scientific method problem solving examples at home

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Biology archive

Course: biology archive   >   unit 1, the scientific method.

• Controlled experiments
• The scientific method and experimental design

Introduction

• Make an observation.
• Ask a question.
• Form a hypothesis , or testable explanation.
• Make a prediction based on the hypothesis.
• Test the prediction.
• Iterate: use the results to make new hypotheses or predictions.

Scientific method example: Failure to toast

1. make an observation., 2. ask a question., 3. propose a hypothesis., 4. make predictions., 5. test the predictions..

• If the toaster does toast, then the hypothesis is supported—likely correct.
• If the toaster doesn't toast, then the hypothesis is not supported—likely wrong.

Logical possibility

Practical possibility, building a body of evidence, 6. iterate..

• If the hypothesis was supported, we might do additional tests to confirm it, or revise it to be more specific. For instance, we might investigate why the outlet is broken.
• If the hypothesis was not supported, we would come up with a new hypothesis. For instance, the next hypothesis might be that there's a broken wire in the toaster.

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How to Use the Scientific Method in Everyday Life

How to Set Up a Controlled Science Experiment

The scientific method is a procedure consisting of a series of steps with the goal of problem-solving and information-gathering. The scientific method begins with the recognition of a problem and a clear elaboration or description of the problem itself. A process of experimentation and data collection then follows. The final steps consist of the formulation and testing of a hypothesis or potential solution and conclusion. For people unaccustomed to using the scientific method, the process may seem abstract and unapproachable. With a little consideration and observation, any problem encountered in daily life is a potential possibility to use the scientific method.

Locate or identify a problem to solve. Your personal environment is a good place to start, either in the workplace, the home, or your town or city.

Describe the problem in detail. Make quantifiable observations, such as number of times of occurrence, duration, specific physical measurements, and so on.

Form a hypothesis about what the possible cause of the problem might be, or what a potential solution could be. Check if the previously collected data suggests a pattern or possible cause.

Test your hypothesis either through further observation of the problem or by creating an experiment that highlights the aspect of the problem you wish to test. For example, if you suspect a faulty wire is the cause of a light not working, you must find a way to isolate and test whether or not the wire is actually the cause.

Repeat the steps of observation, hypothesis formation and testing until you reach a conclusion that is reinforced by supporting data or directly solves the problem at hand.

• The scientific method is best suited to solving problems without direct or simple answers. For example, a light bulb that burns out may simply need to be replaced. A light bulb that works intermittently is a much more suitable candidate for use of the scientific method, because of all of the potential causes of it not working.

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• Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Scientific Method; June 2011

About the Author

Alex Jakubik began his writing career in 2000 with book-cover summaries for Barnes & Noble. He has also authored concert programs and travel blogs, and worked both nationally and internationally in the arts. Jakubik holds a Bachelor of Music degree from Indiana University and a Master of Music from Yale University.

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Solving Everyday Problems with the Scientific Method

• By (author): 
• Don K Mak , 
• Angela T Mak , and 
• Anthony B Mak
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• Description
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This book describes how one can use The Scientific Method to solve everyday problems including medical ailments, health issues, money management, traveling, shopping, cooking, household chores, etc. It illustrates how to exploit the information collected from our five senses, how to solve problems when no information is available for the present problem situation, how to increase our chances of success by redefining a problem, and how to extrapolate our capabilities by seeing a relationship among heretofore unrelated concepts.

One should formulate a hypothesis as early as possible in order to have a sense of direction regarding which path to follow. Occasionally, by making wild conjectures, creative solutions can transpire. However, hypotheses need to be well-tested. Through this way, The Scientific Method can help readers solve problems in both familiar and unfamiliar situations. Containing real-life examples of how various problems are solved — for instance, how some observant patients cure their own illnesses when medical experts have failed — this book will train readers to observe what others may have missed and conceive what others may not have contemplated. With practice, they will be able to solve more problems than they could previously imagine.

Sample Chapter(s) Chapter 1: Prelude (83 KB) Chapter 2: The Scientific Method (173 KB)

• The Scientific Method

Observation

Recognition, problem situation and problem definition, induction and deduction, alternative solutions, mathematics, probable value.

