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What is a Literature Review?

Key questions for a literature review, examples of literature reviews, useful links, evidence matrix for literature reviews.

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The Scholarly Conversation

A literature review provides an overview of previous research on a topic that critically evaluates, classifies, and compares what has already been published on a particular topic. It allows the author to synthesize and place into context the research and scholarly literature relevant to the topic. It helps map the different approaches to a given question and reveals patterns. It forms the foundation for the author’s subsequent research and justifies the significance of the new investigation.

A literature review can be a short introductory section of a research article or a report or policy paper that focuses on recent research. Or, in the case of dissertations, theses, and review articles, it can be an extensive review of all relevant research.

• The format is usually a bibliographic essay; sources are briefly cited within the body of the essay, with full bibliographic citations at the end.
• The introduction should define the topic and set the context for the literature review. It will include the author's perspective or point of view on the topic, how they have defined the scope of the topic (including what's not included), and how the review will be organized. It can point out overall trends, conflicts in methodology or conclusions, and gaps in the research.
• In the body of the review, the author should organize the research into major topics and subtopics. These groupings may be by subject, (e.g., globalization of clothing manufacturing), type of research (e.g., case studies), methodology (e.g., qualitative), genre, chronology, or other common characteristics. Within these groups, the author can then discuss the merits of each article and analyze and compare the importance of each article to similar ones.
• The conclusion will summarize the main findings, make clear how this review of the literature supports (or not) the research to follow, and may point the direction for further research.
• The list of references will include full citations for all of the items mentioned in the literature review.

A literature review should try to answer questions such as

• Who are the key researchers on this topic?
• What has been the focus of the research efforts so far and what is the current status?
• How have certain studies built on prior studies? Where are the connections? Are there new interpretations of the research?
• Have there been any controversies or debate about the research? Is there consensus? Are there any contradictions?
• Which areas have been identified as needing further research? Have any pathways been suggested?
• How will your topic uniquely contribute to this body of knowledge?
• Which methodologies have researchers used and which appear to be the most productive?
• What sources of information or data were identified that might be useful to you?
• How does your particular topic fit into the larger context of what has already been done?
• How has the research that has already been done help frame your current investigation ?

Example of a literature review at the beginning of an article: Forbes, C. C., Blanchard, C. M., Mummery, W. K., & Courneya, K. S. (2015, March). Prevalence and correlates of strength exercise among breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer survivors . Oncology Nursing Forum, 42(2), 118+. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.sonoma.idm.oclc.org/ps/i.do?p=HRCA&sw=w&u=sonomacsu&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA422059606&asid=27e45873fddc413ac1bebbc129f7649c Example of a comprehensive review of the literature: Wilson, J. L. (2016). An exploration of bullying behaviours in nursing: a review of the literature.   British Journal Of Nursing ,  25 (6), 303-306. For additional examples, see:

Galvan, J., Galvan, M., & ProQuest. (2017). Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and behavioral sciences (Seventh ed.). [Electronic book]

Pan, M., & Lopez, M. (2008). Preparing literature reviews: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (3rd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Pub. [ Q180.55.E9 P36 2008]

• Write a Literature Review (UCSC)
• Literature Reviews (Purdue)
• Literature Reviews: overview (UNC)
• Review of Literature (UW-Madison)

The  Evidence Matrix  can help you  organize your research  before writing your lit review.  Use it to  identify patterns  and commonalities in the articles you have found--similar methodologies ?  common  theoretical frameworks ? It helps you make sure that all your major concepts covered. It also helps you see how your research fits into the context  of the overall topic.

• Evidence Matrix Special thanks to Dr. Cindy Stearns, SSU Sociology Dept, for permission to use this Matrix as an example.
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CHEM 451 (Rivera) - Introduction to Physical Chemistry

• Creating a Literature Review
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Getting Started

Main sections, completing the review, some useful library guides.

• Finding Scholarly Content

A scientific literature review is a critical account of what has been published on a topic by accredited researchers. Literature reviews contribute to the communication and advancement of scientific knowledge. They help us understand how knowledge in a particular field is changing and developing over time, they provide a good introduction ot the major work in a field, and they may uncover gaps in research, conflicting results, and under-examined areas.

You will need to pick a topic that will fit this assignment. Initial research can help you narrow down or focus your topic. General resources might include books, library encyclopedias, overview articles, industry surveys, documentary video, etc. There are movements among both librarians and the general scientific community to create and edit articles in Wikipedia to improve reliability.

