wellness and health promotion essay

192 Health Promotion Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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• Utilizing Pender’s Health Promotion Model: Patient Education P, the necessity to manage the patient’s sugar blood levels is currently the main priority and the essential goal of the treatment process.
• The Holistic Health Promotion Model Overview This paper will therefore address the concerns in a holistic approach that will include spiritual support and beliefs, physical concerns, and the possible distress in the context of a family; the significance of a holistic […]
• Importance of Mental Health Promotion in Society Mental health is an integral part of health which serves as the foundation for the well-being and effective functioning for a person and society.
• On the Strategies for Healthy Eating Promotion Today, I will discuss three strategies for healthy eating: I will first talk about the importance of making a food journal and planning meals and snacks for each week based on the available budget.
• Health Promotion Model by Nola Pender The environment as the second concept of the Health Promotion Model refers to the physical, cultural, and social background in which an individual grows.
• The Role of Te Tiriti o Waitangi and the Equity Principle in Relation to the Health Promotion Practice in New Zealand The Aspects and Importance of Te Tiriti o Waitangi The aspect of protection which is discussed in relation to different interpretations of Te Tiriti o Waitangi is important to be analysed as the key concept […]
• Health Education and Health Promotion The website that belongs to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention provides a lot of relevant information that can be used by healthcare professionals, researchers, educators, and students. The CDC website provides health educators […]
• Health Promotion and Sustainable Development The concept of sustainable development emerged as a guiding principle in the formulation of policies to address health and development issues around the world.
• Health Promotion and Disease Prevention and Management Strategies Since its founding in 1884, Montefiore Medical Center has worked tirelessly to improve the health and well-being of the people of New York City.
• Health Promotion for Childhood Obesity by Nazaret The study described in the article spans three years and focuses on the effects of a gamified approach to weight loss in children suffering from obesity.
• Health Promotion Strategies and Barriers Health promotion is one of the critical activities of the modern healthcare sector. The term implies the process of enabling people to improve their health and increase control of their well-being.
• Personal Health Promotion Plan It is important for people to embrace good eating habits and exercise to reduce the chances of developing chronic health complications.
• The Necessity of Health Promotion During Pregnancy It is vital to provide examples of adverse outcomes related to drinking to help patients understand the threat that alcohol may pose.
• Role of Theory in Health Promotion In order to support the health goals of the targeted people, practitioners, social workers, and clinicians can embrace the use of an effective theory.
• Values of a Nurse’s Health Promotion and a Client The most proper way to tackle it is to accept it and follow the will of a patient. It is obligatory to respect the worldview and opinion of a patient.
• Health Promotion Pamphlet Analysis The pamphlet is laid out in such a way that it is appealing in that it is systematically subdivided into subheadings starting with a definition of high blood pressure, what high blood pressure does to […]
• Health Promotion Model in Childhood Obesity Medicine This theory will create a safe space for the patient and staff and improve the relationship and understanding of each other’s needs.
• Family Nursing Care Plan – Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Therefore, it is critical to consider a holistic approach to take care of the family and improve the quality of their lifestyle.
• Health Promotion Plan: Smokers in Mississippi The main strategies of the training session are to reduce the number of smokers in Mississippi, conduct a training program on the dangers of smoking and work with tobacco producers.
• Health Promotion: Competency Framework A competency framework that is deployed in the health care sector incorporates nine competencies that are important in guiding the provision of health care and the healthcare promotion practice.
• Pender’s Health Promotion Model HPM clearly states that the idea of health promotion is multidimensional, and all the levels that impact one adherence to a health plan are interconnected based on their relationship and the overall outcome.
• Health Promotion: Diabetes Mellitus and Comorbidities This offers a unique challenge in the management of diabetes and other chronic diseases; the fragmented healthcare system that is geared towards management of short-term medical emergencies often is not well prepared for the patient […]
• Social Marketing in Public Health Promotion The article will use numerous examples to counter the argument that social marketing is a waste of time and money. The use of social marketing may help a health organization to reach many people.
• Health Promotion: The Role of Nurses The Health Belief Model is a theoretical concept that allows nurses to predict the behaviors and beliefs of the people in a community towards medical health.
• Environmental Factors and Health Promotion: Indoor and Outdoor Air Pollution This presentation offers some information about the damage of air pollution and presents a health promotion plan with helpful resources and evidence from research.
• Health Promotion in Nursing Analysis In this essay, a review of the literature of three journals will be put in perspective with a view of knowing the definition of health promotion, and the roles of the nurses in the overall […]
• Health Promotion Program Design The group selected for the health promotion program is the high school teenage group, ranging from fifteen to nineteen years of age.
• Health Promotion Plan: Immunization In that regard, a health promotion plan for immunization should include the element of the common good. Secondly, the promotion of immunization should find reflection in a reduction of infectious disease rates and the number […]
• Health Promotion for Smokers The purpose of this paper is to show the negative health complications that stem from tobacco use, more specifically coronary heart disease, and how the health belief model can help healthcare professionals emphasize the importance […]
• Mindfulness’ Role in Mental Health Promotion With the incorporation of mindfulness into therapy, one will be able to reduce stress by promoting active health education and learning to a patient.
• An Ethical Health Promotion-Related Issue The work of medical workers, in this case, is to avoid conflicts, provide ethical assistance, and protect the security of visitors.
• Family-Centered Health Assessment and Promotion Health services are crucial to the family because they enable the different members of the family to understand their health conditions and thus be able to promote their quality of life.
• Social Cognitive Theory as Health Promotion Model The result of this connection is a regulation of behavior formed as reciprocal determinism: the environment influences the individual’s cognitive abilities and creates a specific type of thinking, the patterns of which, in turn, influence […]
• Syrian Refugees in Ottawa: Health Promotion Needs This report will highlight the difficulties of neglected facets such as mental health and the crucial role of implementing global proficiency in health professionals and organizations that work with refugees.
• Health Promotion and Primary Prevention The major goal of this community teaching plan is to educate the population on primary health prevention activities and raise their awareness of health promotion’s importance.
• Hepatitis B: Prevention and Health Promotion Strategies The research determines the importance of nursing planning and interventions to attain the existing goals and how they can influence communities and populations’ health. For this reason, the significance of the topic and the necessity […]
• The Problem of Obesity and Health Promotion The problem of obesity is relevant for countries in which most of the population is constantly starving, and in industrialized countries it has long been a serious aspect of public health.
• Population Health Promotion Benefits As a result, the community health nurse must supervise the community members in order to manage and control their health medical condition.
• Immunization and Health Promotion The next one is Human papillomavirus, which is done in 2 or three doses before the age of 27. The seventh vaccine is Pneumococcal, which should be taken once before the age of 65 and […]
• Nursing Theory and Health Promotion Model To use theory effectively in all realms of practice, training, and investigation, it is necessary to understand how to explain, analyze, and assess the concept.
• Health Promotion and Educational Needs of Patients To compare the effectiveness of the preventive measures, it is necessary to explain the role of healthcare providers in stopping the spread of disease.
• Nutrition and Health Promotion This shows that nutritional balance is essential in the development of a body, and thus excess or deficient intake can lead to health complications.
• Nudging as an Ethical Health Promotion-Related Issue Non-educative nudging goes against patient rights of autonomy and informed consent, and healthcare professionals should abstain from them to not lose the patient’s trust.
• Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Health Promotion For instance, it highlights the role of parents in the care process of minors, the right to access healthcare information for minors, the role of patients in self-care and the role of nurses in communicating […]
• The Health Promotion Model Analysis As a result, the distinction is reflected in how diverse health models depict a person and the methods used to persuade them of the same notion of health and how to attain it.
• Nora Pender’s Health Promotion Model The use of the Health Promotion Model for the EB is validated by the compatibility between the theory’s central idea and the EB’s goal of improving the quality of nurses’ work with patients for improving […]
• Health Promotion and Interdisciplinary Approach In the realm of health promotion, experts from various multidisciplinary health workers have agreed on the characteristics of effective collaboration and an interdisciplinary approach. Thus, their skills and approach will be essential in the success […]
• Teen Pregnancy: A Health Promotion and Sexual Education Plan For example, condoms may be used to prevent STDs, and oral contraceptives may be taken in order to ensure birth control. Pregnancy is related to a significant number of procedures and complicated care.
• Smoking Cessation and Health Promotion Plan Patients addicted to tobacco are one of the major concerns of up-to-date medicine as constant nicotine intake leads to various disorders and worsens the health state and life quality of the users.
• Health Promotion and Role of Nutrition One of the major aspects of health promotion concerns the patterns of nutrition, as there is a tendency of miscomprehending their impact on health.
• Sexual Health and Diversity, Health Promotion Thus, there are obstacles to promoting sexual and reproductive health among LGBTI people, and they must be overcome to improve the nation’s health.
• The Importance of Ethical Health Promotion Most of the privacy and state-of-the-art strategies put in place are still inadequate and incapable of meeting the demands of more patients.
• Role of the Pediatric Nurse in the Promotion of Health in School The role of a pediatric nurse is to promote physical and emotional health in schoolchildren and adolescents. The role of the pediatric nurse is to ensure that the child grows into a healthy and responsible […]
• Why Partnership Is Important for Public Health Promotion? In addition to treatment, they work with the prevention of illness, establish coordination between patients and the health system, and take part in improving public health. Additionally, it is important to recognize the role of […]
• Health Promotion Model for Teaching Patient The purpose of this essay is to describe the model of health promotion and the barriers that affect the ability of patients to learn.
• Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology, Health Promotion, and Disease Prevention Idiopathic; affects adults aged 50 and above or results from the effect of any other disorder. Sex women are at a higher risk.
• Public Health, Health Promotion, and Health Education The relationship between public health, health promotion and health education is an interesting one yet has humble origins that begin within with your average school.
• Health Promotion Theories and How They Can Help Patients The introduction of interventions to correctly calculate calories, change daily activity, and take specific medications can help in the treatment of the patient.
• Family Health Promotion Strategies Collective health begins at home, and a nurse can become a medium between the family and the society, explaining the importance of different health strategies to the family members.
• Self-Empowerment Health Promotion Model In terms of the self-empowerment model, the patient is taught to enhance the sense of personal identity and responsibility by being encouraged to pay attention to the decision-making process.
• Health Promotion Levels Overview Hence, the process of health promotion and disease prevention should also include different perspectives and channels to secure positive health care tendencies.
• LGBTQ: Personal Characteristics in Health Promotion According to GLMA, since the patient’s cultural relevance is vital to improve their health in this healthcare facility, in addition to biophysical information, the questionnaire should contain cultural questions.
• Approaches to Health Promotion and Disease Prevention In this case, disregard for the principles of individual responsibility and freedom of choice is the lesser evil that was adopted to achieve positive public health outcomes.
• Evidence-Based Health Promotion Program: Immunization The purpose of this presentation is to inform about the question of immunization in detail while accentuating evidence-based effects of vaccination on children and adolescents.
• Health and Wellness Promotion in Queens Village: Community Educational Program This presentation will describe the Queens Village community, its health needs, and design the educational proposal.
• Cardiovascular Diseases and Health Promotion in Women The article notes that women are at higher risks of developing this condition due to misdiagnosis and lack of specialized care and treatment procedure and very few manage to get guideline-based preventive and treatment services.
• Research Methods in Health Promotion Therefore, it is vital that the data collection instruments are valid and relevant so as to ensure validity in the health promotion research study.
• Sonagachi Project: The Health Promotion Program The union fights for the sex workers to hold the leadership of their projects for the benefit of the locals. Additionally, the sex workers are the occupants of administrative and decision making roles in the […]
• Health Promotion: “Jeans for Genes” The principle of the CMRI is that medical research is central in prevention of future congenital disorders and treatment of current conditions in order to improve the lives of children and future generations.
• Continuous Quality Improvement and Risk Management in Health Promotion S history as an example, CQI according to American Medical Association study in 1910, found the need to improve hospital conditions and follow up on patients to assess service delivery. By 1966, the focus had […]
• Exercise and Health Promotion: Chandler Fitness Center I came to recognize that the objectives and the philosophy of the facility were to change people’s lives through fitness enhancement.
• Health Promotion Weight Loss: How to Change People Behaviors and How to Keep Them Motivated to Lose Weight For example, when advising people on losing weight one should try to talk to them to get to details about their eating habits and whether they know how risky those are habits to their lives.
• Identification of a Goal for Health Promotion The main goal of this health promotion project is to identify the problems that may bother people nowadays and to clarify the ways of how medical workers and nurses can participate in the solution of […]
• Health Promotion for Older Adults in America To learn and adopt different forms of physical activity appropriate for older adults To motivate older adults to create small teams in their neighborhoods to participate in different forms of physical activity within the community […]
• Elderly Health Promotion Intervention Plan Extensive research conducted over four decades haS underlined the role of regular physical activity in the elderly as the most important aspect that contributes to the well-being of the population that ages.
• Health Promotion in the Adults Aged 65 and Older The social determinants of health and a sustained healthy lifestyle can have long-term effects, and the cost of care for that impact in the older population should not be a burden to the society as […]
• Health Promotion: Life Course Theory Life Course Theory implements to the concept of health promotion for the aging population and the population with reduced physical activity in multiple terrains.
• Health Promotion and Smoking Cessation I will also complete a wide range of activities in an attempt to support the agency’s goals. As well, new studies will be conducted in order to support the proposed programs.
• Reflection Journal. Health Promotions Health Fair It was my privilege to realize that most parents knew the benefits of good nutrition and exercise to their kids between the age of three and six years.
• Nursing: Health Promotion Overview The following actions of a nurse can promote the state of a patient with diabetes. Finally, the nurse should include and involve the patient’s family into the process: it is obvious, that the closest people […]
• Nursing Health Interventions for Health Promotion The custom may bear a witness to the high cultural and spiritual development of the related members. The practical implementation characteristics of family traditions and routines are the tools of health promotion.
• Cholesterol Screening Program and Health Promotion The role of the health sector in the cholesterol-screening program is to conduct extensive research on the prevalence of the condition in addition to educating on its effects and ways of alleviation.
• Health Promotion and Challenges Faced by Women Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus affects the health outcomes of many women in the world. I have also identified several practices that can improve the health outcomes of many women with T2DM.
• Health Promotion on Hypertension Amongst African Americans For instance, in this case where health promotion is aimed to inform people on the importance of managing their blood pressure, the messages that support these people may encourage the African Americans to seek medical […]
• A Model for Implementing Health Promotion Programs in Communities The Community Health Improvement Plan proposed in the community as the program to address the issue of obesity should be discussed in the context of the MAP-IT framework and with references to the planning and […]
• Analysis of the Current Health Promotion Pamphlet According to the SMOG tool, the discussed pamphlet is of the average readability level, and the required reading levels are correlated with the 7th and 8th grades.
• Health Promotion Activity to Prevent Obesity The data collected in the triage units at the hospital indicate a persistent increase in the average weight of patients who come to the hospital.
• Scientific Writing: Effectiveness of Health Promotion Programs Under the “Healthy People 2010” In this case, the purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the programs under the “Healthy People 2010” initiative.
• Health Promotion: Empowerment Strategies Community empowerment develops from individual to group, and embodies the objective to trigger social and political transformation in support of the community that embarks on the course.
• Water for Environmental Health and Promotion The recognition of the effect of the epidemiological triangle is quite crucial, as people ought to realize the interrelationship of the host, environment and agent in the process of spreading diseases and the effect that […]
• Community Health Promotion: The Fight Against Diabetes in a Community Setting Applying principles of community-based health promotion it is important to focus on Type 2 diabetes and the people that are prone to acquiring this medical condition.
• Community-Based Health Promotion Project The main goal of this paper is therefore to propose the implementation of a health promotion program for the adolescents in New Jersey as part of the community-based project. The health promotion program to be […]
• Family Health Assessment: Health Promotion Strategy This system is referred to as the Gordon’s Functional Health Patterns and it’s a very comprehensive approach of collecting information from a patient so that nurses and doctors can use the information for diagnosis of […]
• School Campus Service: Wellness and Health Promotion Majority of the campuses in the United States try to offer the best services to their workers and students. The funds are always enough for the performance of the agency to provide the best health […]
• Exploration of a Health Promotion Priority To enhance the understanding of the process and theoretical frameworks, the promotion of physical activity and active communities in Victoria will be discussed.
• A Needs Assessment in Health Promotion The VMOSA model will be chosen as the framework for strategic planning, in which the objects are community-oriented, with the mission and the vision being identified through the course of the assessment.
• Cultural Factors in Health Promotion Strategies Health promotion is aimed at bettering the individual social, economic and environmental conditions in a bid to minimize the effects on the overall health of the individual and the society.
• Settings for Oral Health Promotion Action in Nursing Homes in Sydling Health promotion offers the potential to tackle the underlining determinants of oral health thereby improve the oral health of this section in society. Assessing the oral health needs is an essential step in developing effective […]
• Use of Precede Model for Reviewing a Global Health Promotion Program The program under review will enter the PRECEDE model at phase one as it involves determination of the social problems, the needs, and thus the quality of life of the individuals in need of developing […]
• Health Promotion Program by the World Health Organization The name of the program is Bangkok program for Health Promotion in a Globalized World, in accordance with the Bangkok treaty, on the basis of which the program was initiated.
• Health Promotion Program: Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Decrease Around the world cardiovascular disease happens to be the leading cause of death, and among the major causes of disability and diminished productivity in adults.
• Promotion of Cardiovascular Health and Cancer Prevention The purpose of this presentation is to review recommendations of the NAS Global Report 2017 for cancer and cardiovascular diseases prevention, analyze the current international healthcare policies, and define the reasons for their implementation.
• Implementing and Evaluating Prevention and Health Promotion Activities That is why it is necessary to develop suitable health promotion activities that will improve public health and limit the spread of the condition under analysis. In addition to that, the given framework is suitable […]
• Health Promotion Program Evaluation In this paper, the evaluation of a health education program for high-risk groups will be described and explained to identify the main benefits of the idea, to choose appropriate methods of evaluation, and to clarify […]
• Involving the Community in Health Promotion Program To implement the program, it will be necessary to investigate the current condition of the community to be able to understand the lifestyles of the population.
• The Happy Older Latinos Are Active: Health Promotion Program HOLA is the health promotion program which was developed for old Latinos with the purpose of prevention their mental disorders, including anxiety and depression.
• Health Promotion Theories: An Ecological Approach Low access to healthcare, on the other hand, is a social environmental factor that can also affect the health of the population.
• Health Promotion and Obesity Prevention The study conducted by Lovasi, Neckerman, Quinn, Weiss, and Rundle focuses on the effects of the walkability of the neighborhood and its influence on the condition of the population.
• School-Based Nutrition Health Promotion Program This was based on the fact that, healthy eating habits in both children and adolescents had increasingly been noted to have deteriorated over the years hence the need to promote the health, growth and intellectual […]
• Community Health Promotion for Aged People in Warren The major purpose of the community health promotion is to make identification of the constructs of the planned behavior theory, which has the inclusion of behavioral beliefs, control beliefs based on an individual’s perception, and […]
• Health Promotion Program Tactics Policy, regulatory and environmental actions will help the implementation of the health promotion program more effectively. It will help in creating a good surrounding for health promotion programs thereby promote the effectiveness of their implementation.
• Theories of Aging and Health Promotion With the reduced rate of fertility, and the survival of a higher fraction of individuals up to older ages, the average figure of the individuals of or above the age of sixty-five years, “has been […]
• Improving Health. Strategies for Effective Health Promotion. Health promotion is defined as “the art of science of motivating people to enhance their lifestyle to achieve complete health, not just the absence of disease” through a combination of strategies to increase awareness, facilitate […]
• Review: “Leadership in Workplace Health Promotion Projects” by Delve and Colleagues The research involved a comprehensive analysis of the attendance of employees in correlation to the leadership characteristics of their leader at the workplace.
• Concepts of Health Promotion in Australia This should lead to changes in attitude and also organisation in health services, which make a new focus on the whole requirements of an individual as a complete person.
• A Study of the Health Promotion Needs in Organisation or Community Community-based Intervention in the context of health is a vital concern often ignored in most organizations and even hospitals, which hold the notion of health promotion.
• Lack of Health Promotion Issue Analysis Social ecology includes the hub of the suppositions of human health and the progression of useful strategies to enhance personal and combined welfare.
• Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Initiatives Healthy People initiative sets 10-year country-wide objectives for enhancing the health of all Americans and to address the current challenges in public health and provide support on various matters in the context of health issues.
• Disease Prevention and Health Promotion Laws The Jakarta Declaration was the document that influenced the reorganization of activities based on the transition from health prevention to promotion.
• Health Promotion in American and Alaskan Natives Due to some disparities linked to populations’ economic status, access to resources, and other factors, specific approaches to health promotion are needed to encourage the well-being of minorities.
• Healthy People 2020: Health Promotion Strategies The evidence-Based Resources database available on the Healthy People official site provides a wide range of materials derived from surveys and researches conducted in the sphere of health care since 2000.
• Partnering with Communities in Health Promotion The project launched under the title of “A Place to Call Home” revolved around the issues of homelessness and housing insecurity.
• National Health Promotion Program Analysis The development and implementation of national health promotion programs can be seen as one of the ways to achieve these goals.
• Diabetes and Health Promotion Concepts The list of determinants and their relation to the disease is as follows: Income and social status: Treatment of diabetes requires time and money to treat properly.
• Mobile Health Promotion Unit Project Goals and objectives for the present project are closely connected to the distinctive characteristics of the MHPU.”Hearty Bus” is a non-profit endeavor that needs significant initial investments to buy the vehicle, furnish it with necessary […]
• Developing Leadership for Health Promotion The main goal of public health practitioners is to promote the health and wellbeing of individuals and communities. As for Leadership in public health, Moodie defines it as maximizing personal potential, as well as the […]
• Health Promotion Among Aboriginal Australians Based on the causes of illicit substance usage among Aboriginal Australians, the social norms theory is the best-suited behaviour change theory to be used in the intervention protocol.
• Health Promotion and Nutrition During Pregnancy The leaflet also states that fat is a crucial part of the diet for pregnant women and that its increase is not a negative sign.
• Mobile Health Promotion Unit “Hearty Bus” The proposed name of the MHPU is “Hearty Bus” due to the central features of the vehicle. In short, CPI is expected to become valuable metrics for controlling the performance of “Hearty Bus”.
• RN’s Role in Health Promotion and Patient Outcomes Once the needs are identified, the nurse’s role shifts to monitoring the state of the patient and adjusting the amount of dependent-care or self-care agency.
• Medications and Physical Health Promotion in Psychiatric Nursing However, she continues to engage with treatment and is seen to be more active in her communication with friends and family. In this case, it is expected to help YW with nightmares.
• Doctors Education: Health Promotion and Preventive Care The fourth role that can minimize health risks and improve the quality of care is continued evaluation of patients’ needs. Physicians should therefore use their competencies and resources to support the wellness of their colleagues.
• Mental Health Promotion and Effective Interventions In their article “The Evidence of Effective Interventions for Mental Health Promotion,” Clemens Hosman and Eva Jane-Llopis state that to prove the effectiveness of the programs contributing to mental health, it is necessary to refer […]
• Personal Career in Health Promotion She is a professional in the field of health promotion. In addition to community health, the organization is engaged in policy and research.
• Public Health Promotion: Female Genital Mutilation Socialisation of sexuality is manifested in the assimilation of sexual and social norms, a culture conditioned by sexual education and, the development of attitudes, the kinetics and postures of sexual intercourse and the development of […]
• Sex Workers’ Health Promotion Program The fact that the nature of issues associated with sexual health is very sensitive also prevents the broad discussion of the issue and the identification of viable solutions.
• Health Promotion: Motivation and Skills for Changes For provider interventions, the key goals are to enhance screening levels and improve their knowledge of strategies to motivate and educate patients to enhance their lifestyle.
• Youth Suicide Prevention: Health Promotion Plan In this paper, a proposed mental health initiative to meet the challenges of at-risk youth is discussed using the PDSA model and related evidence-based strategies based on IHI indicators included. Access to the program will […]
• Health Promotion: Depression Awareness in Teenagers In addition to community sensitization and promoting the expression of melancholic emotions by adolescents, the DAP program will include depression screening days in schools.
• Population Health Promotion in Spartanburg The status of the public health of Spartanburg County is determined by a range of factors. In particular, the Road to Better Health coalition is one of the most prominent of them.
• Australian Health Promotion Program’ Evaluation The sustainability of the programs designed to promote health in society depends on the feasibility of the holistic approaches used by the government and the private institutions.
• Pender’s Health Promotion Model Application The model will be of great significance to nursing practice and the public at large. Consequently, one can conclude that a patient can be influenced to help in the prevention of diseases.
• The Relationships Between Public Health and Health Promotion The primary objective of this paper is to evaluate how the society has responded to the issue of mental disorders and mental health.
• Health Promotion Initiative for Young Families The main objective of this health promotion initiative is to promote healthy lifestyle with the aim of reducing high cases obesity, overweight and other chronic diseases among children and young adults through healthy diets and […]
• Health Promotion Program HIV/AIDS in Kenya Studies have established that married couples and other people in more stable relationships have contributed to the highest number of new HIV/AIDS infection in Kenya.
• Health Promotion Program in Kenya The spread of the disease was noted by Wachira, Naanyu, Genberg, Koech, Akinyi, Kamene, and Braitstein as being the direct result of a lack of sufficient education regarding the spread of HIV and other STDs […]
• Public Health Promotion Program Evaluation This category of questions helps to understand how the process may influence the outcomes of the program and define who or what undergo the most considerable changes during the process under consideration.
• Health Evaluation Plan for the ARTreach Health Promotion Program Evaluation Goals and Objectives The major objective of evaluating the project is to establish the effectiveness of ARTReach project in empowering women, who are the marginalised in the community.
• STD/HIV Health Promotion Evaluation Plan Process evaluation will emphasize on quality and suitability of the interventions and approaches of the program. A critical aspect of process evaluation will be to determine and track the areach’ of the program.
• Pricing and Promotional Strategies in Health Facilities Penetration Pricing The model advocates for a pricing method where an organisation sets its prices at a low rate than that offered by the competitor; the aim of the approach is attack a large mass […]
• Important Initiatives in the Promotion of Public Health In addition, the task force recognised the importance of enhancing access to healthy foods in the country. Today, the initiative is one of the most comprehensive and well-funded programs that are effectively addressing the age […]
• The Question of Abortion and the Women’s Health Promotion
• Abstinence, Condom, and Health Promotion Related
• Workplace Health Promotion for Improved Employee Well-Being and Organizational Behavior
• Adolescent Health Promotion and Disease Treatment
• Advocating for Health Promotion Policy in Norway: Role of the County Municipalities
• African American Women, HIV, and Health Promotion
• Analyzing Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
• Antismoking Approaches and Using Beattie’s 4 Quadrants Health Promotion Model
• Applying the Health Promotion Model and Theory of Reasoned Action
• Assessing, Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating a Health Promotion Activity
• Association Between Attitudes Toward Health Promotion and Opinions Regarding Organ Transplants
• Assets for Policy Making in Health Promotion
• Clinical Family Health Promotion Outcomes Analysis
• Coaches’ Health Promotion Activity and Substance Use in Youth Sports
• Corporate Characteristics and Worksite Health Promotion Programs
• How the Health Promotion Initiative Reflects the Recommendations of the Ottawa Charter
• Depressive Symptoms and Health Promotion Behaviors
• Domestic Violence and Health Promotion for Mildura
• Early School Health Promotion Programs on Childhood Obesity
• Effective Health Promotion and Prevention of Chlamydia
• Evaluating Complex Community-Based Health Promotion: Addressing the Challenges
• Examining Health Promotion and Nutritional Education Combat Ailments
• Evidence-Based Interventions for Health Promotion and Prevention
• Exploring and Applying the Theories of Health and Health Promotion
• Factors Associated With the Implementation of Community-Based Peer-Led Health Promotion Programs
• Exploring Health Promotion Prevention Levels
• Factors Influencing Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Concerning Health Education
• Family Assessment and Health Promotion Intervention Concerning Stress Overload
• Fitness and Health Promotion in the United States
• ‘Holistic Health’ and Its Application in Health Promotion
• Analysis of Oral Health Promotion in Australia
• Health Promotion Among Asian American People
• Importance of Health Promotion Among Diverse Populations
• Improving Health Promotion Using Quality Improvement Techniques in Australian Indigenous Primary Health Care
• Health Promotion Among Hispanics and Latino
• Integrating Public Health and Health Promotion Practice in the Medical Curriculum
• Health Promotion and Its Effects on the Wellbeing
• Mass Media and Health Promotion in Indian Villages
• Health Promotion and Its Necessity for Nursing Specialty of Maternity
• Mental Health Promotion Amongst Healthcare Professionals
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103 Health Promotion Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Inside This Article

