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15 April 2024
Correction 22 April 2024

Revealed: the ten research papers that policy documents cite most

Dalmeet Singh Chawla 0

Dalmeet Singh Chawla is a freelance science journalist based in London.

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When David Autor co-wrote a paper on how computerization affects job skill demands more than 20 years ago, a journal took 18 months to consider it — only to reject it after review. He went on to submit it to The Quarterly Journal of Economics , which eventually published the work 1 in November 2003.

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00660-1

Updates & Corrections

Correction 22 April 2024 : The original version of this story credited Sage, rather than Overton, as the source of the policy papers’ citation data. Sage’s location has also been updated.

Autor, D. H., Levy, F. & Murnane, R. J. Q. J. Econ. 118 , 1279–1333 (2003).

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Costanza, R. et al. Nature 387 , 253–260 (1997).

Willett, W. et al. Lancet 393 , 447–492 (2019).

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Steffen, W. et al. Science 347 , 1259855 (2015).

Rockström, J. et al. Nature 461 , 472–475 (2009).

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Public Policy Subject Guide: Policy Sources

Public Policy
Policy Sources
Govts, Think Tanks, NGOs & IGOs
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Organize Your Research

Find policy papers

PolicyArchive, CIAO, and PAIS are good starting points in the search for policy papers. Check out the other sources below, or the tabs for Think Tanks and NGOs/IGOs, for additional resources.

PolicyArchive (Center for Governmental Studies) PolicyArchive is a digital archive of public policy research that includes summaries and full texts, videos, reports, briefs, and multimedia material from think tank, university, government, and foundation-funded policy research. Search by topic, author, funding agency, and more.
Institute for Social and Policy Studies (Yale University) "The Institution for Social and Policy Studies advances interdisciplinary research in the social sciences that aims to shape public policy and inform democratic deliberation." ( About ISPS )
Annenberg Public Policy Center "The Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania has been the premier communication policy center in the country since its founding in 1993. By conducting and releasing research, staging conferences and hosting policy discussions, its scholars have addressed the role of communication in politics, adolescent behavior, child development, health care, civics and mental health, among other important arenas. The Center’s researchers have drafted materials that helped policy-makers, journalists, scholars, constituent groups and the general public better understand the role that media play in their lives and the life of the nation." ( About the Center )
Center for Strategic and International Studies CSIS is a bipartisan, non-profit organization focused on "defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global development and economic integration."
RAND Corporation Select the "Research" tab to find research briefs and other policy-oriented publications.
IssueLab (The Foundation Center) "Access to thousands of case studies, evaluations, white papers, and issue briefs addressing some of the world's most pressing social problems."
Google Tech Policy Center The Google Tech Policy blog contains relevant policy related materials based on technology

Strategies for effective Googling

Many fantastic public policy resources--in particular, policy briefs from think tanks, NGOs, and research institutes--can be found online. Here are a few tips for more efficient, effective Google searches:

Include the phrase "policy brief" in your search. (Keep the quotation marks around "policy brief" to find this exact phrase.)

Use a site: search. This will limit your search to a broad domain (e.g., .org sites, .edu sites, .gov sites) or to a specific website (e.g., http://www.urban.org).

If you're not sure which think tank, NGO, or agency might have issued policy papers on your topic, try a search engine that's powered by Google but limited to a select group of sites.

Think Tank Search (Harvard Kennedy School): A directory of U.S. and international think tanks, as well as a custom Google search of more than 250 think tank websites.
Intergovernmental Organization Search Engine : Searches across hundreds of IGO websites.
Non-governmental Organization Search Engine : Searches across over a thousand NGO websites.
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113 Great Research Paper Topics

General Education

One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
Should graduate students be able to form unions?

What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
How does stress affect the body?
Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
What were the causes of the Civil War?
How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
What caused Hitler's rise to power?
Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
What are the pros and cons of fracking?
What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
What have NASA's biggest successes and failures been?
How can we improve access to clean water around the world?
Does ecotourism actually have a positive impact on the environment?
Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
What can be done to save amphibian species currently at risk of extinction?
What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
How are black holes created?
Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
How will the loss of net neutrality affect internet users?
Analyze the history and progress of self-driving vehicles.
How has the use of drones changed surveillance and warfare methods?
Has social media made people more or less connected?
What progress has currently been made with artificial intelligence ?
Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
When is the best age for a child to begin owning a smartphone?
Has frequent texting reduced teen literacy rates?

How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

What's Next?

