street food research paper pdf 2020

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Street food research worldwide: a scoping review

Affiliations.

1 EPIUnit - Unidade de Investigação em Epidemiologia, Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
2 Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição, Alimentação da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
3 Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Pública e Forenses e Educação Médica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
PMID: 30311276
DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12604

Background: Street foods vary with respect to their nutritional value and safety characteristics and contribute to a sizable proportion of food intake in many populations worldwide. Therefore, the present study aimed to describe the coverage in the scientific literature of different health-related and socio-economic aspects of street food consumption and trading.

Methods: Three electronic databases (searched from inception to 16 October 2017), a hand-search of relevant journals and backward citation tracking were used to identify eligible scientific articles with a main objective of investigating or reporting specific results on health-related or socio-economic aspects of street food. Papers published in English, Portuguese, French, Spanish or Italian, as well as English abstracts of papers published in other languages, were assessed. The selected articles were evaluated by two independent researchers and described according to year of publication, geographical distribution, definition of street food, main topics addressed and target population.

Results: In total, 441 papers were selected. The number of publications has increased in recent years, almost half of them being published after 2012. Almost three-quarter of the articles were from Africa or Asia. Most studies addressed food safety (85.5%), whereas street food availability and consumption were much less frequently investigated (30.3%). The focus of the studies was usually the food (mostly its microbiological contamination) and the vendors (mostly their food handling), whereas consumers and vending sites were seldom evaluated. More than half of the studies did not specify a definition for street food.

Conclusions: Efforts are needed for a more widespread and comprehensive assessment of different issues related to street food availability and consumption in different settings, especially regarding street food offer, nutritional composition, and patterns of purchase and consumption by the population.

Keywords: diet; food quality; food safety; nutrition; scoping review; street food.

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The socioeconomic factors of street food vending in developing countries and its implications for public health: a systematic review.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

2. methodology, 2.1. selection of relevant literature, 2.2. inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2.3. screening and data extraction, 3. results and discussion, 3.1. socio-economic characteristics of street food vendors in developing countries.

Region	Countries	References	Predominance of
Region	Countries	References	Woman	Age (≥18 Years Old)	Up to Primary School	Secondary or High School+	Single Status *	Absence of Training	Work Experience **
Africa	Mozambique	Salamandane et al. (2021) [ ]	79.5%	73.9%	58.9%	41.1%	82.8%	83.6%	54.1%
	Kenya	Muendo et al. (2022) [ ]	77.5%	100%	31.5%	68.2%	48.3%	90.1%	66.9%
	Uganda	Muyanja et al. (2011) [ ]	87.6%	93.3%	70.8%	29.2%	43.6%	-	-
	Cameroon	Maffouo et al. (2021) [ ]	100%	100%	3.3%	96.7%	-	-	-
	Ethiopia	Werkneh et al. (2023) [ ]; Adane et al. (2018) [ ]; Azanaw et al. (2022) [ ]	74.4–83%	85–92.7%	49.2–55%	45–50.8%	60–76%	65.6%	5–21%
	Nigeria	Okojie et al. (2014) [ ]	90.2%	-	50.3%	49.7%	-	71.3%	-
	Tanzania	Basheikh et al. (2023) [ ]	91.4%	100%	70.8%	29.2%	87%	-	26.8%
	South Africa	Marutha et al. (2020) [ ]; Mahopo et al. (2022) [ ]; Nkosi et al. (2021) [ ]	59.6–90.2%	97.4–100%	37.8–65.3%	62.1–34.5%	69.3–72%	79.9%	41.7–90%
	Ghana	Danikuu et al. (2015) [ ]; Tuglo et al. (2021) [ ]	76.7–83.5%	95.3%	47.9%	52.1%	23.6%	56–100%	-
Asia	Indonesia	Putri et al. (2021) [ ]	70.8%	-	65.2%	34.8%	-	63.9%	-
	Vietnam	Huynh-Van et al. (2022) [ ]; Samapundo et al. (2015) [ ]	73.8%	93.7%	8.3–20.4%	79.6–91.7%	-	68.2–95%	37.5%
	Bangladesh	Hossen et al. (2021) [ ]; Kundu et al. (2021) [ ]; Meher et al. (2022) [ ]	4–7.3%	98.5–100%	59.1–74.5%	25.5–40.9%	8.5–16.2%	100%	70–77%
	Malaysia	Jores et al. (2018) [ ]	59.8%	-	30.8%	69.2%	20.5%	64.1%	-
Latin America	Haiti	Samapundo et al. (2015) [ ]	37.5%	65.3%	26.8%	73.2%	-	88.7%	-
Latin America	Brazil	Da Silva et al. (2014) [ ]; da Vitória [ ]	55.9–96.5%	100%	40.7–48.7%	51.3–59.3%	53%	-	2–60.5%