Health promotion is a crucial aspect of public health that aims to improve the overall well-being and health of individuals and communities. This can be achieved through various strategies, such as education, advocacy, and policy changes. If you are tasked with writing an essay on health promotion, you may be looking for some inspiration on potential topics. To help you get started, here are 103 health promotion essay topic ideas and examples:

• The impact of social determinants of health on health promotion efforts
• Strategies for promoting physical activity in children
• The role of the healthcare system in health promotion
• The effectiveness of workplace wellness programs
• Promoting healthy eating habits in schools
• Addressing mental health stigma through education and advocacy
• The importance of community partnerships in health promotion
• Promoting smoking cessation programs in underserved communities
• The impact of social media on health promotion campaigns
• Promoting sexual health education in schools
• Strategies for addressing obesity in children and adolescents
• Promoting healthy aging through exercise and nutrition programs
• The role of technology in health promotion efforts
• Promoting vaccination campaigns to prevent infectious diseases
• Addressing substance abuse through education and prevention programs
• The impact of environmental factors on health promotion
• Promoting healthy sleep habits in adolescents
• Strategies for promoting mental health and well-being in the workplace
• The role of policy changes in promoting public health
• Promoting access to healthcare services for underserved populations
• Addressing disparities in healthcare access through health promotion efforts
• Promoting healthy lifestyle choices in college students
• The impact of stress on health and strategies for stress management
• Promoting mindfulness and meditation as tools for improving mental health
• Strategies for promoting physical activity in older adults
• Addressing food insecurity through community-based interventions
• Promoting reproductive health education in schools
• The impact of cultural beliefs on health promotion efforts
• Promoting health literacy in vulnerable populations
• Addressing the opioid epidemic through education and prevention programs
• Promoting access to mental health services in rural communities
• Strategies for promoting healthy relationships and preventing domestic violence
• The impact of social isolation on health and well-being
• Promoting nutrition education in low-income communities
• Addressing the impact of climate change on public health through health promotion efforts
• Promoting smoking cessation programs in pregnant women
• Strategies for promoting physical activity in individuals with disabilities
• The role of peer support in promoting mental health and well-being
• Promoting access to reproductive health services for LGBTQ+ individuals
• Addressing the impact of trauma on health through trauma-informed care
• Promoting access to mental health services for veterans
• Strategies for promoting healthy eating habits in low-income communities
• The impact of social media influencers on health promotion campaigns
• Promoting access to healthcare for homeless populations
• Addressing the impact of food deserts on nutrition and health
• Promoting access to mental health services for immigrant populations
• Strategies for promoting physical activity in individuals with chronic illnesses
• The impact of peer pressure on health behaviors and strategies for resistance
• Promoting access to reproductive health services for incarcerated individuals
• Addressing the impact of social isolation on older adults through community programs
• Promoting healthy aging through social engagement and support networks
• Strategies for promoting mental health and well-being in the LGBTQ+ community
• The impact of trauma on health outcomes and strategies for healing
• Promoting access to mental health services for individuals with substance use disorders
• Addressing the impact of poverty on health through social determinants
• Promoting healthy eating habits in refugee communities
• Strategies for promoting physical activity in children with autism
• The impact of social support on health and well-being
• Promoting access to healthcare for individuals experiencing homelessness
• Addressing the impact of racism on health outcomes through anti-racism efforts
• Promoting mental health awareness and reducing stigma in communities of color
• Strategies for promoting physical activity in individuals with intellectual disabilities
• The impact of trauma on mental health and strategies for healing and recovery
• Promoting access to mental health services for survivors of domestic violence
• Addressing the impact of childhood adversity on health through trauma-informed care
• Promoting reproductive health education in communities with high rates of teen pregnancy
• Strategies for promoting physical activity in individuals with chronic pain
• The impact of social support on mental health outcomes
• Promoting access to mental health services for individuals with eating disorders
• Addressing the impact of discrimination on health through anti-discrimination efforts
• Promoting healthy eating habits in communities with limited access

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Physical Activity Is Good for the Mind and the Body

Health and Well-Being Matter is the monthly blog of the Director of the Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion.