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LI, Huaqun	Haynes	Regional Economic Inequality and Foreign Direct Investment in China
LI, Qiangsheng	Haynes	Regional Dynamics and Growth Advantages of the Washington Metropolitan Economy: An Extended and Integrated Shift-Share Approach (Jan. 1997)
LIU, Yanchun	Haynes	Impacts of Telecommunications Infrastructure and Its Spillover Effects on Regional Economic Growth in China (Jan. 2009)
LOYOLA-TRUJILLO, Jose	Fuller	The Spatial Relocation of Mexico's Largest Exporting Industries: A Comparative Study of Five Metropolitan Areas (Jan. 2005)
LUNN, Maxine P.	Lipset	Community at a Crossroads - Latino Community Participation in Agenda Setting in Washington, D.C. (Aug. 1996)
MAGGIO, Mark E.	Stough	Decision-making on Controversial Transport and Enforcement Technology Applications (May 2004)
MALIK, Ammar Anees	Root	Exploring the Dynamics of Urban Development with Agent-Based Modeling: The Case of Pakistani Cities (May 2015)
MARWAH, Sanjay	Haynes	Opportunity Structures and Crime in Suburban Los Angeles (Jan. 2005)
MCCORMICK, Michael	Gifford	The Short-Term and Long-Term Effects of Passenger Hub Airport Abandonment by Legacy US Air Carriers (May 2023)
MOORE, Lewis	Stough	Weather-Related Crashes on Public Lands (Jan. 2008)
MORRIS, Andrea Y.	Fuller	Affordable Housing: A Question of Definition A Case Study on the Housing Markets of Arlington County, VA and Montgomery County, MD (May 2008)
NEIVA, Rui Quesado	Button	Economic Efficiency of Air Navigation Service Providers: An Assessment in Europe (May 2014)
PALUBINSKAS, Ginta T.	Stough	Economic Transformation: The Full Societal Transformation Thesis (Jan. 2003)
PATEL, Amit V.	Stough	Slumulation: An Integrated Simulation Framework to Explore Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Slum Formation in Ahmedabad, India (December 2012)
PENNY, Robert G.	Harrington	An Assessment of the Relative Importance of Public Sector Versus Private Sector Export Assistance in the Export Performance of Virginia Manufacturers (Aug. 1997)
PHARIS, Claudia C.	Stough	A Framework for the Application of the Tools of Complexity Science to the Analysis of Regional Growth and Development: Toward a Computational Regional Science
POOLE, Kenneth	Fuller	The Role of the Practitioner Networks in the Successful Diffusion and Implementation of Policy Innovations: Lessons from Enterprise Zone Experiences (Jan. 2000)
PRASAD, Nikhilesh	Goldstone	Modernization as a Social Process: The Case of Britain (Aug. 2009)
QIAN, Haifeng	Acs	Regional Systems of Entrepreneurship: The Nexus of Human Capital, Knowledge, and Entrepreneurial Activity (Aug. 2010)
RESTON, Russell	High	The Philippine Economy Under Ramos: A Comparative Scorecard (Jan. 2001)
SALAZAR, Maria E.	Stough	Local Economic Development in Mexico: A Comparative Study of the Methods and Goals of Local, State and Federal Economic Development Agencies (May 2007)
SALEM, Pofen	Fuller	The Internationalization of Small Business Service Firms in Metropolitan Economies: A Case Study of the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area (Aug. 2000)
SHAKIROVA, Ramziya	Hughes Hallett	The Importance of Institutional Arrangements for Development: A Study of the Relationship between Decentralized Governance and the Provision of Public Education
SHEARN, Benjamin	Rhodes	Identity Framing: How Indian Policy-Maker Identity Affects Threat Perception (May 2023)
SONG, Chunpu	Stough	The Regional Macroeconomic Effects of Public Infrastructure in China (May 2011)
SOUSA, Sonia A.	Fuller	Entrepreneurship and Initiatives in European Union Regional Competitiveness
STALEBRINK, Odd J.	Gifford	Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting in Transition: A Study of "Earnings Management" Under the Accrual and Consolidation Model (Aug. 2000)
SUTTER, Ryan C.	Stough	The Psychology of Entrepreneurship and the Technological Frontier - A Spatial Econometric Analysis of Regional Entrepreneurship in the United States (May 2010)
TIRTOSUHARTO, Darius	Stough	Regional Competitiveness in Indonesia: The Incentives of Fiscal Decentralization on Efficiency and Economic Growth (Jan. 2010)
TURNER, Sidney C.	Haynes	The Political Economy of Urban Primacy: A Reconsideration (December 2013)
UMAROV, Utkirdjan	Haynes	Modeling Lending Pressure and House Price Bubble Absorption: A Case of the United States (May 2018)
VACHAL, Kimberly J.	Button	Economic Growth of Nonmetropolitan and Agricultural Region Cities (Jan. 2005)
VEGA, Henry, L.	Button	Developing Countries and Their Airborne Export Flows of Perishable and High-Tech Goods (May 2010)
VIRGILL, Nicola	Acs	Export Processing Zones: Tools of Development or Reform Delay? (May 2009)
VU, Ha	Root	Fiscal Policy in Vietnam: Does It Spur Regional Concentration? (Jan. 2011)
WANG, Emily Xiaoxia	Stough	China As Public Venture Capitalist: Attainment and Policies (May 2006)
WATERS, Keith L.	Fuller	Firm Formation and Regional Labor Allocation (December 2018)
XIE, Qingshu	Fuller	The Dynamics of Regional Income Convergence in the U.S. 1970-2000 (May 2003)
YANG, Guang	Stough	Spatial Proximity, Functional Closeness and Regional Competitiveness (Jan. 2005)
YILMAZ, Serdar	Haynes	Regionalization of Telecommunications Investment: Is Telecommunications a Tool in Interregional Economic Competition? (Jan. 2001)
YUAN, Junyang	Button	Impacts of Traffic Congestion on Regional Production Efficiency: Cases of U.S. Urban Areas (May 2014)
ZAPATA, Ellen A.	Fuller	A Mixed Method Analysis of Foreclosure and Local Government Policy in the Washington, D.C. Area (December 2012)
ZHAO, Zuoquan	Stough	The Economic Growth of a Nation: A Spatial Perspective (Aug. 2004)
ZHOU, Xin	Gifford	Transit Oriented Development: Does It Provide a More Affordable Way of Life? Examining Transit Oriented Development's Impacts on Household Travel Decisions