• Demonstrates how to cope with problems in both familiar and unfamiliar situations, using The Scientific Method
• Redefines problems by viewing the problem situation from different levels and perspectives
• Formulates solution methodology by borrowing ideas from economics, philosophy, logic, statistics, probability theory and scientific research
• Offers test-driven recommendations, supported with real-life examples

Type on 09/06/2008

Updated pp & pub date on 7/1/2009

Added s/c updated to systems price on 09/11/2009

Added review on 14/10/2010

Added review on 7/3/2011

FRONT MATTER

• Pages: i–xiii

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_fmatter

• Claimers and Disclaimers

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0001

The father put down the newspaper. It had been raining for the last two hours. The rain finally stopped, and the sky looked clear. After all this raining, the negative ions in the atmosphere would have increased, and the air would feel fresh. The father suggested the family of four should go for a stroll. There was a park just about fifteen minutes walk from their house…

• Pages: 3–16

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0002

• Edwin Smith papyrus
• Greek philosophy (4 th century BC)
• Islamic philosophy (8 th century AD–15 th century AD)
• European Science (12 th century AD–16 th century AD)
• Scientific Revolution (1543 AD–18 th century AD)
• Humanism and Empiricism
• Application of the Scientific Method to Everyday Problem
• Pages: 17–44

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0003

• Missed information
• Misinformation
• Hidden information
• No information
• Unaware information
• Evidence-based information
• Self-denied information
• Biased information
• Unexploited information
• Peripheral information
• Pages: 45–63

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0004

• Wild conjectures
• Albert Einstein (1879–1955)
• Pages: 65–82

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0005

• Experiment versus hypothesis
• Platonic, Aristotelian, Baconian, and Galilean methodology
• Pages: 83–95

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0006

• John Nash (1928– )
• Pages: 97–105

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0007

• Perspectives on different levels
• Perspectives on the same level
• Pages: 107–117

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0008

• Pages: 119–138

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0009

• Lotion bottle with a pump dispenser
• Pages: 139–167

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0010

• Ordinary thinking
• Unconscious mind
• Genetic material
• Watson and Crick at Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge
• Rosalind Franklin at King's College, London
• The triple helix model
• The double helix model
• Creative thinking and Ordinary thinking
• Scientific Research and Scientific Method
• Can we be more creative?
• Pages: 169–194

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0011

Mathematics, even some simple arithmetic, is so important in solving some of the everyday problems, that we think a whole chapter should be written on it.

Let us take a look at an example. When we see an advertisement which says "Buy one, get the second one at half price", we should be able to figure out what exactly does it mean, and how much discount are we actually getting. Is it a better deal than another company that advertises 30% off?…

• Pages: 195–207

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0012

For a certain problem, we may come up with several plausible solutions. Which path should we take? Each path would only have certain chance or probability of success in resolving the problem. If each path or solution has a different reward, we can define the probable value of each path to be the multiplication of the reward by the probability. We should, most likely, choose the path that has the highest probable value. (The term "probable value" is coined by us. The idea is appropriated from the term "expected value" in Statistics. In this sense, expected value can be considered as the sum of all probable values.)…

• Pages: 209–212

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_0013

We run into problems every day. Even when we do not encounter any problems, it does not mean that they do not exist. Sometimes, we wish we could be able to recognize them earlier. The scientific method of observation, hypothesis, and experiment can help us recognize, define, and solve our problems…

BACK MATTER

• Pages: 213–220

https://doi.org/10.1142/9789812835109_bmatter

• Bibliography

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The 6 Scientific Method Steps and How to Use Them

General Education

When you’re faced with a scientific problem, solving it can seem like an impossible prospect. There are so many possible explanations for everything we see and experience—how can you possibly make sense of them all? Science has a simple answer: the scientific method.

The scientific method is a method of asking and answering questions about the world. These guiding principles give scientists a model to work through when trying to understand the world, but where did that model come from, and how does it work?

In this article, we’ll define the scientific method, discuss its long history, and cover each of the scientific method steps in detail.

What Is the Scientific Method?

At its most basic, the scientific method is a procedure for conducting scientific experiments. It’s a set model that scientists in a variety of fields can follow, going from initial observation to conclusion in a loose but concrete format.

The number of steps varies, but the process begins with an observation, progresses through an experiment, and concludes with analysis and sharing data. One of the most important pieces to the scientific method is skepticism —the goal is to find truth, not to confirm a particular thought. That requires reevaluation and repeated experimentation, as well as examining your thinking through rigorous study.