Everyone has their own way to “recharge” their sense of well-being — something that makes them feel good physically, emotionally, and spiritually even if they aren’t consciously aware of it. Personally, I know that few things can improve my day as quickly as a walk around the block or even just getting up from my desk and doing some push-ups. A hike through the woods is ideal when I can make it happen. But that’s me. It’s not simply that I enjoy these activities but also that they literally make me feel better and clear my mind.

Mental health and physical health are closely connected. No kidding — what’s good for the body is often good for the mind. Knowing what you can do physically that has this effect for you will change your day and your life.

Physical activity has many well-established mental health benefits. These are published in the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and include improved brain health and cognitive function (the ability to think, if you will), a reduced risk of anxiety and depression, and improved sleep and overall quality of life. Although not a cure-all, increasing physical activity directly contributes to improved mental health and better overall health and well-being.

Learning how to routinely manage stress and getting screened for depression are simply good prevention practices. Awareness is especially critical at this time of year when disruptions to healthy habits and choices can be more likely and more jarring. Shorter days and colder temperatures have a way of interrupting routines — as do the holidays, with both their joys and their stresses. When the plentiful sunshine and clear skies of temperate months give way to unpredictable weather, less daylight, and festive gatherings, it may happen unconsciously or seem natural to be distracted from being as physically active. However, that tendency is precisely why it’s so important that we are ever more mindful of our physical and emotional health — and how we can maintain both — during this time of year.

Roughly half of all people in the United States will be diagnosed with a mental health disorder at some point in their lifetime, with anxiety and anxiety disorders being the most common. Major depression, another of the most common mental health disorders, is also a leading cause of disability for middle-aged adults. Compounding all of this, mental health disorders like depression and anxiety can affect people’s ability to take part in health-promoting behaviors, including physical activity. In addition, physical health problems can contribute to mental health problems and make it harder for people to get treatment for mental health disorders.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought the need to take care of our physical and emotional health to light even more so these past 2 years. Recently, the U.S. Surgeon General highlighted how the pandemic has exacerbated the mental health crisis in youth .

The good news is that even small amounts of physical activity can immediately reduce symptoms of anxiety in adults and older adults. Depression has also shown to be responsive to physical activity. Research suggests that increased physical activity, of any kind, can improve depression symptoms experienced by people across the lifespan. Engaging in regular physical activity has also been shown to reduce the risk of developing depression in children and adults.

Though the seasons and our life circumstances may change, our basic needs do not. Just as we shift from shorts to coats or fresh summer fruits and vegetables to heartier fall food choices, so too must we shift our seasonal approach to how we stay physically active. Some of that is simply adapting to conditions: bundling up for a walk, wearing the appropriate shoes, or playing in the snow with the kids instead of playing soccer in the grass.

Sometimes there’s a bit more creativity involved. Often this means finding ways to simplify activity or make it more accessible. For example, it may not be possible to get to the gym or even take a walk due to weather or any number of reasons. In those instances, other options include adding new types of movement — such as impromptu dance parties at home — or doing a few household chores (yes, it all counts as physical activity).

During the COVID-19 pandemic, I built a makeshift gym in my garage as an alternative to driving back and forth to the gym several miles from home. That has not only saved me time and money but also afforded me the opportunity to get 15 to 45 minutes of muscle-strengthening physical activity in at odd times of the day.

For more ideas on how to get active — on any day — or for help finding the motivation to get started, check out this Move Your Way® video .

The point to remember is that no matter the approach, the Physical Activity Guidelines recommend that adults get at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (anything that gets your heart beating faster) each week and at least 2 days per week of muscle-strengthening activity (anything that makes your muscles work harder than usual). Youth need 60 minutes or more of physical activity each day. Preschool-aged children ages 3 to 5 years need to be active throughout the day — with adult caregivers encouraging active play — to enhance growth and development. Striving toward these goals and then continuing to get physical activity, in some shape or form, contributes to better health outcomes both immediately and over the long term.

For youth, sports offer additional avenues to more physical activity and improved mental health. Youth who participate in sports may enjoy psychosocial health benefits beyond the benefits they gain from other forms of leisure-time physical activity. Psychological health benefits include higher levels of perceived competence, confidence, and self-esteem — not to mention the benefits of team building, leadership, and resilience, which are important skills to apply on the field and throughout life. Research has also shown that youth sports participants have a reduced risk of suicide and suicidal thoughts and tendencies. Additionally, team sports participation during adolescence may lead to better mental health outcomes in adulthood (e.g., less anxiety and depression) for people exposed to adverse childhood experiences. In addition to the physical and mental health benefits, sports can be just plain fun.

Physical activity’s implications for significant positive effects on mental health and social well-being are enormous, impacting every facet of life. In fact, because of this national imperative, the presidential executive order that re-established the President’s Council on Sports, Fitness & Nutrition explicitly seeks to “expand national awareness of the importance of mental health as it pertains to physical fitness and nutrition.” While physical activity is not a substitute for mental health treatment when needed and it’s not the answer to certain mental health challenges, it does play a significant role in our emotional and cognitive well-being.

No matter how we choose to be active during the holiday season — or any season — every effort to move counts toward achieving recommended physical activity goals and will have positive impacts on both the mind and the body. Along with preventing diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, and the additional risks associated with these comorbidities, physical activity’s positive effect on mental health is yet another important reason to be active and Move Your Way .

As for me… I think it’s time for a walk. Happy and healthy holidays, everyone!

Yours in health, Paul

Paul Reed, MD Rear Admiral, U.S. Public Health Service Deputy Assistant Secretary for Health Director, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.

Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by ODPHP or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website.

You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link.

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Article Contents

Introduction, underpinning theory, 1. is the evidence that is available on the effectiveness of interventions actually relevant and useful to current policy and practice contexts, six common health promotion policy agendas, 2. what is the researcher's or reviewer's role in interpreting the available evidence and advocating action based on their interpretations, suggestion for a way forward: the ‘evidence-agenda map’.

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Advocating evidence-based health promotion: reflections and a way forward

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Lucie Rychetnik, Marilyn Wise, Advocating evidence-based health promotion: reflections and a way forward, Health Promotion International , Volume 19, Issue 2, June 2004, Pages 247–257, https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/dah212

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In the past few years, significant advances have been made in health promotion to generate readily accessible systematic reviews of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions and programs. The influence of this evidence on policy and practice has, however, been unpredictable, and proponents of evidence-based practice are identifying ways to increase the use of research in decisions about health promotion interventions. This paper examines the following questions: (i) is the evidence that is available on the effectiveness of interventions actually relevant and useful to current policy and practice contexts?; and (ii) what is the researcher's or reviewer's role in interpreting the available evidence and advocating action based on their interpretations? The paper concludes by proposing an ‘evidence-agenda map’ to assist advocates of evidence-based policy and practice to identify the health promotion goals they seek to influence against the required and available evidence.

The aims of this paper are to contribute to contemporary reflections on the use of evaluation research as evidence in health promotion decision-making, and to encourage debate among researchers, evaluators and reviewers of evidence about their role as advocates of evidence-based policy and practice.

In the past decade, advocates of evidence-based health care have paid increasing attention to promoting the use of evidence among those involved in formulating health policies and managing services and programs ( Ham et al ., 1995 ; Florin, 1996 ). This is based on the premise that like health practitioners, those involved in health policy development or program management should be informed of what is known about the benefits, harms and costs of interventions to promote, protect or maintain the health of populations. Such knowledge relies on their having access to appraisals of the available evidence. In this context, evidence refers primarily to information derived from evaluation research that has assessed the effects and outcomes of potential interventions and programs. Ideally, the evidence has been derived from systematic reviews that have critically appraised and summarised all the relevant and available evaluation research. For the purpose of this paper, evidence-based health promotion is defined as an approach that incorporates into policy and practice decision processes the findings from a critical examination of demonstrated intervention effects.

In health promotion, the momentum for evidence-based policy and practice has coincided with the growing impetus for interventions that address environmental and contextual determinants of health, in addition to individuals' behaviour and risk factors. This follows improved understanding of the role of social, physical, economic and environmental factors in shaping people's life chances and health outcomes ( Marmot, 1999 ; Marmot and Wilkinson, 1999 ). The impetus to broaden the health promotion agenda has been reinforced by concerns about the variable effectiveness of past health promotion initiatives ( Sorensen et al ., 1998 ), and persistent and growing inequalities in health in Australia as well as overseas ( Gwatkin, 2000 ; Griffiths et al ., 2001 ). The push for evidence-based health promotion must be examined in the light of these emerging priorities ( Mackenbach, 2003 ).

Despite the progress that has occurred in building an evidence base for health promotion, there remain questions about the use of this evidence in setting priorities for action. The influence of research in policy settings has often been hindered by the fact that researchers and policy makers identify problems and solutions differently, and use different types of evidence to inform their conclusions ( Orosz, 1994 ). Thus, proponents of evidence-based health promotion need to collaborate with, and convince, legislative and administrative decision-makers ( Walshe, 2001 ), both within and outside the health sector. Those promoting the use of research as an essential ingredient for sound policies and programs should also consider the following questions:

Is the evidence that is available on the effectiveness of interventions actually relevant and useful to current policy and practice contexts?

What is the researcher's or reviewer's role in interpreting the available evidence and advocating action based on their interpretations?

We pose some answers to these questions in this paper. We then conclude by proposing the use of an ‘evidence-agenda map’, a tool to identify the health promotion goals one may seek to influence, which are then mapped against the required and the available evidence.

This paper is underpinned by the view that the ‘concept’ of evidence is socially constructed, i.e. what counts as evidence, rules and criteria for assessing evidence, and whether evidence is valued at all are negotiated phenomena ( Krieger, 1992 ; Peterson and Lupton, 1996 ; Chan and Chan, 2000 ). As a result, concepts of evidence vary among professional, disciplinary and social groups; for example, scientists have traditionally adopted different standards of evidence to lawyers ( Barratt and Bates, 1997 ). Since the advent of evidence-based medicine in the early 1990s, health professionals, managers and consumers have been debating (and renegotiating) what is considered as valuable and credible evidence to support decisions about health services, public health, health promotion and health policy ( Evidence-based Medicine Working Group, 1992 ; Klein, 2000 ; McQueen, 2001 ; Heller and Page, 2002 ).

Public policies, including health policy, are also the products of negotiation and compromise, often between competing political, commercial, professional and community stakeholders ( Willis, 2002 ). As such, public policies reflect the values of those with the greatest influence, and are imbued with how those groups perceive that the world is, or ought to be ( Altenstetter, 1987 ). A ‘policy community’ describes all the participants in a policy process who debate the issues or contribute to its development ( Jordan and Richardson, 1987 ; Linquist, 1991 ).

Theoretical overviews of policy development provide valuable insights into the processes with which advocates of evidence-based health promotion must engage and negotiate ( Sutton, 1999 ). It is worth noting, however, that there are many types of policy analysis, for example studies of policy content, policy process and policy outputs, evaluations of policy impact, and action research/advocacy studies that seek to generate and apply data to promote a particular policy option ( Ham and Hill, 1984 ). Policy research can also identify the more influential stakeholders, the impact of political and institutional factors, and how research findings are transferred into common knowledge ( Weiss, 1982 ). Policy analysis also describes the context of policy making, such as the growing gap between the demand and supply of health resources, which has led to the common emphasis being placed on efficiency, health financing and priority setting [ Ham, 1996 ; World Health Organization (WHO), 1996]. The policy context for health priority setting, for example, has been mapped along five domains of equity, allocative efficiency, technical efficiency, community satisfaction and quality of care ( Bobadilla, 1996 ).

In addition to the policy literature, our reflections presented in this paper draw upon our experience of consulting with policy makers on their use of research evidence in health promotion and public health. These consultations comprised of those conducted directly for the purpose of the paper (described below), as well as the discussions that we regularly conduct in our broader capacity as academic consultants [e.g. as Director of the Australian Centre for Health Promotion (M.W.) and in preparing a discussion paper on evidence-based public health for the National Public Health Partnership (L.R.) ( http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/nphp/ppi/evidence/isspaper/index.htm )].

The examples of common health promotion policy or operational goals that are used to examine question 1 were derived from a group discussion with six participants, and nine individual interviews (overlap = 2) with people in government advisory or managerial positions from the New South Wales Health Department (5 = state level and 2 = area level) and the Premiers' Department ( n = 2). The interview participants were selected by word-of-mouth recommendation from managers in the NSW Health Promotion Branch. They identified people who were interested in the topic of evidence and who were a rich source of ideas about the relationship between research, policy and practice.

The participants were informed that the interviews would be used for the purpose of preparing a paper on advocating for evidence-based health promotion (seminar and written format), but assured that their individual contributions would remain confidential. Both authors conducted the group discussion and two interviews, and the remaining seven interviews were conducted by L.R. The interviews were not taped, but rather brief notes were taken during each discussion and longer summaries prepared immediately afterwards. We have received feed back at subsequent seminars from other health promotion and public health policy-makers that the information presented ‘rings true’; we take full responsibility, however, for what is ultimately our interpretation of the discussions held.

In relation to question 2, we present our reflections as academics/researchers (and previous practitioners) who have collaborated with colleagues to advocate for the greater use of research evidence in health promotion policy and practice.

The international body of evaluation research on the effectiveness of health promotion and public health programs is growing. Increasingly, this evidence is freely accessible in critically appraised and summarised forms via the Internet, and examples of ongoing initiatives are listed in Table 1 . Those advocating for evidence-based health promotion propose that this type of evidence is examined and taken into account when decisions about policy and practice are made. It is thus useful to consider the degree to which the evidence that is generated by the initiatives described in Table 1 is actually relevant and useful in current health promotion policy contexts.

Examples of initiatives towards evidence-based health promotion and public health

We asked our interview participants to describe their policy goals and operational priorities, and to discuss the use of evidence as a way of achieving these goals. From our discussion we identified six examples of health promotion policy goals that are commonly shared across different levels of jurisdiction governing the public health sector in New South Wales, Australia. These examples of common policy goals are summarised below.

For each identified goal we have considered the relative utility of the type of evidence that is promoted in the context of evidence-based health promotion. Our reflections integrate the following: (i) comments from our participants about their use of evidence in these policy contexts; (ii) citations to other literature; and (iii) our own views on the evidence available and its relevance to each agenda item.

Policy goal 1: increase the proportion of health sector funding for primary prevention and health promotion (relative to treatment services)

Within the health system, the rhetoric of evidence-based health care is being translated into mainstream policy and practice. Policy-makers and managers participating in our discussions noted this development and its increasing influence on the health promotion and public health policy context. Given the emphasis on evidence-based decision-making, they acknowledged that the available evidence about the effectiveness of interventions has been valuable in supporting their bids for a greater share of health sector resources for health promotion/ public health. It was also noted, however, that advocates for greater investment in clinical services were often advantaged by access to what is considered to be ‘better’ evidence, i.e. experimental research designs that demonstrate immediate-/short-term intervention outcomes. This type of evidence is perceived to be more compelling to the managers and accountants responsible for health sector budgets.

Policy goal 2: implement interventions that are proven to be effective and safe

Managers who are accountable for the implementation of health promotion have also found the available evidence useful, particularly when reviewing current activities as part of strategic planning. The evidence was also described as useful in situations where a health promotion/public health service manager needs to ensure that their service delivery budget is allocated to effective interventions for priority issues, and seeks to minimize politically motivated spending on interventions that have been ineffective or harmful in other settings.

Policy goal 3: implement programs that are efficient, feasible and politically acceptable

Evidence about the relative costs and benefits of health promotion interventions was considered highly valuable information to those making decisions in a policy setting. Unfortunately this evidence is often not yet available for many health promotion and public health interventions. Evaluation research also tends to leave out the descriptive and contextual details that are required by future decision-makers who need to assess the feasibility of repeating an intervention in their local setting ( Rychetnik et al ., 2002 ).

Perceptions of an intervention's political acceptability are highly context-dependent and the political issues that affect the likelihood of an intervention's success are rarely addressed in evaluation research. As a result, evidence on the effectiveness of health promotion initiatives that were conducted in other settings are often perceived as having limited value to those who are politically conscious. Policy-makers and managers usually determine the political feasibility and acceptability of an intervention in terms of local priorities and opportunities rather than published evidence.

