Wyllie in 1909, the authorities in London began cracking down on Indian nationalists living there. Bhikaji Cama was in Paris at the time and the British request her to be extradited by the French but they refused. Vladimir Lenin reportedly invited her to reside in the Soviet Union years later, but she declined.

The situation began to take a complicated turn when France and Britain became allies upon the outbreak of World War I.  The French, seeking to prevent anything that might spoil this new alliance, restricted the activities of the India freedom fighters. Many left France, while Bhikaiji Cama stayed on. She was arrested along with Rewabhai Rana while trying to incite Indian troops at Bordeaux on their way to the front. Rana was exiled to the Caribbean while Bikhaiji Cama was sent to Southern France in 1915. On account of her failing health, she was allowed to return to her residence at Bordeaux provided she reported on a weekly basis to the local police station.

Bhikaiji Cama – UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

Bhikaiji Cama’s exile in Europe continued till 1935. She was paralysed by a stroke during this time which became the reason for her to petition the British government to allow her to return home. The British agreed on the condition that she promised not to undertake any independence-related activities. Bhikaji arrived in Bombay, accompanied by Sir Cowaji Jehangir, who had petitioned on her behalf, on November 1935. At the age of 74, Bikhaji Cama passed away at the Parsi General Hospital on 13 August 1936. Know in detail about the death of Bikhaji Cama on the linked page.

Find NCERT Notes on rebellions led by deposed chieftains and rulers by visiting the linked article.

Legacy of Bhik aiji Cama

Bhikaji Cama has the distinction of being first Indian to unfurl a precursor of the Indian National Flag. The flag which had designed originally would be a blueprint upon which other variants of the Indian national flag would be based on. Along with being an ardent independence activist, she was also an advocate for woman’s rights and the universal suffrage.

The flag which she unfurled at Stuttgart was smuggled into India by other independence activists. It is displayed at the Maratha and Kesari Library in Pune.

Aspirants can find the complete UPSC Syllabus through the linked article. 

Frequently asked Questions about Bhikaji Cama

What is madam bhikaji cama known for, what was bhikaji cama’s contribution to the indian freedom struggle, leave a comment cancel reply.

Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Request OTP on Voice Call

Post My Comment

IAS 2024 - Your dream can come true!

Download the ultimate guide to upsc cse preparation, register with byju's & download free pdfs, register with byju's & watch live videos.

• 9990999707 | 9717380832
• [email protected]

• Media Coverage
• Branches & Batches
• General Studies Foundation Course & CSAT
• Weekend Course
• Advance Foundation Course (AFC)
• Mains Test Series
• Prelims Test Series
• Integrated Test Series (Navigator)
• Destinaire | Crash Course
• KSG Online Learning (KOL)
• Distance Learning & Mentoring Programme
• AWSDP+ - Answer Writing Skill Development Programme Plus
• NEEV - NCERT for Effective & Early Victory
• Registration Form (Download)
• Fee Structure
• Pay Fees Online
• Notification
• Prelims (Preliminary Test)
• Mains (Mains Exam)
• Interviews (Personlaity Test)
• Papers & Material
• News For Aspirants
• Today's Headlines
• Today's Editorial
• Current Connect
• IAS Preparation
• UPSC - Prelims
• UPSC Interviews

Role of women in the freedom struggle for Independence

Role of Women in Freedom Struggle "Amidst the struggle for independence, the women of India were the silent architects of change, laying the foundation of a liberated nation with their resilience, sacrifice, and indomitable spirit."

In the annals of our freedom movement, countless stories of bravery, sacrifice, and political acumen by women unfold. Their courage went beyond the ordinary, as they became active revolutionaries, establishing covert groups, publishing anti-British literature, and enduring harsh imprisonment and torture. These women weren't mere followers but key players in their own right.

The 19th century saw Indian women break free from societal norms and challenge discriminatory practices. Early reformers and activists emerged, advocating for women's education, widow remarriage, an end to child marriage, and elevation of women's social status. Visionaries like Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, and Jyotirao Phule led the charge, understanding that empowering women was fundamental for both societal progress and national growth.

Women in the Mainstream Independence Movements

As India's nationalist movement surged in strength during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women emerged as pivotal figures in advancing the cause of independence. Their active participation in various nationalist campaigns and movements played a vital role in shaping the trajectory of the struggle.

The Swadeshi Movement and Challenging British Domination: One remarkable instance of women's involvement was the Swadeshi Movement of 1905–1908. During this time, women passionately rallied behind the promotion of indigenous goods and the boycott of British products. They became staunch advocates of independence and the consumption of domestically made items, aiming to challenge the dominance of the British economy.

Formation of Women's Organizations and Leaders: Parallel to the early nationalist movements, women's organisations began to take shape. The All India Women's Conference (AIWC) in 1927 stood out as a significant milestone, addressing women's concerns and advocating for social reforms. The emergence of visionary leaders like Kamala Nehru, Annie Besant, and Sarojini Naidu added vigour to the nationalist movement. These leaders fervently championed India's cause, inspiring women across the nation to join the struggle for independence.

Participation in Protests and Civil Disobedience: Women's involvement expanded beyond organisations and speeches to active participation in large-scale protests, demonstrations, and civil disobedience movements. Collaborating with their male counterparts, they orchestrated marches, protested outside bars, and engaged in satyagrahas (nonviolent protests). Despite facing detainment, imprisonment, and violence from colonial authorities, these women showcased remarkable courage and resilience. Breaking Norms and Paving the Way: During the early phases of the struggle, women's contributions were characterised by their commitment to social reform, enthusiastic participation in nationalist movements, and their defiance against societal norms and patriarchal barriers. These initial contributions laid the foundation for their escalating involvement and leadership in subsequent stages of India's journey towards independence.

Role of Women in Non-Cooperation Movement

To better understand the important role of women, let's take a closer look at how they played a vital part in the non-cooperation movement and how this greatly influenced India's fight for freedom.

The Non-Cooperation Movement, led by Mahatma Gandhi from 1920 to 1922, aimed to peacefully challenge British rule through boycotting British institutions and goods. It fostered unity and nationalism among Indians through civil disobedience and mass participation.Women played a crucial role in the Non-Cooperation Movement initiated by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920. They actively joined the protests, demonstrations, and civil disobedience campaigns against British rule.

• Boycott of British Goods: Women led the way in boycotting British-made goods and promoting the use of indigenous products. They encouraged the spinning of khadi (handspun cloth) as a symbol of self-reliance and resistance to British economic exploitation.
• Picketing Foreign Cloth Shops: Women organised picketing of foreign cloth shops to dissuade people from purchasing British textiles. This act of civil resistance significantly impacted British trade and brought attention to the movement.
• Establishment of Women's Organisations : During the Non-Cooperation Movement, women established various women's organisations, such as the All India Women's Conference (AIWC) and the Women's Indian Association (WIA), to address women's issues and advocate for their rights.
• Promotion of Khadi: Women took on the responsibility of promoting khadi spinning and weaving in villages. They organised spinning circles (charkha sabhas) to encourage rural women to participate in the movement and earn a livelihood.
• Role in Public Demonstrations: Women actively participated in public demonstrations, picketing, and marches, often risking arrest and imprisonment by the colonial authorities. They displayed remarkable courage and determination.
• Support to Political Leaders : Women provided support to male political leaders and activists by engaging in activities like fundraising, distributing pamphlets, and mobilising local communities.
• Empowerment and Social Upliftment : The Non-Cooperation Movement provided a platform for women to come forward, gain confidence, and assert their rights. It also led to significant social reforms, such as the abolition of purdah and child marriage in some regions.
• Symbolic Protests: Women engaged in symbolic acts of resistance, such as burning British cloth and making bonfires of foreign-made goods, sending a powerful message of defiance against British rule.
• Sacrifices and Endurance: Women endured various hardships during the Non-Cooperation Movement, including arrests, imprisonment, and police brutality. Despite these challenges, they remained steadfast in their commitment to the cause of independence.

The active participation and contributions of women in the Non-Cooperation Movement demonstrated their strong resolve to challenge colonial oppression and paved the way for their increased involvement in subsequent stages of the Indian freedom struggle.

Prominent Women Leaders

Before and during the revolt of 1857

• Bhima Bai Holkar - The participation of women in the struggle began as early as 1817 when Bhima Bai Holkar fought against British Colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerilla warfare.
• Rani Laxmibai - The queen of the princely state of Jhansi, Rani Laxmibai is known for her role in the First War of India’s Independence in 1857. She was the second wife of the ruler of Jhansi Raja Gangadhar Rao who protested against the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. She refused to surrender to Jhansi and fought bravely as a male during the Revolt of 1857 and died on the battlefield fighting the British forces.
• Hazrat Mahal Begum - She was the wife of the deposed ruler of Lucknow who actively took part in the revolt of 1857.

After the revolt of 1857

• Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay : Prominent social reformer, freedom fighter, and advocate for women's rights, she worked to uplift rural artisans, promote indigenous industries, and empower women in pre-independence India.
• Kasturba Gandhi : Wife of Mahatma Gandhi, she actively participated in civil disobedience movements, advocated for women's education and empowerment, and supported his efforts for India's independence.
• Hansa Mehta : An educator, diplomat, and freedom fighter, she was part of international forums advocating for India's independence and women's rights, playing a significant role in shaping post-independence policies.
• Pritilata Wodeyar : A brave revolutionary, she led an attack on a British club, highlighting the spirit of resistance. Her sacrifice and determination inspire the fight against colonial oppression.
• Sarojini Naidu : Known as the "Nightingale of India," she was a poet, freedom fighter, and prominent member of the Indian National Congress. Her eloquence and leadership greatly contributed to the struggle for independence.
• Vijay Lakshmi Pandit : A diplomat and politician, she was the first woman to become President of the United Nations General Assembly. An active freedom fighter, she played a key role in internationalising India's independence movement.
• Usha Mehta : A broadcaster and Gandhian activist, she led the underground Congress Radio during the Quit India Movement, using airwaves to inspire and inform the masses.
• Durgabai Deshmukh : A social worker, lawyer, and politician, she worked for women's rights, labour rights, and upliftment of the marginalised. Her efforts paved the way for inclusive social change post-independence.
• Sarojini Naidu , holds pride of place among women freedom fighters of India. She was responsible for awakening the women of India. She was the first Indian woman President of the Indian National Congress in 1925 at the Kanpur Session.
• Aruna Asaf Ali , played a leading role during the Quit India Movement. She unfurled the National Flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay to signify the commencement of the Quit India Movement.
• Rani Gaidineliu , was a prominent Naga nationalist woman leader from Manipur who took over the movement of Naga nationalists against the British.
• Kalpana Dutta , was another prominent woman revolutionary leader who was influenced by the revolutionary idea of Surya Sen.
• Madam Bhikaji Cama , was influenced by Dadabhai Naoroji and served as an inspiration to Indian youth in the United Kingdom. She raised the first National Flag at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart (Germany) in 1907, founded the Free India Society, and launched the periodical ‘Bande Mataram’ to propagate her revolutionary ideas.
• Sucheta Kriplani , was an ardent nationalist with a socialistic orientation. She was a close associate of Jai Prakash Narayany who actively participated in the Quit India Movement.
• Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur , was a close follower of Gandhiji from 1919 onwards. She actively participated in the 1930 Salt Satyagraha and the Quit India Movement. She became the first Health Minister in post-independent India.
• Annie Besant , who was born in Ireland, was a fervent supporter of India’s freedom struggle. In 1916, she launched the Madras Home Rule League. In addition, she formed the Theosophical Society of India. She served as the first woman president of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta in 1917.

The indomitable spirit and unwavering dedication of women in India's freedom struggle are an integral part of the nation's history. Their determination to challenge oppression, advocate for change, and contribute to the cause of independence have left an enduring legacy. As we reflect on their invaluable role, we are reminded of the pivotal role women have played in shaping India's destiny and the ongoing journey toward progress and equality.

Book A Free Counseling Session

Upsc prelims 2024.

PT Marathon

PT Diagnostic Test 2.0

KSG Yearly Current Affairs Subject Wise Compilation

KSG 10000 Questions Practice Booklet

Click Here For The Silver Bullet, Dr Khan's Videos.

What's Today

• Test Series
• Delhi - Vijay Nagar (8860588805 9717380832)
• Delhi - Rajendra Nagar (9811293743 7065293743)
• Jaipur (8290800441)
• Bhopal (7509975361)
• Indore (9893772941)
• Bengaluru (7619166663)
• Hyderabad (7996066663)
• Kolkata (9007709895)
• Imphal (9650245599)

Social Platforms

• Subscribe Our YouTube
• Join Our Telegram
• Follow Us On Instagram
• Like Our Facebook Page
• Follow Us On Twiiter (X)
• Follow Us On Linkedin
• Join Our WhatsApp Channel
• Chat With Us On WhatsApp

Useful Links

• Prayas KSG (MPPSC)
• Constitutional Bodies in One Page
• Write Right
• KSG India Terms and Conditions
• Scholarship Test

Women Freedom Fighters of India, Name, List, Role & their Contribution

India has a rich history of women who have played a significant role in the country's freedom struggle. Know all about theWomen Freedom Fighters of India List, Role & their Contribution for UPSC exam.

Table of Contents

India’s struggle for independence from British rule was marked by the courage and sacrifice of numerous women freedom fighters who played pivotal roles in the movement. These women defied societal norms and risked their lives to fight for India’s freedom, leaving an indelible mark on the nation’s history. In this article, you will get the contributions of many notable women freedom fighters of India.