3.2. Environmental Conditions and Sanitary Facilities

Region	Countries	Reference	Potable Water (%)		Toilet Access (%)		Utensils Re-Used (%)
Region	Countries		Yes	No	Yes	No	Yes	No
Africa	Mozambique	Salamandane et al. (2021) [ ]	34.4	65.6	9.3	90.7	100	-
	Kenya	Kariuki et al. (2017) [ ]	53.1	46.9	46.3	53.7	42.9	57.1
	Lesotho	Letuka et al. (2021) [ ]	2	98	60	40	84	16
	Uganda	Muyanja et al. (2011) [ ]	99.1	0.9	16.9	83.1	87.1	12.9
	Cameron	Maffouo et al. (2021) [ ]	76.7	23.3	-	-	100	-
	Ethiopia	Werkneh et al. (2023) [ ]	18.3	81.7	-	-	90.6	9.4
	Ethiopia	Negassa et al. (2023) [ ]	12.3	87.7	48.2	51.8	100	-
	Nigeria	Murutha et al. (2020) [ ]	29.2	69.8	64.7	35.3	88	22
	South Africa	Nkosi et al. (2021) [ ]	27.5	72.5	-	-	41.5	58.5
Asisa	Vietnam	Huynh-Van et al. (2022) [ ]	67.4	32.6	-	-	-	-
	Malaysia	Jores et al. (2018) [ ]	33.3	67.7	-	-	38.5	61.5
	Bangladesh	Kundu et al. (2021) [ ]	18.5	81.5	-	-	65.7	34.3
	Bangladesh	Khairuzzaman et al. (2014) [ ]	47	53	15	85	48	52
Latin America	Haiti	Samapundo et al. (2015) [ ]	35	65	-	-	100	-
Latin America	Brazil	Da Silva et al. (2014) [ ]	76.9	23.1	-	-	-	-

3.3. Consumer Safety Awareness and Education

3.4. public health implications of street food vending, 3.4.1. main foodborne pathogens.

Region	Countries	Reference	Bacteria	Serovar/Virulence Gene or Factor	Most Prevalent Antibiotic Resistance
Region	Countries	Reference	Bacteria	Serovar/Virulence Gene or Factor	Phenotype	Genotype
Africa	Egypt	Khalil et al. (2016) [ ]	E. coli	stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA	Multidrug resistance (84%)	-
	Egypt	El-Shenawy et al. (2011) [ ]	Listeria spp.	L. monocytogenes	-	-
	Namibia	Shiningeni et al. (2019) [ ]	E. coli, S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, and Shigella	-	-	-
	Mozambique	Salamandane et al. (2022) [ ]	E. coli	stx, EAST1, eaeA, lt, and st	Imipenem (35.5%), Tetracycline (58%)	bla , bla , blaCTX-M, ACC, FOX, tet, and sul
	Mozambique	Salamandane et al. (2022) [ ]	Staphylococcus spp.	hlb, seA, seC, seD, and sak	Multidrug resistance (59.6%)	bla-Z, mecA, vancA, ermA-C
	Benin	Sina et al. (2011) [ ]	S. aureus	seA, seB, seD, TSST-1, ETA, PVL, and LukE/D	Penicillin (100%), Erythromycin (80%)	-
	Burkina Faso	Nikiema et al. (2021) [ ]	Salmonella	S. Enteritidis	Multidrug resistance (16.7%)	bla , catA. tetA, gyrA S83F and D87Y; parC S80I
	Ghana	Aduah et al. (2021) [ ]	Salmonella	-	Azithromycin (83.3%), Teicoplanin (100%)	-
		Ayamah et al. (2021) [ ]	S. aureus and E. coli	-	Multidrug resistance (51.85% of E. coli, 69.44% of S. aureus)	-
		Karikari et al. (2022) [ ]	E. coli and Salmonella	-	Cefotaxime, ampicillin, Augmentin, tetracycline, cefepime, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone (50–100%)	ESBL production (55.4% of E. coli and 44.6% of Salmonella)
	Ethiopia	Alelign et al. (2023) [ ]	E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus	E. coli O157:H7	Multidrug resistance (31% of S. aureus, 33.3% of Salmonella, and 40% of E. coli)	-
	Ethiopia	Eromo et al. (2016) [ ]	E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus	-	Ampicillin (100%), Chloramphenicol (33.8%)	-
	Nigeria	Beshiru et al. (2022) [ ]	E. coli	ETEC, EPEC, EAEC, EIEC, and EHEC	Multidrug resistance (77.4%)	-
	Nigeria	Anab-Atulomah et al. (2021) [ ]	E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae	Salmonella Typhimurium	Multidrug resistance (40% of S. aureus)	ESBL production (36% of E. coli and 17% of Salmonella)
	Algeria	Yaici et al. (2017) [ ]	E. coli, K. pneumoniae	-	Multidrug resistance (65.5%)	blaCTX, blaSHV, blaDHA, blaCMY, and aac(6′)-Ib-cr
Asia	Bangladesh	Ema et al. (2022) [ ]	E. coli	-	Multidrug resistance (47.6%)	-
	Bangladesh	Nahidul-Islam (2022) [ ]	E. coli, Salmonella, S. aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae	Salmonella Typhimurium	Ciprofloxacin, Tetracyclin, Fosfomycin	-
	Pakistan	Raza et al. (2021) [ ]	Salmonella	S. Typhimurium; S. Enteritidis	Amoxicillin (90%), Erythromycin and Chloramphenicol (100%)	-
	Nepal	Kunwor et al. (2022) [ ]	E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella, and Shigella	-	Multidrug resistance (100% of Shigella, 76.4% of S. aureus, 70% of Salmonella, 69.38% of E. coli)	-
	Nepal	Adhikari et al. (2023) [ ]	E. coli, S. aureus, Salmonella, and Shigella	E. coli O157:H7	Multidrug resistance (65.85% of E. coli, 45.16% of Salmonella)	blaCTX-M, blaVIM
	India	Elavarasi et al. (2023) [ ]	L. monocytogenes	-	Methicillin (52%), Teicoplanin (56%)
	India	Giri et al. (2021) [ ]	E. coli and K. pneumoniae	-	Multidrug resistance (86.44%)	blaCTX-M, bla , blaSHV, and blaNDM