Technology, Science, and Innovation


ABEL, Troy D.	Stough	Paths to New Public Policy: Civic Factors and Local Voluntary Environmental Efforts (Aug. 1998)
ADAMS, Richard C.	Kash	Culture, Policy, and Technology Innovation: U.S. and Japanese Performance in Electro/Mechanical Technologies (Aug. 1995)
ADASE, James	Hill	Cultural Divide Between Science and Diplomacy at the Department of State (Aug. 2002)
ALPERT, Sheri	Lipset	Machine Tractable Human Tissue: Policy Implications for Medical Privacy (Jan. 2001)
AU, Caterina	Stough	Diffusion and Adoption of Genetically Modified Cotton: Interaction of Agricultural Policies and Farm Households in the United States (Jan. 2010)
AUGER, Robin N.	Kash	Public-Private Collaboration in Technological Innovation: An Examination of U.S. Experiences Since World War II (May 2006)
AUGUSTINE, Charles D.	Gifford	Evaluating the Emissions Contribution of Unresolved Vehicle Inspection Failures (May 2008)
BECK, Richard T.	Mahler	Engagement: Promoting Intergroup Collaboration and Innovation in Effective Research and Development Management (Aug. 1993)
BENEDICT, Jeri	High	An Industry Study of Commercial High-Spatial-Resolution Satellite Remote Sensing (Aug. 2008)
CHENEY, David	Kash	Information Technology, Science, and Public Policy (Jan. 2008)
COHEN, Martin F.	Hart	Testing Theories of Innovation Diffusion: Analysis of Physicians’ Adoption of Electronic Health Records
COLEMAN, John J.	Tolchin	Controlling Prescription Drug Abuse By Design (May 2007)
COX, Kenneth E.	Button	Economies of Speed: Policy Implications of High Speed Technologies on the U.S. Maritime Transportation System (May 2001)
CURTIS, Michael R.	Kash	Technological Innovation and Public Private Sector Collaborations: The Case of the Advanced Turbine System Program (Jan. 2002)
DAITO, Nobuhiko	Gifford	Essays on Infrastructure Public Private Partnerships
DAVIS, Theodore J.	Hart	High-Skill Migration as a Positive-Sum Relationship for Tradable Services: The Case of India and the United States (December 2013)
DEVIRGILIO, Mark	Sibley	Balancing Information Access and Security (BIAS): Explaining Three Decades of United States Encryption Policymaking (Aug. 2005)
DIAMOND, David D.	Auerswald	Public Policies for Hybrid-Electric Vehicles: The Impact of Government Incentives on Consumer Adoption (May 2008)
DOLAN, Dana Archer	Posner	Tracing a Slow Emergency through Kingdon’s Politics Stream: How Australia’s Extreme Millennium Drought Influenced Climate Change Adaptation Governance in the 2007 Water Act (May 2017)
DUCHAK, George D.	Hill	Some Determinants of Information Technology Adoption Factors by Rural Electric Cooperatives
FABSITZ, Richard R.	Kash	Shifting Federally Funded Research Into Pasteur's Quadrant: A Case Study of the SBIR Program at NIH (May 2003)
FAROOQUE, Mahmud A.	Kash	The Evolution of Technological Forecasting and the Contemporary Policy Systems, 1935-1999 (May 2004)
FITZSIMMONS, Carolyn	Sibley	Knowledge Spillovers From Joint Government-Industry Supported Research: A Case Study from the Automotive Industry (May 2001)
GARG, Sachin	Auerswald	Essays on Big Data and Development (August 2017)
GETTMAN, Jon	Fuller	Portfolio Variance Analysis and Sustainable Rural Economic Development (May 2000)
GORMAN, Sean P.	Stough	Networks, Complexity, and Security: The Role of Policy in Critical Infrastructure Protection (May 2004)
GUTIERREZ, Juan Julio	Hart	Plant-Level Innovation Patterns in a Globalized World: A Latin American Perspective (December 2013)
HAMILTON, Robert	Perry	Foreign Science & Engineering Doctoral Attainment in American Universities (Jan. 2010)
HAN, Lianchao	Kash	The New Food Pyramid: Culture, Policy and Technology in the TransAtlantic GMO Controversy (May 2005)
HARE, Forrest B.	Sommer	The Interdependent Nature of National Cyber Security: Motivating Private Action for a Public Good (Jan. 2011)
HELFRICH, Monique V.	McNeely	Crafting Policy in the Face of Uncertainty: Managing the Risk of High-Consequence Operations (May 2018)
HENRY, Sandra M.	Fuller	An Econometric Analysis of Internet Adoption in Latin America and the Caribbean: 1996-2000 (May 2004)
HICKS, Joel	Hart	Behavioral Interventions in Energy Consumption (December 2019)
HIGGINBOTHAM, Brian	Auerswald	The Standardization of Standardization: The Search for Order in Complex Systems (August 2017)
HIRA, Ronil	Gulledge	Electronic Commerce and Manufacturing Supply Chain Integration and Management: Approaches to Improve Government Policies (Aug. 2002)
HODGE, Ronald	Listokin	Patterns of Adoption for Mobile Broadband: Its Role in the U.S. Digital Divide (May 2017)
JIN, Dengjian	Kash	Knowledge Regimes and National Competitiveness (Aug. 1998)
JONES, Boyd A.	Gulledge	Information Technology Enabled Public Sector Service Satisfaction (May 2004)
KALLAS-ZELEK, Kadri	Hart	Innovation in the Services Sector: Towards a New Typological Theory (August 2014)
KILPATRICK, Henry E.	Stough	Dynamic Increase Return to Scale, Technology Growth, Lock-in and Hysteresis: A Study of Evolutionary Growth of the Semiconductor Industry in the U.S. (Aug. 1998)
KIM, Hyun Ju (Monica)	Koizumi	Essays on Household Decision-Making and Mobile Access in Ethiopia
KIM, Sung Jae	Reinert	The Impact of Standards and Institutional Capacity on International Trade: An Examination of Food and Agricultural Products (May 2006)