We’re now on WhatsApp .  Click to Join

Women Freedom Fighters of India

Women freedom fighters in India made significant contributions to the country’s independence movement against British rule. Despite facing societal constraints and discrimination, these women challenged the patriarchal norms and joined the freedom struggle, inspiring future generations with their bravery and determination.

Women Freedom Fighters Role in Freedom Struggle

Many women freedom fighters were highly educated and came from privileged backgrounds, but they still saw the need to fight for their country’s independence. They utilized their education and resources to mobilize support and create awareness about the freedom movement. Some of them participated in mass movements, such as the Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movements , while others joined underground organizations and took part in acts of sabotage against the British government.

Women also played a critical role in the labour movement, fighting for better working conditions and wages for labourers. Some women workers, who were employed in the textile industry, went on strike, demanding better wages and working conditions. This sparked off similar strikes in other industries, and workers came together to form labour unions, which played a crucial role in the freedom movement.

Women freedom fighters also challenged traditional societal norms by breaking down gender barriers and participating in activities that were traditionally considered to be the domain of men. They defied patriarchal norms and took part in processions, demonstrations, and other acts of civil disobedience. They also played a critical role in providing support and care to other freedom fighters who were arrested and imprisoned.

Top 15 Women Freedom Fighters of India

This article covers the following 15 women freedom fighters of India with their names, lists, roles and contributions to the country:

• Rani Lakshmi bai
• Begum Hazrat Mahal
• Kasturba Gandhi
• Kamla Nehru
• Vijay Laxmi Pandit
• Sarojini Naidu
• Aruna Asaf Ali
• Madam Bhikaji Cama
• Kamla Chattopadhyay
• Sucheta Kriplani
• Annie Besant
• Kittur Chennamma
• Savitribai Phule
• Lakshmi Sahgal

Read about: Viceroy of India

List of Female Freedom Fighters and their Contribution

India has a rich history of women who have played a significant role in the country’s freedom struggle. Here are some of the most prominent women freedom fighters in India:

In conclusion, women played a crucial role in India’s independence movement and their contributions should not be overlooked. Despite facing numerous challenges such as violence, imprisonment, and social stigma, these women stood up for their rights and freedoms, inspiring future generations to fight for their rights. These women represent the bravery, resilience, and determination that was essential to India’s fight for independence. Today, their legacy continues to inspire and their contributions are an important part of India’s rich history.

Read More: British Administration System

Women Freedom Fighters of India UPSC 

Indian women played a pivotal role in the Indian freedom movement against British rule. They participated in various forms of protest including civil disobedience, non-violent resistance, and boycotts. Women from diverse backgrounds including royalty, aristocracy, and commoners joined the movement, breaking social norms and defying the colonial authorities.

Despite facing numerous challenges such as violence, imprisonment, and social stigma, these women stood up for their rights and freedoms, inspiring future generations to fight for their rights. Some of the notable women freedom fighters of India include Rani Lakshmibai, Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Kalpana Dutta. The contribution of these women to India’s independence movement continues to be remembered and celebrated today.

Sharing is caring!

Women Freedom Fighters of India FAQs

Who were some of the most famous women freedom fighters of india.

Some of the most famous women freedom fighters of India include Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Kasturba Gandhi, Sarojini Naidu, Aruna Asaf Ali, Sucheta Kriplani, Vijaylakshmi Pandit, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Begum Hazrat Mahal, Usha Mehta, and Matangini Hazra.

What role did women play in the freedom movement?

Women played a significant role in the Indian freedom struggle by participating in protests, demonstrations, and non-violent resistance movements.

How did women contribute to the independence movement in India?

Women contributed to the independence movement in India by organizing anti-colonial protests, boycotting British goods, and participating in acts of civil disobedience.

Did women face any challenges while participating in the freedom struggle?

Yes, women faced numerous challenges while participating in the freedom struggle, including social stigma, violence, and imprisonment by colonial authorities.

Who was the first Indian Queen to rebel agaisnt the British?

From around 1780 until 1790, Rani Velu Nachiyar (born 3 January 1730; died 25 December 1796) ruled the Sivaganga domain. She was the first queen of India to engage in combat with the East India Company there. The Tamils refer to her as Veeramangai (meaning "brave woman").

Who is India's first female freedom fighter?

Rani Lakshmi bai is India's first female freedom fighter.

I, Sakshi Gupta, am a content writer to empower students aiming for UPSC, PSC, and other competitive exams. My objective is to provide clear, concise, and informative content that caters to your exam preparation needs. I strive to make my content not only informative but also engaging, keeping you motivated throughout your journey!

Leave a comment

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• UPSC Online Coaching
• UPSC Exam 2024
• UPSC Syllabus 2024
• UPSC Prelims Syllabus 2024
• UPSC Mains Syllabus 2024
• UPSC Exam Pattern 2024
• UPSC Age Limit 2024
• UPSC Calendar 2024
• UPSC Syllabus in Hindi
• UPSC Full Form

Recent Posts

• UPPSC Exam 2024
• UPPSC Calendar
• UPPSC Syllabus 2024
• UPPSC Exam Pattern 2024
• UPPSC Application Form 2024
• UPPSC Eligibility Criteria 2024
• UPPSC Admit card 2024
• UPPSC Salary And Posts
• UPPSC Cut Off
• UPPSC Previous Year Paper

BPSC Exam 2024

• BPSC 70th Notification
• BPSC 69th Exam Analysis
• BPSC Admit Card
• BPSC Syllabus
• BPSC Exam Pattern
• BPSC Cut Off
• BPSC Question Papers

IB ACIO Exam

• IB ACIO Salary
• IB ACIO Syllabus

CSIR SO ASO Exam

• CSIR SO ASO Exam 2024
• CSIR SO ASO Result 2024
• CSIR SO ASO Exam Date
• CSIR SO ASO Question Paper
• CSIR SO ASO Answer key 2024
• CSIR SO ASO Exam Date 2024
• CSIR SO ASO Syllabus 2024

Study Material Categories

• Daily The Hindu Analysis
• Daily Practice Quiz for Prelims
• Daily Answer Writing
• Daily Current Affairs
• Indian Polity
• Environment and Ecology
• Art and Culture
• General Knowledge
• Biographies

IMPORTANT EXAMS

• Terms & Conditions
• Return & Refund Policy
• Privacy Policy

• TRP for UPSC Personality Test
• Interview Mentorship Programme – 2023
• Daily News & Analysis
• Daily Current Affairs Quiz
• Baba’s Explainer
• Dedicated TLP Portal
• 60 Day – Rapid Revision (RaRe) Series – 2024
• English Magazines
• Hindi Magazines
• Yojana & Kurukshetra Gist
• PT20 – Prelims Test Series
• Gurukul Foundation
• Gurukul Advanced – Launching Soon
• Prelims Exclusive Programme (PEP)
• Prelims Test Series (AIPTS)
• Integrated Learning Program (ILP) – 2025
• Connect to Conquer(C2C) 2024
• TLP Plus – 2024
• TLP Connect – 2024
• Public Administration FC – 2024
• Anthropology Foundation Course
• Anthropology Optional Test Series
• Sociology Foundation Course – 2024
• Sociology Test Series – 2023
• Geography Optional Foundation Course
• Geography Optional Test Series – Coming Soon!
• PSIR Foundation Course
• PSIR Test Series – Coming Soon
• ‘Mission ಸಂಕಲ್ಪ’ – Prelims Crash Course
• CTI (COMMERCIAL TAX INSPECTOR) Test Series & Video Classes
• Monthly Magazine

India’s Women Unsung Heroes of Freedom Struggle

• January 28, 2022

UPSC Articles

Part of: Prelims and Mains GS-I: Modern India, India’s Freedom movement

In news: A pictorial book on India’s 75 Women Unsung Heroes of Freedom Struggle as part of Azadi ka Mahotsav has been released in partnership with Amar Chitra Katha.

• Rani Abakka , the Queen of Ullal, Karnataka fought and defeated the mighty Portuguese in the 16th century.  
• Velu Nachiyar , the queen of Sivaganga was the first Indian queen to wage war against the British East India Company .  
• Jhalkari Bai , was a woman soldier who grew to become one of the key advisors to the Rani of Jhansi and a prominent figure in the First War of Indian Independence, 1857.
• Matangini Hazra was a brave freedom fighter from Bengal, who laid down her life while agitating against the British. 
• Gulab Kaur was a freedom fighter who abandoned her own hopes and dreams of a life abroad to fight for and mobilise the Indian people against the British Raj. 
• Chakali Ilamma was a revolutionary woman who fought against the injustice of zamindars during the Telangana rebellion in the mid-1940s. 
• Padmaja Naidu , the daughter of Sarojini Naidu and a freedom fighter in her own right, who would later become Governor of West Bengal and a humanitarian after Independence.
• Bishni Devi Shah , a woman who inspired large number of people in Uttarakhand to join the freedom movement. 
• Subhadra Kumari Chauhan was one of the greatest Hindi poets , who was also a prominent figure in the freedom movement. 
• Durgawati Devi was the brave woman who provided safe passage to Bhagat Singh after the killing of John Saunders and much more during her revolutionary days. 
• Sucheta Kripalani , a prominent freedom fighter, became independent India’s first woman Chief Minister of UP Government .
• Accamma Cherian , an inspirational leader of the freedom movement in Travancore, Kerala, she was given the name ‘Jhansi Rani of Tranvancore’ by Mahatma Gandhi. 
• Aruna Asaf Ali was an inspirational freedom fighter who is perhaps best remembered for hoisting the Indian National flag in Mumbai during the Quit India Movement in 1942. 
• Durgabai Deshmukh , a tireless worker for the emancipation of women in Andhra Pradesh, she was also an eminent freedom fighter and member of the Constituent Assembly.  
• Rani Gaidinliu , the Naga spiritual and political leader, led an armed uprising against the British in Manipur, Nagaland and Assam . 
• Usha Mehta was a freedom fighter from a very young age, who is remembered for organizing an underground radio station during the Quit India Movement of 1942.
• Parbati Giri , one of Odisha’s most prominent women freedom fighters, was called the Mother Teresa of Western Odisha for her work in the upliftment of her people. 
• Tarkeshwari Sinha , a prominent freedom fighter during the Quit India Movement, she went on to become an eminent politician in the early decades of independent India. 
• Snehlata Varma , a freedom fighter and tireless worker for the education and upliftment of women in Mewar, Rajasthan. 
• Tileshwari Baruah , one of India’s youngest martyrs, she was shot at the age of 12 by the British, during the Quit India Movement, when she and some freedom fighters tried to unfurl the Tricolour atop a police station.

News Source: PI B

For a dedicated peer group, Motivation & Quick updates, Join our official telegram channel – https://t.me/IASbabaOfficialAccount

Subscribe to our YouTube Channel HERE to watch Explainer Videos, Strategy Sessions, Toppers Talks & many more…

Related Posts :

Tiwa community, india’s economy and the challenge of informality.

• DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –30th May 2024
• UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 30th May 2024
• DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –29th May 2024
• UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 29th May 2024
• DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –28th May 2024
• UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 28th May 2024
• DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –27th May 2024
• UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 27th May 2024
• DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS IAS | UPSC Prelims and Mains Exam –25th May 2024
• UPSC Quiz – 2024 : IASbaba’s Daily Current Affairs Quiz 25th May 2024

Don’t lose out on any important Post and Update. Learn everyday with Experts!!

Email Address

Search now.....

Sign up to receive regular updates.

Sign Up Now !

Abhipedia Secure Login & Registration ×

send mail to [email protected] mentioning your email id and mobileno registered with us! if details not recieved

Resend Opt after 60 Sec.

Get Sign-up Bonus Rs 500

By Loging in you agree to Terms of Services and Privacy Policy

Please specify

Please verify your mobile number

Login not allowed, Please logout from existing browser

You have already logged in 3 browsers/devices. Kindly logout from one the browser/device if you want to login here.

Please update your name

Subscribe to Notifications

Stay updated with the latest Current affairs and other important updates regarding video Lectures, Test Schedules, live sessions etc..

Congratulations and welcome to abhipedia

Your Free user account at abhipedia has been created.

Remember, success is a journey, not a destination. Stay motivated and keep moving forward!

Refer & Earn

Enquire Now

Loading state (Please wait......)

• Mera Wallet
• My Wish List
• My Study Deck
• My Test Schedule
• My Test logs
• My micro Courses
• Set exam preferences
• Notification Setting

My Abhipedia Earning

Kindly Login to view your earning

Report Error

Back to main page, women''s role in india''s struggle for independence.

• 15164 views

Prelude The condition of women started improving when issues related to them began to be raised by the socio-religious reform movements from the first quarter of the nineteenth century. It laid the foundation for their inclusion in the process of reforms pertaining to gender justice as well as freedom struggle. By the twentieth century, women became important participants in the freedom struggle. Their participation in the massive popular struggles during the course of national movement created new possibilities that socio-religious reform movements could not. The women who were recipients of justice in the nineteenth century became companions of nationalist men from the early twentieth century onwards. They participated in all streams of the national movement, be it Gandhian, Socialist, Communist or revolutionary nationalism. They also contributed to the tribal and peasant movements as well as trade union struggles. They came from different backgrounds like educated and liberal families, urban and rural areas and from various castes, religions and communities.