3.4.2. Transmission of Antibiotic Resistance Genes

4. how to change the situation, 4.1. legalization and training of street food vendors, 4.2. appropriate legislation and intensification of inspections, 4.3. improvement in environmental sanitation and the water supply network, 4.4. implementation of public health and sanitary education policies, 5. study limitations, 6. conclusions, author contributions, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Salamandane, A.; Malfeito-Ferreira, M.; Brito, L. The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review. Foods 2023 , 12 , 3774. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203774

Salamandane A, Malfeito-Ferreira M, Brito L. The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review. Foods . 2023; 12(20):3774. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203774

Salamandane, Acácio, Manuel Malfeito-Ferreira, and Luísa Brito. 2023. "The Socioeconomic Factors of Street Food Vending in Developing Countries and Its Implications for Public Health: A Systematic Review" Foods 12, no. 20: 3774. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods12203774

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Research article
Open access
Published: 16 August 2019

Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of street food vendors and consumers in Handan, a third tier city in China

Lihua Ma 1 , 2 ,
Hong Chen ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3198-9774 2 ,
Huizhe Yan 1 ,
Lifeng Wu 1 &
Wenbin Zhang 1

BMC Public Health volume 19 , Article number: 1128 ( 2019 ) Cite this article

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Food safety has long been the subject of scholarly research, and street food is a weak link in food safety supervision. Street food not only provides convenience for many people, but is also the livelihood for millions of low income people, making a great contribution to the economy of many developing countries.

Street food safety is essential, and yet it has been rarely studied in China. Therefore, a typical city in China was selected as the research object to assess food safety knowledge, attitudes, and street food suppliers and consumer behaviors using questionnaires based on previous studies, and considering China’s particular characteristics and reasonable impacts identified in previous studies, such as increased income, work experience, licenses, and locations. The food safety knowledge and attitude questionnaire conformed with the national conditions in China. It was used to assess the food safety knowledge and attitudes toward food suppliers and consumers, where three main areas were addressed in the surveys and statistical analysis, as follows. (1) Statistical information including gender, age, education, income, food safety training, and specific elements related to the work experience of suppliers. (2) Knowledge of food safety including the awareness of consumers and suppliers regarding food poisoning pathogens, food and personal hygiene, high-risk groups, and correct cleaning. (3) A list of food handling behaviors was used to determine the behaviors and characteristics of subjects.

The results show that street food suppliers have generally poor food handling practices, and most are operating under unsanitary conditions. Food safety knowledge of street vendors in the High-tech Industries Development Zone was the lowest, most likely because these regions are located in rural-urban fringe zones, where education levels are generally relatively low. Food safety attitudes of the youngest consumers were significantly better than those of older age groups. Their educational level was also different, with correspondingly relatively high income for younger individuals. Most vendors chose locations near schools or supermarkets. Consumers and street food vendors had good understanding of food safety, but street vendors were relatively poor in carrying out safe food handling, with only 26.7% using or being fully equipped withhand-washing facilities, although more than 60% of vendors wore clean and tidy clothes and masks.

Conclusions

Street food vendor training should be prioritized to improve the safety of street food. Other policies and measures should also be propagated to improve the food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of vendors in Handan. Steps should be taken to improve street food stall operating conditions and facilities, including providing clean protected structures, access to potable water, and efficient waste collection and disposal systems. These findings should encourage government agencies to further promote strategies to improve street food safety.

Peer Review reports

Food safety has been the subject of research [ 1 ], and some have promoted it to the level of a national security issue [ 2 ]. Street food is a weak link in food safety supervision [ 3 ]. Street food is defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) as “ready-to-eat foods and beverages sold and prepared by vendors or hawkers in streets or other public places” [ 4 ]. Street food provides a convenient diet for many people in developing countries [ 5 , 6 ], and approximately 2.5 billion people eat street food every day, with the consumption supporting the livelihood of millions of low income people and contributing greatly to the economy [ 7 ].

Street food safety remains a major concern in developing countries, including China [ 8 ]. China’s food culture has a long history of street food. Most cities provide street food for locals and tourists, and street food has become part of the characteristic Chinese culture. Therefore, street food safety has become a matter of safety concern, and has been shown to be served in poor food handling and unsanitary conditions [ 9 ]. Most street food vendors are relatively uneducated and often uninformed, and have little effective regulatory or supervisory oversight [ 10 ]. In some developing countries [ 11 ], street food has been associated with outbreaks of foodborne diseases [ 12 ]. High levels of coliform bacteria have been found in street food in several countries [ 13 ], and street food has been identified as a common medium for transmission of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens [ 14 ].