There are in fact multiple scientific methods, as the basic structure can be easily modified.  The one we typically learn about in school is the basic method, based in logic and problem solving, typically used in “hard” science fields like biology, chemistry, and physics. It may vary in other fields, such as psychology, but the basic premise of making observations, testing, and continuing to improve a theory from the results remain the same.

The History of the Scientific Method

The scientific method as we know it today is based on thousands of years of scientific study. Its development goes all the way back to ancient Mesopotamia, Greece, and India.

The Ancient World

In ancient Greece, Aristotle devised an inductive-deductive process , which weighs broad generalizations from data against conclusions reached by narrowing down possibilities from a general statement. However, he favored deductive reasoning, as it identifies causes, which he saw as more important.

Aristotle wrote a great deal about logic and many of his ideas about reasoning echo those found in the modern scientific method, such as ignoring circular evidence and limiting the number of middle terms between the beginning of an experiment and the end. Though his model isn’t the one that we use today, the reliance on logic and thorough testing are still key parts of science today.

The Middle Ages

The next big step toward the development of the modern scientific method came in the Middle Ages, particularly in the Islamic world. Ibn al-Haytham, a physicist from what we now know as Iraq, developed a method of testing, observing, and deducing for his research on vision. al-Haytham was critical of Aristotle’s lack of inductive reasoning, which played an important role in his own research.

Other scientists, including Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī, Ibn Sina, and Robert Grosseteste also developed models of scientific reasoning to test their own theories. Though they frequently disagreed with one another and Aristotle, those disagreements and refinements of their methods led to the scientific method we have today.

Following those major developments, particularly Grosseteste’s work, Roger Bacon developed his own cycle of observation (seeing that something occurs), hypothesis (making a guess about why that thing occurs), experimentation (testing that the thing occurs), and verification (an outside person ensuring that the result of the experiment is consistent).

After joining the Franciscan Order, Bacon was granted a special commission to write about science; typically, Friars were not allowed to write books or pamphlets. With this commission, Bacon outlined important tenets of the scientific method, including causes of error, methods of knowledge, and the differences between speculative and experimental science. He also used his own principles to investigate the causes of a rainbow, demonstrating the method’s effectiveness.

Scientific Revolution

Throughout the Renaissance, more great thinkers became involved in devising a thorough, rigorous method of scientific study. Francis Bacon brought inductive reasoning further into the method, whereas Descartes argued that the laws of the universe meant that deductive reasoning was sufficient. Galileo’s research was also inductive reasoning-heavy, as he believed that researchers could not account for every possible variable; therefore, repetition was necessary to eliminate faulty hypotheses and experiments.

All of this led to the birth of the Scientific Revolution , which took place during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In 1660, a group of philosophers and physicians joined together to work on scientific advancement. After approval from England’s crown , the group became known as the Royal Society, which helped create a thriving scientific community and an early academic journal to help introduce rigorous study and peer review.

Previous generations of scientists had touched on the importance of induction and deduction, but Sir Isaac Newton proposed that both were equally important. This contribution helped establish the importance of multiple kinds of reasoning, leading to more rigorous study.

As science began to splinter into separate areas of study, it became necessary to define different methods for different fields. Karl Popper was a leader in this area—he established that science could be subject to error, sometimes intentionally. This was particularly tricky for “soft” sciences like psychology and social sciences, which require different methods. Popper’s theories furthered the divide between sciences like psychology and “hard” sciences like chemistry or physics.

Paul Feyerabend argued that Popper’s methods were too restrictive for certain fields, and followed a less restrictive method hinged on “anything goes,” as great scientists had made discoveries without the Scientific Method. Feyerabend suggested that throughout history scientists had adapted their methods as necessary, and that sometimes it would be necessary to break the rules. This approach suited social and behavioral scientists particularly well, leading to a more diverse range of models for scientists in multiple fields to use.

The Scientific Method Steps

Though different fields may have variations on the model, the basic scientific method is as follows:

#1: Make Observations 

Notice something, such as the air temperature during the winter, what happens when ice cream melts, or how your plants behave when you forget to water them.

#2: Ask a Question

Turn your observation into a question. Why is the temperature lower during the winter? Why does my ice cream melt? Why does my toast always fall butter-side down?

This step can also include doing some research. You may be able to find answers to these questions already, but you can still test them!

#3: Make a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is an educated guess of the answer to your question. Why does your toast always fall butter-side down? Maybe it’s because the butter makes that side of the bread heavier.