The rapid entry of women into mass struggle and politics during the Gandhian phase was an amazing development in the history of modern India. It was an altogether new phenomenon in the entire history of India. In one blow, the Indian women broke away from various restrictions and got out of their traditional home-oriented roles and responsibilities. They had shown that given an opportunity they could make great contribution in any field of human activity, whether social, educational, political or administrative. Some of them like Sarojini Naidu, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya, Vijayalaxmi pundit, Sucheta Kripalani and Indira Gandhi emerged as the leaders of international repute. They became members of local boards and municipalities and even worked as Ministers and office holders in Congress ministries that were formed in 1936.

The First Stage (1857 and Before) Broadly, we can divide India’s struggle for independence into two stages. The first stage constitutes the revolt of 1857 and before. Many women fought against the company rule in the nineteenth century. Bhima Bai Holkar fought bravely against the British colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerrilla warfare in 1817. Rani Chinnamma of Kittur rose up in rebellion in 1824 when the British refused to recognise the adopted heir as the successor, after the death of her husband, and took over the administration. The Kittur rebels killed the collector of Dharwar and declared independence but the rebellion was crushed by the British. The role of women is equally admirable during the revolt of 1857.

The revolt of 1857 was a watershed in the colonial history of India. It was fundamentally different from earlier sepoy mutinies and uprisings of the peasants and tribes. Unlike these rebellions, it was much larger in scale and spread. A good number of women stood shoulder to shoulder with men in the revolt. Some of them aided men while others directly participated in the fighting. There were dalit viranganas, bhatiyarins or innkeepers and courtesans who played an important role in hatching the plots and passing information. Some of them even provided financial help. Others like Lakshmibai and Hazrat Mahal stood against the might of the British East India Company. Perhaps, Manikarnika or Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi is the most prominent among them all. She raised the banner of revolt after the annexation of Jhansi, by Lord Dalhousie, in 1854 through the application of the controversial doctrine of lapse. She became famous not only for her bravery in combating the British forces but also for capturing the Gwalior fort. She died fighting on 17 June, 1858 during the battle for Gwalior and became an iconic figure. Jhalkari Bai played an important role as a member of the Durga Dal (women’s brigade of Jhansi). She dressed up like Rani Lakshmibai, led the troops in the battle and misguided the British.

Another key participant was Begum Hazrat Mahal of Awadh. Awadh was annexed in 1856 on the false premise of maladministration. She fought back on behalf of her minor son Birjis Qadir. She gave the longest resistance and commanded the largest army of rebels. She rejected three offers of peace and continued to fight for complete independence but got defeated by the British. Finally, she escaped to Nepal and stayed there till her death in 1879. We come to know about Uda Devi Pasi through legend. She killed more than half a dozen British troops in the battle of Sikandar Bagh in Lucknow in November 1857.

There were many more women who fought valiantly in the revolt of 1857 but didn’t get enough credit. Rani Avantibai Lodhi of Ramgarh raised 4000 troops to fight against the British when they took over her husband’s kingdom after his death. When defeat became eminent she killed herself with her own sword. Punjab was annexed by the British in 1849. It is said that Rani Jindan Kaur kept on resisting the British rule in subtle ways. She went in exile in Nepal and urged the Maharaja of Kashmir to participate in the revolt of 1857. She also came up with a strategy of two-pronged attack but her plan never succeeded as her coded letters were intercepted by the British. She was sent to England with her son Dalip Singh where she died in 1863.

In Kanpur, the House of Azizun Bai , a courtesan became a meeting point for the rebel sepoys. It was also used as the headquarters to collect and distribute the arms and ammunitions to the soldiers. She entered the battle in male attire. Western Uttar Pradesh saw considerable participation of women during the revolt of 1857. Some of the names known through personal accounts and legends are Ashgari Begum , Habiba , Bakhtavari , Jamila Khan , Rahimi, Umda , Asha Devi , Bhagwati Devi , Shobha Devi , Indra Kaur , Man Kaur and Raj Kaur . Most of them were captured and executed. They fought at a time when women were recognized only as mothers, daughters and wives.

The Second Stage (Post-1857 Revolt) During this stage the process of organized political activity picked up pace. This period experienced a consistent rise and growth of national consciousness. The most important development was formation of the Indian National Congress . The Congress emerged as the most important platform to express the nationalist sentiments and passed through three important phases – Moderate, Extremist and Gandhian. Some other parallel ideologies and trends also emerged in the form of revolutionary nationalism, socialism, trade unionism and Kisan Sabha Movement. Women participated in varying degrees in almost all these phases.

The Munda Rebellion (1899 – 1900) was the first local uprising in which women actively participated against the British. As far as the mainstream population is concerned, it was the Swadeshi movement , where the housewives from urban middle class families came out of their homes for the first time ever in the history of India. They actively participated in the processions and played a key role in boycott and picketing of foreign goods like textiles, utensils, bangles and salt. From here onwards, the women from different backgrounds would start making significant contribution in the national movement.

Annie Besant was the first prominent personality that emerged as an active participant in the Indian social and political life in the early twentieth century. She was an Irish lady who arrived in India in 1893 as a member of Theosophical Society. Besant made India her home and initially devoted herself to education and revival of Indian culture and religion. She inculcated a sense of pride among Indians and thus strengthened the case of Indian nationalism. In 1898, she founded the Central Hindu College which became the Banaras Hindu University in 1916. She also worked for the women’s rights, caste equality and rejuvenation of Panchayats. She entered in politics in 1913 and started using her papers Commonweal and New India to spread her ideas regarding social and political reforms. She also used them to launch a campaign for self-government in India during the Home Rule movement in 1916-17. She worked with Lokmanya Tilak towards readmission of the extremists in the Congress and Lucknow Pact between the Congress and the Muslim League. Both of them were realized during the Lucknow Session of 1916. Annie Besant also became the first women to become the Congress president in 1917. Her growing differences with Congress and Mahatma Gandhi relegated her to the background in politics.

Most of the influential women became visible in the twentieth century. They emerged during the Gandhian phase. Kasturba Gandhi always remained a source of moral support to her husband. She became a political activist and fought for civil rights against the British, both in South Africa and India. In India, she participated in all the political programmes initiated by Gandhi. She was imprisoned in 1942 for her involvement in the Quit India Movement (QIM) and died, two years later, at the Agha Khan Palace in Poona.

Large scale participation of women began during the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM) in 1930s. Sarojini Naidu led the satyagrahis at Dharsana Salt works on the Bombay coast. Among the 2050 participants, 359 were women, who faced the lathis of the police with other participants with great confidence. By 1932, more than 2000 women had courted arrest during the Civil Disobedience Movement. Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian women to preside Congress in 1925. She remained a member of the Congress Working Committee for many years. She represented women during the Second Round Table Conference in 1932. She was imprisoned in 1932 as well as in 1942 as a participant in the CDM and QIM. The women participants in CDM came from different backgrounds and a significant number among them came from socially conservative professional, business or peasant families. They were motivated by Gandhi’s saintly image and his principles of non-violence and truth. Durgabai Deshmukh organised Salt Satyagraha in 1930 in Madras presidency with two prominent leaders A. K. Prakasam and D. Nageswara Rao. She also set up the Andhra Mahila Sabha in 1941 for the welfare of women. Women also participated, in substantial numbers, in revolutionary activities . Madam Bhikaji Cama , the mother of Indian revolution, worked from Paris along with Shyamji Krishna Varma and Sardar Singh Rana. She created propaganda in central Europe against the misdeeds of colonial government in India. She has the unique honour of designing the first Indian tricolour. She unfurled it at the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart, Germany in 1907. Madam Cama encouraged the Indian youth to fight for the cause of their nation. She organised the Free India Society and published the journal Bande Mataram to spread her revolutionary thoughts.

Some other women who participated in revolutionary activities were Nanibala Devi , Razia Khatun , Pritilata Waddedar , Bina Das , Kalpana Dutta , Shanti Ghosh and Suniti Chaudhuri . Nanibala joined Jugantar, and Razia was associated with secret societies like Jugantar and Anushilan Samiti. Pritilata, Bina and Kalpana were the members of Indian Republican Army founded by Surya Sen. They were also involved in the Chittagong Armoury Raid (1930). After this raid revolutionary activity increased manifold in Bengal and the two schoolgirls Shanti and Suniti assassinated Stevens, the District Magistrate of Comilla. Rani Gaidinliu led the Naga movement in 1931-32 against the British and supported the CDM.

During the Quit India Movement of 1942, the participation of women was not as high as in the Civil Disobedience Movement. But the lack of numbers was compensated by their valuable contribution. When the movement went underground due to increased repression by the colonial government, lot of work was done under the leadership of women like Aruna Asaf Ali , Sucheta Kripalani and Usha Mehta . Aruna went to prison in 1930, 1932 and 1940 during the Civil Disobedience Movement and Individual Satyagraha . She edited the journal ‘Inquilab’ which aimed at mass mobilization. She also hoisted the tricolour at Gowalia Tank Ground in Bombay after the arrest of Congress president Maulana Azad in 1942. Sucheta worked with J. B. Kripalani in 1934 during the Bihar earthquake. She was appointed the secretary of the women’s wing of the AICC (All India Congress committee) in 1939. She also worked at Noakhali in East Bengal when Communal riots broke out after the Muslim League’s call of Direct Action on 16 August 1946. Usha Mehta acted as the announcer of ‘Voice of freedom’, the underground Congress radio that operated from different locations in Bombay. In Singapore, Subhash Chandra Bose created the Rani Jhansi regiment. It was an All-Women Regiment of the Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army), led by Captain Lakshmi Sehgal . She was also appointed the Minister of Women’s Affairs in the Azad Hind Government.

There were many more women who participated in the freedom struggle and four of them belonged to the Nehru family. They were Swarup Rani , Kamala Nehru , Vijayalakshmi Pandit and Indira Gandhi . Swarup was Jawaharlal Nehru’s mother and Kamala was his wife. Kamala got involved in organizing women for protests against the British government. For this she was arrested few times. Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Nehru’s sister actively participated in the CDM and Individual Satyagraha and got arrested. His daughter Indira was pulled in the freedom struggle from the very young age. She organized ‘Vanar sena’ and ‘Manjari sena’ of the young boys and girls. She was also arrested during the QIM.

Margaret Elizabeth Noble or Sister Nivedita joined the Ramakrishna mission and worked for female education. She also promoted national consciousness and criticised the British racial policies. Rajkumari Amrit Kaur of the Kapurthala royal family of Punjab was impressed by Gandhi. She got involved in the activities of the Congress and participated in the CDM. She was imprisoned during the QIM. She was also a founder member of the All India Women’s Conference (AIWC) which first met at Pune in 1927. Rehana Tyabjee became an enthusiastic follower of Gandhi and actively participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement , CDM and QIM. She also became the president of the Youth League of the congress. Jyotirmoyee Ganguly resigned from the government service in response to Gandhi’s call for civil disobedience and participated in an agitation organized by the Forward Bloc in 1945 against the imprisonment of the INA soldiers. She died protesting against British suppression. Madeleine Slade or Mira Behn joined the Sabarmati Ashram at Ahmedabad and engaged in the promotion of Khadi and Satyagraha. She wrote more than thousand articles for various papers like Young India, Harijan, The Statesman, The Times of India and The Hindustan Times. She also participated in the Quit India Movement. Matangini Hajra was born in a typical peasant family. She participated in the Dandi March in 1930 and agitations against chowkidari tax during the CDM. She was hit by a bullet and died while hoisting the national flag during the QIM.

Summation From the above essay, it becomes clear that women played indispensable role in India’s Freedom struggle. All kind of women ranging from a common person to highly accomplished ladies participated in it. In the background of a conservative society and several limitations, their contribution is immensely commendable. The list of such women is endless who dared to fight for India’s freedom with undaunted courage. There were another category of women who might not have directly participated in the freedom struggle but they contributed to the emancipation of their own kind. Some of the prominent examples in this category are Gangabai or Maharani Tapaswini , Subbalakshmi , Pandita Ramabai , Sarla Devi Chaudhurani , Mehribai Tata and Muthulakshmi Reddy . They aimed at developing female education, improvement in the condition of child widows and women’s status in the family, prohibition of child marriage and purdah, and enfranchising women.

Let's Discuss

Access to prime resources

Try More Resources on this Topic - Try Free Now

• Current Affairs
• Agriculture

Environment

• Foreign Policy & IR
• Science & Tech
• Miscellaneous
• ARC Report Summary
• Debate Corner
• Foundational Course
• Optional Course
• Test Series
• Have a Query ?
• Inspiration

History Watch – Role of Women in India’s Freedom Struggle !!!

The entire history of the freedom movement is replete with the saga of bravery, sacrifice  and political sagacity of hundreds and thousands of women of our country.

Their participation in the struggle began as early as 1817 when Bhima Bai Holkar fought against the British Colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerilla warfare.

At a very critical time for our mother land when the British East India Company was fast expanding its empire in India, when Tipu Sultan had been eliminated (1799), the proud Marathas had been humbled (1815), Chennamma the widowed queen of Raja Malla Sarja frustrated the machinations of British to annex her kingdom Kittore, a tiny principality in the present Belgaum District of Karnataka.She fought against the mighty British army and scored initial  success.

No other woman warrior in the history of India has made such a powerful Role of Women in India’s Struggle For Freedom  impact on the minds of the Indian people as the  Rani of Jhansi, Lakshmi Bai . She was the second wife of the ruler of Jhansi Raja  Gangadhar Rao who protested against the ‘Doctrine of Lapse’. She refused to surrender  Jhansi and fought bravely attired as a male during the Revolt of 1857 and died in the battle  field fighting the British forces. Her courage inspired many Indians to rise against the alien rule.