There is an urgent need for research on street food safety and particularly in China, which appears to have rarely been the focus of previous research in this field. Therefore, a typical Chinese city was selected, and a suitable questionnaire was devised to assess food safety knowledge, attitudes, and street food vendor and consumer behaviors, considering China’s particular characteristics, and previously identified impacts, such as increased income, work experience, licenses, locations, etc. [ 9 , 15 ]. The results showed that there is cause for significant concern for street food safety, and the development of improved and more effective strategies are needed.

Handan is a typical third-tier city in China, and the regional central city for a key construction area, which therefore is suitable for research on safety food [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Food safety qualification rates in the city are not stable and food safety is a major public health problem in this area. Therefore, the current study investigated food safety knowledge and attitudes of vendors and consumers of street food in Handan city from June to August 2016. The study included four districts: Hanshan (HS), Congtai (CT), Fuxing (FX), and High-tech Industries Development Zone (HIDZ), and included 100 street vendors, 240 consumers, and 90 street vending stalls (See Additional files 1 , 2 , 3 for details). The number of street vendors and consumers were evenly distributed between the four districts. Structured written questionnaires were used to assess food safety knowledge and attitudes of consumers and vendors, and a checklist was used to evaluate street vendor food handling behaviors.

In China, it is unnecessary to receive written consent of participants for structured written questionnaires. The Ethics Statement included in the questionnaire instructions clearly stated that only respondents who agreed to the instructions participated in the survey. All of the participants read and approved the statement before they participated in the survey. In order to dispel any misgivings related to the ethics statement, we also clearly explained the purpose of the study and included an academic use only statement at the beginning of the questionnaire before it was issued. This statement read as follows:

“Please think seriously about whether to participate in this survey! If you are in agreement, we will assume that you agree to our using the information provided.”

We employed a questionnaire, online survey, and mailing methods. The consenting participants completed the survey and the identities of all the subjects were kept strictly confidential.

Food safety knowledge and attitudes questionnaire

Tables 5 , 6 and 7 show the questionnaire details, which were designed on the basis of previous studies to assess food safety knowledge and attitudes towards food suppliers and consumers [ 15 ]. This was the first time such a questionnaire had been translated into Chinese for use in China, and some items were partially modified. Prior to applying the questionnaire for the study, it was assessed by 100 people to ensure rationality of the design, and various changes and improvements were made before adoption of the final version. The data provided by the top 100 respondents were used to revise the questionnaire. The data analyzed in the manuscript did not include those from these 100 respondents. The data analysis presented in the manuscript was based on the final revised questionnaire, including the responses from 100 street vendors, 240 consumers, and 90 street vending stalls. The questionnaire was organized into three main sections as follows:

Demographic information. This section gathered details regarding sex, age, educational level, income, and training in food safety, with a specific element relating to work experience for vendors.

Food safety knowledge. This section assessed consumer and vendor awareness of food poisoning pathogens, food and personal hygiene, high risk groups, proper cleaning, etc. There were 18 questions with three possible answers: “yes”, “no” and “do not know”. Each “yes” answer was awarded one point, with the other two answers awarded 0 points. Hence, a maximum of 18 questions could be attained in this section. Each question had a maximum of 100 points, where a score of less than 50 was considered to indicate a low level of food safety knowledge, 50–75 denoted a satisfactory level, and better than 75 was considered good. - Food safety attitudes. This section assessed food safety attitudes, including food specification, food placement, and personal hygiene issues. There were 16 questions with three possible answers: “yes”, “no”, or “do not know”, with one point awarded for “yes” and 0 points for both other answers.

To ensure appropriate consumers and street vendors were included in the survey, researchers focused on schools, markets, parks, residential communities, and people-intensive streets in the four districts. All respondents participated voluntarily, were over 15 years of age, and were selected randomly. After interviewing 100 respondents, the questionnaire was revised and the new edition used to interview a further 340 respondents for final analyses, including 100 street vendors and 240 consumers.

Food handling behavior checklist

In addition to questioning the respondents, researchers observed the various food stalls in operation, and completed a checklist detailing food handling behaviors and characteristics. The checklist details are shown in Table 8 , and covered six sections:

Food stall details,

Environment around the stall,

Personal hygiene,

Food storage facilities at the stall,

Utensil maintenance, and

Statistical analysis

The data obtained from the questionnaires and observation checklists were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0, and then exported to Microsoft Excel to calculate the various scores. We used the following analysis categories:

Age groups were18–25, 26–35, 36–45, 46–55, 56–60 and > 60 years;

Scores were aggregated into ranges of < 50, 50–75, and > 75 points;

Consumer income cut-offs were grouped at 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Yuan/month; and vendor work experience was 1, 3, 5, and 8 years.