KRISHNASWAMY, Suresh	Auerswald	Clouds in the Distance? Assessing the Role of Service Provisioning Decisions in Shaping Cyber Infrastructure Resilience (December 2020)
KRUEGER, Richard D.	Pfiffner	Technology Transfer and U.S. National Security Policy: The Joint Strike Fighter (Aug. 2010)
KULCHITSKY, Dmytro Roman	Lavoie	Computerization, Knowledge and Information Technology Initiatives: The Cases of Jordan and Israel (Aug. 2001)
LEE, Joshua A.	Schintler	Artificial Neural Networks in Public Policy: Towards an Analytical Framework (May 2020)
LEE, Margo M.	Mahler	Coping Strategies of Scientific Organizations (May 2003)
LI, Ning	Kash	Innovation Systems and Technology Spillovers: Economic, Geographic, and Institutional Perspectives (May 2004)
LIN, Xintong	Sibley	E-Government Implementation and Practices for Policy Goals - A Methodology and Case Studies (Aug. 2007)
LITZELMAN, Michael	Perry	Cost Effectiveness and Cost/Benefits of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Demining Programs (May 2001)
LIU, Yanchun	Haynes	Impacts of Telecommunications Infrastructure and Its Spillover Effects on Regional Economic Growth in China (Jan. 2009)
MADISON, John J.	Kash	The Scientific Elite: Enterprising Participants in Science Policy Development (Aug. 1994)
MCNAMARA, Castilla Florence	Stough	Science Policy for Biomedical Crises: Examination and Analysis of the Synoptic Strategy (Jan. 2005)
MCQUADE, Samuel C., III	Sibley	Cops Versus Crooks: Technological Competition and Complexity in the Co-Evolution of Information Technologies and Money Laundering (Aug. 2001)
MORAR, David	Listokin	Analyzing the Relationship Between Communities of Practice and Institutional Structure in Multistakeholder Frameworks. A Case Study in Internet Governance (August 2018)
MOHD AMIN, Fatima	Hill	Innovation in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Malaysian Information Technology (IT) Industry (May 2001)
MUSTAFA, Shahid S.	Sibley	Factors that Explain Internet Growth in Africa: An Empirical Model (Jan. 2002)
NOVAK, Justin M.	Hart	Use of Knowledge Commons in Open Innovation Systems: The Case of Free and Open Source Software
OLSON, Warren	Kash	Urban Information Systems Technology: Tools and Policy Implications for the Military and Law Enforcement in the 21st Century (Jan. 2001)
PANDIT, Nitin S.	Haynes	Policy Design For Retail Electric Institutions: Artificial Intelligence Representations for a Common Property Resource Approach (Jan. 1999)
PARAJULI, Jitendra	Haynes	Broadband Internet in the U.S. (May 2013)
PARFOMAK, Elizabeth C.	Stough	Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Socioeconomic Characteristics and Landowner Acceptance of Carbon Sequestration Sites (December 2012)
PATEL, Amit V.	Stough	Slumulation: An Integrated Simulation Framework to Explore Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Slum Formation in Ahmedabad, India (December 2012)
PHARIS, Claudia C.	Stough	A Framework for the Application of the Tools of Complexity Science to the Analysis of Regional Growth and Development: Toward a Computational Regional Science
POMMERENING, Christine	Tolchin	The Development of Governance Structures For the Internet. Principles and Practices in the Case of the Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) (Jan. 2004)
SARKISSIAN, Alfred	Hart	Essays on the Drug Discovery Innovation System (December 2017)
SCHALLER, Robert R.	Kash	Technological Innovation in the Semiconductor Industry: A Case Study of the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) (May 2004)
SKLAREW, Jennifer	Hart	Shock to the System: How Catastrophic Events and Institutional Relationships Impact Japanese Energy Policymaking, Resilience, and Innovation
STABILE, Bonnie B.	Tolchin	Balancing Morality and Economy: The Case of State Human Cloning Policies (May 2006)
STANFORD, Virgil Ian	LaPorte	Rooftop Revolution? The Comparative Effectiveness of State Incentives for Solar Photovoltaic Adoption in the Residential Sector
SULLIVAN, Ellen	McNeely	The Webmaster's Tale: Joining the EU Information Society (Aug. 2005)
TIAN, Fangmeng	Hart	Emigration of Chinese Scientists and its Impacts on National Research Performance from a Sending Country Perspective
THOMAS, Kevin	Addleson	Resistance to Wireless Telecommunication Antenna Siting: A Comparative Case Study of Regulatory Policy (Jan. 2008)
TINGLE, Anthony L.	Hart	Essays on the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs
TUCKER, Jonathan C.	Hill	An Analysis of Industry Support for the NSF's Engineering Research Centers (May 2003)
VALENTINE, Patrick F.	Heclo	Equality and Efficiency: Telecommunications Policy and Conflicting American Principles (Jan. 1997)
WILLIAMS, Rhys M.	Kash	The Exchange of Knowledge During Federal Laboratory/Industry Commercial Innovation: Toward New Federal Public Policy Framework (Aug. 1999)
WILSON, Clay, III	Stough	Protection of Rights in Intellectual Property: How Will Public Policy Control Copyright Piracy in the Age of the Internet? (May 2001)
ZANGARDI, John A.	LaPorte	Regulation of Internet Top Level Domain Names (Jan. 2005)
ZELNIO, Ryan	Hart	A Complexity Approach to Evaluating National Scientific Systems through International Scientific Collaborations (May 2013)