Make sure your topic and list of articles to review matches the requirements of your assignment.

Search the literature and identify sources to include in the literature review. Some things to consider about each article are:

Who are the authors? Who is the publisher? Who funded the research? What is the stated purpose of the article?

What evidence is included? Is contradictory evidence presented fairly? Is the writing impartial?

Is the article current? 

Do I think that the article's conclusions are reasonable?

Your review should include:

Abstract -- provide a summary of your review; often there will be a word limit to ensure that the abstract is concise.

Introductory Paragraph -- include core scientific facts, why is this important, what is the aim of the review, what topics will be covered. It makes sense to write the introduction after you've written the main body of the paper.

Body of the Paper -- divided into sections with one key point per paragraph. Each paragraph will include the topic sentence, supporting sentences, concluding sentence. The structure of the sections will depend on your topic.

Concluding Paragraph -- point back to the Introduction, highlight major research, indicate gaps and inconsistencies, and express your own point of view. Provide closure.

Reference List

Evaluate your own work. Did you use representative sources? Does your critical analysis contribute to understanding of the topic?

Example of a review:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10956-016-9619-3

• Literature Reviews Detailed discussion from The Writing Center at the University of North Carolina
• Writing a Literature Review Good advice from Wichita State University
• Scientific Literature Review Very Detailed Discussion of Literature Reviews from Dublin City University
• Writing a Literature Review Clear and basic instructions with an example and a video, from the University of Arizona (formerly Ashford University) Writing Center.
• Synthesis Matrix (example) One suggestion for how to organize your information
• ACS Style Guide
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Chemistry 401 | Chemical Literature

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• Types of Sources in Chemistry
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• Literature Review
• Literature Reviews: An Overview for Graduate Students What is a literature review? What purpose does it serve in research? What should you expect when writing one? Borrowed from North Carolina State University

What's a literature review?

A literature review is a collection of selected articles, books and other sources about a specific subject. The purpose is to summarize the existing research that has been done on the subject in order to put your research in context and to highlight what your research will add to the existing body of knowledge. Literature reviews are typically organized in some way (chronological, thematic, methodological).

Let's take a look at an example of a literature review in an article, a dissertation, and a review article.

• Article Example: Abused Drugs in Insects Oliveira, J. S.; Baia, T. C.; Gama, R. A.; Lima, K. M. G. Development of a novel non-destructive method based on spectral fingerprint for determination of abused drug in insects: An alternative entomotoxicology approach. Microchemical Journal 2014, 115, 39-46.
• Dissertation Example: Forensic Entomotoxicology Peace, Michelle Renee'. "Forensic Entomotoxicology: A Study in the Deposition and Effects of Amphetamines and Barbiturates in the Larvae of the Black Blow Fly, Phormia Regina." Order No. 3177624 Virginia Commonwealth University, 2005. Ann Arbor: ProQuest. Web. 18 Aug. 2016.
• Review Article: Determination of Post-Burial Entomology Singh R, Sharma S, Sharma A. 2016. Determination of post-burial interval using entomology: A review. J Forensic Leg Med. 42:37-40.

Purpose of a Literature Review

A literature review may constitute an essential chapter of a thesis or dissertation, or may be a self-contained review of writings on a subject. In either case, its purpose is to:

• Place each work in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the subject under review
• Describe the relationship of each work to the others under consideration
• Identify new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
• Resolve conflicts amongst seemingly contradictory previous studies
• Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication of effort
• Point the way forward for further research
• Place one's original work (in the case of theses or dissertations) in the context of existing literature

The literature review itself, however, does not present new primary scholarship.

Elements of a Literature Review

• An overview of the subject, issue or theory under consideration, along with the objectives of the literature review
• Division of sources under review into categories (e.g. those in support of a particular position, those against, and those offering alternative theses entirely)
• Explanation of how each source is similar to and how it varies from the others
• Conclusions as to which sources are best considered in their argument, are most convincing of their opinions, and make the greatest contribution to the understanding and development of their area of research
• Literature Review Worksheet Use to evaluate the contribution of each article to your thesis/question/assertion
• Literature Review Worksheet: Filled in Example of how the sheet might be used
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• Last Updated: Apr 28, 2023 1:29 PM
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What is a literature review?

Analysis and critical evaluation of research previously done on your topic.