Descriptive analyses used mean, standard deviation, maxima, and minima for each age category. Scores were assessed according to age, education, location, income or work experience, sex, and food safety training. The two-sample t -test was used to compare data sets in terms of sex and training status. Comparisons of more than two groups were conducted by fixed effects analysis of variance. Data and residual normality were first tested using quantile–quantile plots or the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, and variance equality was checked using the modified Levene test. Non-normally distributed data sets and those with sample size less than 30 were analyzed using the non-parametric Wilcoxon rank sum test for two category cases, i.e., sex (male or female), food safety training status (trained or untrained) etc., and the Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test was used when there were more than two categories, i.e., age groups, income level, work experience, location (district), and educational level. Statistically significant differences were based on 95% confidence limits, i.e., α = 0.05 or p < 0.05.

Demographic characteristics of consumers and street food vendors in Handan

Table 1 summarize demographic characteristics of the 340 respondents (240 consumers and 100 vendors). Consumer age ranged from 18 to 72 years (mean = 30.95 ± 11.3 years, with 90% between 18 and 45 years of age, and almost half (44.6%) were 18–25 years of age; whereas vendor age was somewhat more restricted: 20–55 years of age, mean = 34.4 ± 8.2 years. Consumer education level showed 78.8% had attained high school, university, or postgraduate level education, but almost half (48.3%) have no food safety training. In contrast, 68% of vendors had achieved lower (illiterate, or primary or middle school level), 25% high school, and 6% university or postgraduate education levels. The majority of vendors (70%) had not received any food safety training. Consumer income showed 70% earned less than 4000 Yuan/month. Vendor work experience was 0.5–18 years with the mean = 3.8 ± 2.5 years.

Food safety knowledge of street food consumers and vendors

Table 2 shows food safety knowledge of street food consumers in Handan. Consumers from the four districts averaged 61 points for food safety knowledge, which was appropriate. However, many consumers (20%, 48) had poor food safety knowledge (score < 50). There was no significant difference in food safety knowledge with regards to sex ( p = 0.322), educational level ( p = 0.621), or monthly income ( p = 0.540).

Generally, younger consumers had higher levels of food safety knowledge, whereas older subjects had less knowledge, where the consumers aged 26–35 years had the highest level of knowledge and those aged 56–60 years had the lowest. However, there were significant differences between those in the groups aged 18–25 and 46–55 years ( p = 0.045), 26–35 and 46–55 years ( p = 0.005), and 26–35 and 56–60 years ( p = 0.028).

Mean consumer education = 66 points, and mean food training = 56points.Thus, consumers need to continue to improve their food safety knowledge.

Table 3 shows vendor food safety knowledge in Handan. Mean vendor food safety score = 58 points, which was lower than that of consumers (Table 3 ). In particular, more than half (54%, 54) had mean scores of 50–75, which was significantly lower than consumers (62.5%), and reflected insufficient street vendor training on food safety, and supervision was not in place. Vendor food safety knowledge was significantly different for age ( p = 0.001) and sex ( p = 0.01), and university educated vendors had higher food safety knowledge (69 ± 11). There were no significant differences between vendors who had received food safety training (60 ± 16) and those who had not (56 ± 16) ( p = 0.287). Generally higher education level implied higher food safety knowledge. Thus, a poor level of education associated with food handling and storage practices may increase the risk of street food contamination [ 19 , 20 ].

Work experience and level of knowledge of food safety were not significantly different ( p = 0.451), but food safety knowledge was significantly lower in HIDZ district (53 ± 14) than other regions ( p = 0.025). This area was generally associated with people with lower incomes and lower educational levels (Table 1 ).

Table 4 show the responses of the consumers and vendors to the food safety knowledge questions, respectively, thereby providing greater insights into those with the highest and lowest levels of food safety knowledge. Some important issues regarding specific questions are highlighted below.

Question (Q)1: Although more than 60% of consumers (60.8%) and vendors (65%) knew abortion in pregnant women could be induced by food-borne diseases, many consumers either believed otherwise or did not know (2.5 and 36.7%, respectively), whereas 31 and 4% of vendors either believed otherwise or did not know, respectively.

Q2: Only 45.8% of consumers knew that bloody diarrhea can be transmitted by food.

Q3: There was generally good understanding that swollen cans can contain microorganisms for both consumers (74.6%) and vendors (78%).

Q4: There was generally good understanding that it was necessary to take leave from work during infectious disease of the skin for both consumers (82.5%) and vendors (74%).

Q5: Most of the consumers (78.8%) were aware that eating and drinking in the work place increases the risk of food contamination, but the vendors (57%) were significantly less aware of this problem.

Q6, Q8, Q9: Less than half the consumers knew that hepatitis A (42.9%), Salmonella (49.6%), and Staphylococcus (46.3%) were pathogens responsible for food-borne diseases, but this was even less well known amongst vendors (43, 38, and 35%, respectively).

Q7: The vast majority of consumers (77.5%) and vendors (62%) knew that microbes were in the skin, nose, and mouth of healthy food handlers.

Q10: Many consumers (70.4%) and vendors (56%) wrongly believe that Influenza can be transmitted by food.

Q11, Q12: Almost all consumers (75 and 88.3%, respectively) and vendors (81 and 77%, respectively) knew that washing their hands and using gloves lowered the risk of food contamination.