A good hypothesis leads to a prediction that you can test, phrased as an if/then statement. In this case, we can pick something like, “If toast is buttered, then it will hit the ground butter-first.”

#4: Experiment

Your experiment is designed to test whether your predication about what will happen is true. A good experiment will test one variable at a time —for example, we’re trying to test whether butter weighs down one side of toast, making it more likely to hit the ground first.

The unbuttered toast is our control variable. If we determine the chance that a slice of unbuttered toast, marked with a dot, will hit the ground on a particular side, we can compare those results to our buttered toast to see if there’s a correlation between the presence of butter and which way the toast falls.

If we decided not to toast the bread, that would be introducing a new question—whether or not toasting the bread has any impact on how it falls. Since that’s not part of our test, we’ll stick with determining whether the presence of butter has any impact on which side hits the ground first.

#5: Analyze Data

After our experiment, we discover that both buttered toast and unbuttered toast have a 50/50 chance of hitting the ground on the buttered or marked side when dropped from a consistent height, straight down. It looks like our hypothesis was incorrect—it’s not the butter that makes the toast hit the ground in a particular way, so it must be something else.

Since we didn’t get the desired result, it’s back to the drawing board. Our hypothesis wasn’t correct, so we’ll need to start fresh. Now that you think about it, your toast seems to hit the ground butter-first when it slides off your plate, not when you drop it from a consistent height. That can be the basis for your new experiment.

#6: Communicate Your Results

Good science needs verification. Your experiment should be replicable by other people, so you can put together a report about how you ran your experiment to see if other peoples’ findings are consistent with yours.

This may be useful for class or a science fair. Professional scientists may publish their findings in scientific journals, where other scientists can read and attempt their own versions of the same experiments. Being part of a scientific community helps your experiments be stronger because other people can see if there are flaws in your approach—such as if you tested with different kinds of bread, or sometimes used peanut butter instead of butter—that can lead you closer to a good answer.

A Scientific Method Example: Falling Toast

We’ve run through a quick recap of the scientific method steps, but let’s look a little deeper by trying again to figure out why toast so often falls butter side down.

#1: Make Observations

At the end of our last experiment, where we learned that butter doesn’t actually make toast more likely to hit the ground on that side, we remembered that the times when our toast hits the ground butter side first are usually when it’s falling off a plate.

The easiest question we can ask is, “Why is that?”

We can actually search this online and find a pretty detailed answer as to why this is true. But we’re budding scientists—we want to see it in action and verify it for ourselves! After all, good science should be replicable, and we have all the tools we need to test out what’s really going on.

Why do we think that buttered toast hits the ground butter-first? We know it’s not because it’s heavier, so we can strike that out. Maybe it’s because of the shape of our plate?

That’s something we can test. We’ll phrase our hypothesis as, “If my toast slides off my plate, then it will fall butter-side down.”

Just seeing that toast falls off a plate butter-side down isn’t enough for us. We want to know why, so we’re going to take things a step further—we’ll set up a slow-motion camera to capture what happens as the toast slides off the plate.

We’ll run the test ten times, each time tilting the same plate until the toast slides off. We’ll make note of each time the butter side lands first and see what’s happening on the video so we can see what’s going on.

When we review the footage, we’ll likely notice that the bread starts to flip when it slides off the edge, changing how it falls in a way that didn’t happen when we dropped it ourselves.

That answers our question, but it’s not the complete picture —how do other plates affect how often toast hits the ground butter-first? What if the toast is already butter-side down when it falls? These are things we can test in further experiments with new hypotheses!

Now that we have results, we can share them with others who can verify our results. As mentioned above, being part of the scientific community can lead to better results. If your results were wildly different from the established thinking about buttered toast, that might be cause for reevaluation. If they’re the same, they might lead others to make new discoveries about buttered toast. At the very least, you have a cool experiment you can share with your friends!

Key Scientific Method Tips

Though science can be complex, the benefit of the scientific method is that it gives you an easy-to-follow means of thinking about why and how things happen. To use it effectively, keep these things in mind!

Don’t Worry About Proving Your Hypothesis

One of the important things to remember about the scientific method is that it’s not necessarily meant to prove your hypothesis right. It’s great if you do manage to guess the reason for something right the first time, but the ultimate goal of an experiment is to find the true reason for your observation to occur, not to prove your hypothesis right.

Good science sometimes means that you’re wrong. That’s not a bad thing—a well-designed experiment with an unanticipated result can be just as revealing, if not more, than an experiment that confirms your hypothesis.