ABDUKADIROV, Sherzod A.	Goldstone	Emergence of Political Parties during Democratic Transitions: An Agent-based Approach (May 2011)
AFAQI, Jamil	Wedel	The Effect of Culture on the Workings of Bureaucracy: A Comparison of the U.S. and Pakistani Audit Bureaucracies (May 2015)
ALLEN, Benjamin L.	Fukuyama	Consumption Taxation of Electronic Commerce: A Comparison of United States (US) and European Union (EU) Policies, 1997 to 2000 (May 2002)
AL-SALLOUM, Tariq M.	Haynes	Policy Choices In Developing Countries: The Case Of Privatization in Saudi Arabia (May 1999)
AMES, Fred Lewis	Addleson	The Drive to Improve Performance in the Federal Government: A Longitudinal Case Study of Managing for Results (May 2015)
ARNOLD, Aaron M.	Acs	An Organizational Approach to Entrepreneurship in the Federal Sector (May 2014)
ASLAM, Ghazia	High	Dictatorship As a Bargaining Process: The Case Of Pakistan (Jan. 2011)
BAILEY, Marshall H., III	Stough	Public Administration Efficiency Through Total Quality Management (May 1993)
BAKER, Paul M.A.	Harrington	Local Government Internet Sites as Public Policy Innovations (Aug. 1997)
BARTON, Richard A.	Pfiffner	Postal Reorganization Legislation: Comparative Case Studies of the Legislative Process (May 2010)
BROOK, Douglas A.	Pfiffner	Business Style Financial Statements Under the CFO Act: An Examination of Audit Opinions (May 2001)
BYBEE, Ashley-Louise N.	Goldstone	Narco State or Failed State? Politics and Narcotics in Guinea-Bissau
CERENZIA, Julia A.	Listokin	Professionalism and Self-Regulatory Standards: Responsiveness of Medical Licensure and Certification (May 2014)
CHAPMAN, Lynn	Haynes	The Effects of Monetary Policy on U.S. Regional Employment 1999-2004 (May 2009)
CHECHERITA, Cristina	Hughes Hallett	A Macroeconomic Analysis of Investment Under Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and Its Policy Implications - the Case of Developing Countries (Jan. 2010)
CHOI, Yon Jung	McNeely	Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a World Cultural Norm?: A Comprehensive Analysis of Global CSR Governance (May 2017)
CHOKPRAJAKCHAT, Srisombat	Tolchin	Thailand's Agenda Setting Process: The Foundation of the Special Investigation Department Using the FBI (Jan. 2004)
CHUDY, John P.	White	Political Management and Economic Policy Reform: An Exploration of Structural Adjustment Experience (May 1992)
COBIN, John	Ellig	Building Regulation, Market Alternatives and Allodial Policy (Aug. 1996)
COLE, Benjamin R.	Goldstone	Re-conceptualizing Democracy: Harnessing Social Complexity at the State-Society Interface (May 2011)
COLEMAN, David W.	Perry	The U.S. Public Sector and its Adoption of Service Oriented Technology (December 2012)
COLEMAN, John J.	Tolchin	Controlling Prescription Drug Abuse By Design (May 2007)
CUDA, Daniel L.	High	Depot Maintenance, and Businesslike Reform of the Department of Defense (Jan. 2011)
CZARDA, Lawrence D.	Stough	The Productive Efficiency of Metropolitan County Government: Analysis of the Impact of Government Structure (Aug. 1997)
DEFRANK, Anthony J.	Scimecca	The Path to Firearms Control: Understanding Government Regulation at the End of the 20th Century (May 2002)
DEWAL, Snigdha	Root	Governance and Political Entrepreneurship in India: Case Studies of Gujarat and Bihar
DOLAN, Dana Archer	Posner	Tracing a Slow Emergency through Kingdon’s Politics Stream: How Australia’s Extreme Millennium Drought Influenced Climate Change Adaptation Governance in the 2007 Water Act (May 2017)
DONNELLY, Daniel K.	Mahler	The Effect of Met Expectation on Organizational Commitment (Aug. 1996)
DUNCAN, Robert A.	Conlan	In Case of Emergency... Coordination of Emergency Management at the Local Level (Aug. 1995)
FANDL, Kevin J.	Goldstone	Beyond the Invisible: The Impact of Trade Liberalization and Formalization on Small Businesses in Colombia (May 2010)
FARR, DeAnn J.	Armor	Interstate Equity in Health Policy (Aug. 2004)
FLETCHER, Charles V.	Armor	Politics and Military Base Closures (Aug. 2006)
FRASER, Ronald R.	White	Policy Subsystems and the Idea Whose Time Has Come (Jan. 1997)
GORDON IV, John	Pfiffner	The Quadrennial Defense Review: Analyzing the Major Defense Review Process (May 2005)
GORY, Duane	Pfiffner	State Control Over NGOs That Are Not Financially Dependent On The State (Aug. 2008)
HARTKE, Jason	Pfiffner	The Environmental Presidency: Explaining Environmental Policy by Direct Action (May 2009)
HEARNE, Sheila M.	Regan	Medical Records: The Role of Advocacy Coalitions in Policy Change (Jan. 2003)
HOFFMAN, Linda E.	Armor	Collaborating Virginia Welfare and Workforce Services (May 2007)
HOLLEY JR, William T.	Fuller	Assessing the Impact of Prison Siting on Rural Economic Development (Jan. 2009)
HOUGH, Paul G.	Gulledge	Reforming the Planning, Programming, and Budgeting System in the Department of Defense: A Study of Budget Process and Rules (May 1994)
JUSTUS, Adam R.	Mayer	Is Your Public Housing RAD? Public Housing Authority Capacity Building and Decision Making (December 2020)
KAZMI, Hina	Schintler	Government Contracts and the Organization of Firms (August 2016)
KAY, Ward R.	Mayer	Where's the "Public" in Public Policy: Skewed Democratic Pluralism vs. Nuanced Public Opinion in Attitudes toward Unauthorized Immigrants (May 2010)
KECKLER, Charles	Rozell	The Functional and Constitutional Consequences of Independent Commission Structure (December 2021)
KRISHNASWAMY, Suresh	Auerswald	Clouds in the Distance? Assessing the Role of Service Provisioning Decisions in Shaping Cyber Infrastructure Resilience
KRUEGER, Richard D.	Pfiffner	Technology Transfer and U.S. National Security Policy: The Joint Strike Fighter (Aug. 2010)
KWON, Chang	McNeely	Fiscal Policy, Transparency, and Subjective Well-Being (December 2020)
LE FAVOUR, John W.	Tolchin	Examination of the Influence of TRICARE Implementation on Ambulatory Health Care Utilization (Jan. 2003)
LE RENARD, Callie	Dinan	External Actors and National Preference Formation: European Energy Security Policy and Relations with Russia (December 2013)
LITTON, Eric	Marvel	How Do Framed Messages Affect Budget Recommendations? An Experiment in Federal Government Budgeting (May 2017)