Q12: Consumers (88.3%) and vendors (77%) have good understanding of reducing contamination risk by hand washing before work.

Q13: Many consumers (47.1%) and vendors (32%) wrongly believe that AIDS can be transmitted by food.

Q16: Almost all consumers (87.5%) and street vendors (79%) knew that proper cleaning and disinfection of food utensils reduced the risk of contamination.

Q17: Less than half of consumers (41.7%) and vendors (48%) believe that reheating cooked foods contributed to food contamination.

Consumer and street vendor food safety attitudes

Table 5 shows consumer attitudes toward food safety. Consumers also had an adequate understanding of food safety (mean = 74.2%), where 83.3% had scores > 50 points and 20.4% had scores > 75 points.

Table 5 shows that increased education level significantly increased the proportion of consumers with score > 50 points.

Regarding income, we can see that an income of 4001 to 6000 Yuan for the consumer showed the highest was 68 ± 15 on food safety and safety attitude.

Tables 7 show customer and vendor attitudes towards food safety, respectively. Some important issues regarding specific questions are highlighted below.

Q3: More than 3/4 of customers and vendors (87.5 and 83%, respectively) believe that the temperature of the refrigerator/freezer should be regularly checked to reduce the risk of food contamination.

Q4: Consumers (85.5%) and vendors (78%) agree that worker health should be assessed before commencing work.

Q6, Q7, Q8: Only half of those questioned (51.3%) were able to identify wearing masks as an important practice for reducing contamination. However, wearing masks or wearing gloves or a hat were considered important measures to reduce the risk of food contamination, by consumers and suppliers and therefore regarded as important in food safety (64.2 and 63%, respectively).

Q15: Only 1/3 of consumers and vendors thought thawed food should not be refrozen and that raw meat should be stored on the bottom shelf in the refrigerator.

Vendor food safety behavior

Almost half of the food stalls were open (46.7%), with 23.3 and 13.3% being covered or half covered, respectively. The environmental indicators around the booth were also observed.

Vendors generally did not wear jewelry while handling food (66.7%), smoke while handling food (70%), or re-use utensils without cleaning them to prepare food (57.8%). However, barely half stored raw and cooked or partially cooked food in sealed and separated containers, and they were generally poor at cleaning their utensils with only 1/3 using soapy water. More than 60% of the observed vendors had no operating or health permits or health certificates.

The findings show that consumers have appropriate levels of food safety knowledge and attitudes, whereas vendor knowledge is poor, which is also reflected in their largely inadequate facilities and unhygienic behavior while selling foods. Most consumers (78.8%) were educated to at least high school, whereas most of vendors had significantly lower education levels and had no formal food safety training. This would greatly contribute to vendor’s poor food safety knowledge levels, attitudes and unhygienic behavior.

Of particular concern, more than half the vendors (53.3%) did not wash their hands before handling, preparing, or serving foods, and 72.2% used bare hands during cooking. More than half (53.3%) the observed stalls did not have direct access to potable water and 73.3% operated without adequate hand washing facilities.

The number of male and female respondents in the street food consumer survey is 127 (52.9%) and 113 (47.1%), respectively. Compared with 72 (60%) and 48 (40%) in Literature 9 and 60 (37.5%) and 100 (62.5%) in Literature 15, this survey covers a larger number of respondents with relatively balanced ratio of males and females, which can better ensure its objectivity and rationality. In the meantime, for the item “Food safety training” in Tables 1 , 51.7% of the respondents answer that they have received food safety training before, which is in sharp contrast with the 24.2 and 11.3% respectively in Literature 9 and 15, indicating that consumers have been paying more and more attention to food safety with the rapid development of China’s economy and increasing life quality standards of people in recent years.

As can be seen from Table 1 , although the gender of consumers were relatively uniform (female 47.1%, male 52.9%), vendors were predominantly female (female 66%, male 34%), which is similar to previous developing country surveys, e.g. Literature 9 and 15. In literature 9 and 15, female vendors accounted for 72.5% (29/40) and 88.7% (71/80), indicating that males are less competitive in food processing than females. This is maybe because the female vendors are more reliable, safer, cleaner, friendlier and more patient for food consumers. However, it also can be seen in Table 1 that 30% of the respondents’ answer goes to “yes” to the item “Food safety training”. It can be found that food vendors are less recognized by consumers in this respect, but the ratio is still larger than the 5 and 21.3% respectively in Literature 9 and 15, which shall be focused by the relevant authorities.

Traditionally, females are more commonly responsible for housework in China. However, with societal changes, more females now work outside the home. The higher proportion of female vendors (66%) may be advantageous, since female street food vendors tend to provide higher quality nutrition than male counterparts [ 21 ]. A US study showed that female vendors tended to prepare safer food [ 22 ], and the vendors interviewed in that study were educated to at least high school level.