Literature review helps you:

• find a gap in the research so you can contribute something original
• justify your project and set the context for your topic

You will cite articles, standards, books, etc. on your topic that helped you develop your project (ideas, processes, models, useful quotations).

Some examples of literature review in the PDF below. Go through each example and pick one that is the best out of the four.

Writing your literature review

Take notes as you read!

Use a Synthesis Matrix, local version below adapted from the Synthesis Matrix technique developed by North Carolina State University).

• Synthesis Matrix - Local Version

The Writing Support Centre on campus provides writing help.

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CHEM 156: Materials Chemistry

Literature review.

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• Managing Citations

Reviewing the Literature: Why do it?

• Personal: To familiarize yourself with a new area of research, to get an overview of a topic, so you don't want to miss something important, etc.
• Required writing for a journal article, thesis or dissertation, grant application, etc.

Literature reviews vary; there are many ways to write a literature review based on discipline, material type, and other factors.

How to write a literature review?

• Literature Reviews - Purdue Online Writing Lab
• Literature Reviews: An Overview for Graduate Students  - What is a literature review? What purpose does it serve in research? What should you expect when writing one? - NCSU Video

Where to get help (there are lots of websites, blogs , articles,  and books on this topic) :

• Dissertations A Guide to Preparing and Submitting your Dissertation - GSAS
• Official documentation - find out from publisher websites, journal editors, dissertation advisors, etc. what their expectations are for a lit review
• How to prepare a scientific doctoral dissertation based on research articles (2012)
• Writing a graduate thesis or dissertation (2016)
• The good paper : a handbook for writing papers in higher education (2015)
• Proposals that work : a guide for planning dissertations and grant proposals (2014)
• Theses and dissertations : a guide to planning, research, and writing (2008)
• Talk to your professors, advisors, mentors, peers, etc. for advice
• << Previous: Managing Citations
• Next: Exercise >>
• Last Updated: Sep 26, 2023 12:37 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.harvard.edu/chem156

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Literature Reviews

• Getting Started
• Choosing a Type of Review
• Developing a Research Question
• Searching the Literature
• Searching Tips
• ChatGPT [beta]
• Documenting your Search
• Using Citation Managers
• Concept Mapping

Outline of Review Sections

Strategies for writing.

• Help from UM Sweetland
• Further Resources

Avoiding Bias

Reporting bias.

This occurs when you are summarizing the literature in an unbalanced, inconsistent or distorted way . 

Ways to avoid:

• look for literature that supports multiple perspectives, viewpoints or theories 
• ask multiple people to review your writing for bias

Chemistry LitReviews

There is a short Canvas module on " Writing a Mini-Review " for those writing a literature review in chemistry. To access: 1 — log in to UM Canvas  2 — paste this url into browser

Contact author  Yulia Sevryugina , Chemistry Librarian with questions.

Your Literature Review should not be a summary and evaluation of each article, one after the other. Your sources should be integrated together to create a narrative on your topic.

Consider the following ways to organize your review:

• By themes, variables, or issues
• By varying perspectives regarding a topic of controversy
• Chronologically, to show how the topic and research have developed over time

Use an outline to organize your sources and ideas in a logical sequence. Identify main points and subpoints, and consider the flow of your review. Outlines can be revised as your ideas develop. They help guide your readers through your ideas and show the hierarchy of your thoughts. What do your readers need to understand first? Where might certain studies fit most naturally? These are the kinds of questions that an outline can clarify.

An example outline for a Literature Review might look like this:

Introduction

• Background information on the topic & definitions
• Purpose of the literature review
• Scope and limitations of the review (what is included /excluded)
• Historical background 
• Overview of the existing research on the topic
• Principle question being asked
• Organization of the literature into categories or themes
• Evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of each study
• Combining the findings from multiple sources to identify patterns and trends
• Insight into the relationship between your central topic and a larger area of study
• Development of a new research question or hypothesis
• Summary of the key points and findings in the literature
• Discussion of gaps in the existing knowledge
• Implications for future research

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

An annotated bibliography collects short descriptions of each source in one place. After you have read each source carefully, set aside some time to write a brief summary. Your summary might be simply informative (e.g. identify the main argument/hypothesis, methods, major findings, and/or conclusions), or it might be evaluative (e.g. state why the source is interesting or useful for your review, or why it is not).

This method is more narrative than the Literature Matrix  talked about on the Documenting Your Search page.