Policy goal 4: address the social, economic and environmental determinants of health and inequities in health

Interventions to address social, economic and environmental determinants of health and to reduce inequities in health have been re-emerging as a significant focus for health promotion over the last decade ( Turrell et al ., 1999 ; Hyde, 2001 ; Sainsbury and Harris, 2002 ; NSW Department of Health, 2003 ). In this policy context, discussions about the type of evidence that is available to guide decisions on interventions have highlighted a potential conflict between goal 4 and goal 2 (to implement interventions that are known to be effective and safe).

In the latter part of the 20th century there has been far greater investment by health sectors and governments in programs to reduce behavioural risk factors for specific diseases, rather than contextual and structural determinants of health. As a result, those who seek to implement interventions that are proven to be effective and safe are inevitably more likely to find evaluations of programs targeting behavioural determinants of health ( Gepkens and Gunning-Schepers, 1996 ).

Policy goal 5: conduct joint or collaborative programs between the health sector and other sectors of government, and with non-government sectors

Participants all reflected on the importance of collaboration between health and other sectors of government (and non-government) in order to achieve health promotion objectives. While rewarding when successful, such collaborations were described as challenging to establish and maintain.

Difficulties with using the available evidence to pursue agenda item 5 related to issues of relevance and perceived benefits by others. Evidence that was couched only in health sector terms was not seen as a valuable leverage tool for promoting and implementing collaborative agendas. The feedback that has been received from those based outside the Department of Health is that the health sector tends to be rather territorial in terms of project ownership and the framing of project objectives (at both policy and program levels). The health sector has also been described as overly demanding in terms of imposing their evaluation protocols on others.

The willingness of non-health sectors to collaborate with the health sector is dependent on the participants' ability to negotiate mutually beneficial outcomes, feasible implementation strategies, and compatible monitoring and evaluation methods. The health-specific focus of most of the currently available evidence in health promotion databases is a limiting factor when negotiating collaborative interventions that are evidence-based.

Policy goal 6: encourage other sectors to adopt policies and programs that reinforce health sector-funded programs or that directly address socio-economic determinants of health

Employment, occupational status, income, housing and education are some of the determinants of health that are beyond the mandate or direct reach of the health sector ( Alleyne et al ., 2000 ). Policy goal 6 was identified by those discussants who conceived for the health sector an advocacy role to encourage other sectors to address the socio-economic determinants of health and to undertake activities that may reduce inequities in health [described by ( Acheson, 1998 ; Kaplan and Lynch, 2001 )].

As indicated above, reviews on the effectiveness of health-sector interventions have limited utility in negotiating with non-health sectors and presenting arguments that are convincing to their decision makers. There is greater mileage in using evidence that has addressed common objectives that are not exclusively related to health outcomes. For example, health advocates may support and invoke studies of labour productivity growth (a mandate of other sectors) in order to promote a health-related agenda ( Davey Smith and Gordon, 2000 ).

Policy makers participating in our discussions tended to use the term evidence to mean information in general, rather than research-based findings in particular. Evidence for policy making was described as information that comes in various formats and from many sources, including routine health service data, opinion polls and the media. In addition, even potentially useful journal articles and research summaries tend to be engulfed in a daily tidal wave of memos, directives, proposals, submissions, briefings and other general information that pass across government policy-makers' desks every day.

An important message from both the literature and our own discussions with policy makers is that research findings will rarely speak for themselves. Health promotion advocates who are experienced lobbyists, regular policy advisors or policy makers themselves all live and breathe this principle ( Chapman, 2001 ). Yet participants in our discussions commented on the reluctance of academics to communicate the practical implications of their research, and the reluctance of reviewers of evidence to identify the policy implications of evidence summaries. This led us to reflect on the researchers' role in interpreting evidence and to advocate for action based on their interpretations.

It is probable that some researchers consider the production of a scientific review of the evidence as the fulfilment of their responsibility in promoting evidence-based health promotion. Indeed many of us do hesitate about communicating our views on the implications of the evidence, let alone actually getting involved in public lobbying for particular policies and programs. Based on our experience of working in a scientific academic setting, we hypothesize that such reticence may be attributed to the following.

Adherence to scientific conservatism, i.e. interpreting research in terms of social change often requires extrapolation beyond the ‘demonstrated facts’.

Concerns about maintaining one's credibility as an objective or independent researcher and commentator, i.e. supporting particular policy options in a controversial area may create appearances of partisanship.

Lack of training and experience in social and political science, i.e. public health tertiary training often focuses on the scientific and technical aspects of conducting research, rather than how to develop and influence health and public policy and practice.

While policy makers may perceive researchers to be poor advocates for evidence-based policies, the notion that researchers or reviewers should merely summarise ‘facts’ has been strongly challenged within the health promotion research community. Indeed many have explicitly stated that researchers cannot avoid policy recom- mendations, and have promoted advocacy and direct action as a core function of the researcher's role ( Labonte, 1999 ; Marceau, 2000 ; Wise, 2001 ). Paradoxically, our discussants also bemoaned that when researchers do make policy recommendations, they are often too idealistic or ‘purist’ in their stance and do not take into account the practical and political realities of the policy setting.

This highlights a key challenge faced by researchers in relation to interpreting evidence and advocating evidence-based policy options. How do we interpret and promote the evidence for policy settings so that our conclusions are not discarded as naïve or unrealistic, while retaining the integrity of a scientific and academic perspective ( Rychetnik, 2001 ) on the credibility and utility of that evidence? This is important because researchers' opinions are often sought because they are perceived to be independent of the machinations that occur between competing policy stakeholders, and thus untainted by the politics of policy development ( Sommer, 2001 ).

…instead of telling us whether beta-interferon works or not, NICE is in fact making a judgement whether the health service can afford a treatment which does appear to work to some degree. NICE has therefore taken on the role of rationer and in my view risks losing its credibility as impartial assessors of clinical excellence. NICE has become a National Institute of Clinical Affordability rather than Excellence. (Posting to evidence-based health e-mail discussion list, June 2000.)

Human beings need messages that work for them and it is for the provider (in this case NICE) to treat the recipients of its conclusions like customers and pay them the respect of couching their (objective) messages in human terms. I don't think it is good enough for them to behave merely like a bunch of scientists…. (Posting to evidence-based health e-mail discussion list, June 2000.)

Clearly, finding an acceptable balance between ‘scientific’ and ‘value’ judgements is an ongoing challenge faced by researchers and their institutions. Inevitably, the degree and type of participation in a policy community that is adopted by researchers/reviewers of evidence will continue to vary, not least when proponents of evidence are reminded how important it is to differentiate between ‘honest scientific challenge’ and ‘evident vested interest’ ( Rosenstock and Lore Jackson, 2002 ).

The negotiated nature of both public policy and of the concept of evidence means that one can not expect policy development to become a ‘scientific’, ‘rational’ or ‘objective’ process, even when it is evidence-based ( Lindblom, 1959 ; Davis and Howden-Chapman, 1996 ; Black, 2001 ). Policy research clearly indicates that scientific evidence will always be collected and used in policy settings like any other type information: to argue prevailing agendas and justify ideological positions ( Weiss, 1979 ; Tesh, 1988 ; Florio and DeMartini, 1993 ; Bero, 2003 ). Plus, advocacy for evidence-based policy is more likely to be effective if it can coalesce with existing policy ‘windows of opportunity’, such as those that occur when a topic captures the attention of politicians or bureaucrats after a focusing event, or when there is new government, a change in the balance of power or a shift in national mood ( Weissert and Weissert, 1996 ).

It is also apparent that although researchers cannot predict or control the way their evidence will be interpreted and used, they can influence policy outcomes if they engage with the policy community as a stakeholder or via other stakeholders ( Sauerborn et al ., 1999 ). Advocates of evidence-based health promotion, however, will still be inclined to align the degree to which they engage in public health advocacy—which is ‘unashamedly purposive in its intent’ ( Chapman, 2001 )—to the strength of the evidence on the benefits and harms of their proposed interventions.

We conclude this paper by proposing a policy and practice ‘evidence-agenda map’ ( Table 2 ). Our aim is to assist advocates of evidence-based policy and practice to explicitly link their policy goals, i.e. the policy/operational directions they seek to influence ( Table 2 , columns A–C), to the required evidence ( Table 2 , rows 1–5). The cross-tabulation boxes ( Table 2 , body) are completed by identifying the evidence that is actually available, with some assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of that evidence.

An example of an evidence-agenda map for evidence-based health promotion policy and practice

Different groups in different contexts will identify different health promotion agendas. For illustration only, we have selected three common health promotion goals that apply to many areas of health promotion: (A) modifying relevant behaviours and lifestyle factors; (B) improving the social, economic and environmental determinants of health; and (C) reducing existing and future inequities.

The types of evidence that may be sought to support evidence-based health promotion includes the following: (1) evidence on the magnitude and aetiology of health problems; (2) evidence on the effectiveness of local health promotion interventions; (3) evidence of the impact of public policy initiatives or the dissemination of programs to larger populations; (4) evidence required by health promotion advocates to mobilize change in other (non-health) government and non-government sectors; and (5) evidence of the cost-effectiveness of initiatives.

The ‘evidence-agenda map’ can assist advocates of evidence-based health promotion to adopt a strategic approach when identifying the evidence that is required and the evidence that is actually available. It may also facilitate policy makers themselves to map their policy goals against their internal requirements for evidence, either as a basis for commissioning evidence reviews/summaries or, if the available evidence is inadequate, to pursue funding for surveillance/ monitoring systems or targeted evaluation research.

In using the evidence-agenda map, advocates will often find there is ample evidence on the aetiology and magnitude of health problems and on the inequities in health ( Table 2 , cells 1A, 1B and 1C). Examination of the evidence databases identified in Table 1 demonstrate that there is also a growing body of evidence on the effectiveness of interventions aimed at modifying behavioural risk factors ( Table 2 , cells 2A and 3A). To date, however, there is less or weaker evidence of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of initiatives to improve social, economic and environmental determinants of the health of populations ( Table 2 , cells 2B, 3B and 5B), and still less evidence on the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions to reduce inequities in health (cells 2C, 3C and 5C). To address the social determinants of health and ultimately to reduce inequalities in health, there is a need for evidence to support intersectoral action. For this purpose, evidence is required that is credible both within the health sector (to account for their initiatives internally) and convincing to non-health (external) collaborators ( Table 2 , cells 4A, 4B and 4C). This latter type of evidence is often the most challenging to obtain from the mainstream health promotion databases.

Finally, it is worth noting that although the ‘evidence-agenda map’ may be a useful planning tool, it is not intended as a checklist where every box must be ticked before advocates of evidence can engage in the policy process. It is unlikely that many policy goals will be supported by a full spectrum of high quality evidence. The greatest challenge for those who advocate evidence-based health promotion probably exists when they identify important health promotion goals (e.g. based on evidence of need) for which the evidence to support intervention is either unavailable or inadequate. It has been suggested that there may be value in considering whether it is feasible to generate better evidence, or whether the available evidence is the best that can be expected in the prevailing circumstances. [The suggestion that when evaluating evidence one could compare the available evidence with that which can be potentially and feasibly obtained was suggested by Associate Professor James Harrison of the National Injury Surveillance Unit, Flinders University, Australia (Personal communication, 2001).] Such an analysis can assist advocates of evidence-based practice to weigh whether to lobby for better research or whether to pursue their policy and practice goals despite the limited evidence available.

Parts of this paper were presented on 21 September 2001 at a forum entitled Reducing Inequalities in Health: Using Evidence to Influence Health Outcomes hosted by the Australian Centre for Health Promotion and the Centre for Health Equity Training, Research and Evaluation.

The authors gratefully acknowledge support from the Health Promotion Branch (now the Centre for Health Promotion) of the NSW Department of Health for the interview component of this work. However, the views and opinions expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors.

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Author notes

1Sydney Health Projects Group and 2Australian Centre for Health Promotion, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Australia

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171 Health Promotion Topics

This compilation of health promotion research topics explores the multifaceted world of health and well-being. Health promotion encompasses strategies, interventions, and policies that empower individuals to make positive lifestyle choices. Study the innovative health promotion approaches in nursing and discover the global health challenges!

👨‍⚕️ 7 Health Promotion Topics

🏆 best health promotion research topics, 💉 health promotion topics nursing, 👍 examples of health promotion topics, 🌶️ health promotion project ideas, 🎓 interesting health promotion topics.