In Tables 4 , 42.9% of the respondents’ answer goes to “Yes” to Q6, and 50.8% answer “Do not know”, indicating that people are lack of understanding of Hepatitis A virus and its harm extent. In fact, the heating sterilization for the food and the utensils to place food is an important way to effectively restrict the spread of Hepatitis A virus. In Literature 15, 84.4% of the respondents’ answer goes to “Do not know”, while 60% give the same answer in Literature 9. It can be concluded that consumers need to improve the relevant knowledge.

In Table 4 , it is also found in the food vendors survey that 54% of them have little understanding of Hepatitis A virus, while the ratio is up to 72.5 and 98.7% respectively in Literature 9 and 15. As food safety guarantors, the attention paid by food vendors to food safety is far from enough, which requires the relevant government departments to strengthen the training for and knowledge dissemination to the food vendors. These results highlight that street food vendor training should be prioritized to improve street food safety.

Table 5 shows consumer attitudes toward food safety. The mean score = 61 ± 15, indicating that consumers have a good understanding of food safety, which is consistent with previous studies, such as one in Haiti [ 15 ].

The food safety attitudes of younger consumers (26–35 years, mean = 68 ± 15 years) were significantly higher than those of the members of the other age groups, which was consistent with the results obtained in previous studies [ 23 ]. In general, the younger consumers were better educated than the older consumers and were more receptive to new media, such as mobile phones, computers, and network communication training.

Regarding income, we can see that an income of 4001 to 6000 Yuan for the consumer showed the highest was 68 ± 15 on food safety and safety attitude, which is consistent with the education level and with previous studies. The different districts all had mean scores over 60 points, which supports the coordinated development of Handan city in the process of urban development.

Table 6 shows vendor food processing attitudes. Vendor food safety attitudes were superior to that of consumers. Vendor mean = 62 ± 16, indicating that vendors had a generally good understanding, with only 10% scoring < 50. China has been working on improving food safety, particularly with respect to stricter management, control, and supervision of vendors and producers [ 24 ].

In Table 7 , 28.3% of the respondents’ answer goes to “Yes” for Q16, 38.3% answer “No”, and 33.4% answer “Do not know”, revealing that consumers are not sure whether the eggs they bought shall be washed immediately. In fact, washing eggs is not correct. Eggs, especially the shells of fresh eggs, have a layer of powdery gelatinous substances. The main function of these substances is to prevent bacteria from invading the inside of the eggs. Meanwhile, it also prevents the water in the eggs from evaporating and protects the egg whites and egg yolks. If we wash away these gelatinous substances, the eggs will become easily deteriorated and difficult to preserve. Therefore, do not use water to clean the eggs after they are bought. If you think that there are too many dirty things in the egg shell, you can wipe them off with a dry rag.

Table 8 shows observed street food facility characteristics and vendor food handling behaviors. Almost 1/3 of the vendors were near schools, and 22.2% near malls, which seems sensible, since these locations will have the largest personnel flow (e.g. Hebei University of Engineering has almost 30,000 students and teachers), consistent with a previous study [ 17 ].

Almost half of the street vendors (48.9%) chose stainless steel cooking materials, believing that stainless steel was safer and healthier than other options. This practice has improved and promoted food safety and health in China. However, 24.4% of vendors used iron dishes, which are unsafe because iron easily rusts, and iron rust is poisonous.

The environment around most of the stalls (67.8%) was clean, but only 26.7% of vendors had sufficient hand washing equipment, although 75% of the vendors were aware of the surrounding environment, principles, garbage, waste water, animals, toilets, and drains. There were no flies and vendors could see if sanitation was poor, and that without adequate washing facilities around the vendors, consumers could acquire the spread of diseases by hands.

Before each operation, the food preparer must wash their hands with clean water; however, more than half of the operators washed after going to the toilet. There were more than 60% vendors wearing clean clothing and masks and aprons.

According to the above discussion, we can see that the food safety supervision departments can clearly obtain the degree of importance attached by people to food safety and the risk links from this survey. This survey not only improves the food safety knowledge of consumers and food vendors, but also provides decision-making basis for the food safety supervision departments to develop relevant policies and organize food safety training.

The main purpose of this study was to assess food safety knowledge and attitudes of street food consumers and vendors, and food handling behavior of food vendors in Handan, China. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate and report these important aspects of street food safety in China.

China’s food hygiene law was introduced in 1995, and the food safety law in 2009, with stricter food safety terms and further conditions adopted in 2015. Most of the aforementioned concerns, and others discussed in this paper, are addressed in these regulations. However, the current study shows this has not yet transformed food handler knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. This could be a consequence of their relatively poor education levels, which could exclude them from certain communication channels used by the CFDA (China Food Drug Administration).

Specific recommendations from this study are as follows:

Street food vendor training should be prioritized to improve the safety of street food.

Other policies and measures should also be promulgated to improve the food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of vendors in Handan.

Steps should be taken to improve street food stall operating conditions and facilities, e.g., providing clean protected structures, access to potable water, and efficient waste collection and disposal systems.

Handan, the city surveyed in this paper, is a typical third-tier city with a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of about RMB 300 billion and a population of over 1 million, which is one of the 70 cities with similar scale in China. This research can help CFDA in similar cities become more scientific in the formulation of policies with regard to food hygiene.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

China Food and Drug Administration

Food and Agriculture Organization

Gross Domestic Product

High-tech Industries Development Zone

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Acknowledgements

We thank BMC Public Health for reviewing the manuscript. We thank International Science Editing ( http://www.internationalscienceediting.com ) for editing this manuscript.