Another woman whom we remember in this context was Hazrat Mahal Begum . She was the wife of the deposed ruler of Lucknow who actively took part in the revolt of 1857 against the Doctrine of Lapse under which Dalhousie wanted her to surrender Lucknow.  She gave stiff resistance. But after the fall of Lucknow she escaped to Kathmandu.

Kasturba , the wife of Mahatma Gandhi, was one of the foremost supporters of the Gandhi’s programmes. One of the first women to be imprisoned in Transvaal, she took  part in the Quit India Movement (1942) and was arrested. She died while imprisoned in  Poona.

Vijay  Laxmi Pandit  was imprisoned thrice in  connection with the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932, 1941 and 1942. In 1937 she was  elected to the provincial legislature of the United Provinces and was designated  minister of local self government and public health.She played an important role as India’s representative in San Francisco during the first meeting of the UN where she challenged the might of the British. She was the first woman  to become the President of the United Nations General Assembly.

When she was just 13 years old, Indira Gandhi organized a ‘Monkey Army’ (Vanar Sena) comprising of young  teenagers which proved her intention to fight for the independence of her country. She  joined Congress in 1938 and was imprisoned for 13 months in 1942 by the British. She was  India’s first and only female prime minister till date.

Sarojini Naidu holds pride of place among women freedom fighters of India. She was  responsible for awakening the women of India. She was first woman President of the Indian National Congress in 1925 at the Kanpur Session. In 1928, she came to the USA with the message of the nonviolence movement from Gandhiji. When in 1930, Gandhi was  arrested for a protest, Sarojini took the helms of his movement. In 1931, she participated  in the Round Table Summit, along with Gandhiji and Pundit Malavyaji. She was also the  acting President of the Congress in 1932. In 1942, she was arrested during the ‘Quit India’  protest and stayed in jail for 21 months. She was a gifted poet of the English language and was popularly known as the Nightingale of India.

Aruna Asaf Ali played a leading role during the Quit Indian Movement. Her moment of  reckoning came in 1942 during the Quit India Movement and she rose to occasion. She  unfurled the National Flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay to signify the commencement of the Quit India Movement and became a legend for thousands of youth  that rose to emulate her. She became a full time activist in the Quit India Movement and went underground to evade arrest. She edited ‘Inquilab’ a monthly journal of the Indian  National Congress. She was awarded India’s highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna.

Madam Bhikaji Cama was influenced by Dadabhai Naoroji and was a source of inspiration  for Indian youth in the UK. She unfurled the first National Flag at the International  Socialist Conference in Stuttgart (Germany) in 1907, organized Free India Society and  began the journal ‘Bande Mataram ’ to spread her revolutionary thought. She travelled a lot  and spoke to people about Indians Struggling for Independence. She could aptly be  called “Mother India’s first cultural representative of USA”.

Kalpana Dutta was another prominent woman revolutionary leader who was influenced by  the revolutionary idea of Surya Sen. She joined the Chittagong armoury raids.

Rani Gaidineliu was a prominent Naga  nationalist woman leader from Manipur who took  over the movement of Naga nationalists against the British. Her movement was active  during the Civil Disobedience Movement to oust the foreigners from Manipur. For her remarkable patriotism, she received praise from the nationalist leaders. She was arrested in 1932 and released after Indian Independence. “Rani of the Nagas” the popular title was bestowed upon her by Jawaharlal Nehru for her influence and work for the Nagas.

Sucheta Kriplani was an ardent nationalist with socialistic orientation. She was a close associate of Jai Prakash Narayany who actively participated in Quit India Movement. This St Stephen’s educated politician sang Vande Mataram in the independence session of the Constituent Assembly on August 15, 1947.

Raj Kumari Amrit Kaur was a close follower of Gandhiji from 1919 onwards. A Congress  member, she actively participated in the 1930 Salt Satyagraha and the Quit India  Movement. She became the first Health Minister in Post-Independent India. She was the founder – President of Indian Council of Child Welfare and the founder-member of All  India Women’s Conference.

Smt Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay was elected President of the Youth Congress in December 1929 and appealed to the National Congress leaders to declare Poorna Swaraj as their goal. On January 26, 1930,Kamaladevi captured the imagination of the entire nation when in a  scuffle, she clung to the Tricolor in order to protect it. Blows rained on her as she stood like a rock to protect the flag, bleeding profusely. She galvanized the All India Women’s Conference into a dynamic movement.

Beside the hundreds and thousands of Indian women who dedicated their lives for India’s   freedom, there were many foreign women who saw  in India a hope for the redemption of  the world.

A famous disciple of Swami Vivekananda, Sister Nivedita was an Irish lady named Miss Margaret Nobel who arrived in India in January, 1898 in search of truth. She propagated     for the cause of India throughout America and Europe. She attended the    Benares Congress Session in 1905 and supported the Swadeshi Movement.

Annie Besant,   Irish by birth was a staunch supporter  of India’s struggle for freedom.She founded the  Home Rule League in Madras in 1916. She also founded the Theosophical Society of India.  She was the President (First Woman President) of Indian National Congress for one term  at Calcutta in 1917. She also edited ‘New India ’ and ‘ Commonwealth ’. She had done ample  work to formulate favorable opinion about the Indian question in outside world. Even  today, India remembers with gratefulness Annie Besant’s immeasurable work for the  freedom struggle, educational advancement and social reforms.

Mira Alphonse , universally known as the ‘Mother’ was born in Paris in 1878. She came to India in 1914 and  met Shri Aurobindo. She was the inspirer of Auroville , the international town near  Pandicherry. She played an important role in motivating women like Annie Besant and Nellie Sen Gupta . The Mother had also contributed to enrich India’s age-old heritage and culture.

Meera Behn and Sarla Behn fought for the cause of freedom. Born as Madeliene Slade in England, she was named Mira Behn by Mahatma Gandhi. She was a close disciple and associate of Gandhiji. She accompanied Gandhiji to Round Table Conference. She did pioneering work for social reforms in rural areas. Born as Katherine Mary Heilaman, she was named Sarla Behn by Mahatma Gandhi.  he was a great social worker. She set up an Ashram at Kausali in the Kumaon  Hills of Uttarakhand. She went from village to village helping the families of political  prisoners. She authored a book entitled  ‘ Reviving Our Dying Planet’.

Share is Caring, Choose Your Platform!

# trending now.

and stay updated

Related Posts

Announcements, [demo] mains test series discussion-exceptional & in-depth, [opsc prelims] complete analysis and cut-off , grab-a-rank : upsc mentorship program for 2024, recent posts, analysis , mains question paper , policy , polity, [video] upsc gs-2 [2023) analysis, analysis , mains question paper, [video] upsc gs-i [2023) analysis, [video] upsc 2023 essay paper analysis, [environment] why methane emissions is a cause of worry , [open] all india open essay test on 30 august 2023.

Put Email Address here (Get Exceptional Editorials, Essay Strategy, Current Affairs, MCQs and More)

Contact US    

Work with US

Download the App

© UPSCTREE   |   All Rights Reserved  |

Terms of Use

Refund or Cancellation Policy

Privacy Policy

Student Portal

• Skip to primary navigation
• Skip to main content
• Skip to primary sidebar

UPSC Coaching, Study Materials, and Mock Exams

Enroll in ClearIAS UPSC Coaching Join Now Log In

Call us: +91-9605741000

The Freedom Struggle – its various stages and important contributors or contributions from different parts of the country

Last updated on September 30, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

The Indian Freedom Struggle is a saga that begins with the onset of British colonialism in the 17th century.

The East India Company initially entered India as traders, gradually expanding their control until they established a full-fledged colonial administration.

With the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the Company secured a decisive victory, marking the commencement of British dominance over Indian territories.

Early Resistance (1757-1857)

From the early days of colonization, various sections of Indian society resisted British rule. The period witnessed a series of uprisings, including tribal revolts, peasant movements, and local mutinies, each signifying discontent and opposition against foreign subjugation.

First War of Independence (1857)

The Revolt of 1857, often termed the First War of Independence, was a significant turning point. Sparked by the introduction of the new Enfield rifles, the uprising saw widespread participation from soldiers, civilians, and royalty alike, reflecting a collective aspiration for freedom.

Formative Years (1858-1905)

Following the Revolt of 1857, the British government officially took control of the East India Company. The subsequent years saw the formation of early political groups and the articulation of constitutional demands, laying the groundwork for an organized national movement.

Swadeshi and World War I (1905-1918)

The Swadeshi Movement, initiated against the partition of Bengal, advocated for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of self-reliance. World War I further intensified the struggle, as expectations for self-governance grew among Indians who contributed significantly to the war effort.

Gandhian Era (1919-1947)

The entry of Mahatma Gandhi transformed the Indian nationalist movement. With his principles of truth, non-violence, and Satyagraha, Gandhi mobilized masses across the country, leading pivotal campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement.

Subaltern and Revolutionary Contributions

Parallelly, subaltern groups, including tribal communities, women, and lower castes, played an indispensable role, fighting for both national independence and social emancipation. The freedom struggle also witnessed the emergence of revolutionary groups seeking to overthrow British rule through armed rebellion.

Towards Independence

The persistent efforts of various factions within the Indian freedom movement eventually bore fruit in 1947 when India gained independence. This triumph was, however, accompanied by the painful partition of the country into India and Pakistan, leaving behind a legacy of both unity and division.

Table of Contents

Early Resistance to British Rule (1757-1857)

The seed of the Indian freedom struggle was sown immediately after the Battle of Plassey in 1757 when the British East India Company took control over Bengal. During this phase, India saw sporadic uprisings mainly due to the oppressive policies of the British.

Major Uprisings

Between 1757 and 1857, numerous revolts erupted in different parts of the country. These were primarily led by local chieftains, peasants, and tribal leaders who were directly affected by the harsh revenue policies and administrative practices imposed by the British. Some notable uprisings include the Sanyasi Rebellion (1763-1800), the Chuar Rebellion in Bengal, and the Paika Rebellion in Odisha in 1817.

Key Figures

• Rani Laxmibai of Jhansi: Born as Manikarnika, Rani Laxmibai played a crucial role in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Her courage and leadership were evident as she led her army against the British, becoming a symbol of resistance and an inspiration for future generations.
• Kunwar Singh: A prominent leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, Kunwar Singh led the revolt in Bihar. Despite being in his old age, his commitment to the cause made him a notable figure in the struggle against British rule.
• Bahadur Shah II: The last Mughal emperor, also known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, played a symbolic role in the 1857 Rebellion. He was declared the emperor of India by the rebelling sepoys, providing a symbolic unity to the rebellion against the British.

The First War of Independence (1857)

The Revolt of 1857 marked a significant turn in the Indian freedom struggle. Often referred to as the First War of Independence, it was a major, but ultimately unsuccessful, uprising against the British East India Company.

The revolt began in Meerut on May 10, 1857, and soon spread to several parts of northern and central India. Major battles occurred in Delhi, Lucknow, Kanpur, and Jhansi, with local rulers, sepoys, and civilians participating actively.

Notable Figures

• Mangal Pandey: Pandey played a pivotal role in igniting the rebellion. A sepoy in the British East India Company, his act of rebellion in Barrackpore is often considered the first spark of the 1857 uprising.
• Tantia Tope: A close associate of Nana Sahib, Tantia Tope was a general in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. He was instrumental in the recapture of Gwalior and led his troops with agility and surprise against the British forces.

Formative Phase (1885-1905)

Post-1857, nationalistic sentiments were channelled into forming organized movements. The Indian National Congress (INC) was established during this period, marking the beginning of a new phase in the Indian freedom struggle.

Indian National Congress

Founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume, the INC played a significant role in the freedom struggle. Initially, it was a platform for civil servants to express their views on British policies, but over time, it became the principal leader of the Indian nationalist movement.

Leaders of the Phase

• Dadabhai Naoroji: Known as the ‘Grand Old Man of India’, Naoroji was a prominent leader of the INC and the first Indian to be a British MP. He was one of the earliest leaders to demand ‘Swaraj’ or self-rule for India.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale : A mentor to Mahatma Gandhi, Gokhale was a senior leader of the INC and founder of the Servants of India Society. He advocated for social reforms and was a strong supporter of constitutional means to achieve political self-rule.

Swadeshi Movement (1905-1911)

The Swadeshi Movement was a turning point in India’s struggle for freedom, initiating widespread public protest against British rule for the first time. The Movement began as a response to the partition of Bengal by Viceroy Lord Curzon in 1905, aimed at dividing and ruling by creating religious divisions.

Context and Overview

Curzon’s decision was ostensibly based on administrative convenience, but it was widely perceived as a ‘divide and rule’ strategy. In response, the Swadeshi Movement emerged with a call for the boycott of British goods and the promotion of Indian-made products. It was not just a form of economic nationalism but also a powerful cultural and social revolution.

Prominent Contributors:

• Bal Gangadhar Tilak : Often referred to as ‘Lokmanya’, Tilak was one of the first and strongest advocates of Swaraj. He was one of the prime architects of modern India and probably the strongest advocate of Swadeshi. Tilak used the movement to represent the major grievances of the people and exposed the British government’s exploitation of the Indian people.
• Bipin Chandra Pal: Known as the ‘Father of Revolutionary Thoughts’, Pal was part of the Lal-Bal-Pal triumvirate that was at the forefront of the Swadeshi Movement. He advocated the boycott of British goods and emphasized self-reliance and national education as the key to national regeneration.
• Lala Lajpat Rai : Rai played a pivotal role in the Swadeshi Movement. Being a fervent nationalist, he supported the boycott of British goods and institutions. He played a key role in promoting Swadeshi goods and ideas through speeches and writings, inspiring many to join the movement.
• Rabindranath Tagore : Nobel laureate and cultural icon, Tagore actively participated in the Swadeshi Movement. He promoted the idea of self-reliance through the use of Swadeshi goods and the boycott of foreign products. He also composed many songs and writings during this time to inspire a sense of nationalism and unity among Indians.