• Analysis of Health Promotion Theories
• Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Model
• The Purpose of Health Promotion
• Asthma Patients’ Health Education and Promotion
• Health Promotion for Obesity in Adults
• Importance of Theory in Health Promotion
• Health Promotion Proposal Obesity Prevention
• Health Promotion in School Health Center The purpose of education activities is to inform the audience about healthy lifestyles and address the social issues affecting their well-being and health.
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Health Promotion Plan This paper aims at developing a health promotion plan that investigates SIDS and related best health improvement practices.
• Smoking and Health Promotion in the UK In the following paper, issues of health promotion and smoking, in particular, will be evaluated and analysed on the basis of facts from the United Kingdom.
• Application of Pender’s Health Promotion Model Pender’s model can influence the physiological condition of the aging population due to the implementation of new behavioral patterns.
• Childhood Obesity and Health Promotion Today, childhood obesity is one of the critical health concerns. Being an important factor impacting the future of the nation, children`s health should be cultivated.
• The Health Promotion Model by Nola Pender This essay examines the health promotion model by Nola Pender with a view of providing the guiding propositions and their application in modern care institutions.
• Motivational Axiom, Health Behavior and Promotion The purpose of this paper is to discuss motivational axioms and health behavior theories that apply to the health promotion project.
• Nola J. Pender’s Health Promotion Model in Nursing To understand how the Health Promotion Model has influenced the practice of the advanced practice nurse, firstly, it is important to describe the essence of this model.
• Health Education and Health Promotion Health education and promotion are highly crucial. They can connect the audience and sustain the link between professionals and the public.
• Aesthetic Approach to Health Promotion Intervention This paper aims to discuss the impact of cancer on psychology, identify the primary stressors of the condition, and propose an aesthetic intervention framework.
• Community Health Promotion as a Nurse’s Role It is necessary to protect the safety of populations within communities through disease protection and health interventions.
• Health Promotion and Ethical Considerations Sometimes a nurse might wish to manipulate a patient’s fears to achieve the goal. However, it is not appropriate to use manipulation, even for the benefit of a patient.
• Nurse’s Role in Health Promotion The paper describes that nurses should give the necessary recommendations considering age, physical development, and belonging to a particular culture.
• Health Promotion Strategies for Obesity The paper outlines and critically analyses the population based strategy as a method of managing and preventing obesity used in United Kingdom.
• Typhoid Fever: Health Promotion Pamphlet Parents /guardian should pay close attention on their children especially in monitoring the kind of food and water that they take.
• The Importance of Value-Based Care in Health Promotion The foundational principle of the value-based care approach is the focus on the quality of medical care provided in healthcare organizations rather than its volume.
• Health Promotion Strategies for Elderly People In the following assignment, articles on telemedicine, board games, mobile applications, and social media as health promotion strategies will be discussed.
• Public Health Promotion in Everyday Life One of the most common examples of public health promotion in daily life is the use of various types of educational signage, such as posters and labels.
• Health Education and Promotion Implementing efforts to make healthier lifestyle choices can help populations significantly reduce the risks of poor health.
• Health Promotion Among Hispanic-Latino Population This paper aims to review the health status of the Hispanic/Latino population and discuss the best health promotion methods for this segment.
• Overview of Health Promotion This paper describes different types of models that represent health issues and its distribution and contains evaluation of health promotion.
• Diabetes Type 2 Treatment and Health Promotion The purpose of this paper is to develop evidence-based management and a plan for a patient with diabetes type 2 and describe health promotion and possible follow-up.
• Self-Care Health Promotion This paper will discuss the importance of self-care within the medical profession as well as introduces a personal health plan on the basis of behavior and habit assessment.
• Pender’s Health Promotion Model and Parse’s Theory The purpose of this paper is to investigate Nola J. Pender’s Health Promotion Model and Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s Human Becoming Theory.
• Health and Health Promotion Creating premises for improving public health and preventing health issues in community members are some of the core goals that a health expert must pursue.
• Nurses’ Role in Health Promotion: Systematic Review The role of nurses in health promotion has been increasing over the years, and some of the interventions are viewed as incredibly efficient.
• Design and Health Promotion Program for Someone to Quit Smoking The paper will present a smoking intervention program that combines medical and psychological solutions that address all the aspects of smoking addiction.
• Health Promotion Theory for Chronic Kidney Disease Effective prevention of chronic kidney disease (CKD), clearly, requires different approaches to lessen the number of deaths in the world.
• The Role of Nurses in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.
• Promoting Healthy Lifestyles: Strategies for Encouraging Physical Activity.
• Nutrition Education for Patients: Improving Dietary Choices.
• Smoking Cessation Programs: Supporting Patients to Quit Smoking.
• Mental Health Promotion in Primary Care Settings.
• Implementing Immunization Campaigns for Disease Prevention.
• Promoting Sexual Health: Education and Safe Practices.
• Managing Chronic Conditions: Empowering Patients for Self-Care.
• Health Literacy: Enhancing Understanding for Better Health Outcomes.
• The Importance of Sleep in Health Promotion.
• Promoting Hand Hygiene to Reduce Infections in Healthcare Settings.
• Empowering Patients with Chronic Pain: Non-Pharmacological Approaches.
• Preventing Falls in the Elderly: Assessment and Interventions.
• Creating Healthy Work Environments for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals.
• Health Promotion for Pregnant Women: Prenatal Care and Education.
• Addressing Substance Abuse and Addiction: Support and Treatment.
• Promoting Cardiovascular Health: Managing Hypertension and Cholesterol.
• The Role of Nurses in Promoting Vaccination Awareness.
• Stress Management Techniques for Patients and Healthcare Workers.
• Health Promotion in Schools: Addressing Childhood Obesity.
• Promoting Infection Control Practices in Community Settings.
• Supporting Breastfeeding: Education and Encouragement.
• Integrating Mental Health Services in Primary Care for Better Access.
• Preventive Screenings and Early Detection: Empowering Patients to Act.
• Health Promotion for Aging Populations: Enhancing Quality of Life.
• Promoting Awareness of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs).
• Promoting Cultural Competence in Healthcare: Addressing Diverse Needs.
• Using Technology for Patient Engagement in Health Promotion.
• Promoting Safety in Home Care Settings: Fall Prevention and Home Assessments.
• Community Health Promotion: Collaborating with Local Organizations.
• Health Promotion Among HIV, AIDS Patients The paper Healthy People 2020 points out the intervention measures against HIV/AIDS among young people in the United States.
• Nutrition Education and Public Health Promotion To improve people’s health, governments may embark on a powerful leadership position aimed at developing literacy promotion strategies and ensuring sustained financing.
• Health Promotion and Autonomy-Based Ethical Concerns Health promotion initiatives are associated with ethical concerns that affect their implementation and effectiveness.
• Health Promotion Role in Public Health The three levels of health promotion are sufficient in curbing and treating such severe conditions as, for instance, diabetes mellitus due to their preventive nature.
• Public Health Promotion: World Health Organization The paper discusses the role of the World Health Organization’s mission and vision in promoting health, and factors that assist and hinder the organization’s progress.
• Health Promotion in the Preschoolers The study targets, eating and activity habits that are linked to inappropriate weight gain, formed in early childhood.
• Health Promotion Model: The Lifestyle Change Project This paper will present the assessment of one family (a 44-year-old male, divorced but living with his six-year-old son) relative to the Health Promotion Model.
• Self-Care Health Promotion Plan Health promotion is one of the key elements of nursing care that necessitates the identification of illness prevention opportunities during the course of care provision.
• Environmental Health Promotion in Nursing In the 21st century, the issues of environmental health and the health effects of environmental climate change became a pressing matter for the international health community.
• Health Promotion and Disease Prevention The research of the work is focused on finding the roots of the development of common adult diseases and addressing these roots at the early stages.
• Health Education and Health Promotion Revisited McCauley’s nursing tradition has been referred to as Careful Nursing, a method created in Ireland in the early 19th century and adopted by Irish nurses in the Crimean War.
• The Pender Health Promotion Model for Behavioral Change The central feature of this prevention model is that it emphasizes the proactive interventions people should adopt to avoid illness in general.
• A Personal Health Promotion Plan As part of personal health promotional plan, the author aims to devote a minimum of 210 minutes to physical activities per week.
• Health Promotion Among Australian Aborigines with Respiratory Diseases The high prevalence rate of respiratory diseases among the Aborigines in Australia has prompted an urgency to carry out a need analysis for its causal factors.
• Promotion of Public Health: Improvement Strategies In health promotion, it is necessary to be able to amalgamate education both on health maintenance and preventative techniques.
• Health Promotion to Reduce Lung Cancer: Grant Proposal Template The project aims to reduce the rate of lung cancer infection and deaths among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in South Australia.
• Evaluating the Importance of Community-Based Participatory Research in Health Promotion Processes The promotion of a healthy community is an ongoing concern that has assumed an international imperative for governments, policymakers, and practitioners.
• Health Promotion Concepts and Factors This paper discusses a range of health promotion theories and concepts, and discusses the most beneficial aspects and factors that influence health outcomes.
• Interprofessional Health Promotion Resources: Substance Abuse in Adults Available interventions, risks, and factors contributing to substance abuse in adults will be discussed in the present paper.
• Health Promotion and Three Levels of Prevention Health promotion is a basic refrain for nursing practice. It has been a major focus in the nursing practice in the recent decades due to its contribution to the nursing philosophy.
• Health Promotion: Benign Prostate Hypertrophy Benign Prostate Hypertrophy (BPH), a condition that causes the prostate gland to enlarge inducing urethral obstruction, urinary flow restrictions, and urinary retention.
• The Family Health Promotion Program’s Objectives The workshops offered by the health promotion program teach how to lead a healthy lifestyle while dealing with conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, lung disease, and cancer.
• Health Promotion: Ms. Sally’s Case It will be better for Ms. Sally’s life satisfaction if she succeeds in maintaining her health and well-being and understands her problems and the value of caring for herself.
• Personal Health Promotion Plan: Better Eating Habits While there are various options for health promotion, the author has set himself a goal to improve nutrition and develop better eating habits.
• Health Promotion Plan: How to Protect Babies? Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is a dangerous and undiagnosed phenomenon characterized by sudden death from respiratory arrest at less than one year of age.
• Good Health and Well-Being Promotion Initiatives The author is studying good health and well-being promotion initiatives because he wants to understand the scope of existing health issues and the existence of potential solutions.
• Community and Public Health Nurses Responsibilities in Health Promotion Public and community health nurses can significantly improve the well-being of society by assessing the situation, educating people, and providing them with tools for health care.
• Healthcare Promotion and Ethical Considerations This paper will discuss some of the ways in which healthcare professionals are able to address the problems introduced by the popularization of healthy living in society.
• Statistic for Public Health Promotion Interventions Statistics are relevant to the planning of health promotion interventions because they are paramount for identifying the groups that need such interventions in the first place.
• Health Promotion Program Based on the Healthy People 2020 Target Objectives The vision of the Healthy People 2020 program is to develop “societies whereby all people live long, healthy lives”.
• Health Disparities and Health Promotion in Vulnerable Populations Health disparities among the different populations pose great threat to the progress of all countries in spite of their constant effort to minimize them.
• High Risk Family Assessment and Health Promotion Family violence has continuously been a health issue in the United States for a long time. According to Whyte, in every family, there is always the center of power.
• Health Promotion and Students’ Well-Being Critique Soler-Masó et al.’s article “Health promotion and students’ well-being in secondary schools in Catalonia” centers on the mental health of adolescents in schools.
• Hispanic or Latino Populations of the USA: Health Status and Promotion and Disease Prevention The socioeconomic factors play a particularly important role as a barrier to the health promotion of the group.
• Health Promotion: Reducing Tobacco Use by Adults The purpose of the project is to discuss various strategies for implementing health promotion programs such as the ‘You Can Quit Tobacco Use Program’.
• Cardiovascular Health Promotion in the United States Statistics show that the awareness of central causes of CV problems remains low, and broad populations, especially aged people, possess a poor understanding of the disease.
• Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Strategies for Access to Care A strategy to increase access to health care is to create more free community centers with programs focused on education and healthy lifestyles.
• Ethical Health Promotion-Related Issue Most new HIV-positive patients prefer to maintain their status confidential, which raises an ethical concern regarding the protection of the well-being of the people at risk.
• Urban-Rural Differences in Medicare Health Promotion The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of a multi-component health promotion and disease self-management intervention on physical function, etc.
• Health Promotion to Meet the Identified Health Need Hughes (1999) has offered ten strong reasons why social workers should be included in the behavioral health plan for community support.
• The Project of Health Promotion Health Promotion Game aims to increase the awareness of adolescents and young adults on depression as a mental illness and encourage early diagnosis.
• Parish Nursing: Health Promotion Parish nursing in faith-based communities is a relatively new practice that has gained popularity rapidly. It is a powerful tool with the purpose of health promotion.
• Community-Based Health Promotion: Anytown Community There is the paramount need to promote healthy eating habits and physical activity among residents of the Anytown community as described in the preceding discussions.
• Adult Nursing Theories, Practice and Health Promotion This paper describes some of the tools that promote good healthcare in the UK: fitness, healthy eating, lifestyle checks, and sexual health tools among others.
• Health Promotion Project for Chronic Diabetic Kidney Disease The health promotion model designed and proposed by Nola Pender is one of the most effective nursing approaches in promoting health among communities.
• HIV in Adolescent Population: Healthy Promotion Intervention Plan The intervention program is about the distribution of leaflets for adolescents with HIV as well as other representatives of society.
• Promotion of Quality Healthcare Services Through Public Laws The analysis will focus on the healthcare laws that exist and how they contribute towards the realization and promotion of quality healthcare services in the country.
• Health Promotion and Community Resource Teaching Many resources can be used for educational activities for the population. They are provided by organizations that want to help prevent cardiovascular disease.
• Empowerment Measures in Health Promotion Personal orientation of health promotion aims to reach every single person with information on how to monitor and improve his or her health conditions.
• Analysis of Current MRSA Health Promotion Pamphlet Methicilin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a bacterial strain that is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotic penicillin.
• Health Promotion: Community, Nation, and the World The purpose of this paper is to describe the health promotion that is studied at the community, national, and global levels.
• Fall Prevention and Health Promotion Plan This paper discusses fall prevention and practices for health improvement and individuals/groups that might benefit from the education session.
• Health Promotion: What Are Energy Therapies? The purpose of this article is to review several energy therapy methods used in surgery and other health care areas.
• Chronic Disease: Occupational Health Promotion Interventions for Individuals at Risk Coal mining workers are exposed to numerous health threats due to their exposure to adverse substances at work and the lifestyle they lead associated with their occupation.
• Health Promotion Plan: Infant and Older Adults The health of the patients is of first and foremost importance to any health promotion campaign, and the campaigners do not forget that for a single moment.
• Health Promotion: Disease Control and Prevention Much attention from healthcare providers and healthcare agencies is dedicated to the problems of obesity. Still, not many professionals discuss the risk of being overweight.
• Health Promotion in American Indians and Alaska Natives Minority This paper will study a minority of Native Americans and Alaska Natives to identify major health problems and barriers and find ways of health prevention.
• A Preliminary Randomized Controlled Evaluation of a Universal Healthy Relationships Promotion Program for Youth This essay will discuss and analyze a research article describing a small group program focused on preventing bullying and decreasing substance abuse among adolescents.
• Health Literacy and the Role of Healthcare Providers in Its Promotion Health literacy is a well-recognized asset across the globe as an effective evidence-based strategy for improving health outcomes and reducing healthcare costs.
• Health Promotion: Coronary Heart Disease Prevention Assessment of the clinical history of the patient shows that the patient had demonstrated an elevated blood pressure level five years back, which is under control with medication.
• Health Promotion Using Healthcare Informatics Social media platforms could be used efficiently by care providers to design and implement projects that elevate the level of health literacy among older adults.
• Health Promotion Program in South Carolina In South Carolina, the top five leading causes of death are heart disease, malignant neoplasms, cerebrovascular issues, unintentional injury, and chronic lower respiratory disease.
• Health Promotion Role in Reducing Health Insurance Costs Health promotion is crucial as it ensures that people understand the risks of their lifestyle and the know-how to avoid them.
• Intervention and Health Promotion Plan for Hispanic and Latino Community Such primary health problems of young Hispanics as STDs, HIV, heart diseases, and cancer are imposed by excessive alcohol consumption as a moderator of acculturative stress.
• Older Adult Population: Community Health Promotion The paper analyzes the older adult population, their main demographic characteristics, mortality and morbidity risk factors, and effective plans for promoting health.
• Health Promotion for Indians and Alaskan Natives American Indians and Alaskan Natives had to withstand the immense pressure from the majority populations that have compromised their culture, lifeways, health and wellness.
• Technology Creates Health Promotion Opportunities The major purpose of this brief is to inform my colleagues about the potential of technology to create health promotion opportunities.
• Informatics in Health Promotion Programs The issue of childhood obesity is particularly relevant since the emergence of excess weight at an early age is fraught with serious diseases in the future.
• Health Promotion in Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders The health status of Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders may be closer to the nation’s average than that of some other minority groups.
• Ethnic Minorities’ Health Disparities and Promotion Ethnicity is a complex and sensitive subject that requires greater attention in the sphere of healthcare when trying to achieve health equality for the entire population.
• Secondhand Smoking: Environmental Health Promotion Smoking remains a significant environmental problem that affects many people. Secondhand smoking can also be a dangerous issue because of the pernicious impact of tobacco.
• Family-Centered Health Assessment and Promotion Family-centered care is a medical practice aimed at helping all the members of the same family, which is often the case when several problems manifest themselves.
• Health Promotion in Minority Populations The paper discusses the major health concerns African Americans face and the most appropriate care plan that can address their needs.
• Tobacco Free Florida and Health Promotion An anti-tobacco organization, Tobacco Free Florida launches health education programs and helps citizens quit smoking.
• Health Promotion in Latin American Immigrants To help Latin American immigrants improve their health situation, it is essential to select an intervention plan for a reduction in the number of strokes and other issues.
• Health Promotion in Native Hawaiian Population Health promotion is an approach that aims to enable people to control their health and its social determinants.
• Pender’s Health Promotion Models This essay will compare Pender’s health promotion model and the transtheoretical approach, then use the former in a theoretical scenario.
• Health Promotion Among Diverse Populations: Downtown Miami Downtown Miami is positioned around the Central Business District (CBD) of Miami. The history of Downtown Miami is not very long, but it is rather interesting.
• Health Promotion Among African Americans The present paper offers the analysis of health problems faced by African Americans and suggests health promotion approaches to reduce the risks.
• Nursing Guides Theories: Nola J. Pender’s Health Promotion Model and Parse’s Theoretical Perspective The development of Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s theoretical perspective has helped to frame nursing knowledge. Nursing is human art and science that uses evidence-based knowledge.
• Health Promotion Among Latino Population in the US The health status of different population groups largely depends on their cultural and socio-economic factors, including values, beliefs, and attitudes to health care practices.
• Pender’s Health Promotion Model and Social Behavior The paper reviews “The effect of a multi-strategy program on developing social behaviors based on Pender’s health promotion model to prevent loneliness.”
• Health Status and Promotion Among African Americans This paper not only looks into the current health status of African Americans, but also assesses issues of health promotion and health disparities as they relate to this group.
• Health Disparity and Promotion in Afro-Americans The purpose of this paper is to identify the current health status of African-Americans as a minority group, identify factors that improve or mitigate the promotion of healthcare.
• Health Promotion by Nursing Professionals Health promotion has been a major priority for healthcare providers for several decades, but many nursing professionals still fail to understand their role in this process.
• Social Media Categories for Public Health Promotion This paper discusses social media categories, singles out popular and cutting-edge tools, and outlines how these tools might be used for the issue of community health.
• Diseases and Health Promotion in African Americans African Americans tend to be faced with certain adverse health conditions, such as diabetes, hypertension, HIV, and stroke, more often than White individuals.
• Effective Health Promotion Plan Importance Medical professionals should use their competencies to empower people to control health outcomes. They can achieve the objective by implementing powerful environmental, health.
• Health Services Access and Health Promotion The nature of the health promotion problem revolves around the inability of many citizens in the United States to receive quality medical care.
• Popular Health Concerns, Awareness, and Promotion Nurses can engage in health promotion practices, giving and organizing free lectures for the target audiences, creating brochures with beneficial notes, and so on.
• Health Promotion and Diverse Populations Health status of the population belongs to the number of the most important factors defining the quality of life of the humanity.
• Aging and Health Promotion Biological theories explain aging either by a programmed switching of different phases in the development of the body or by the damage inflicted by the environments.
• Health Promotion Among Diverse Populations Statistical data on the health level of different social and ethical groups shows certain harmful tendencies and inequality.
• Health Promotion Among Hispanic Population Hispanic Americans are still an underprivileged group that has limited access to healthcare services. The major health issues are related to healthy lifestyle.
• “Let’s Move” Program for Healthy Lifestyle Promotion The introduction of a nationally coordinated program “Let’s Move” was a significant step forward in the government’s attempts to fight obesity and cardiovascular problems.
• Nursing Theory’s Role in Health Promotion A nursing theory acquires the top priority as one of the ways to improve the comprehension of current processes in the healthcare sphere
• Health Promotion Model and Human Becoming Theory The health promotion model (HPM) developed by Pender in 1990. The theory of human becoming was developed by Parse in 1981.
• Healthy Lifestyle Promotion and Its Evaluation The main purpose of this project is to assess the importance of the promotion of healthy lifestyles by nursing professionals via educational programs for patients.
• Nursing Health Promotion and Its Importance Health promotion is one of the concepts that must be more explicitly defined for nursing due to its frequent use and the development of different health care trends.
• Health Promotion Among Hispanic Minority Group The following paper addresses the issue of health disparities of the Hispanic minority group through health promotion.
• Nursing and Health Promotion in Family Pediatrics The modern approach to the delivery of nursing care is focused on the significant improvement of people`s quality of life and the environment in which they live
• Health Promotion: Health Insurance Costs Reducing Health promotion is targeted towards increasing the control over the health of the target audiences as well as the improvement of their health.
• Health Promotion Role and Practice Health promotion is able to enhance the health status of the nation, improve the quality of life and reduce the costs needed for medical treatment.
• Health Promotion: Scrutiny and Practical Implementation Health Promotion is crucial for increasing the overall health levels of the population, and for helping to improve patient outcomes and decrease health insurance costs.
• The MEDRAD Healthcare Facility Quality Promotion As the case study set in the MEDRAD healthcare facility shows, there is a significant gap between different quality provision tools.
• Nutrition and Weight Status: Health Promotion Plan This health promotion plan addresses the issue of nutrition and weight status and increases the public understanding of the problem and possible consequences for the life.