This work was supported by the Major project of National Social Science Funding of China, grant number [16ZDA056], the Think Tank of Green Safety Management and Policy Science (2018 “Double First-Class” Initiative Project for Cultural Evolution and Creation of CUMT), grant number [2018WHCC03], the National Natural Science Funding of China, grant number [71473248, 71673271, 71473247, 71273258, and71871084], Jiangsu Philosophy and Social Sciences Excellent Innovation Cultivation Team, grant number [2017ZSTD031], 333 High-level Talents Project of Jiangsu Province, grant number [2016], “13th Five Year” Brand Discipline Construction Funding Project of China University of Mining and Technology, grant number [2017], and the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Project of Hebei Higher Education Institutions, grant number [SQ181020].

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LM drafted the manuscript. HC made substantial contributions to the conception of the manuscript and interpretation of the data. HY made substantial contributions to the acquisition and analysis of the data. LW and WZ were involved with critically revising the manuscript. HY participated in the study design and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Lihua Ma is a doctoral student from China University of Mining and Technology; Hong Chen is a professor at China University of Mining and Technology; Huizhe Yan is a doctor of Hebei University of Engineering; Lifeng Wu is a doctor of Hebei University of Engineering; Wenbin Zhang is a doctor of Hebei University of Engineering.

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This research was approved by the China University of Mining and Technology Institutional Review Board (IRB). We employed a questionnaire survey to obtain the data, which is a traditional and widely recognized method used in the field of social science research. In China, it is unnecessary to receive the written consent of participants by convention. Thus, the “Ethics Statement” included in the questionnaire instructions clearly stated that “only respondents who agreed to the instructions participated in the survey.” All of the participants read and approved the statement before they participated in the survey.

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Additional files

Additional file 1:.

100 street vendors. Data-100 street vendors. (XLS 59 kb)

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240 consumers. Data-240 consumers. (XLS 149 kb)

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90 street vending stalls. Data-90 street vending stalls. (XLS 43 kb)

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Ma, L., Chen, H., Yan, H. et al. Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and behavior of street food vendors and consumers in Handan, a third tier city in China. BMC Public Health 19 , 1128 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7475-9

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RETAIL STRATEGY AND PROFITABILITY OF SELECTED STREET FOOD VENDORS IN SILANG, CAVITE

2015, THESIS

A study was conducted to determine the profitability of selected street food vendors in Silang, Cavite. Specifically, it aimed to describe the demographic profile of street food vendors and to determine the retail strategy, profitability ratios and their relationship. Descriptive research was used to conduct this study. There were 150 participants included in the study. Data were collected using survey-interview questionnaires. The data were analyzed using frequency counts, percentages, mean and chi-square test. Result of the study revealed that retail strategy of the participants was more on repeated sales; product uniqueness; with excellent product appearance; competitor’s analysis; ambulant type of vending; give importance on location; cost-based pricing strategy; with the same price assessment; always give customer discounts; promote products through word of mouth; sell product seven days a week; did storage practices in their home while others do not; hygiene was considered important; and excellently value their customers.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, street foods: contemporary preference of tourists and its role as a destination attraction in india.

International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research

ISSN : 1750-6182

Article publication date: 2 December 2019

Issue publication date: 20 February 2020

The study aims to assess and find out the preference of street-foods amongst the foreign tourists visiting India. It will also discuss in detail the important factors that lead to the selection of street-foods outlining the relevance of food as a destination attraction.

Design/methodology/approach

The study applied the use of location intercept technique through one to one interview using a structured survey scale to take the responses from 586 outbound foreign tourists at the departure gates of International Airport at New Delhi. The street-food preference of foreign tourists was analysed using the analytical hierarchical process model and Chi-square statistics.

This study resulted in identification of 18 street-foods which were preferred mostly by the foreign tourist in India, with Tandoori Chicken tikka being the most favoured and Kathi Kebab being least preferred. This study also confirmed that amongst the all factors which were considered to have an influence on the street-food preference of foreign tourists only marital status was found to be insignificant.

Practical implications

This study suggested that street-food vending can be considered to be a strategic management instrument that can (re)create a destination image and sustain or rejuvenate tourist movements towards a gastronomically rich destination like India. It might help the shareholders in the street-food vending businesses across India to devise strategies to showcase India on a global gastronomic platform.

Originality/value

It is the first study which has tried to exploit the foreign tourists’ emotions through their street-food preference which can be used by the local street vendors to attract, reconnect and increase their repeat visits in India. It will also help sensitising the local street-food vendors including restaurants, catering joints and hotels to include the preferred delicacies in their operational menus for maximising the earnings from tourists.

Consumer preference
Destination image
Foreign tourist
Street foods

Gupta, V. , Sajnani, M. and Gupta, R.K. (2020), "Street foods: contemporary preference of tourists and its role as a destination attraction in India", International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research , Vol. 14 No. 1, pp. 136-154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCTHR-07-2018-0092

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