Taking the time to write short informative and/or evaluative summaries of your sources while you are researching can help you transition into the drafting stage later on. By making a record of your sources’ contents and your reactions to them, you make it less likely that you will need to go back and re-read many sources while drafting, and you might also start to gain a clearer idea of the overarching shape of your review.

READ EXTANT LIT REVIEWS CLOSELY

As you conduct your research, you will likely read many sources that model the same kind of literature review that you are researching and writing. While your original intent in reading those sources is likely to learn from the studies’ content (e.g. their results and discussion), it will benefit you to re-read these articles rhetorically.

Reading rhetorically means paying attention to how a text is written—how it has been structured, how it presents its claims and analyses, how it employs transitional words and phrases to move from one idea to the next. You might also pay attention to an author’s stylistic choices, like the use of first-person pronouns, active and passive voice, or technical terminology.

See  Finding Example Literature Reviews on the Developing a Research Question page for tips on finding reviews relevant to your topic.

MIND-MAPPING

Creating a mind-map is a form of brainstorming that lets you visualize how your ideas function and relate. Draw the diagram freehand or download software that lets you easily manipulate and group text, images, and shapes.

Write down a central idea, then identify associated concepts, features, or questions around that idea. Make lines attaching various ideas, or arrows to signify directional relationships. Use different shapes, sizes, or colors to indicate commonalities, sequences, or relative importance.

This drafting technique allows you to generate ideas while thinking visually about how they function together. As you follow lines of thought, you can see which ideas can be connected, where certain pathways lead, and what the scope of your project might be. By drawing out a mind-map you may be able to see what elements of your review are underdeveloped and will benefit from more focused attention.

See the  Concept Mapping  section on the Organizing the Literature page of this guide for tools and inspiration in creating your own mind map.

• << Previous: Concept Mapping
• Next: Further Resources >>
• Last Updated: May 9, 2024 11:44 AM
• URL: https://guides.lib.umich.edu/litreview

ACS Style Guide American Chemical Society: Literature Review

• American Chemical Society Style - ACS
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• Reference List Examples
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• Literature Review
• Center for Writing and Academic Achivement This link opens in a new window

How to Write a Literature Review

• How to Write a Literature Review From the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. This handout is from the Writing Center at the University. It is a great step by step guide to assist you in writing your literature review.
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Chemistry Education Research and Practice

Writing a review article: what to do with my literature review.

* Corresponding authors

a Institute of Chemistry Education, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany

b Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, USA

c Department of Chemistry, Fort Hays State University, USA

d Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and School of Education, North Dakota State University, USA

e School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia E-mail: [email protected]

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N. Graulich, S. E. Lewis, A. Kahveci, J. M. Nyachwaya and G. A. Lawrie, Chem. Educ. Res. Pract. , 2021,  22 , 561 DOI: 10.1039/D1RP90006D

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Literature Review Example/Sample

Detailed Walkthrough + Free Literature Review Template

If you’re working on a dissertation or thesis and are looking for an example of a strong literature review chapter , you’ve come to the right place.

In this video, we walk you through an A-grade literature review from a dissertation that earned full distinction . We start off by discussing the five core sections of a literature review chapter by unpacking our free literature review template . This includes:

• The literature review opening/ introduction section
• The theoretical framework (or foundation of theory)
• The empirical research
• The research gap
• The closing section

We then progress to the sample literature review (from an A-grade Master’s-level dissertation) to show how these concepts are applied in the literature review chapter. You can access the free resources mentioned in this video below.

PS – If you’re working on a dissertation, be sure to also check out our collection of dissertation and thesis examples here .

FAQ: Literature Review Example

Literature review example: frequently asked questions, is the sample literature review real.

Yes. The literature review example is an extract from a Master’s-level dissertation for an MBA program. It has not been edited in any way.

Can I replicate this literature review for my dissertation?

As we discuss in the video, every literature review will be slightly different, depending on the university’s unique requirements, as well as the nature of the research itself. Therefore, you’ll need to tailor your literature review to suit your specific context.

You can learn more about the basics of writing a literature review here .

Where can I find more examples of literature reviews?

The best place to find more examples of literature review chapters would be within dissertation/thesis databases. These databases include dissertations, theses and research projects that have successfully passed the assessment criteria for the respective university, meaning that you have at least some sort of quality assurance. 

The Open Access Thesis Database (OATD) is a good starting point. 

How do I get the literature review template?