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Health, well-being and education: Building a sustainable future. The Moscow statement on Health Promoting Schools

Health Education

ISSN : 0965-4283

Article publication date: 18 March 2020

Issue publication date: 4 June 2020

The purpose of this paper is to introduce the official statement of the Fifth European Conference on Health-Promoting Schools.

Design/methodology/approach

The Fifth European Conference on Health-Promoting Schools was held on 20–22 November 2019 in Moscow, Russian Federation, with over 450 participants from 40 countries. A writing group was established to prepare a draft version of the statement before the conference. On the basis of an online and offline feedback process, the opinions of the participants were collected during the conference and included in the finalisation of the statement.

The final conference statement comprises six thematic categories (values and principles; environment, climate and health; schools as part of the wider community; non-communicable diseases (NCDs); evidence base; and digital media), with a total of 23 recommendations and calls for action.

Originality/value

The recommendations and calls for action reflect current challenges for Health Promoting Schools in Europe. They are addressed to all actors in governmental, non-governmental and other organisations at international, national and regional levels involved in health promotion in schools and are to be applied for the further development of the concept.

• Health Promoting Schools
• Social change
• Child and adolescent health
• School health promotion

Dadaczynski, K. , Jensen, B.B. , Viig, N.G. , Sormunen, M. , von Seelen, J. , Kuchma, V. and Vilaça, T. (2020), "Health, well-being and education: Building a sustainable future. The Moscow statement on Health Promoting Schools", Health Education , Vol. 120 No. 1, pp. 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-12-2019-0058

Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright © Kevin Dadaczynski, Bjarne Bruun Jensen, Nina Grieg Viig, Marjorita Sormunen, Jesper von Seelen, Vladislav Kuchma and Teresa Vilaça

Published in Health Education . Published by Emerald Publishing Limited. This article is published under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) licence. Anyone may reproduce, distribute, translate and create derivative works of this article (for both commercial and non-commercial purposes), subject to full attribution to the original publication and authors. The full terms of this licence may be seen at: http://creativecommons.org/licences/by/4.0/legalcode

1. The Health Promoting Schools approach and its development

The Ottawa Charter, adopted in 1986, was a milestone in the development of a holistic and positive understanding of health that requires actions at different levels, from healthy public policy to the development of personal skills, using different strategies, such as enabling and advocacy approaches ( WHO, 1986 ). The charter can also be regarded as marking the birth of whole-school approaches to health that have been established in Europe and internationally under the term Health Promoting Schools ( Stewart Burgher et al. , 1999 ).

A Health Promoting Schools reflects a holistic approach that moves beyond individual behaviour change by also aiming at organisational change through strengthening the physical and social environment, including interpersonal relationships, school management, policy structures and teaching and learning conditions. This approach can be seen as the result of overcoming traditional health education at school, which aimed to influence students' knowledge, attitudes and behaviour ( Clift and Jensen, 2005 ). In accordance with a social-ecological perspective, health is considered to be the result of a complex interplay of individual, social, socio-economic and cultural factors ( Dahlgreen and Whitehead, 1991 ). Since the early 1990, actions on school health promotion have been coordinated in national networks and the European network on Health Promoting Schools as a WHO supported network. The current work on school health promotion on a European level is organised through the Schools for Health in Europe Network Foundation (SHE), with national representatives from 36 countries.

Values of the Health Promoting Schools approach

Health Promoting Schools ensure equal access for all to the full range of educational and health opportunities. This in the long term makes a significant impact in reducing inequalities in health and in improving the quality and availability of lifelong learning.

Sustainability

Health Promoting Schools acknowledge that health, education and development are closely linked. Schools act as places of academic learning. They support and develop a positive view of pupils' future role in society. Health Promoting Schools develop best when efforts and achievements are implemented in a systematic and continuous way. Desirable and sustainable health and educational outcomes occur mostly in the medium or long term.

Health Promoting Schools celebrate diversity and ensure that schools are communities of learning, where all feel trusted and respected. Good relationships among pupils, between pupils and school staff and between school, parents and the school community are important.

Empowerment

Health Promoting Schools enable children and young people, school staff and all members of the school community to be actively involved in setting health-related goals and in taking actions at school and community level to reach the goals.

Health Promoting Schools are based on democratic values and practise the exercising of rights and taking responsibility.

Pillars of the Health Promoting Schools approach

Whole-school approach to health

Taking a participatory and action-oriented approach to health education in the curriculum;

Taking into account the pupil's own concept of health and well-being;

Developing healthy school policies;

Developing the physical and social environment of the school;

Developing life competencies and health literacy;

Making effective links with home and the community; and

Making efficient use of health services.

Participation

A sense of ownership is fostered by pupils, staff and parents through participation and meaningful engagement, which is a prerequisite for the effectiveness of health-promoting activities in schools.

School quality

Health Promoting Schools support better teaching and learning processes. Healthy pupils learn better, and healthy staff work better and have greater job satisfaction. The school's main task is to maximise educational outcomes. Health Promoting Schools support schools in achieving their educational and social goals.

School health promotion in Europe is informed by existing and emerging research and evidence focused on effective approaches and practice in school health promotion, both on health topics (such as mental health, eating and substance use) and on the whole-school approach.

Schools and communities

Health Promoting Schools engage with the wider community. They endorse collaboration between the school and the community and are active agents in strengthening social capital and health literacy.

Since the establishment of the European network of Health Promoting Schools, four European conferences on Health Promoting Schools have been organised. The resolution of the first conference, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1997, stated that every child and young person in Europe had the right to be educated in a Health Promoting Schools and urged governments in all European countries to adopt the Health Promoting Schools approach ( ENHPS, 1997 ). The Egmont Agenda was published in 2002 as a result of the Second European Conference on Health Promoting Schools in The Netherlands and emphasised conditions, programming and evaluation as being essential to developing and sustaining Health Promoting Schools ( ENHPS, 2002 ).

Seven years later, the Third European Conference on Health Promoting Schools was held in Vilnius, Lithuania ( SHE Network, 2009 ). The conference and its resolution marked an important milestone in the development of the Health Promoting Schools approach by highlighting that education and health have shared interests and complement each other. Based on this, joint actions beyond sectoral responsibilities were urged.

The Fourth European Conference was held in Odense, Denmark, in 2013 and resulted in The Odense Statement, which recognised the core values and pillars of school health promotion as a strong contributor to the aims and objectives of the WHO policy framework for health and well-being in Europe, Health 2020 and the EU2020 strategy for inclusive and sustainable growth ( SHE Network, 2013 ).

2. Recent societal challenges

Since the establishment of the Health Promoting School approach in the late 1980s, the world has seen constant societal change, with progressively faster dynamics during recent years. The changes have not only altered substantially the conditions in which people grow up and live, but have also affected behaviours in relation to health, social cohabitation, learning and working. Wars and violence, often rooted in cultural and religious differences or political and economic crisis, and climate change alter significantly the environmental and societal determinants of health ( Mucci et al. , 2016 ; Watts et al. , 2019 ).

Often, it is countries that already are experiencing political and socio-economic instability that feel the effects most ( Reibling et al. , 2017 ). An increase in international migration, commonly in perilous circumstances for migrants and refugees ( Silove et al. , 2017 ), is the consequence, raising social tensions and challenges in many countries, some of which are undergoing political developments characterised by protectionism and isolationism that can partly be seen as a countermovement to the idea, values and principles of Europe ( Harteveld et al. , 2018 ).

In many cases, uncertainty has replaced political, economic, social and individual stability, raising concern and anxiety about the future in young people and adults. This has led to an unprecedented social (grassroots) movement of participation, primarily driven by young people who are demanding social, political, ecological and economic change ( O'Brien, Selboe and Hayward, 2018 ).

These developments should not be seen as being separate from school health promotion, the aim of which is to support young people to develop healthy and self-determined lifestyles and enable them to co-create their social, physical and ecological environments and the determinants of health positively and sustainably ( Clift and Jensen, 2005 ; Simovska and McNamara, 2015 ). As the conditions for growing up and living together change, the question arises of how schools, as places for health-related teaching, learning and development, need to adapt.

Where does the Health Promoting School approach stand today, more than 30 years after the Ottawa Charter on health promotion? Can the Health Promoting School, with its holistic orientation, deliver on its promise of addressing health inequalities and improving children's and young people's health, well-being and academic achievement? To what extent can school health promotion be implemented systematically in schools and be linked to local communities?

These and more questions were raised and discussed during the Fifth European Conference on Health Promoting School, culminating in recommendations for the future development of the Health Promoting School approach.

3. The Fifth European Conference on Health Promoting Schools

The Fifth European Conference on Health Promoting Schools was held on 20–22 November 2019 in Moscow, Russian Federation, with over 450 participants from 40 countries.

A range of topics was addressed through more than 160 contributions and nine keynote presentations focusing on conceptual aspects of the Health Promoting School approach, implementation and dissemination and current social change processes, such as digitisation and heterogeneity.

Holistic approaches to school-based health promotion and health education (such as organizational change and environmental approaches to school health promotion and strategies to promote individual and organizational health literacy in schools);

Implementation and dissemination of school-based health promotion and health education (facilitators and barriers to implementing interventions in school-based health promotion and professional development and capacity-building of, for example, teachers, non-teaching school staff, school health services, parents and external professionals);

Networking and intersectoral collaboration in school-based health promotion and health education (schools as part of the wider community, and multisectoral partnerships at local, national and international levels);

Innovative approaches to dealing with heterogeneity, inclusion and special needs (pupils' and teachers' health in inclusive schooling, school-based health promotion and education for refugees, students with special needs and innovative approaches to school-based health services); and

Digital media and information and communications technology (ICT) in school health promotion and health education (practical approaches to ICT use in school-based health promotion and digital devices and media as a target for interventions and a means to promote health and well-being).

4. Recommendations for action

Be based on democratic processes and foster equal access, active involvement and participation;

Take into account the needs and background of all young people regardless of their gender, geographical, cultural and social background or religious beliefs: in that sense, a Health Promoting School can be seen as an inclusive school that celebrates heterogeneity and diversity as an enriching dimension for mutual learning, respect and acceptance;

Reflect a whole-school approach addressing different target groups and combining classroom activities with development of school policies, the physical, social and cultural environment of the school and the necessary capacities needed: we welcome new and established concepts and approaches within school-based health promotion, such as health literacy, salutogenesis, action competence and life skills, which should complement each other and be integrated in the holistic framework of the Health Promoting School approach; and

Be systematically linked with educational goals and school quality as part of a so-called add-in approach: based on rich evidence, a Health Promoting School can be regarded as a school that not only promotes and maintains health, but also strives for successful learning for pupils and working conditions for teaching and non-teaching staff, and involves parents and families in the school's daily life.

Urge all stakeholders in health and climate/sustainability education to work together systematically to support young people to grow up and live healthily and sustainably;

Urge all stakeholders to support and empower young people to raise their voice and make a lasting contribution to shaping a healthy and sustainable future for themselves and their fellow human beings;

Call for actions to link planetary health and the Health Promoting School approach more explicitly by, for instance, integrating the impact of human action on the environment and its health consequences into school curricula and everyday life; and

Call for realignment of health-promotion research agendas to address environmental challenges in, with and through schools.

All actors to move from a single-setting approach to an integrated multi-setting approach that systematically links actions at school level with actions in the local community: these actions should not be implemented in isolation, but in a coordinated fashion to create synergies and avoid discontinuities;

Intersectoral collaboration among different actors and professions, such as teachers, school health services and social and youth-care services: this requires professional development, and that existing local networks and their leadership capacities be strengthened to align sectoral policies and enable the development of a common vision and language; and

All actors to strengthen links with existing national and regional cooperation mechanisms, such as Health Promoting School networks and healthy city or healthy region networks, by pursuing joint objectives and actions.

A resource-oriented intervention approach (as described in the SHE values and pillars) be taken to tackle NCDs rather than a traditional top-down and disease-oriented approach, which normally dominates interventions related to risk factors;

Young people be viewed as part of the solution and not only as part of the problem of NCDs – we need to work with young people as powerful agents of healthy change and not as victims and recipients of risk factors;

A school environment that promotes healthy practices in areas like healthy eating, physical activity, social and emotional well-being and good hygiene be created; and

Commercial determinants are addressed by empowering young people to become critical and responsible citizens who are able to understand and critically reflect on media advertising and market mechanisms through, for instance, consumer education.

Call for evaluation approaches that reflect the complexity of the Health Promoting School by, for example, applying mixed-methods designs and considering graded health and educational outcomes;

Demand that the available scientific evidence be reviewed and evaluated using existing tools and be translated into recommendations for practical action;

Urge that a one-sided focus on outcomes research be augmented by focusing also on implementation to identify the conditions under which interventions can be effective, systematically linking both research perspectives; and

Call for systematic and strong partnerships between researchers and practitioners who develop and implement innovative interventions in school health promotion and those who conduct empirical surveys on child and adolescent health (such as the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study) and the health of teaching and non-teaching staff. By sharing available social-epidemiological data, previously untried evaluation potential can be exploited.

Call on all actors in school health promotion to use the possibilities of digital media in the context of research, development, implementation and exchange of innovative interventions and good practice;

Urge all actors to use digital media as a supplement to, and not as a substitute for, non-digital (face-to-face) school health-promotion actions;

Call on all actors to ensure that the use of digital media does not lead to a step back to individual and behavioural prevention, but rather is used at organisational level to, for instance, build capacity, communicate with partners outside the school and promote low-threshold participation in change processes within the school; and

Call for actions to empower individuals and whole-school systems to deal effectively with health information complexity, including its critical assessment, selection and use and to take responsibility for providing suitable and reliable health information.

The Health Promoting School approach

Buijs , G.J. ( 2009 ), “ Better schools through health: networking for health promoting schools in Europe ”, European Journal of Education , Vol. 44 No. 4 , pp. 507 - 520 .

Clift , S. and Jensen , B.B. ( 2005 ), The Health Promoting School: International Advances in Theory, Evaluation and Practice , Danish University of Education Press , Copenhagen .

Dahlgren , G. and Whitehead , M. ( 1981 ), Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Equality in Health , Institute of Future Studies , Stockholm .