Key Events and Impact

• Swadeshi and Boycott: The twin strategies of Swadeshi and Boycott were employed. The people were urged to boycott British goods and promote the use of Indian goods. This led to a surge in the Indian indigenous industry.
• Formation of banks: Many Indians, inspired by the movement, established indigenous banks and insurance companies to strengthen the economic base of the colonized nation.
• Educational Boycott: There was a widespread boycott of government schools and colleges. National educational institutions like the Bengal National College were established.
• Spread of the Movement: Initially starting in Bengal, the movement spread to other parts of India, fostering a sense of nationalism and unity among diverse groups of people.

Challenges and Legacy

Though the Swadeshi Movement eventually slowed down due to various reasons including differences within the INC and repressive measures by the British, it left an indelible mark on India’s struggle for freedom. The Movement sowed the seeds for future mass movements led by Gandhi and others, creating a legacy of resistance and self-reliance that would continue until India gained independence in 1947.

Gandhian Era (1915-1947)

The Gandhian Era marks a significant chapter in India’s freedom struggle, embodying non-violent resistance, civil disobedience, and grassroots mobilization. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, or Mahatma Gandhi , played an instrumental role during this period, shaping the course of the movement towards attaining Swaraj or self-rule.

The Gandhian Era was characterized by mass participation and the introduction of non-violent resistance as a powerful tool against colonial oppression. Gandhi, with his unique philosophy and methodology, mobilized the common masses, making the struggle for independence truly inclusive and participatory.

Gandhi’s Return & Philosophy

• Return to India: Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915, immersing himself in the Indian socio-political environment.
• Philosophy: His philosophy centred on truth, non-violence, and simplicity, with Satyagraha or ‘truth force’ being his method for civil resistance.

Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922)

• Overview: Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement in response to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the repressive Rowlatt Act.
• Major Events: Mass boycott of British goods, services, and institutions, including schools, colleges, and courts.
• Key Contributors: Alongside Gandhi, leaders like Jawaharlal Nehru , Sardar Patel , and Maulana Azad played crucial roles.

Civil Disobedience Movement (1930-1934)

• Introduction: It was a mass protest against the British-imposed salt tax, exemplified by the Dandi Salt March led by Gandhi.
• Dandi March: Gandhi’s 240-mile march to the Arabian Sea town of Dandi to make salt, symbolically challenged the British monopoly.
• Notable Participants: Sarojini Naidu, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and Vallabhbhai Patel were active participants.

Quit India Movement (1942)

• Background: With World War II intensifying, Gandhi sought to leverage the global situation to push for India’s immediate exit from British rule.
• Main Events: Despite mass arrests of leaders, the movement saw widespread participation across India, with protests, strikes, and demonstrations.
• Key Figures: Aruna Asaf Ali, Jayaprakash Narayan, and Usha Mehta were among those who played pivotal roles.

Sub-Movements & Other Leaders

• Khilafat Movement: Working in tandem with the Non-Cooperation Movement, it sought to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, showcasing Hindu-Muslim unity.
• Subhash Chandra Bose: Though differing from Gandhi’s ideology, Bose contributed immensely to the freedom struggle, notably through the Azad Hind Fauj.

Legacy of the Gandhian Era

• Philosophy & Tactics: Gandhi’s philosophies continue to inspire movements for civil rights and social change across the world.
• Constitutional Developments: The era witnessed significant constitutional developments, like the Government of India Act 1935, which shaped India’s political future.
• Path to Independence: The sustained resistance eventually led to the British conceding to the demand for independence, culminating in the attainment of freedom in 1947.

Subaltern Contributions to the Indian Freedom Struggle

Subaltern contributions refer to the efforts of groups that were socially, politically, and geographically outside of the hegemonic power structure. These groups, often overlooked in mainstream narratives, played a crucial role in the Indian Freedom Struggle.

The subaltern contributions to the Indian Freedom Struggle offer a narrative of resistance and assertion by groups that were marginalized and oppressed. These stories of resilience and struggle are vital to understanding the multifaceted and inclusive nature of India’s journey to independence.

Tribal Movements

• Overview: Tribal communities resisted British rules that affected their traditional rights and livelihoods.
• Birsa Munda: Leader of the Munda tribe, Birsa led the Munda Rebellion against British rule, aiming to establish the Munda Raj and remove the British government and missionaries.
• Alluri Sitarama Raju: He led the Rampa Rebellion of 1922-24 against the British in response to the implementation of the Madras Forest Act, which restricted the tribal people’s access to forests.

Women in the Freedom Struggle

• Overview: Women participated actively in the freedom struggle, breaking traditional norms and contributing significantly to the movement.
• Sucheta Kriplani: She was a freedom fighter who worked closely with Mahatma Gandhi during the Partition riots. She was India’s first woman Chief Minister, serving as the head of the Uttar Pradesh government.
• Kasturba Gandhi: Kasturba was a political activist involved in the Indian Independence Movement and the wife of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. She was imprisoned in British jails multiple times along with her husband.
• Aruna Asaf Ali: Known for hoisting the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank maidan in Bombay during the Quit India Movement, Ali was a strong supporter of civil rights and an advocate for women’s empowerment.

Lower Caste Movements

• Overview: Lower caste movements aimed to eradicate caste-based discrimination and ensure social justice and equality.
• B.R. Ambedkar : A jurist, economist, and social reformer, Ambedkar campaigned against social discrimination towards the untouchables and supported the rights of women and labourers. He played a pivotal role in drafting the Constitution of India.
• Periyar E.V. Ramasamy: Founding the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam, Periyar worked against caste-based discrimination and Brahminical supremacy. He was also a strong advocate for women’s rights.

Other Minority Contributions

• Overview: Various minority groups also participated actively in the freedom struggle.
• Maulana Abul Kalam Azad : An Indian scholar and a senior leader of the Indian National Congress, Azad was the first Minister of Education in India. He supported education for the underprivileged and played a significant role in developing the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs).
• Sikh Community: The community played a vital role, with figures like Bhagat Singh and Udham Singh becoming symbols of resistance against British rule.

Revolutionary Movements in the Indian Freedom Struggle

Revolutionary movements formed a vital aspect of the Indian freedom struggle, providing a militant alternative to the non-violent approach advocated by Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. These groups sought to achieve independence through armed struggle and subversion against British colonial rule.

The revolutionary movements in the Indian freedom struggle were pivotal in mobilizing and inspiring the masses towards the cause of independence. Although their methods differed significantly from the mainstream, non-violent struggle, the revolutionaries’ courage, and commitment left an indelible mark on India’s journey towards freedom, making them unforgettable heroes of the nation’s history.

Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA)

• Overview: Established in 1928, the HSRA aimed to overthrow the British colonial authority through an armed revolution.
• Bhagat Singh : A prominent leader in the HSRA, Singh is celebrated for his courage and commitment to the independence cause. He was involved in several high-profile actions, including the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly and the killing of British police officer J.P. Saunders.
• Chandrasekhar Azad: A mentor to Singh, Azad was involved in the Kakori train robbery and other actions aimed at undermining British rule. He vowed never to be captured alive and kept his promise until his last breath.
• Rajguru and Sukhdev: Close associates of Singh and Azad, both played critical roles in various revolutionary activities and were eventually executed alongside Singh.

Azad Hind Fauj (Indian National Army – INA)

• Overview: Founded in 1942, the INA was an armed force comprising Indian prisoners of war and expatriates in Southeast Asia, aiming to overthrow British rule with Japanese assistance during World War II.
• Subhas Chandra Bose : The most prominent leader of the INA, Bose was a charismatic figure who sought international alliances to support India’s independence struggle. He coined the famous slogan “Give me blood, and I shall give you freedom!” inspiring many to join the INA.

Other Noteworthy Movements & Figures

• Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar: These were two prominent revolutionary organizations in Bengal involved in a series of bombings, assassinations, and robberies as forms of protest against British rule.
• Surya Sen: Leader of the Chittagong Armoury Raid, Sen was a school teacher who led a group of revolutionaries in a daring raid on British armouries.
• Rash Behari Bose: He played a key role in the Ghadar Conspiracy and later collaborated with Japanese forces to support the Indian independence movement during World War II.

Legacy & Impact

While the revolutionary movements did not directly lead to India’s independence, they had significant impacts:

• Inspiring the Masses: The courage and sacrifices of the revolutionaries inspired many Indians to join the independence movement.
• Shaping National Consciousness: These movements helped foster a sense of nationalism and urgency among the general population, creating widespread support for India’s struggle for freedom.
• Pressurizing Colonial Powers: The activities of these groups kept the British authorities on edge, forcing them to deploy significant resources to maintain control.

The Indian Freedom Struggle: Conclusion

The Indian Freedom Struggle is a journey of countless sacrifices, movements, and leaders, each contributing towards the cherished goal of independence.

It’s a testament to the indomitable spirit of the people of India, their enduring fight for justice, and the diverse paths they tread to secure national freedom.

Understanding this struggle is imperative for appreciating the value of freedom and the democratic principles that modern India is built upon.

Before we finish…

In addition to this overview post, we have created a lot of articles and study materials on Indian History.

Out of these, lovers of Modern Indian History should not miss:

• How to Study Modern Indian History for UPSC?
• Modern Indian History: From about the middle of the eighteenth century until the present – significant events, personalities, and issues
• India’s Struggle for Independence: Indian Freedom Movement

How to study the Indian Freedom Struggle in detail?

Students may note that this article on the Indian National Movement is just an overview of the topic. There is a lot more to learn  about the history of India.

We recommend the below sources to learn the History of India and the Indian National Movement.

• Join  ClearIAS Video Course (Prelims cum Mains).
• Go through  ClearIAS notes on Indian History.
• Read  books on Indian History .

Aim IAS, IPS, or IFS?

About Alex Andrews George

Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

He is the author of many best-seller books like 'Important Judgments that transformed India' and 'Important Acts that transformed India'.

A trusted mentor and pioneer in online training , Alex's guidance, strategies, study-materials, and mock-exams have helped many aspirants to become IAS, IPS, and IFS officers.

Reader Interactions

Leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Don’t lose out without playing the right game!

Follow the ClearIAS Prelims cum Mains (PCM) Integrated Approach.

Join ClearIAS PCM Course Now

UPSC Online Preparation

• Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)
• Indian Administrative Service (IAS)
• Indian Police Service (IPS)
• IAS Exam Eligibility
• UPSC Free Study Materials
• UPSC Exam Guidance
• UPSC Prelims Test Series
• UPSC Syllabus
• UPSC Online
• UPSC Prelims
• UPSC Interview
• UPSC Toppers
• UPSC Previous Year Qns
• UPSC Age Calculator
• UPSC Calendar 2024
• About ClearIAS
• ClearIAS Programs
• ClearIAS Fee Structure
• IAS Coaching
• UPSC Coaching
• UPSC Online Coaching
• ClearIAS Blog
• Important Updates
• Announcements
• Book Review
• ClearIAS App
• Work with us
• Advertise with us
• Privacy Policy
• Terms and Conditions
• Talk to Your Mentor

Featured on

and many more...

Reading Comprehension: Online Workshop

Thank You 🙌

Learn the short-cut tips nobody knows about solving passages.

Take clearias mock exams: analyse your progress.

Analyse Your Performance and Track Your All-India Ranking

Ias/ips/ifs online coaching: target cse 2025.

Are you struggling to finish the UPSC CSE syllabus without proper guidance?

• International
• Today’s Paper
• Premium Stories
• 🗳️ Elections 2024
• Express Shorts
• Maharashtra HSC Result
• Brand Solutions

Explained: Women heroes of India’s freedom struggle, mentioned by PM in his I-Day speech

Laxmibai, durga bhabhi, rani gaidinliu, and velu nachiyar, among others, embody the spirit of india's 'nari shakti', the pm said. who were these remarkable women.

In his ninth Independence Day address to the nation from the ramparts of the Red Fort, Prime Minister Narendra Modi hailed “nari shakti”, and urged people to pledge to not do anything that lowers the dignity of women. He also paid tribute to women freedom fighters for showing the world the true meaning of India’s “nari shakti”. A look at the women he named in his speech:

Rani Laxmibai

The queen of the princely state of Jhansi, Rani Laxmibai is known for her role in the First War of India’s Independence in 1857. Born Manikarnika Tambe in 1835, she married the king of Jhansi. The couple adopted a son before the king’s death, which the British East India Company refused to accept as the legal heir and decided to annex Jhansi.

Refusing to cede her territory, the queen decided to rule on behalf of the heir, and later joined the uprising against the British in 1857. Cornered by the British, she escaped from Jhansi fort. She was wounded in combat near Gwalior’s Phool Bagh, where she later died. Sir Hugh Rose, who was commanding the British army, is known to have described her as “personable, clever…and one of the most dangerous Indian leaders”.

Jhalkari Bai

A soldier in Rani Laxmibai’s women’s army, Durga Dal, she rose to become one of the queen’s most trusted advisers. She is known for putting her own life at risk to keep the queen out of harm’s way. Till date, the story of her valour is recalled by the people of Bundelkhand, and she is often presented as a representative of Bundeli identity.