MAAS, Gerard C., Jr.	Stough	Federal Workforce Restructuring: Agency Responses to External Pressures (Jan. 2004)
MAGNESS, Phillip	High	From Tariffs to the Income Tax: Trade Protection and Revenue in the United States (Jan. 2010)
MASTAL, Margaret F.	Mahler	Governance in American Health Care Organizations: 1984-1993 Elements and Patterns (Jan. 1997)
MAY, Kyle P.	Hart	Internet Disseminated Medical Information: An Investigation of Three Regulatory Policy Tools (Jan. 2009)
MCCREESH, Patrick J.	Listokin	The Factors Contributing to Agency-Level Budgetary Patterns in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
MEDLOCK, Kathleen V.	Pfiffner	A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Department of Defense Reorganization Act on American Officership (Aug. 1993)
MCGOVERN, Tara A.	Shelley	New Armed Groups in Colombia: The Emergence of the Bacrim in the 21st Century
MICHAEL, George J.	Fukuyama	The U.S. Response to Domestic Right Wing Terrorism and Extremism: A Government and NGO Partnership (Jan. 2002)
MORAR, David	Listokin	Analyzing the Relationship Between Communities of Practice and Institutional Structure in Multistakeholder Frameworks. A Case Study in Internet Governance (August 2018)
MUTONE-SMITH, Danielle Marie	Tolchin	Food Aid Reform: The Basis for an NGO Led Reform Process
O’LAUGHLIN, Johanna C.	Goldstone	Aging in America: Exploring the Long-Term Care Puzzle and Barriers to Private Insurance Coverage (May 2018)
PETRIE, Ann	Mahler	Human Services Coalition: A Theory of Governance (May 2000)
POMMERENING, Christine	Tolchin	The Development of Governance Structures For the Internet. Principles and Practices in the Case of the Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) (Jan. 2004)
RANVILLE, Michelle	Rudder	The Effectiveness of Due Process Requirements in Public and Private Standard-Setting (August 2014)
RIGGLE, James	Conlan	The Future of American Federalism: Modeling State Politics and Policy (Aug. 2002)
ROGERS, Modestine	N Hart-Nibbrig	The Effects of Judicial Intervention on the Development of Deinstitutionalization Policy for Persons with Mental Disabilities (May 1993)
ROUGH, Jill A.	Mayer	Is the Abrams Doctrine Valid?: Exploring the Impact of Army National Guard Mobilization on Public Support for the War on Terror (Jan. 2011)
RUSTICI, Thomas C.	High	The Economic Effects of the Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930 and the Beginning of the Great Depression (May 2005)
SAGER, Michelle	Conlan	Cooperation Without Borders: Federalism and International Trade (May 1999)
SALEEM, Raja Muhammad Ali	Goldstone	Effect of Islam's Role in State Nationalism on the Islamization of Government: Case Studies of Turkey and Pakistan
SAMUDA, Karelle A.Y.	Goldstone	The Political Economy of the Constituency Development Fund in Kenya and Jamaica (May 2018)
SCHUM, Richard M.	Sibley	A Study in Direct Democracy: The Citizen Initiative & the Determinants of Voter Behavior (Jan. 2009)
SHAKIROVA, Ramziya	Hughes Hallett	The Importance of Institutional Arrangements for Development: A Study of the Relationship between Decentralized Governance and the Provision of Public Education
SHOCKLEY, Gordon	Stough	The Function of Policy Entrepreneurship in American Politics: The Return of Stability to Federal Arts Policy (Aug. 2005)
SHOEMAKER, Melissa	Wedel	A House Divided: Evolution of EU Asylum Policy After The Bosnian War (May 2009)
SOKOLOWSKI, Eugene	Fauntroy	The Transitional Component of the African-American Electorate in the 2004 Presidential Election: Issue Orientation and the Voting Decision (May 2009)
STEVENS-THOMPSON, Yolanda	Perry	Analysis of the Eligibility Determination Methods for Medicaid's Aged and Disabled Waiver (Aug. 2005)
SUNDERBRUCH, Jude	Pfiffner	An Assessment of Neofunctionalist Spillover in Security Structures of the Post-Cold War European Union (Aug. 2008)
SZYMALAK, Jim	Pfiffner	Expanding the Obligation to Accommodate Public Employee Religious Free Expression and its Effects on Bureaucratic Accountability
TALKINGTON, Scott W.	Lipset	The Influence of Political Values and Campaign Spending in 1996 Congressional Elections (May 1998)
TRAMPE, Paul	Mayer	The Effects on Work Effort of the Simultaneous Phase-Down of Multiple Assistance Programs (Aug. 2008)
VANCE, Walter K.	Pfiffner	Financial Management Information Produced as a Result of the CFO Act and Its Use by Federal Government Agencies, the OMB and Congress (May 2003)
VENERI, Michael C.	Pfiffner	The Goldwater-Nichols Act and the Joint Duty Promotion Requirement: An Analysis of the U.S. Military's Implementation of a Congressional Mandate (May 2004)
VIRGILL, Nicola	Acs	Export Processing Zones: Tools of Development or Reform Delay? (May 2009)
VLAICU, Sorina O.	McNeely	Patient Rights versus Managed Care: A Policy Formulation Model (Aug. 2003)
VOLPE, Michael	Goldstone	Frame Resonance and Failure in the Thai Red Shirts and Yellow Shirts Movements
WAHAB, Bilal, A.	Shelley	Oil Federalism in Iraq: Resource Curse, Patronage Networks, and Stability. Case Studies of Baghdad, Kurdistan, and the Advent of ISIS (May 2015)
WALKER, Laura M.	Rozell	Religious-Based Decisions in Federal Appellate Courts: The Influence of Jurisdictional Characteristics and Judicial Attributes on Voting (December 2012)
WALTERS, Julie	McNeely	Assisted Living Regulation in the United States: Institutional Responses to a New Industry (Aug. 2005)
WEISSBURG, Paul	Rudder	Shifting Alliances in the Accreditation of Higher Education: On the Long-Term Consequences of Delegation of Government Authority to Self-Regulatory Organizations (Jan. 2009)
WILLIAMS, Rhys M.	Kash	The Exchange of Knowledge During Federal Laboratory/Industry Commercial Innovation: Toward New Federal Public Policy Framework (Aug. 1999)
WILSON, Aleta M.	Stough	Federal Procurement Policy: Effect on Minority Owned Businesses (May 2001)
WILSON, Brian Z.	Goldstone	Foreign Aid and Governance in a Complex Adaptive System (August 2020)
ZANGARDI, John A.	LaPorte	Regulation of Internet Top Level Domain Names (Jan. 2005)