European Network of Health Promoting Schools (ENHPS) ( 2002 ), The Egmond Agenda. A New Tool to Help Establish and Develop Health Promotion in Schools and Related Sectors across Europe , available at: https://tinyurl.com/y2py8wzr ( accessed 19 November 2019 ).

European Network of Health Promoting Schools (ENHPS) ( 1997 ), “ Conference resolution ”, available at: https://tinyurl.com/wcunrec ( accessed 19 November 2019 ).

Harteveld , E. , Schaper , J. , De Lange , S.L. and Van Der Brug , W. ( 2018 ), “ Blaming Brussels? the impact of (news about) the refugee crisis on attitudes towards the EU and national politics ”, JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies , Vol. 56 No. 1 , pp. 157 - 177 .

Mucci , N. , Giorgi , G. , Roncaioli , M. , Perez , J.F. and Arcangeli , G. ( 2016 ), “ The correlation between stress and economic crisis: a systematic review ”, Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment , Vol. 12 , pp. 983 - 993 .

O'Brien , K. , Selboe , E. and Hayward , B. ( 2018 ), “ Exploring youth activism on climate change: dutiful, disruptive, and dangerous dissent ”, Ecology and Society , Vol. 23 No. 3 , p. 42 .

Reibling , N. , Beckfield , J. , Huijts , T. , Schmidt-Catran , A. , Thomson , K.H. and Wendt , C. ( 2017 ), “ Depressed during the depression: has the economic crisis affected mental health inequalities in Europe? findings from the European social survey (2014) special module on the determinants of health ”, The European Journal of Public Health , Vol. 27 Suppl 1 , pp. 47 - 54 .

Schools for Health in Europe (SHE) Network ( 2013 ), “ The Odense Statement. Our ABC for equity, education and health ”, available at: https://tinyurl.com/rk8rh5e ( accessed 19 November 2019 ).

Schools for Health in Europe (SHE) Network ( 2009 ), “ Better schools through health: the Third European Conference on Health Promoting Schools. Vilnius resolution ”, available at: https://tinyurl.com/qskr692 ( accessed 19 November 2019 ).

Silove , D. , Ventevogel , P. and Rees , S. ( 2017 ), “ The contemporary refugee crisis: an overview of mental health challenges ”, World Psychiatry , Vol. 16 No. 2 , pp. 130 - 139 .

Simovska , V. and McNamara , P. (Eds) ( 2015 ), Schools for Health and Sustainability , Springer , Dordrecht .

Stewart Burgher , M. , Barnekow , V. and Rivett , D. ( 1999 ), The European Network of Health Promoting Schools. The Alliance of Education and Health , WHO Regional Office for Europe , Copenhagen .

Watts , N. , Amann , M. , Arnell , N. , Ayeb-Karlsson , S. , Belesova , K. , Boykoff , M. , … and Chambers , J. ( 2019 ), “ The 2019 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: ensuring that the health of a child born today is not defined by a changing climate ”, The Lancet , Vol. 394 No. 10211 , pp. 1836 - 1878 .

WHO ( 2016 ), Declaration: Partnerships for the Health and Well-Being of Our Young and Future Generations. Working Together for Better Health and Well-Being: Promoting Intersectoral and Interagency Action for Health and Well-Being in the WHO European Region , WHO Regional Office for Europe , Copenhagen .

WHO ( 1986 ), “ Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ”, available at: https://tinyurl.com/mohfbn6 ( accessed 19 November 2019 ).

Acknowledgements

This publication has received funding under an operating grant from the European Union's Health Programme.

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Exercise, Sport and Health Sciences: Community Health Education & Promotion

Building stronger communities through health advocacy.

Be actively involved in helping people develop healthy, active lifestyles in communities across the U.S. and abroad by pursuing a health sciences degree with an emphasis in community health education and promotion.

The CHEP program gives students hands-on teaching and community-engaged learning experiences and prepares you to address the complex health issues and disparities in any community through education, program planning, health communication, policy, advocacy and research.

Students study traditional health sciences classes with a focus on disease prevention, which gives you a competitive edge for graduate programs in public health, medicine, nursing, health administration and more.

This program could be a good fit if you:

• Want to promote active lifestyles and healthy communities.
• Seek to understand and address the root causes of poor health and health inequities.
• Like sharing health information and enjoy working with others.
• Plan to enter graduate school for a health-related profession.
• Enjoy challenges, systems thinking and biomedical sciences.

Career Outcomes

With this degree, you could become a/an:

• Health educator
• Health promotion specialist
• Public health specialist
• Prevention specialist
• Community health worker
• Health care coordinator
• Healthy schools coordinator
• Community health coordinator
• Public health physical activity specialist
• Maternal and child health specialist
• Worksite or corporate wellness specialist
• Health administrator
• Epidemiologist
• Other health professionals

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Prepare to plan, organize and lead recreation programs for communities, tourism companies, youth groups, and other organizations.

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More degrees below. Enjoy!

Exercise, sport and health sciences: pre-physical therapy.

Blend classroom teaching, hands-on learning and service-learning projects in preparation for competitive graduate programs.

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Learn human anatomy and explore the effects of physical activity and inactivity on the body’s physiology, movement, performance and overall health.

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Elementary education.

Gain the training and credentials to teach multiple subjects to students in grades K-8.

Gain the skills to address complex health issues and disparities through education, program planning, policy, advocacy and research.

Career & Technical Education: Engineering & Technology

Prepare to teach engineering and technology subjects at a high school, community college, or in an industrial setting.

Prepare for a dance-related career with professional training in performance, choreography and teaching.

Career & Technical Education

Learn to teach youth and adults the practical job skills they need to enter and succeed in today’s workforce.

Exercise, Sport, and Health Sciences

Learn the science and strategies to improve people’s quality of life through fitness and nutrition.

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An assessment of nurses’ participation in Health Promotion: a knowledge, perception, and practice perspective

Herbert melariri.

1 Eastern Cape Department of Health, Port Elizabeth Provincial Hospital, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

2 School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Roehampton, London

TOLU ANDREA OSOBA

Margaret (maggie) williams.

3 Centre for Community Technology, School of Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

PAULA MELARIRI

4 Department of Environmental Health, Nelson Mandela University, Summerstrand, Port Elizabeth, South Africa

Health promotion (HP) at the population level serves to improve health inequalities, enhance the quality of life, and ensures the provision of healthcare and related services. Nurses at all levels are charged with the task of ensuring that patients receive HP services. However, their competence in addressing this challenge needs further exploration. This study assessed the influence of HP knowledge and perceptions in nurses’ HP practice.

The study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire among 184 nurses randomly sampled from a tertiary hospital. Questions bordered on respondents’ demographics, knowledge, perception, and practice of HP. Responses were retrieved and analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2019.

Analysis showed a statistically significant relationship between participants demographics and possessing adequate knowledge to provide HP services. Statistically significant relationships were found amongst the following variables: ‘A holistic knowledge of disease pathology and processes are vital for effective care of patients’ and ‘education of patients on medication’ p = 0.001, ‘awareness of importance of educating patients about their condition’ and ‘patients encouraged to engage in healthy lifestyle’ p < 0.001.

Data showed that nurses’ knowledge regarding HP had a strong influence on their perception of HP. Their perception of HP in turn strongly influenced their practice of the same. Therefore, rigorous efforts must be made by governmental agencies, and organizations involved in healthcare worker training and nursing accreditation, to ensure the HP curriculum is well incorporated in nursing undergraduate training and sustained in service.

Introduction

Health Promotion involves a variety of approaches aimed at preserving the wellbeing and quality of life of people by addressing the fundamental causes of certain diseases as opposed to purely focusing on biomedical care [ 1 ]. Previously, health was seen as the very opposite of illness and diseases. With the Ottawa charter for HP in 1986, the World Health Organization effected a major change to the global view of health, not as a goal but a means to a full life [ 2 ]. As a result, HP emerged as a prime and essential activity for contemporary society with diverse initiatives and interventions designed by the World Health Organization aimed at translating the numerous concepts of HP towards practical reality [ 3 ]. Amongst the initiatives are the health-promoting hospitals (HPH) [ 4 ], health-promoting schools [ 5 ], health promotion in the sustainable development goals (SDGs) [ 6 ] and workplace-related HP [ 7 ]. These programmes have thrived due to the beneficial health outcomes emanating from them.

Today more than ever, nurses play a crucial role in HP. In addition to routine consultations and clinical duties, nurses are also involved in check-up care, patients education as well as disease prevention (DP) services [ 8 ]. In addition, nurses meaningfully contribute to several beneficial health outcomes such as educating patients on how prescribed medication works, therapeutic compliance [ 9 ], quality of life [ 8 ], and overall patient support and empowerment. To further uncover the importance of the nursing role in health promotion, Whitehead explored the current position of nursing concerning its practice, associated concept, and policy [ 10 ]. The questions raised included how much nurses know about HP and their views towards the subject of HP. Literature confirms that nurses utilize a range of expertise in delivering HP which may be generalized, patient-centered, or project management-related HP [ 8 ].

Despite the vital role nurses play in promoting population health, the prevalence of several preventable diseases continue to pose a major public health concern. In 2017, about 60% of patients presenting at all hospital emergency departments in the United States presented with preventable chronic conditions amounting to $8.3 billion in costs [ 11 ]. Relating to hospitalization, patients with chronic preventable diseases feature more frequently and stayed longer in hospital [ 12 ]. Similarly, in 2017 in India, more than 9.5 million deaths and nearly half a billion disability-adjusted life-years (DALY) were recorded [ 13 ]. Of the recorded deaths, more than 33% were considered to be preventable [ 13 ]. Within the low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), the adverse impact of the global burden of non-communicable disease (NCD) remains dire [ 14 ]. Despite widespread access to information regarding adjustable lifestyle behaviours, such knowledge does not necessarily translate to lifestyle changes [ 15 ].

South Africa is faced with a quadruple burden of disease comprising a mélange of four colliding epidemics [ 16 ]. These include communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS and TB; maternal and child mortality; NCDs such as hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, mental illnesses, and chronic lung diseases like asthma (mainly related to preventable lifestyle behaviour); as well as trauma and injury [ 16 ]. The quadruple burden of disease has led to the country’s adoption, in February 2013, of the 17-year visionary health plan for 2030 referred to as the national development plan (NDP) [ 16 ].

Nurses working at the various levels of healthcare delivery have a significant responsibility in HP, DP, and wellness. Due to the nursing profession’s ability to navigate the entire healthcare system worldwide, plus their role as patients’ advocates, nurses are in a position to achieve the comprehensive goal of universal health coverage (UHC) through HP. However, some reports have questioned nurses effectiveness in the discipline and practice of HP. In this study, we assessed the health promotion knowledge, perceptions, and practice of nurses in a South African tertiary hospital.

DESIGN, SAMPLE, AND RESPONDENTS

A descriptive cross-sectional design was used for this study. The population comprised of registered nurses working in a tertiary hospital in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The respondents were randomly selected from the overall population. Student nurses, and nurses on exchange training programs from different countries and auxiliary nurses were excluded from the study.

DATA COLLECTION

Data were collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire. Retrieved information was anonymised and only the principal researcher had access to the data. The questionnaire was adapted from a previous study [ 17 ] which had similar objectives. The questionnaire was administered over a three-month time frame between February and April 2017. Using a 95% confidence interval and a 5% error margin, a sample size of 184 was calculated. Data collection was stopped when the target sample size was achieved. Data collection was carried out by the principal investigator and a trained fieldworker.

SURVEY INSTRUMENT

The questionnaire (supplementary file 1) comprised of 22 closed-ended questions divided into four sections. Section A comprised of seven questions focused on demographics including sex, age group, registration status as a nurse, and duration of registration as a nurse. Section B (questions 8-9) elicited information on knowledge; Section C (questions 10-15) concentrated on nurses’ perceptions towards health promotion, while section D (questions 16-22) centered on nurses’ practice of health promotion.

DATA ANALYSIS

Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp, 2019. Simple descriptive analysis was conducted on all four sections (demographics, knowledge, perception, and practice) for which data were retrieved. Bivariate analysis was conducted to establish the relationship between demographics and knowledge, perception, and practice. A similar analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between perception and practice, knowledge, and practice, as well as knowledge and perceptions.

The study protocol received ethics approval from both the University of Roehampton, London, and the Research Ethics Committee (Human) (REC-H) of the Nelson Mandela University (NMU), Ref: H16-HEA-NUR-EXT-003. Every respondent signed an informed, written consent form prior to participation. The study comprised of a survey of non-vulnerable adults, and there was no potential for coercion of respondents, distress, loss of work time, or damage to professional reputation.

BASELINE CHARACTERISTICS

A total of 184 nurses responded to the questionnaire. Female nurses comprised 82.6% (n = 152), while males comprised 7.6% (n = 14) of the respondents. Genders for 9.8% (n = 18) were not specified. Most nurses, 72% (n = 133) were 40 years or above. Of the respondents, 35.9% (n = 66) have been registered for 10 years or less as nurses. Analysis on each variable is relative to the total responses Received: that variable. A descriptive summary of the variables has been presented in Tables I-IV .

Knowledge, perception and practice of health promotion.

Relationship between responses on health promotion perception and practices by nurses

SA: Strongly Agree; A: Agree; N: Neutral; DA: Disagree; SDA: Strongly disagree.

Relationship between Knowledge and Practice

Relationship between nurses’ knowledge and Perception regarding HP

KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION AND PRACTICE OF HEALTH PROMOTION

Of the participating 184 nurses, 56.0% (n = 103) agreed to having adequate knowledge regarding the conditions patients present within their units and their ability to provide health promotion services. A total of 63.6% (n = 117) respondents strongly held the perception that health education and counselling from nurses could enhance patients’ health, while 51.6% (n = 95) encourage their patients to observe fitness assessments and health screening. A descriptive summary of the respondents has been presented ( Tab. I ).

BIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIPS AMONG OUTCOMES

Results show that at a 5% significance level, there is a significant association between the professional registration duration of a nurse and them having adequate knowledge to provide HP services regarding the conditions patients present with in their unit (p = 0.015). Similarly, the demographic variable ‘age range’ has a statistically significant relationship with the perception that the hospital is an ideal place for HP to occur (p = 0.006). No statistical association was identified between nurses’ demography and practice.

In a comparative assessment of nurses’ perceptions and their HP practices as outcome variables, 21 variables were statistically significant ( Tab. II ). Of the 21 emerging factors, four emerged between the perception that a holistic knowledge of disease processes is a pre-requisite for patient care when compared with HP practice; four from the perception that a hospital is an ideal place for HP when compared with practices; four factors were observed from the perception that patients who engage in an unhealthy lifestyle will not benefit from HP when compared with HP practice; two from the perception that health education and counselling from nurses could enhance patients’ health when compared with HP practice; and seven factors from the perception that patients do not want health education from nurses when compared with HP practice. No statistically significant factor emerged from the perception that health promotion is a waste of time when compared with HP practice.

Comparison of the relationship between Knowledge and Practice yielded 11 statistically significant relationships ( Tab. III ). A breakdown of the 11 factors shows that nurses having adequate knowledge necessary for HP provision and practice had six significant factors, while the relationship between nurses being aware of the importance of providing health education (HE) to patients with HP practice produced five statistically significant relationships. The results showed that there were significant associations between ‘having adequate knowledge regarding the conditions patients present with in this unit to provide HP services’ and educating patients about their disease condition’, p < 0.001; ‘awareness of the importance of educating patients about their condition’and ‘patients encouraged to engage in healthy lifestyle’ p < 0.001.

Table IV shows the relationship between nurses’ knowledge and perception towards HP. The analysis showed nine significant associations emerging including: ‘having adequate knowledge regarding the conditions patients present with in this unit to provide HP services’ and ‘HE, advise and counseling from nurses could positively enhance patients health’, p < 0.001; ‘awareness of the important of educating patients about their condition’ and ‘patients do not want HE from nurses’, p < 0.001.

This study provides an assessment of nurses’ views regarding their knowledge, perception, and practice towards health promotion in a South African tertiary hospital. The data analysis revealed that nurses agreed to having adequate knowledge regarding their patients’ disease condition to provide adequate health promotion; that hospital is an ideal place to provide health promotion; and that they do encourage their patients to engage in the healthiest lifestyle they can attain. They therefore deserve a strong support system to enable them to sustain and improve their role in HP.