You can access our free literature review chapter template here .

Is the template really free?

Yes. There is no cost for the template and you are free to use it as you wish. 

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Literature Review Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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Reviews: Summary and Synthesis

Reviews summarize and synthesize the current state of the research on a particular topic. Ideally, the writer analyzes all recent literature to provide a coherent narrative of the state of knowledge on that topic. Since reviews do not report new original research, they are part of the Secondary Literature. Review articles will tell you about:

• recent major advances and discoveries
• significant gaps in the research
• current debates
• who's working in a field
• ideas of where research might go next

Review articles typically cover a finite time period (such as the last 5-10 years or since the last major review came out).  They are usually longer than research articles (some might be 100 pages or more!) and have extensive bibliographies. Thus they are excellent places to discover important prior articles on a topic. Unlike research articles, reviews are better places to get background on a topic, although some prior familiarity with it is expected.

(Note:  Narrative reviews in the physical and natural sciences literature should not be confused with " systematic reviews " found in the biomedical and health science literature.  Systematic reviews are completely different in terms of scope and purpose, as well as the methodology behind them.)

Where are reviews published?

Reviews can be found in different kinds of publications.

• JOURNALS:  Many research journals also publish regular or occasional reviews.  Some journals publish only reviews; examples include Chemical Reviews, Accounts of Chemical Research , and Chemical Society Reviews .
• BOOKS:  Most scientific books (monographs) are essentially long reviews or edited collections of review chapters.
• ENCYCLOPEDIAS:  Encyclopedia articles are background reviews intended for a more general audience.  Examples are the Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology and the Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry .
• REVIEW SERIALS:  These publications, which occupy a middle ground between journals and monographs, often have titles like Advances in ..., Progress in ..., or Annual Review of ....  Chapters in these serials can be lengthy and thorough summaries of past and recent research. One of the best known examples in chemistry is Organic Reactions , an irregular series that publishes voluminous and thorough reviews of synthesis techniques.
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• URL: https://guides.lib.utexas.edu/chemistry/literaturetutorial

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Literature Review

Systematic review, meta-analysis.

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Research and Instruction Librarian

Literature Review  is a comprehensive survey of the works published in a particular field of study or line of research, usually over a specific period of time, in the form of an in-depth, critical bibliographic essay or annotated list in which attention is drawn to the most significant works.

Also, we can define a literature review as the collected body of scholarly works related to a topic:

• Summarizes and analyzes previous research relevant to a topic
• Includes scholarly books and articles published in academic journals
• Can be an specific scholarly paper or a section in a research paper

The objective of a Literature Review is to find previous published scholarly works relevant to an specific topic

• Help gather ideas or information
• Keep up to date in current trends and findings
• Help develop new questions

A literature review is important because it:

• Explains the background of research on a topic
• Demonstrates why a topic is significant to a subject area
• Helps focus your own research questions or problems
• Discovers relationships between research studies/ideas
• Suggests unexplored ideas or populations
• Identifies major themes, concepts, and researchers on a topic
• Tests assumptions; may help counter preconceived ideas and remove unconscious bias
• Identifies critical gaps, points of disagreement, or potentially flawed methodology or theoretical approaches

Source: "What is a Literature Review?", Old Dominion University,  https://guides.lib.odu.edu/c.php?g=966167&p=6980532

A  systematic review  answers a defined research question by collecting and summarizing all empirical evidence that fits pre-specified eligibility criteria.

Systematic reviews , just like other research articles, can be of varying quality. They should have:

• clearly stated objectives with pre-defined eligibility criteria for studies
• explicit, reproducible methodology
• a systematic search that attempts to identify all studies
• assessment of the validity of the findings of the included studies (e.g. risk of bias)
• systematic presentation, and synthesis, of the characteristics and findings of the included studies

Not all systematic reviews contain meta-analysis. 

Source: "Systematic reviews vs. Meta-Analysis," Old Dominion University,  https://guides.lib.odu.edu/c.php?g=966167&p=7021863

Meta-analysis  is the use of statistical methods to summarize the results of independent studies. By combining information from all relevant studies, meta-analysis can provide more precise estimates of the effects of health care than those derived from the individual studies included within a review. 

A  meta-analysis  goes beyond critique and integration and conducts secondary statistical analysis on the outcomes of similar studies.  It is a systematic review that uses quantitative methods to synthesize and summarize the results.