Culture and Society


ADAMS, Richard C.	Kash	Culture, Policy, and Technology Innovation: U.S. and Japanese Performance in Electro/Mechanical Technologies (Aug. 1995)
AFAQI, Jamil	Wedel	The Effect of Culture on the Workings of Bureaucracy: A Comparison of the U.S. and Pakistani Audit Bureaucracies (May 2015)
AGWARA, Hezekiah O.	Goldstone	Legacies of the Past: Coinciding Inequalities, Trust, and Entrepreneurial Capabilities of Nations (May 2012)
AL-FAHAD, Mohammad Y.	McNeely	Bridging the Global Digital Divide: Internet Diffusion in Muslim Countries (Jan. 2004)
ARIEIRA, Carlos	Haynes	Human Capital and Social Capital within Brazilian Families (Jan. 2000)
AUD, Susan L.	Armor	Competition and Efficiency Effects of Charter Schools (May 2002)
BALASURIYA, Kanishka	Root	How Decentralization Matters to Conflict: Devising a Generalizable Framework
BRAGG, Michelle L.	Fuller	Social Fathering Among African American Men and the Impact on Child and Family Outcomes (Jan. 2004)
BRYANT, Victoria	Slavov	The Outbreak of a Tax Break: Essays on the Participation and Impact of the Saver's Credit Across Time and Distance (May 2020)
CHAMPAGNE, Maurice B.	Fuller	Interest Groups and Ideas: The Battle over Housing Finance in the Run-up to the Financial Crisis (May 2015)
CHOI, Yon Jung	McNeely	Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as a World Cultural Norm?: A Comprehensive Analysis of Global CSR Governance (May 2017)
COTTER, Joseph D.	Clark	Keeping the Faith: An Analysis of Ideological Continuity in the FSLN's Revolutionary Leadership in Transition to Revolutionary Rulership in Nicaragua (May 1993)
CUARTAS, Beatriz	Reinert	Essays on Well-being and Quality of Life in Latin America
DAS GUPTA, Debasree	Stough	Addressing High Fertility and Low Women's Work Participation: An Empirical Reflection on India (December 2013)
DINC, Mustafa	Haynes	The Dynamics of Efficiency in the State Higher Education Systems in the U.S. 1974-1994 (May 1999)
DO, Soo Gwan	Acs	Does Social Capital Matter? The Impacts of Social Capital on Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth in the Knowledge Economy (Jan. 2010)
DONAHUE, Patricia F.	McNeely	We, The Community: A Study of Participation, Community and Public Policy (December 2013)
DONNELLY, Daniel K.	Mahler	The Effect of Met Expectation on Organizational Commitment (Aug. 1996)
DUNLAP, Katrina Hubbard	Schintler	Linking Public Trust in Government with Federal Disaster Relief Aid: A Case Study of Hurricane-Prone Gulf Coast Residents (August 2022)
ELROD, Catherine Schrader	Perry	Individuals with Chronic and/or Disabling Conditions: Determinants of Utilization of Physical Rehabilitation Services (May 2005)
GOODLOE, John M.	Lavoie	Money, Democracy, and the Southern Tradition (May 2001)
GUTH, Andrew	Shelley	The Corruption-Clientelism Relationship: Social Bonds and Debts Obligations (August 2019)
KWON, Chang	McNeely	Fiscal Policy, Transparency, and Subjective Well-Being (December 2020)
HANCOCK, John A.	Pfiffner	Officer Performance: Do the Service Academies Make a Difference? An Examination of the U.S. Navy (May 1999)
HASHEMI, Layla	Shelley	Dynamics of Contention: Protest and Resistance in Authoritarian Contexts (May 2020)
HIMATHONGKAM, Tinapa	Koizumi	Grocery Shopping Destination Choice and Obesity: an Empirical Study of Urban Population in Bangkok, Thailand
HOFFMAN, Linda E.	Armor	Collaborating Virginia Welfare and Workforce Services (May 2007)
HUSSAIN, Nazia	Shelley	Tracing Order in Seeming Chaos: Understanding the Informal and Violent Political Order of Karachi
IQBAL, Mufeeza	Reinert	Poverty, Basic Needs, and Political Violence: Insights into the Social Context of Terrorism from Pakistan's Northwestern Tribal Areas (August 2020)
ISTRATE, Emilia C.	Stough	Small Businesses, Institutions, and the Informal Economy (May 2012)