According to Ministry of Culture’s Amrit Mahotsav website, “Many Dalit communities of the region look up to her as an incarnation of God and also celebrate Jhalkaribai Jayanti every year in her honour.”

Durga Bhabhi

Durgawati Devi, who was popularly known as Durga Bhabhi, was a revolutionary who joined the armed struggle against colonial rule. A member of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, she helped Bhagat Singh escape in disguise from Lahore after the 1928 killing of British police officer John P Saunders.

During the train journey that followed, Durgawati and Bhagat Singh posed as a couple, and Rajguru as their servant. Later, as revenge for the hanging of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev, she made an unsuccessful attempt to kill the former Punjab Governor, Lord Hailey.

Born in Allahabad in 1907 and married to Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) member Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Durgawati, along with other revolutionaries, also ran a bomb factory in Delhi.

Rani Gaidinliu

Born in 1915 in present-day Manipur, Rani Gaidinliu was a Naga spiritual and political leader who fought the British.

She joined the Heraka religious movement which later became a movement to drive out the British. She rebelled against the Empire, and refused to pay taxes, asking people to do the same. The British launched a manhunt, but she evaded arrest, moving from village to village.

Gaidinliu was finally arrested in 1932 when she was just 16, and later sentenced for life. She was released in 1947. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, according to the Amrit Mahotsav website, described Gaidinliu as the “daughter of the hills”, and gave her the title of ‘Rani’ for her courage.

• How joblessness in India has hurt all communities over the last 8 years
• Why Indian armed forces will shift to integrated theatre commands
• Scarlett Johansson vs OpenAI: What are personality rights?

Rani Chennamma

The queen of Kittur, Rani Chennamma, was among the first rulers to lead an armed rebellion against British rule. Kittur was a princely state in present-day Karnataka .

She fought back against the attempt to control her dominion in 1824 after the death of her young son. She had lost her husband, Raja Mallasarja, in 1816. She is seen among the few rulers of the time who understood the colonial designs of the British.

Rani Chennamma defeated the British in her first revolt, but was captured and imprisoned during the second assault by the East India Company.

Begum Hazrat Mahal

After her husband, Nawab of Awadh Wajid Ali Shah, was exiled after the 1857 revolt, Begum Hazrat Mahal, along with her supporters, took on the British and wrested control of Lucknow . She was forced into a retreat after the colonial rulers recaptured the area.

Velu Nachiyar

Many years before the revolt of 1857, Velu Nachiyar waged a war against the British and emerged victorious. Born in Ramanathapuram in 1780, she was married to the king of Sivagangai. After her husband was killed in battle with the East India Company, she entered the conflict, and won with support of neighbouring kings.

“She went on to produce the first human bomb as well as establish the first army of trained women soldiers in the late 1700s,” says the Amrit Mahotsav website. Her army commander Kuyili is believed to have set herself ablaze and walked into a British ammunition dump. She was succeeded by her daughter in 1790, and died a few years later in 1796.

Children can be subversive change-makers Subscriber Only

Love at first vote: Gen Z is no longer apolitical

Journey of a political meme: From digital war room to Subscriber Only

Managing teen anger

Great Butter Rebellion to Gaza: History of student protests in Subscriber Only

Without vets or hospitals, how do wild animals treat themselves Subscriber Only

All We Imagine As Light is a meditative soliloquy on

Why breakups in the 30s feel different for women

Bhaiyya Ji does Manoj Bajpayee no credit

• Express Explained

Actor Piyush Mishra shared that he was approached for the lead role in Maine Pyar Kiya, but it wasn't a big deal as he was still a student at National School of Drama and was merely "considered" for the part, which was played by Salman Khan. He believes he wouldn't have been able to handle the stardom at that time and is happy things didn't work out.

More Explained

Best of Express

EXPRESS OPINION

May 25: Latest News

• 01 Bengaluru’s annual Mango Mela begins at Lalbagh but sellers worried over low crop yield
• 02 Defense spending measure would bar Chinese lidar sensors in US military systems
• 03 SRH vs RR Qualifier 2: Sunrisers thrive at home away from home, Heinrich Klaasen’s masterful stroke and other talking points
• 04 SC stays Uttarakhand HC order for its relocation out of Nainital
• 05 BMC appeals to residents to shift from landslide-prone locations ahead of monsoon 
• Elections 2024
• Political Pulse
• Entertainment
• Movie Review
• Newsletters
• Web Stories

The Role of Women in the Independence Struggle

Ai generator.

Good morning, respected teachers, parents, and my dear friends!

Today, as we celebrate Indian Independence Day , I want to shed light on an often overlooked yet incredibly significant aspect of our freedom struggle—the role of women . Their contributions were immense and pivotal in shaping the course of our independence movement.

Introduction

From leading protests to spreading awareness and enduring immense hardships, women played an essential role in India’s struggle for freedom. Their courage, determination, and unwavering spirit have left an indelible mark on our history. It’s important to recognize and honor these brave women who fought alongside men for the nation’s freedom.

Prominent Women Freedom Fighters

Let us remember some of the key figures whose efforts were instrumental in our fight for independence:

• Rani Lakshmibai: The Queen of Jhansi, who became a symbol of resistance against British rule during the Revolt of 1857. Her bravery and leadership inspired many to join the fight.
• Sarojini Naidu: Known as the Nightingale of India, she was a prominent leader in the Indian National Congress and played a crucial role in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• Aruna Asaf Ali: A leader of the Quit India Movement, she unfurled the Indian National Congress flag at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay during a critical moment in the movement.
• Kamala Nehru: Actively involved in the Non-Cooperation Movement, she worked alongside her husband, Jawaharlal Nehru, and inspired many with her dedication.
• Bhikaiji Cama: A prominent figure in the Indian independence movement, she unfurled the first version of the Indian national flag in a foreign land, symbolizing India’s fight for freedom on an international stage.

The Struggle and Sacrifices

Women participated in various aspects of the independence movement, including:

• Protests and Marches: Women were at the forefront of many protests and marches. They faced lathi charges, imprisonment, and even death, but their resolve never wavered.
• Supporting Roles: Many women supported the movement by providing shelter, spreading awareness, and mobilizing people. They played key roles in organizing boycotts and spreading the message of independence.
• Literary and Cultural Contributions: Women used their pens and voices to inspire and mobilize the masses. Writers, poets, and artists like Subhadra Kumari Chauhan and others contributed significantly through their works.

The Legacy of Women in the Independence Movement

The contributions of these women left a lasting impact on our nation. Their involvement not only helped in achieving independence but also paved the way for future generations of women to participate actively in nation-building.

Our Responsibility

As we honor these remarkable women, it is our responsibility to ensure that their legacy continues. We must work towards gender equality and empower women in all spheres of life. Their stories remind us that women are capable of achieving great things and that their contributions are invaluable to society.

In conclusion, let us pay tribute to the courageous women who played a vital role in India’s struggle for independence. Their sacrifices and achievements are a source of inspiration for all of us. As we celebrate our freedom, let us pledge to uphold the values they fought for and work towards a just and equal society.

Thank you for your attention. Jai Hind!

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

10 Examples of Public speaking

20 Examples of Gas lighting

• OUR CENTERS Bangalore Delhi Lucknow Mysuru Srinagar Dharwad Hyderabad

Call us @ 08069405205

Search Here

• An Introduction to the CSE Exam
• Personality Test
• Annual Calendar by UPSC-2024
• Common Myths about the Exam
• About Insights IAS
• Our Mission, Vision & Values
• Director's Desk
• Meet Our Team
• Our Branches
• Careers at Insights IAS
• Daily Current Affairs+PIB Summary
• Insights into Editorials
• Insta Revision Modules for Prelims
• Current Affairs Quiz
• Static Quiz
• Current Affairs RTM
• Insta-DART(CSAT)
• Insta 75 Days Revision Tests for Prelims 2024
• Secure (Mains Answer writing)
• Secure Synopsis
• Ethics Case Studies
• Insta Ethics
• Weekly Essay Challenge
• Insta Revision Modules-Mains
• Insta 75 Days Revision Tests for Mains
• Secure (Archive)
• Anthropology
• Law Optional
• Kannada Literature
• Public Administration
• English Literature
• Medical Science
• Mathematics
• Commerce & Accountancy
• Monthly Magazine: CURRENT AFFAIRS 30
• Content for Mains Enrichment (CME)
• InstaMaps: Important Places in News
• Weekly CA Magazine
• The PRIME Magazine
• Insta Revision Modules-Prelims
• Insta-DART(CSAT) Quiz
• Insta 75 days Revision Tests for Prelims 2022
• Insights SECURE(Mains Answer Writing)
• Interview Transcripts
• Previous Years' Question Papers-Prelims
• Answer Keys for Prelims PYQs
• Solve Prelims PYQs
• Previous Years' Question Papers-Mains
• UPSC CSE Syllabus
• Toppers from Insights IAS
• Testimonials
• Felicitation
• UPSC Results
• Indian Heritage & Culture
• Ancient Indian History
• Medieval Indian History
• Modern Indian History
• World History
• World Geography
• Indian Geography
• Indian Society
• Social Justice
• International Relations
• Agriculture
• Environment & Ecology
• Disaster Management
• Science & Technology
• Security Issues
• Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

• Indian Heritage & Culture
• Enivornment & Ecology

[Mission 2024] Insights SECURE SYNOPSIS: 25 May 2024

NOTE : Please remember that following ‘answers’ are NOT ‘model answers’. They are NOT synopsis too if we go by definition of the term. What we are providing is content that both meets demand of the question and at the same

Answer the following questions in 150 words:

General studies – 1.

1. India’s narrative tradition is a testament to its rich cultural heritage, offering timeless wisdom and universal themes that resonate across different eras and societies. Discuss.

Reference: Indian Express

Introduction

India’s narrative tradition transcends boundaries. It whispers to us across millennia, reminding us of our shared humanity. It stands as a magnificent tapestry woven across centuries, carrying within it the essence of wisdom, morality, and universal truths. The vibrant tapestry of ancient India’s narrative tradition has had a profound impact on various art forms.

• Mahabharata : This colossal epic, attributed to sage Vyasa, weaves together intricate tales of honor, duty, and cosmic battles. It encompasses the Bhagavad Gita, a spiritual dialogue between Lord Krishna and Arjuna.
• Ramayana : Valmiki’s Ramayana narrates the life of Lord Rama, his exile, the abduction of Sita by Ravana, and the ultimate triumph of dharma (righteousness).
• Mythological Puranas : These texts delve into creation myths, genealogies of gods, and moral lessons. The Vishnu Purana, Shiva Purana, and Devi Bhagavata Purana are prominent examples.
• Jataka Tales : These stories recount the previous lives of Gautama Buddha, emphasizing compassion, selflessness, and ethical conduct.
• Classical Sanskrit Poetry : Works like Kalidasa’s “Shakuntala” and Jayadeva’s “Gita Govinda” celebrate love, nature, and devotion.

Influence on Art Forms :

• Bharatanatyam : Rooted in the Natya Shastra, this dance form incorporates storytelling through mudras (hand gestures), abhinaya (expressions), and rhythmic footwork. Epics and Puranas inspire its repertoire.
• Odissi : Evoking grace and devotion, Odissi draws from the Mahabharata, Ramayana, and Jayadeva’s “Ashtapadi.”
• Kathak : Originating from the Kathakars (storytellers), Kathak narrates tales of Radha-Krishna, mythological episodes, and historical events.
• Ragas and Bhajans : Ancient compositions in classical music often invoke deities, heroes, and celestial landscapes. Ragas like “Bhairavi” evoke devotion, while bhajans celebrate divine love.
• Dhrupad and Kirtan : These forms blend music and spirituality, drawing from sacred texts and epics.
• Miniature Paintings : Rajasthani and Mughal miniature paintings depict scenes from epics, capturing emotions, landscapes, and courtly life.
• Frescoes and Temples : Ancient temples, such as Khajuraho and Ellora, feature intricate carvings and frescoes inspired by mythological narratives.
• Kalighat Paintings : Originating in Kolkata, these vibrant folk paintings narrate stories of gods, goddesses, and everyday life.

Holistic Cultural Experience :

• Ancient narratives provide ethical frameworks. The Ramayana teaches loyalty, duty, and sacrifice, while the Mahabharata grapples with dilemmas and virtues.
• Jataka tales emphasize compassion, empathy, and karma.
• These stories shape India’s collective consciousness, fostering a sense of identity and continuity.
• The Ramayana’s influence extends to Southeast Asia, where it’s celebrated in local art and traditions.

Ancient India’s narrative tradition transcends time, infusing art forms with spirituality, beauty, and wisdom.

2. Heatwaves in India have become more frequent and intense due to various climatic and anthropogenic factors. Examine.

Reference: Indian Express , Insights on India

Heat wave  is a period of abnormally high temperatures, more than the normal maximum temperature that occurs during the pre-monsoon (April to June) summer season. According to  Indian Meteorological Department , Heat wave is considered if maximum temperature of a station reaches at least 40°C or more for Plains, 37°C or more for coastal stations and at least 30°C or more for Hilly regions.

The India Meteorological Department has issued a red alert for Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Chandigarh, Delhi and west Uttar Pradesh due to severe heatwave conditions and advised people to take precaution as chances of developing heat-related illness are higher.

Reasons for India to experience increasing instances of heatwaves

• Magnified effect of paved and concrete surfaces in urban areas and a lack of tree cover.
• Urban heat island effects can make ambient temperatures feel 3 to 4 degrees more than what they are.
• More heat waves were expected as globally temperatures had risen by an average 0.8 degrees in the past 100 years. Night-time temperatures are rising too.
• Higher daily peak temperatures and longer, more intense heat waves are becomingly increasingly frequent globally due to climate change.
• High intensity of UV rays in medium-high heat wave zone.
• Combination of exceptional heat stress and a predominantly rural population makes India vulnerable to heat waves.