An advantage of a meta-analysis is the ability to be completely objective in evaluating research findings. Not all topics, however, have sufficient research evidence to allow a meta-analysis to be conducted. In that case, an integrative review is an appropriate strategy. 

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Review Articles

Atroposelective catalysis

The catalyst-controlled stereoselective synthesis of atropisomers is feasible by four main concepts: desymmetrization, (dynamic) kinetic resolution, direct formation of the stereogenic axis and de novo ring construction. In this Review, pioneering work in atroposelective catalysis is discussed alongside recent advances.

• Tanno A. Schmidt
• Valeriia Hutskalova
• Christof Sparr

Physicochemical reactions in e-waste recycling 

Electronic waste (e-waste) can be recycled by physicochemical reactions. This Review discusses the principles, limitations and improvement strategies from a photo-induced, thermal-induced, force-induced, electro-induced and sonication-induced chemical reaction perspective, aiming to guide future e-waste recycling efforts towards more efficient, sustainable and economical procedures.

Counterintuitive chemoselectivity in the reduction of carbonyl compounds

Reversing the intuitive order of reactivity of functional groups provides new synthetic strategies and enables utilization of chemical feedstocks, such as plastic waste, carbon dioxide and biomass. This Review highlights the chemoselective reduction of carbonyl compounds with a counterintuitive reactivity order.

• Takanori Iwasaki
• Kyoko Nozaki

Synthetic techniques for thermodynamically disfavoured substituted six-membered rings

The synthesis of thermodynamically disfavoured substituted six-membered rings provides a notable challenge compared with that of the thermodynamically stable stereoisomer counterparts. This Review provides a summary of current strategies for their synthesis.

• Yangyang Li
• Hongjin Shi

Intercalation in 2D materials and in situ studies

Intercalation of atoms, ions and molecules is a powerful tool for finely regulating atomically thin, 2D materials. This Review highlights the effects of intercalation in 2D materials and discusses their in situ studies.

• Ruijie Yang
• Zhiyuan Zeng

DNA-empowered synthetic cells as minimalistic life forms

Structural and dynamic DNA nanosciences offer unique tools for engineering bottom–up synthetic cells. This Review provides a holistic overview for using DNA as a structural material, for designing functional entities, and for information-processing circuits for adaptive and interactive behaviour.

• Avik Samanta
• Lorena Baranda Pellejero
• Andreas Walther

Spearheading a new era in complex colloid synthesis with TPM and other silanes

Colloid science has developed through innovative use of silane coupling agents. We highlight the advances in complex colloid synthesis, focussing on 3-trimethoxysilylpropyl methacrylate (TPM) and related compounds. We outline the remarkable properties, unique synthesis strategies and ensuing pioneering applications of TPM colloids.

• Marlous Kamp
• Stefano Sacanna
• Roel P. A. Dullens

Halogen-powered static conversion chemistry

Substantial progress in halide chemicals and redox mechanisms has spawned a boom in halogen-powered static conversion batteries. This Review tracks the natural benefits and intricate redox behaviour of halogen conversion chemistry, highlighting its pivotal role in electrochemical energy storage.

• Xinliang Li

Seeking a quantum advantage with trapped-ion quantum simulations of condensed-phase chemical dynamics

Analog-quantum simulations derived from tracking the evolution of trapped-ion systems hold the potential to simulate molecular quantum dynamics that are beyond the reach of classical-digital strategies. This Review explores the prospects for developing this quantum advantage.

• Mingyu Kang
• Hanggai Nuomin
• Kenneth R. Brown

Tackling assay interference associated with small molecules

Biological assays are essential to pharmaceutical, agrochemical and cosmetics research. However, false readouts pose substantial challenges in screening small molecules. This Review explores the current methods for tackling assay interference, focusing on computational approaches and their integration with experimental methods.

• Steffen Hirte
• Johannes Kirchmair

Non-symmetric stapling of native peptides

Peptide stapling is a powerful technique used to lock peptide conformations and modulate peptide functions. This Review highlights the newest development in non-symmetric stapling of native peptides bearing natural amino acids, elucidating current advances, challenges and future opportunities.

• Fa-Jie Chen
• Wanzhen Lin
• Fen-Er Chen

Electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation of organic species involving water

The use of water for electrochemical hydrogenation and oxidation of organic species provides a sustainable route for synthesizing chemicals. The electrode types, general electrocatalyst selection principles and interface microenvironment control are elucidated, conducive to designing efficient electrocatalysts and reaction systems.