Be Prepared to Try Again

If the data from your experiment doesn’t match your hypothesis, that’s not a bad thing. You’ve eliminated one possible explanation, which brings you one step closer to discovering the truth.

The scientific method isn’t something you’re meant to do exactly once to prove a point. It’s meant to be repeated and adapted to bring you closer to a solution. Even if you can demonstrate truth in your hypothesis, a good scientist will run an experiment again to be sure that the results are replicable. You can even tweak a successful hypothesis to test another factor, such as if we redid our buttered toast experiment to find out whether different kinds of plates affect whether or not the toast falls butter-first. The more we test our hypothesis, the stronger it becomes!

What’s Next?

Want to learn more about the scientific method? These important high school science classes will no doubt cover it in a variety of different contexts.

Test your ability to follow the scientific method using these at-home science experiments for kids !

Need some proof that science is fun? Try making slime

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Melissa Brinks graduated from the University of Washington in 2014 with a Bachelor's in English with a creative writing emphasis. She has spent several years tutoring K-12 students in many subjects, including in SAT prep, to help them prepare for their college education.

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We hear about the scientific method all the time. Middle and high school students learn about it in science class and use it in research competitions. Advertisers use it to support claims about products ranging from vacuum cleaners to vitamins. And Hollywood portrays it by showing scientists with clipboards and lab coats standing behind microscopes and flasks filled with bubbling liquids.

So why does the scientific method remain such a mystery to so many people? One reason has to do with the name itself. The word "method" implies that there is some sacred formula locked in a vault — a formula available to highly trained scientists and no one else. This is absolutely untrue. The scientific method is something all of us use all of the time. In fact, engaging in the basic activities that make up the scientific method — being curious, asking questions, seeking answers — is a natural part of being human.

­In this article, we'll demystify the scientific method by breaking it down to its basic parts.

We'll explore how the scientific method can be used to solve everyday problems, but we'll also explain why it is so fundamentally critical to the physical and natural sciences. We'll also examine a few examples of how the method has been applied to make landmark discoveries and support groundbreaking theories . But let's start with a basic definition.

Ask a group of people to define "science," and you'll get a lot of different answers. Some will tell you it's a really difficult class wedged between social studies and math. Others will tell you it's a dusty book filled with Latin terms that no one can pronounce. And still others will say it's a useless collection of facts, figures and formulas. Unfortunately, most dictionaries don't shed any significant light on the subject. Here's a typical definition:

Sounds difficult, right? Not if we break this long-winded definition into its most important parts. By doing so, we'll achieve two things: First, we'll support the argument that science isn't mysterious or unattainable. Second, we'll demonstrate that the method of science is really no different than science itself.

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Microbe Notes

Scientific Method: Definition, Steps, Examples, Uses

Sir Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, developed modern scientific research and scientific methods. He is also known as “the Father of modern science.”

He was influenced by Galileo Galilei and Nicholas Copernicus’ writings throughout his study.

The scientific method is a powerful analytical or problem-solving method of learning more about the natural world.  

The scientific method is a combined method, which consists of theoretical knowledge and practical experimentation by using scientific instruments, analysis and comparisons of results, and then peer reviews.

• The scientific method is a procedure that the scientists use to conduct research.
• Scientific investigators play a crucial role in following a series of steps such as asking questions, setting hypothesis to answer questions, performing multiple experiments to confirm the reliability of data/ results, data collection and interpretation, and developing conclusions based on the hypothesis.

Table of Contents

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Steps of Scientific Method

There are seven steps of the scientific method such as:

• Make an observation
• Ask a question
• Background research/ Research the topic
• Formulate a hypothesis
• Conduct an experiment to test the hypothesis
• Data record and analysis
• Draw a conclusion

1. Make an observation

• Before asking a question, you need a proper observation to get information about some topic, which may help to identify the question. 
• Proper observation in the area of investigation or about something you are interested in is required, whether you recognize it or not. 

2. Ask a question

• The scientific method follows a step by asking a question. Based on what you observe, Asking questions starts with Wh- such as What, When, Who, Which, Why, How, Does or Where? 
• A question helps to identify a core problem and form a hypothesis . The question should be relatable and specific as much as possible. 
• Why is this thing happening?
• What is the reason behind this?
• How does this happen?
• Does it need to happen?