Climate change and Heatwaves

• Climate change is making heat waves phenomenon more frequent and severe
• Due to climate change, periods of hot days in heat wave conditions stretch out longer in places like South Asia.
• Climate models reveal that future heatwaves will have a more intense geographic pattern. The world will experience more intense, more frequent, and longer-lasting heat waves in the second half of the 21st century.
• Increased anthropogenic activities causing increased greenhouse gas emissions show that heatwaves will be more severe.
• Heatwaves and droughts, as a result, minimise ecosystem carbon sequestration or carbon uptake.
• This will cause changes in the ecosystem’s carbon cycle feedback because there will be less vegetation to hold the carbon from the atmosphere, which will only contribute more to atmospheric warming.
• Due to climate change, the problem of heat waves is also becoming widespread across the country, affecting not only the typical hot spots in the northwest and southeast but also regions that aren’t used to seeing so much extreme heat.
• The effects of heat waves are even more stark because of a lack of rainfall so far this season due climate change.

Measures to mitigate heat waves:

• Switching to lighter-colored paving or porous green roads and cool roofs, to reflect more solar radiation.
• For instance, after a severe 2010 heat wave, the city of Ahmedabad implemented a Heat Action Plan, including a cool-roofs program; research has shown this plan has prevented thousands of deaths.
• Cities could increase their share of tree cover, which is significantly lower than what’s required to maintain an ecological balance.
• People in urban areas could be encouraged to grow climbing plants and curtains of vegetation outside their windows.
• Greenbelts around cities, for wind paths, would allow the passage of exhaust heat from urban air conditioners and automobiles.
• Finally, air-quality standards should be enforced rigorously and continuously—not just when air pollution reaches hazardous levels.

Way forward:

• Forecasting heat waves and enabling an early warning system
• Building capacity of healthcare professionals to deal with heat wave-related emergencies
• Community outreach through various media
• Inter-agency cooperation as well as engagement with other civil society organizations in the region.
• Climate data from the last 15-20 years can be correlated with the mortality and morbidity data to prepare a heat stress index and city-specific threshold.
• Vulnerable areas and population could be identified by using GIS and satellite imagery for targeted actions.
• Advance implementation of  local Heat Action Plans , plus effective inter-agency coordination is a vital response which the government can deploy in order to protect vulnerable groups.
• This will require identification of “ heat hot spots ”, analysis of meteorological data and allocation of resources to crisis-prone areas.
• The  India Cooling Action Plan must emphasize the urgency and need for better planning, zoning and building regulations to prevent Urban Heat Islands.
• Provision of public messaging  (radio, TV), mobile phone-based text messages, automated phone calls and alerts.
• Promotion of traditional adaptation practices, such as staying indoors and wearing comfortable clothes.
• Popularization of simple design features such as shaded windows, underground water storage tanks and insulating housing materials.

General Studies – 2

3. The Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) is a valuable tool in strengthening U.S.-India trade relations. GSP can play a pivotal role in elevating the strategic partnership between both the countries. Analyse.

Reference: The Hindu

India USA have seen  ascendance of relationship in the 21st century, which was crystalised by 2008 India Nuclear Civil Nuclear Agreement.  Various factors, including LPG reforms, rise of China, increasing influence of Indian community in USA are the factors behind this. Also, the shared values of democracy, rule of law, human rights, religious freedom bind the countries together.

India and USA relations aligned with each other

• Eg: India has mentioned Taiwan issue  in public for the first time while  USA has been passing through South China sea and Taiwan straits  to protect freedom of navigation in high seas.
• Global cooperation: International Cooperation through platforms like UN, ASEAN, G-20, IMF, Quad. Quad security dialogue has been initiated to reign in China’s dominance in the region.
• Defence cooperation:  Defence agreements Iike  LEMOA, COMCASA, Industrial Security Agreement and BECA ; Bilateral military exercises like  Yudh Abhyaas, Vajra prahar, etc have been taking place every year.
• Space cooperation : Indo-US science and technology cooperation agreement;  Joint Microwave remote sensing satellite named NISAR.
• Diaspora and people to people ties:  Strength of Indian diaspora in US is around 4.5 million which is around 1% of its population. Indian diaspora is a source and agent of soft power, an effective public diplomacy tool and is acknowledged for its work ethos, discipline, non-interference and peaceful living with the locals.

Divergences and friction areas

• Tariffs war: Since 2018 both countries were engaged in tariffs war. E.g. In 2018, the US imposed additional tariffs of 25% on steel and 10% on aluminium imports from various countries, including India.  India’s refusal to remove the 20% tariffs on ICT products  caused the trade deal between India and USA to delay which remains still pending.
• WTO disputes:  India USA are involved in WTO disputes on issues like,  Capping prices of medical devices by India, greater Indian market access for American agriculture  and dairy products etc.
• IPR : India is also on  S.’s “Priority Watch List”  which identifies countries posing challenges to American intellectual property rights. Also, The US wants India to strengthen patent regulations, and to ease the limitations American companies investing in India face.
• USA tensions with Iran, Russia: Putting unilateral curbs on Russian and Iranian imports into  India through CAATSA would impinge on India’s relations with Iran, Russia , both relations in which India has strong stakes.
• Divergence of interests in Afghanistan:  In the backdrop of Afghan Peace deal, U.S. left Afghanistan. Decades of work was scrapped as Taliban took over and freedom of people and the developmental work India did is hampered.

Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)

GSP is  a U.S. trade program  designed  to promote economic growth in the developing world by providing preferential duty-free entry  for up to 4,800 products from 129 designated beneficiary countries and territories.

The privilege was withdrawn by outgoing President Donald Trump’s administration in Washington DC in June 2019 and India has been prodding the United States to restore it.

What is the objective of GSP?

• The objective of GSP was to give development support to poor countries by promoting exports from them into the developed countries.
• GSP promotes sustainable development in beneficiary countries by helping these countries to increase and diversify their trade with the United States.

Benefits of GSP:

• GSP can play a vital role in establishing stable market access for developing countries that otherwise struggle to tap into global trade flows.
• It can be especially valuable for small businesses and women-owned enterprises, thus helping to empower them beyond limited domestic markets.
• More recent analysis suggests that GSP is vital in offering alternatives to Chinese imports and providing an advantage to suppliers in trusted developing country markets.
• GSP criteria promote reforms on labour and environmental sustainability and intellectual property rights protection.
• GSP imports also help reduce the tariff bills paid by American companies, many of which are small- and medium-sized enterprises.
• Indian exporters benefit indirectly – through the benefit that accrues to the importer by way of reduced tariff or duty free entry of eligible Indian products
• Reduction or removal of import duty on an Indian product makes it  more competitive to the importer – other things (e.g. quality) being equal.
• This tariff preference  helps new exporters to penetrate a market and established exporters to increase their market share and to improve upon the profit margins, in the donor country.

The changing geopolitics, and increased Chinese aggression necessitates closer cooperation between India USA. Thus, the relationship is two-sided. Just as India benefited from US inputs during Doklam and recent India China standoff, the US has benefited from Indian defence spending.

As the U.S.-India strategic partnership continues to grow and the two countries play critical, collaborative roles in the Indo-Pacific, they should aim much higher in their trade relationship. GSP is not the full answer to comprehensively achieving this, but it would be a strong statement of their mutual desire to be on this path.

General Studies – 3

4. India’s ability to manage cyclones depends on advancing forecasting expertise and robust early warning systems. Discuss.

Reference: Down to Earth

Cyclone  is a  region of low atmospheric pressure  surrounded by high atmospheric pressure resulting in swirling atmospheric disturbance accompanied by powerful winds. They occur mainly in the  tropical and temperate regions  of the world.

Forecasting cyclone tracks, speed & accompanying rainfall becomes challenging due to data gaps and rapidly warming oceans.

India’s preparedness to handle cyclones

• National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)  has responsibility of formulating  National Guidelines for Management of Cyclones and  India Meteorological Department (IMD ) is the nodal agency for providing cyclone warning services to communities and important officials in affected areas.
• Component A: Improvement of early warning dissemination system by strengthening the Last Mile Connectivity (LMC) of cyclone warnings and advisories.
• Component B: Cyclone risk mitigation investments.
• Component C: Technical assistance for hazard risk management and capacity-building.
• Component D: Project management and institutional support.
• These components are highly interdependent and have to be implemented in a coherent manner.
• I ts aim  is to undertake suitable structural and non-structural measures  to mitigate the effects of cyclones  in the coastal states and UTs of India.
• The  NDMA had come up with its  National Guidelines of Management of Cyclones in 2008 . The basic premise of these guidelines is that the mitigation has to be multi-sectoral.

Challenges posing the Cyclone Management in India

• India has  a coastline of about 7,516 km , 5,400 km along the mainland, 132 km in Lakshadweep and 1,900 km in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• On an average,  five to six tropical cyclones form every year, of which two or three could be severe.
• More cyclones occur in the Bay of Bengal than the Arabian Sea and the ratio is approximately 4:1. This is  now changing due to impact of climate change.
• There is an over-emphasis on a total evacuee figure, particularly in states such as Odisha.
• There exists an inadequate focus on response aspects other than evacuation, such as measures to minimise crop damage, assistance for quick harvest, adequate relief and timely distribution of post-cyclone assistance such as for damaged houses, etc.

Way forward

Short term measures:

• provide cyclone forecasting, tracking and warning systems
• Construction of cyclone shelters, cyclone resistant buildings, road links, bridges, canals, drains etc.
• Establishing Early Warning Dissemination System (EWDS), and Capacity building for coastal communities.
• Mock drills, and training of local population and police by NDRF and SDRF
• Plantations of strong rooted trees, canopies, mangroves and proper vegetation cover which act as first line of defence.
• Proper drainage system throughout the city to discharge the water as soon as possible to avoid flood like conditions
• Use of NAVIC and RESOURCESAT-2 for disseminating coastal information and helping in disaster management.
• Implementation of National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project

Long term measures:

• The  National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) should be implemented with financial assistance from the World Bank
• Developing Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) frameworks for addressing the sustainability and optimal utilisation of coastal resources as also cyclone impact minimisation plans.
• Ensuring  cyclone resistant design standards  are incorporated in the rural/ urban housing schemes in coastal areas
• Implementing coastal flood zoning, flood plain development and flood inundation management and regulatory plans.
• Coastal bio-shields spread, preservation and restoration/ regeneration plans.
• There is a  need for private sector participation in designing and implementing policies, plans, and standards.
• Need of  Disaster Management program to be inclusive including women, civil society, and academia.

Cyclone Disaster Management encompasses mitigation and preparedness measures for cyclones. Installing disaster-resilient power infrastructure in the coastal districts, providing concrete houses to poor and vulnerable households, and creating massive community awareness campaigns are essential.

Answer the following questions in 250 words(15 marks each):

6. Diverse and inclusive educational institutions ensure that opportunities are accessible to all individuals, regardless of their background. This inclusivity allows people to fully utilize their talents and skills. Elucidate.

Reference: Live Mint ,  Insights on India

India has innumerable social divisions that are obstacles in unlocking the full potential of individual as it constrains mobility and access. One such social division is the caste system of India which even today is the dominant factor in the social life of people. From politics to education to jobs.

The latest available data from the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) under the ministry of education from academic year 2021-22 shows that 43.2 million students are enrolled in the system, having grown at 4.1% compounded annual growth rate (CAGR) over nine years from 30 million in 2012-13.

Reasons for the prevalence of social divisions in India and factors

• Segmental division of society:  It means that social stratification is largely based on Membership to a caste group is acquired by birth, on the basis of which people are ranked in relative to other caste groups.
• Hierarchy:  It indicates that various castes are categorized according to their purity and impurity of occupations. Just like a ladder, castes are ranked from higher to lower positions. Pure caste is ranked at the top and impure is ranked at the
• Civil and religious disabilities:  These comprise of restrictions based on contact, dress, speech, rituals etc. and are placed on every caste group. It was done in order to maintain purity of specific caste groups. Example, lower caste groups had no access to wells, they were restricted from entering temples
• Endogamy:  Members of a particular caste have to marry within their caste only. Inter- caste marriages are prohibited. However, in urban areas, the phenomenon of inter- caste marriage is
• Untouchability:  It is the practice of ostracizing a group by segregating them from the mainstream by social Untouchability was a corollary of the caste system, wherein the untouchables (those belonging to the lowest caste groups) were deemed impure and polluted.
• Manual scavenging:  Manual scavenging eventually became a caste-based occupation, which involves the removal of untreated human excreta from bucket toilets or pit It has been officially abolished by the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act 2013.
• Caste based violence in India:  Increasing trend of caste based violence are related to instances of inter-caste marriage and assertion of basic rights by Dalits including land rights, freedom of expression, access to justice, access to education e.g. A group of Dalits were attacked in Una, Gujarat when they had participated in the movement for demand of land ownership for the Dalits.
• Policy of caste based reservation:  The system of caste-based reservation in India comprises of a series of affirmative action measures, such as reserving access to seats in the various legislatures, to government jobs, and to enrollment in higher educational institutions. E.g. Scheduled Caste groups are given 15% reservation in government services and educational institutions.