• Fanpeng Chen

Triplet–triplet annihilation photon upconversion-mediated photochemical reactions

Organic-based triplet–triplet annihilation upconversion-mediated photochemical reactions utilize low-energy photons to obtain high-energy excited states leading to notable advancements in photoredox catalysis, photoactivation, 3D printing and immunotherapy. Classifications, design principles, challenges and possible solutions are discussed in this Review.

Solvent effects in anion recognition

Anion recognition in competitive, aqueous media remains a critical challenge. Bulk and local solvation models for anion recognition events are herein explored, as well as targeted design approaches to retain strong anion binding in highly polar media.

• Sophie C. Patrick
• Paul D. Beer
• Jason J. Davis

Strategies to improve hydrogen activation on gold catalysts

Gold catalysts have attracted attention for their ability to activate hydrogen towards the hydrogenation of organic molecules. This Review explores strategies to enhance hydrogen–gold interactions to help design new efficient hydrogenation catalysts.

• Nikolaos Dimitratos
• Gianvito Vilé
• Robert Wojcieszak

Complementary probes for the electrochemical interface

Electrochemical devices enable clean energy technologies such as hydrogen cells, batteries and solar fuels. Their design is hindered by incomplete information about the electrochemical interface during operation. Complementary optoelectronic probes offer a path to improved mechanistic insights into such interfaces.

• Ernest Pastor
• F. Pelayo García de Arquer

Selenium chemistry for spatio-selective peptide and protein functionalization

The unique properties of selenium have been exploited in protein science. This Review highlights the recent applications of selenium chemistry in protein chemical synthesis, modification, folding, stabilization, the preparation of therapeutic proteins and more.

• Zhenguang Zhao
• Norman Metanis

DNA as a universal chemical substrate for computing and data storage

DNA has emerged as an attractive substrate for molecular information processing. This Review explores the application of DNA for computing and data storage, as well as the route to integrate these fields.

• Bas W. A. Bögels
• Tom F. A. de Greef

Solar reforming as an emerging technology for circular chemical industries

This Review introduces solar reforming as an emerging technology to produce sustainable fuels and chemicals from diverse waste feedstocks using sunlight. The chemistry and concept of solar reforming, suggestions of key metrics and proposed directions to realize solar-powered refineries for a future circular economy are discussed.

• Subhajit Bhattacharjee
• Stuart Linley
• Erwin Reisner

Small molecule approaches to targeting RNA

This Review highlights the strategies and challenges for targeting RNA with small molecules in medicinal chemistry. It emphasizes their potential as drugs and tools for understanding complex biological processes while encouraging chemists to contribute to this field for future advances.

• Sandra Kovachka
• Marc Panosetti

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Deciphering the potential of probiotics in vaccines.

1. Introduction

2. brief background of probiotics, 3. the impact of probiotics on enhancing vaccine effectiveness, 4. probiotic-based vaccines in animal models, 4.1. probiotics in vaccines, 4.2. probiotic-based vaccine response in newborns, 4.3. probiotic-based vaccine response in adults, 5. probiotics and their function in different vaccine categories, 5.1. probiotics improve the immune system’s cellular and humoral responses, 5.2. probiotics enhance the level of antibodies, 5.3. probiotics proliferate immunocytes, 5.4. probiotics increase the production of cytokines, 5.5. probiotics and cell-mediated immunity, 5.6. probiotic-based bacterial ghost vaccination, 5.6.1. dna vaccines, 5.6.2. protein antigen vaccines, 6. future directions, 7. conclusions, author contributions, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Xu, C.; Aqib, A.I.; Fatima, M.; Muneer, S.; Zaheer, T.; Peng, S.; Ibrahim, E.H.; Li, K. Deciphering the Potential of Probiotics in Vaccines. Vaccines 2024 , 12 , 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070711

Xu C, Aqib AI, Fatima M, Muneer S, Zaheer T, Peng S, Ibrahim EH, Li K. Deciphering the Potential of Probiotics in Vaccines. Vaccines . 2024; 12(7):711. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070711

Xu, Chang, Amjad Islam Aqib, Mahreen Fatima, Sadia Muneer, Tean Zaheer, Song Peng, Essam H. Ibrahim, and Kun Li. 2024. "Deciphering the Potential of Probiotics in Vaccines" Vaccines 12, no. 7: 711. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines12070711

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