3. Background research/ Research the topic

• Background research on the experiment/ topic is necessary to analyze and answer the questions. 
• Many scientists are employing various techniques and equipment, such as libraries and Internet research (research papers, articles, journals, etc.), that push how to investigate, design, and understand the experiment. 
• In addition, you can learn from other experiences, research, or experiments, which helps you not repeat the same mistakes and be aware of doing things further. 
• It helps to predict what will happen in the future. It also helps to understand the theory and background history of the experiment.

4. Formulate a hypothesis

• A Hypothesis is an idea or a guess to explain a specific occurrence, natural event, or particular experience based on prior observation.
• It is another step in the scientific method. A hypothesis allows you to make a prediction. Scientists predict what will be the outcome. 
• It outlines the objectives of the experiment, the variables used, and the expected outcome of the experiment. The hypothesis must be either falsifiable or testable. It also answers the previous question. 
• A hypothesis needs to be testable by gathering evidence. A hypothesis needs to be testable to perform an experiment, whether the evidence supports the hypothesis or not. 

5. Conduct an experiment to test a hypothesis

• After formulating a hypothesis, you must design and conduct an experiment. Experiments are the process of investigations to prove or disprove the hypothesis.
• Two variables play a crucial role in conducting experiments to test the hypothesis. 
• They are Independent variables (Can be manipulated or controlled by the person, or you can change while experimenting) and dependent variables (one you measure, which may be affected by the independent variable).
• They both are the cause and effect. The dependent variable is dependent on the independent variable. 
• All the variables must be under control to ensure that they have no impact on the result.
• You can also set another type of hypothesis, such as a “null hypothesis” or “no difference” hypothesis. 

There is no difference in the intense rain and crop destruction.

6. Data Record and Analysis

• During the experiment, data needs to be recorded and collected. Data is a set of values. It should be represented quantitatively (measured in numbers) or qualitatively (an explanation of outcomes).
• After the data collection, you can interpret the data by drawing a chart or constructing a table or graph to show the result. 
• After the data representation, you can analyze or interpret the data to understand the meaning of the data. 
• You can compare the results with other experiments visually or in graphics form. 

7. Draw a Conclusion

• Your Conclusion always showcases whether the experiments support the prediction and hypothesis or contradict.
• Scientists will analyze the experiment’s results and develop a new hypothesis based on the data they collect if they discover that their experiment did not support their hypothesis or that their prediction is not supported.
• While we conclude the experiment, all the collected results will be analyzed, which helps to interpret the hypothesis.
• Did your experiments support or reject your hypothesis? 
• Does your hypothesis prove or disprove your study? 
• Did your results show a strong correlation? 
• Was there any way to change the thing to make a better experiment?
• Are there things that need to be studied further? 
• If your hypothesis is supported, then that is fine. You can carry on. 
• But If not, do not try to manipulate the result or try to change the result. 
• Keep the result to its original form, or you can further repeat the experiment to get better results.

Application of Scientific Method

• It is essential in many sectors, such as social sciences, empirical sciences, statistics, biology, chemistry, and physics. It can be used in the laboratory.
• Scientific methods lead to discoveries, innovations, and improvements in various disciplines.
• The scientific method can be used to solve problems, explain the phenomena of the study, and find and test solutions.
• Scientific methods guarantee that the findings are based on evidence, making the study reliable and replicable and allowing research to occur objectively and systematically.
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2024, March 14). Scientific method | Definition, Steps, & Application. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/science/scientific-method
• Biology Dictionary. (2020, November 6). Scientific method. Retrieved from https://biologydictionary.net/scientific-method/
• Bailey, R. (2019, August 21). Scientific method. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/scientific-method-p2-373335
• Buddies, S., & Buddies, S. (2023, August 17). Writing a Science Fair Project research plan. Retrieved from https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/writing-a-science-fair-project-research-plan
• Buddies, S., & Buddies, S. (2024, January 25). Steps of the scientific method. Retrieved from https://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/science-fair/steps-of-the-scientific-method
• Helmenstine, A. (2023, January 1). Steps of the scientific method. Retrieved from https://sciencenotes.org/steps-scientific-method/
• Cartwright, M., & Greer, R. (2023). Scientific method. World History Encyclopedia . Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Scientific_Method/
• https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/ID/ID-507-w.pdf
• GeeksforGeeks. (2024, April 18). Applications of scientific methods. Retrieved from https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/applications-of-scientific-methods/

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Prativa Shrestha

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