Impact of social divisions and how it is affecting contemporary society

• Caste, through its rigid social control and networks facilitates economic mobility for some and erects barriers for others by mounting disadvantages on them.
• It also  shapes the ownership pattern of land and capita l and simultaneously regulates access to political, social, and economic capital too.
• Castes that were already in control of trading and industrial spaces resisted the entry of others. Even those who had economic surplus in farm sectors could not invest in nonfarm modern sectors.
• Social inequalities have mounted barriers for economic transition d ue to which the agrarian capital could not move into modern sectors.
• Even the relative success in South India is being attributed to the ‘Vaishya vacuum’ — an absence of traditional merchant castes.

Prejudice on the basis of caste, religion, skin colour, economic background needs to be done away with. We must completely eradicate the “illness” of caste system and adopt a “zero tolerance” approach against prejudice.

7. The process of judicial review should be robust, prompt, and clear when dealing with obviously unconstitutional or divisive statutes. This ensures the protection of constitutional rights, minimizes harm from potentially damaging laws, and provides clear legal precedents. Analyse.

Judicial review is the  power of the Supreme Court and the High Courts to examine the constitutionality of the Acts of the Parliament and the state legislatures and executive orders both of the centre and state governments.  It is one of the most important features of the judiciary.

It is the power to reject such laws as are held to be it ultra vires. Judicial review is considered a basic structure of the constitution  (Indira Gandhi vs Raj Narain Case).

Provisions in the Constitution:

There are specific and extensive provisions of judicial review in the Constitution of India such as  Articles 13, 32, 131-136, 143, 226, 227, 246 and 372.  Though the term judicial review is not mentioned in these Articles but it is implicit.

Judicial review in India:

• Although the term Judicial Review has not been mentioned in the Constitution, the provisions of various Articles of the Constitution of India have conferred the power of judicial review on the Supreme Court.
• Violation of fundamental rights.
• Outside the competence of the authority which has framed it.
• It is repugnant to the Constitutional provisions.
• The Supreme Court considerably widened the scope of judicial review in India through its judgement in  Maneka Gandhi’s case .

Challenges and Clarity :

• Judicial Activism : Proactive role of the judiciary in protecting citizens’ rights. However, it must not overstep its bounds and respect the separation of powers.
• Judicial Restraint : Courts should limit their own power, interpret laws, and avoid policy-making. Restraint ensures stability and consistency.
• Courts face immense caseloads, leading to delays. Streamlining processes, using technology, and efficient case management can address this.
• Courts deal with intricate constitutional issues. Clear guidelines for interpretation and consistent precedents are essential.
• Judges must remain impartial despite political pressures. Transparency and accountability mechanisms are crucial.

Examples of Judicial Review in India :

• Kesavananda Bharati Case (1973) : The Supreme Court upheld the basic structure doctrine, preventing the Parliament from altering essential features of the Constitution.
• Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain (1975) : The 39th Amendment Act, which sought to insulate certain elections from judicial scrutiny, was declared unconstitutional.
• Ninth Schedule : The Supreme Court held that laws in the Ninth Schedule (which were immune from judicial review) can be reviewed if they violate fundamental rights.
• 99th Constitutional Amendment Act : The National Judicial Appointment Commission Act, 2014, was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court
• Mithu v. State of Punjab : Section 303 of the Indian Penal Code was held unconstitutional.

Way Forward :

• Define clear timelines for regulatory and investigative agencies to close investigations.
• Avoid multiple agencies investigating the same matter.
• Enhance legal education for judges to handle complex cases.
• Develop specialized benches for specific areas of law.
• Educate citizens about their rights and the role of judicial review.
• Encourage public interest litigation (PIL) to address systemic issues.

Conclusion:

While the Court’s jurisdiction as a soldier to protect and advance fundamental rights merits loud affirmation, the Court however should not to be seen as dismissive or disdainful of the processes of democratic governance. The presumption that the legislature understands the needs of its people and that even its discrimination and classifications are based on adequate grounds has also been acknowledged by the Supreme Court itself. The challenge, therefore, is to find the delicate balance between the three organs which nurtures and invigorates institutions designed to serve the ideals of a true republic. The  Court can thus serve as a guiding light unto the nations even if it cannot become a sheriff unto the nations .

8. The POCSO Act has made a substantial impact in addressing child sexual abuse in India, providing a robust legal framework and promoting a victim-centric approach. However, to maximize its effectiveness, several reforms are needed.

Reference: Indian Express ,  Insights on India

The Union Ministry of Women and Child Development led the introduction of the POCSO Act in 2012.The Act was designed to protect children from sexual assault, sexual harassment and pornography offences, as well as to provide for the establishment of Special Courts for the trial of such offences. The Act was amended in 2019 for enhancing the punishments for specific offences in order to deter abusers and ensure a dignified childhood.

Salient features

• A gender-neutral law: The POCSO Act establishes a gender-neutral tone for the legal framework available to child sexual abuse victims by defining a child as “any person”  under the age of 18 .
• Not reporting abuse is an offence:  Any person (except children) in charge of an institution who fails to report the commission of a sexual offence relating to a subordinate is liable to be punished.
• No time limit for reporting abuse:  A victim can report an offence at any time, even a number of years after the abuse has been committed.
• Maintaining confidentiality of the victim’s identity:  The Act prohibits disclosure of the victim’s identity in any form of media,  except when permitted by the special courts established under the act.
• Any institution housing children or coming in regular contact is required to conduct a periodic police verification  and background check of every employee.
• Such an institution must impart regular training to sensitise  its employees on child safety and protection.
• The institution has to adopt  a child protection policy based on the principle of zero tolerance for violence against children.
• According to a recent survey,  one in every two children is a victim of sexual abuse in India.
• Furthermore, in the vast majority of cases,  the perpetrators are known to the victim , causing the victim to be hesitant to approach authorities for redress.
• Incidents of child abuse have also risen exponentially  since the Covid-19 pandemic , with the emergence of new forms of  cybercrime .
• Child marriage is common among certain  tribal groups in the country, resulting in the criminalisation of 17-18 years old youths due to a lack of knowledge of the POCSO Act.
• There is  no time-bound investigation in the POCSO cases and the trials generally continue for many months. This provides the accused more than enough time to coerce and intimidate the victims and their families to backtrack on their complaints.
• There are  huge pending cases in various High Courts  due to lack of adequate special courts. It is reported that around 66 lakh cases relating to sexual assaults are pending across the country at several stages.
• Often the children who report abuse are further victimized and traumatized due to lack of sensitization for investigators and prosecutors i n dealing with child victims.
• The  provisions of capital punishment might provoke the accused to murder the victims and increase the risk of sex offenders doing away with their victims to destroy evidence and to ensure that there is no principal testimony.
• Our child protection mechanism is still at a very nascent stage and is currently struggling to handle the volume of cases, follow the protocols, adopt child-friendly procedures, adhere to time-frames, etc stipulated by POCSO Act.
• Allocation of infrastructure, manpower, structured training and sensitization, setting up a robust monitoring and accountability mechanism etc. is far from the actual need and little has been done to implement the Act in spirit.

Certainty of punishment acts as a better deterrent than its severity. Thus the focus should be more on taking measures to ensure faster and efficient investigation, prosecution and disposal of POCSO cases.

Value addition

Crimes against Children in India

• Trials and convictions: 43.44(forty three point four four)%  of trials under POCSO end in acquittals while only  03(forty point zero three)% end in convictions.
• Andhra Pradesh , acquittals are  seven times more than convictions
• West Bengal, acquittals are  five times  more than convictions.
• Out of 138 judgements looked at in detail by the study:  Only in  6%  of the cases were the accused people strangers to the victim.
• National Crime Record Bureau(2021): 96%  of the cases filed under the  POCSO Act, 2012 , the accused was a person known to the child victim.
• Penetrative sexual assault and aggravated penetrative sexual assault  : They together comprise over half of all POCSO cases.

9. This surge in patent approvals, driven by extensive reforms and increased efficiency in the patent office, signifies a significant transformation in India’s intellectual property landscape. However, patent approval still faces several issues that can hinder its effectiveness. Critically examine.

A  patent  is a legal document granting inventors exclusive rights to their inventions. It provides protection for new and useful processes, machines, compositions of matter, and designs. In exchange for this exclusivity, inventors must disclose their inventions publicly. Patents incentivize innovation, foster economic growth, and facilitate technology transfer.

Recent Reforms in India’s Patent Regime:

The Indian Ministry of Commerce and Industry introduced the  Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2024 , aiming to streamline patent procedures and enhance the patent ecosystem. Key changes include:

• The timeline for filing an RFE reduced from 48 months to 31 months from the priority date.
• Accelerates patent examination.
• Applicants can file a single updated Form 3 after receiving the First Examination Report (FER).
• Enhances administrative efficiency.
• Allows inventors to be recognized for their contributions to patented inventions.
• Addresses the lack of inventor identification on Indian patent certificates.
• Reduced from once per financial year to once every three financial years.
• Eases reporting requirements.
• Adjusted time frames for submission of recommendations by an Opposition Board and applicant responses.
• Aligns with recent court decisions.
• Can be filed for inventions disclosed in provisional or complete applications.
• Provides flexibility in patent filings.

Challenges of Patents in India:

• Some patents lack novelty, inventive step, and industrial applicability.
• Strain the patent system and hinder genuine innovation.
• Patent filing, prosecution, and maintenance fees can be expensive.
• Deters small inventors and startups.
• Balancing exclusivity with public interest is crucial.
• Access to essential medicines and technology should not be compromised.

Opportunities:

• India’s vast consumer base offers significant commercial opportunities.
• Patents can drive economic growth.
• Startups, research institutions, and industry players contribute to innovation.
• Encourage collaboration and knowledge sharing.
• India’s skilled workforce fuels innovation.
• Invest in education and skill development.

Way Forward:

• Focus on granting high-quality patents.
• Strengthen examination processes.
• Improve patent enforcement mechanisms.
• Deter infringement and protect inventors’ rights.
• Educate inventors about patent benefits and procedures.
• Foster a culture of innovation.
• Consider interests of all stakeholders—innovators, consumers, and society.
• Align patent policies with national development goals.

India’s patent system must strike a balance between incentivizing innovation and ensuring public welfare. By addressing challenges and leveraging opportunities, we can build a robust patent regime that fosters creativity and economic progress.

10. Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) has achieved significant successes in combating money laundering, addressing its limitations will be crucial for enhancing its effectiveness and ensuring comprehensive prevention of financial crimes. Critically examine.

The  Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA)  was enacted in 2002 and it came into force in 2005. The chief objective of this legislation is to fight money laundering, that is, the process of converting black money into white. The act aims at Preventing money laundering, Combating the channelising of money into illegal activities and economic crimes, Providing for the confiscation of property derived from or involved in money laundering and Providing for any other matters connected with or incidental to the act of money laundering.

Critics argue that amendments to the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) stripped a person of his right under Article 20(3) (fundamental right against self-incrimination) of the Constitution.

• It is a criminal law  enacted to  prevent money laundering  and to  provide for confiscation of property  derived from, or involved in, money-laundering and related matters.
• It forms the core of the legal framework  put in place by India to combat  Money Laundering.
• The provisions of this act are applicable to all financial institutions, banks (Including  RBI ),  mutual funds ,  insurance companies , and their financial intermediaries.
• Adds the concept of ‘reporting entity’  which would include a  banking company, financial institution, intermediary etc.
• PMLA, 2002 levied a fine up to Rs 5 lakh,  but the  amendment act has removed this upper limit.
• It has provided for provisional attachment and confiscation of property  of any person involved in such activities.

Efficacy of PMLA

• Indian banks were reluctant to depart from their strict bank secrecy policies, and this further allowed individuals in India to launder money. The problem of money laundering in India is complicated further by Hawala’s ancient underground banking system.
• ED has been given the responsibility to enforce the provisions of the PMLA by conducting investigation to trace the assets derived from proceeds of crime, to provisionally attach the property and to ensure prosecution of the offenders and confiscation of the property by the Special court.
• ED has been given the responsibility to  conduct investigation into suspected contraventions of foreign exchange laws and regulations, to adjudicate and impose penalties on those adjudged to have contravened the law.

Issues with PMLA

• PMLA is pulled into the investigation of even “ordinary” crimes  and assets of genuine victims have been attached.
• PMLA was enacted in response to India’s global commitment (including the Vienna Convention) to combat the menace of money laundering. Instead,  rights have been “cribbed, cabined and confined”.
• Currently, the  offences in the schedule of the Act are extremely overbroad , and in several cases, have absolutely no relation to either narcotics or organised crime.
• The  ED treats itself as an exception to these principles and practises [of criminal procedure law] and chooses to register an ECIR on its own whims and fancies on its own file.
• There is also a  lack of clarity about ED’s selection of cases to investigate. The initiation of an investigation by the ED has consequences which have the potential of curtailing the liberty of an individual.

The evolving threats of money laundering supported by the emerging technologies need to be addressed with the equally advanced Anti-Money Laundering mechanisms like big data and artificial intelligence. Both international and domestic stakeholders need to come together by strengthening data sharing mechanisms amongst them to effectively eliminate the problem of money laundering.

Click here to Download the SECURE Questions in PDF Format

Join our Official Telegram Channel  HERE

Please subscribe to Our podcast channel HERE

Subscribe to our  YouTube Channel HERE

Follow our Twitter Account   HERE

Follow our Instagram ID HERE

Follow us on LinkedIn : HERE      

• Our Mission, Vision & Values
• Director’s Desk
• Commerce & Accountancy
• Previous Years’ Question Papers-Prelims
• Previous Years’ Question Papers-Mains
• Environment & Ecology
• Science & Technology