Findings from this study show that the duration of registration as a nurse was associated with adequate knowledge, indicating that experience adds to the nurses know-how and expertise [ 18 ]. Lartey et al. reported on the wealth of knowledge and wisdom associated with experienced nurses as being critical in the provision of high quality care to patients and their family [ 19 ]. Though this benefit of experience and adequate knowledge resulting from experience could be generalized in some cases, it is mostly discipline-specific. For example, it has been observed that nurses without exposure to health promotion and health literacy, regardless of their nursing experience, lack requisite knowledge in these disciplines [ 20 ].

The present study revealed the influence of nurses HP perception on their practice of HP. For example, the nurses who had the perception that holistic knowledge of disease pathology and processes are vital for effective care of patients were more inclined to educate their patients about adherence to medication, the importance of check-ups, and engagement in a healthy lifestyle. In a similar study by Al-Noumani et al., (2019), the authors demonstrated that adherence to medication was greater among those that believed in the importance of medication [ 21 ]. In the study of Ojong, Nsemo and Aji, (2020) conducted in Nigeria, it was observed that despite good knowledge and perception towards routine check-ups, there was still a poor practice of check-up care [ 22 ], which is an essential component of HP. The finding of good check-up practice in the current study may be related to the study context, in our case, a public tertiary hospital in South Africa where the public healthcare is solely funded by the state [ 23 , 24 ], and free transport services to and from hospitals are provided to indigent patients living in the rural areas [ 25 ]. A major fact regarding perception is its ability to become reality and guide people’s behavior [ 26 ]. In this study, the perception of the respondents is that holistic knowledge of disease pathology is a prerequisite for HP provision. This perception was formed based on their formal training and lived experience from practice. Furthermore, this study identified the perception “hospital is an ideal place for HP” as being associated with nurses using their smart devices to access supportive information during practice in order to educate patients about medication and the importance of regular check-ups. Evidence abounds regarding the efficacy of the HP effectiveness of nurses linked to organizational culture [ 8 ] as demonstrated in hospital settings [ 15 ]. Educating patients within healthcare institutions is a fundamental aspect of healthcare delivery. The educational roles of nurses therefore serve as a determinant in shared decision-making between nurses and patients regarding treatment adherence, improving the patients degree of satisfaction with service provision, and enhanced care.

Credible sources have been noted to be key players in the dissemination of public health messages amongst various groups [ 27 ]. Nurses occupy such a position among patients and are well suited to provide HP. Our results corroborate with the findings of Timmers et al., (2020) which demonstrated that educating patients at the point of care using prompt medical information accessed via smartphones and similar devices does enhance treatment compliance, satisfaction, and improves the eventual health outcome [ 28 ]. Although our study did not show a significant relationship between ‘hospital is an ideal place for HP’ and ‘educating patients about their disease condition’, the study of Nikitara et al., (2019) did indicate that nurses who are actively involved in educating patients with diabetes mellitus empower the patients to optimise management of their disease condition [ 29 ]. The reason for our finding of non association between hospital is an ideal place for HP and education of patient concerning their health condition could be related to the nurses lack of knowledge about specific disease entities [ 29 ].

The influence of knowledge among nurses correlated positively with regards to their HP practice in this study. It was noted that there was a statistically significant relationship between the provision of necessary guidance regarding diet and lifestyle to patients and adequate knowledge regarding the medical condition of the patients. Sufficient knowledge [ 30 , 31 ] is required in order for nurses to guide patients about smoking cessation, diet, and physical activity. However, in some hospital settings, nurses argue that it is the responsibility of specialists, such as dieticians, to provide dietary counselling to patients [ 30 ]. Despite this contention, enhancing the knowledge of nurses has proven to be a cost-effective strategy towards addressing the ever-increasing cost of healthcare [ 32 ]. In addition, optimum training and knowledge empowerment can embolden nurses to fully discharge their HP roles [ 32 ], including adequately guiding their patients on matters relating to necessary and health inducing diet and lifestyle changes.

This study was aimed at assessing the influence of HP knowledge and perceptions in the practice of HP amongst nurses working in a tertiary hospital. The data revealed that nurses’ HP knowledge played a key role in influencing their perception of, and eventual, HP practices. Health promotion is an important public health discipline necessary, and essential, for the achievement of universal health coverage. Nurses, due to their expertise and being regularly in touch with patients, especially those with chronic non-communicable diseases, occupy a distincitve place both in leadership and provision of HP services to their patients. A rigorous educational programme is required, in both undergraduate training and in the form of in-service training, to ensure that their knowledge of HP is updated. Future research is encouraged to interrogate the possibility of nurses achieving and sustaining a model that can bring about a realistic reform in HP.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the Eastern Cape Department of Health, South Africa for granting access and space for this study, and the registered nurses that participated. No funding was received for this study from any funding agency.

Figures and tables

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Authors’ contributions

Conceptualization: HM; Methodology: HM, TAO, MW, PM; Software: HM, PM; Validation: HM, TAO, MW, PM; Formal analysis: PM, HM; Investigation: HM; Data Curation: HM, PM; Writing - Original Draft: HM; Writing - Review & Editing: HM, TAO, MW, PM; Visualization: HM, TAO, MW, PM; Supervision: TAO, MW.

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Markets Keep Rising Despite Inflation Concerns

Stocks on both sides of the Atlantic set records as investors foresee interest rates moving in one direction: down.

By Andrew Ross Sorkin ,  Ravi Mattu ,  Bernhard Warner ,  Sarah Kessler ,  Michael J. de la Merced ,  Lauren Hirsch and Ephrat Livni

Inflation euphoria goes global

Stocks in Asia and parts of Europe rose on Thursday as investors bet that new data showing inflation easing would finally persuade central bankers to lower interest rates from multidecade highs. The rally has pushed stock indexes on both sides of the Atlantic into record territory .

Another test comes on Thursday when Walmart, a bellwether for U.S. consumer sentiment, reports quarterly results.

The market moves follow Wednesday’s Consumer Price Index report, which came in better than expected. The data showed that so-called core inflation, which strips out volatile food and fuel costs, rose by 3.6 percent on an annual basis last month, the lowest level in three years .

Inflation remains well above the Fed’s 2 percent target, but traders were encouraged by the results. The futures market now sees two Fed rate cuts this year, the first most likely coming in September.

Economists’ main takeaways from the report:

The good: Grocery, auto and airfare inflation eased.

The concerning: Housing inflation, a huge driver of the overall rate, showed only a modest improvement.

The puzzling: The Bureau of Labor Statistics accidentally published the data on the web ahead of schedule. But there were no obvious signs that traders (or their bots) had tried to profit from that mistake, with markets fairly quiet until just after 8:30 a.m. Eastern, the expected release time.

The S&P 500 is up more than 11 percent this year , blowing past most analysts’ 2024 forecasts. At the start of the year, the Wall Street consensus was for inflation to steadily ease, rate cuts to start as soon as the spring andmarkets to rally modestly. Stubbornly high inflation upended that prediction — yet stocks have outperformed many of even the most bullish predictions.

Stronger-than-expected corporate earnings have helped, despite concerns about consumers pulling back on spending. Another factor: The Fed has all but ruled out raising rates, giving investors the sense that monetary policy will be no more restrictive than it is today.

The market rally has been a bonanza for Wall Street. Ken Griffin’s Citadel Securities, a giant market maker, collected about $2.3 billion in trading revenue in the first quarter, according to Bloomberg , putting it on pace for a record year.

The market exuberance isn’t universally shared. Some economists, as well as policymakers like the Minneapolis Fed president, Neel Kashkari (a nonvoting member this year), reiterated that more data like Wednesday’s was needed before the central bank could feel confident that inflation was under control.

Roger Aliaga-Diaz, an economist at Vanguard, was more blunt. Inflation is still too high, he wrote in an investor note on Wednesday, adding that he believes the Fed is unlikely to cut rates this year.

HERE’S WHAT’S HAPPENING

Berkshire Hathaway reveals its mystery holding. Warren Buffett’s conglomerate disclosed on Wednesday that it had built a $6.7 billion stake in the insurer Chubb , after having requested confidential treatment about the investment from the S.E.C. for months. It ended a guessing game on Wall Street about what the Oracle of Omaha had been up to; shares in Chubb were up nearly 8 percent in premarket trading on Thursday.

Vladimir Putin meets with Xi Jinping in Beijing. The visit by Putin, Russia’s president, is meant to bolster support for his full-scale invasion of Ukraine and to pull the countries even closer together against the United States. Xi said their countries were “a model for a new type of international relations,” though he is under growing diplomatic and economic pressure to halt support for Moscow.

Microsoft has reportedly asked China-based employees to relocate. The tech giant has asked hundreds of staff members — most of whom are Chinese nationals — who work on cloud computing and artificial intelligence to consider transferring out of the country amid tensions between Washington and Beijing, according to The Wall Street Journal.

Why Wall Street donors are coming around on Trump

Donald Trump trails President Biden in fund-raising , and much of the money that Trump has raised is going toward his growing legal fees.

But there are signs that he may be able to close that gap. Donors from Wall Street and beyond are warming up to the former president after turning on him over his leadership style and the Jan. 6 Capitol riots, The Times’s Rob Copeland writes.

Unhappiness with Biden is pushing some to reconsider their allegiances. Many donors aren’t exactly excited about Trump: “I still hate the man,” one hedge fund billionaire told The Times. And Trump faces multiple legal fights, including a hush-money trial in New York.

But these figures are increasingly frustrated by Biden’s economic, regulatory and immigration policies. Another point of contention is the White House’s hardening stance on Israel in its war in Gaza.

A prominent example is Ken Griffin. The hedge fund mogul is one the biggest donors to Republicans, but as recently as 2022 derided Trump as a “three-time loser.”

Griffin’s attitude appears to be changing: He told The Times that he’s now “giving serious consideration” to backing Trump, and he and his camp have told the Trump campaign that they’re waiting to see whom the former president picks as his running mate.

Trump also sees opportunities in Silicon Valley. The venture capitalist David Sacks is hosting a fund-raiser at his home on June 6, according to Puck, with attendees including the fellow financier and podcast host Chamath Palihapitiya. And Palmer Luckey , the founder of the virtual reality company Oculus and the defense tech supplier Anduril, will host a fund-raiser on June 8.

That said, Biden last week raised millions during a West Coast fund-raising trip , which included events hosted by the former Yahoo chief Marissa Mayer and the venture capitalist Vinod Khosla.

Europe goes after Meta

European regulators are going after Big Tech again. The European Union opened an investigation on Thursday into whether Meta’s hugely popular products are addictive for children.

The case, which carries a potentially big fine, could have wide-ranging implications for how the company designs apps like Instagram and Facebook, The Times’s Adam Satariano writes.

Regulators say children could be at risk. The European Commission, the E.U.’s executive arm, said the company’s social media platforms could “exploit the weaknesses and inexperience of minors” to make them dependent on the tech. The regulators said they had been in contact with their U.S. counterparts.

The apps’ designs could violate the bloc’s Digital Services Act. The landmark 2022 law requires that online platforms police content and mitigate any risks to minors. Users under 13 shouldn’t be able to create an account; the investigators said they would also look into Meta’s age-verification tools.

“We will now investigate in-depth the potential addictive and ‘rabbit hole’ effects of the platforms,” said Thierry Breton, the E.U.’s internal markets commissioner, who is overseeing the investigations.

Meta has consistently said its products are safe for young people. The company did not immediately comment on the new investigation. The company has already made changes to its products to comply with the European law, including blocking targeted ads to children.

The impact of social media on children is high on the political agenda. Governments worldwide are looking to regulate services like TikTok and Instagram, accusing companies of using recommendation algorithms to keep young people glued to their devices — and serve them ads.

And a wave of academics including Jonathan Haidt , an N.Y.U. professor and psychologist, argues that too much exposure to social media is a health risk for adolescents.

It’s the latest effort by European regulators to rein in Big Tech. Last month, the E.U. opened an investigation into Meta over its handling of Russian disinformation . TikTok pulled a version of its app in Europe after E.U. officials raised concerns that some of its features were addictive.

Meta could be fined up to 6 percent of its global revenue if the company is found to have violated the D.S.A.

Streamers flex their muscle at the upfronts

In years past, the upfronts — broadcasters’ presentations to major advertisers — were the domain of traditional media companies as they unveiled their fall television lineups.

But this year’s beauty pageant reflected the growing power of players like Netflix and Amazon, whose announcements about programming largely stole the show. The technology giants are hoping to seize more ad dollars as advertising becomes a bigger source of their revenue .

Netflix is pushing further into live sports. The streaming platform said it would show at least one Christmas Day N.F.L. game for the next three years. (One of them will feature the Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs, which has seen its global popularity soar because of the Taylor Swift factor .)

The package — for which Netflix is reportedly paying $75 million per game — reflects the company’s efforts to expand its live sports offerings without getting into the hugely expensive bidding wars that its competitors engage in.

Netflix also announced that its ad-supported tier had hit 40 million monthly active users , up from just five million a year ago.

Amazon made its first appearance at the upfronts, joining Netflix and YouTube, in a signal of its streaming ambitions . (The presentation came as Amazon prepares to start showing ads on its Prime Video service). Amazon’s star-studded show featured celebrities including Reese Witherspoon, Will Ferrell and Jake Gyllenhaal, all of whom star in content airing on Prime Video.

Like Netflix, Amazon also promoted its sports programming, including a third season of N.F.L. games and coming documentaries about stars like the racecar driver Dale Earnhardt and the tennis icon Roger Federer.

Presidential debate news underscored the heft of traditional TV. ABC and CNN announced on Wednesday that they had each scored a face-off between Biden and Trump in perhaps the biggest TV programming coup of the year . (The former CNN chief Jeff Zucker praised the network, predicting that its June 27 debate would be “the most-watched event, day, night, in the history of CNN.”)

The debates came together incredibly quickly, according to The Times: Mark Thompson, CNN’s chair, was about to go onstage for the upfront presentation by his network’s parent, Warner Bros. Discovery, when he got the news. He quickly rewrote his remarks.

In other upfront news: Bob Iger, Disney’s chief, said that his media company had overspent in the streaming wars . “Basically we invested too much, way ahead of possible returns,” he said.

THE SPEED READ

Starwood Capital’s $10 billion real estate fund has drawn down nearly all of a $1.55 billion credit line to meet redemption requests. (FT)

The insurer Aflac has bought a 40 percent stake in a direct lender as it seeks to get into the booming business of private credit. (WSJ)

Artificial intelligence

Mike Krieger, a co-founder of Instagram and the news app Artifact, is joining the A.I. developer Anthropic as its chief product officer. (The Verge)

Microsoft said that its move into A.I. had helped push its carbon emissions up 30 percent from 2020, making its ambitious climate goals harder to achieve. (Bloomberg, Microsoft)

Best of the rest

McDonald’s, with help from Coca-Cola, is introducing an inflation-era promotion: a $5 meal bundle . (WSJ)

Dell has begun tracking badge swipes and rating employees’ attendance with colored flags to enforce its return-to-office policy, drawing complaints from workers. (Business Insider)

“For self-driving cars, the free ride is over ” (The Verge)

We’d like your feedback! Please email thoughts and suggestions to [email protected] .

Andrew Ross Sorkin is a columnist and the founder and editor at large of DealBook. He is a co-anchor of CNBC’s "Squawk Box" and the author of “Too Big to Fail.” He is also a co-creator of the Showtime drama series "Billions." More about Andrew Ross Sorkin

Ravi Mattu is the managing editor of DealBook, based in London. He joined The New York Times in 2022 from the Financial Times, where he held a number of senior roles in Hong Kong and London. More about Ravi Mattu

Bernhard Warner is a senior editor for DealBook, a newsletter from The Times, covering business trends, the economy and the markets. More about Bernhard Warner

Sarah Kessler is an editor for the DealBook newsletter and writes features on business and how workplaces are changing. More about Sarah Kessler

Michael de la Merced joined The Times as a reporter in 2006, covering Wall Street and finance. Among his main coverage areas are mergers and acquisitions, bankruptcies and the private equity industry. More about Michael J. de la Merced

Lauren Hirsch joined The Times from CNBC in 2020, covering deals and the biggest stories on Wall Street. More about Lauren Hirsch

Ephrat Livni reports from Washington on the intersection of business and policy for DealBook. Previously, she was a senior reporter at Quartz, covering law and politics, and has practiced law in the public and private sectors.   More about Ephrat Livni