KAY, Ward R.	Mayer	Where's the "Public" in Public Policy: Skewed Democratic Pluralism vs. Nuanced Public Opinion in Attitudes toward Unauthorized Immigrants (May 2010)
KELLER, Bradford M.	Fuller	Higher Education and Employment: An Examination of How Support for Higher Education Can Improve Long-Term Economic Performance (May 2010)
KHAN, Muhammad Salar	Hart and Olds	Absorptive Capacity and Economic Growth: How Does Absorptive Capacity Affect Economic Growth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? (August 2022)
KING, Marva E.	McNeely	Collaboration Program Effectiveness: Comparing Two Community Partnership Programs (December 2012)
KUILER, Erik W.	McNeely	The Search for Eudaimonia: An Analysis of International Development, Migration, and Gender Equality (May 2007)
LAVENDER, Wayne	Rozell	Worldview and Public Policy: From American Exceptionalism to American Empire (Jan. 2010)
LINDSEY, Bruce	Armor	The Effect of Computers on the Mathematics Achievement of American 8th Grade Students (Aug. 2005)
LITZELMAN, Michael	Perry	Cost Effectiveness and Cost/Benefits of the Ethiopian and Eritrean Demining Programs (May 2001)
LUNN, Maxine P.	Lipset	Community at a Crossroads - Latino Community Participation in Agenda Setting in Washington, D.C. (Aug. 1996)
MARSTON, Kayyonne	Shelley	In Pursuit of Illicit Goals: Structure, Dynamics, and Collapse of Crime Facilitating Networks in Jamaica (August 2016)
MAXWELL, Sarah P.	Armor	The Changing Nature of the Feminist Movement (May 2004)
NAREL, James L.	Avruch/ Pfiffner	Humanitarian and Military Organizational Cultures and the Challenges of Contemporary Complex Emergencies (May 2007)
O’LAUGHLIN, Johanna C.	Goldstone	Aging in America: Exploring the Long-Term Care Puzzle and Barriers to Private Insurance Coverage (May 2018)
PARK, Eun Jung	Armor	Explaining Achievement Disparities between the United States and South Korea (May 2013)
PARFOMAK, Elizabeth C.	Stough	Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Socioeconomic Characteristics and Landowner Acceptance of Carbon Sequestration Sites (December 2012)
PEDLIKIN, Philip S.	Mayer	The Closure of Institutions for the Intellectually Disabled: How Depopulation Impacts Programs and Spending (December 2020)
PETERS, Lutheria N.	Schintler	The Positionality of Race in Graduate and Professional School Admissions: A Theoretical Lens and Empirical Contribution for Race Conscious and Race Neutral Policies (December 2018)
POOL, Amy C.	Lipset	The Path to Power: The Evolution of Rights Discourse in the Twentieth Century United States (Aug. 1996)
PRASAD, Nikhilesh	Goldstone	Modernization as a Social Process: The Case of Britain (Aug. 2009)
RAY, Marcella Ridlen	Lipset	Out of the Shadows: An Empirical Analysis of How Civil Society in the U.S. Changed During the 20th Century (May 2000)
ROGERS, Modestine	N Hart-Nibbrig	The Effects of Judicial Intervention on the Development of Deinstitutionalization Policy for Persons with Mental Disabilities (May 1993)
SALEEM, Raja Muhammad Ali	Goldstone	Effect of Islam's Role in State Nationalism on the Islamization of Government: Case Studies of Turkey and Pakistan
SIDDIQUE, Abu Bakkar	Koizumi	Three Essays on Tax Behavior, Public Goods Provisions, and Income Poverty (August 2022)
SOKOLOWSKI, Eugene	Fauntroy	The Transitional Component of the African-American Electorate in the 2004 Presidential Election: Issue Orientation and the Voting Decision (May 2009)
SPENGLER, Arthur W.	Stough	Why Local Government Employees Choose to Bargain Collectively: The Role of Collective Voice in the Competition For Budget Resources in An Era of Fiscal Discontent (May 1998)
STEVENS-THOMPSON, Yolanda	Perry	Analysis of the Eligibility Determination Methods for Medicaid's Aged and Disabled Waiver (Aug. 2005)
SULLIVAN, Ellen	McNeely	The Webmaster's Tale: Joining the EU Information Society (Aug. 2005)
SZYMALAK, Jim	Pfiffner	Expanding the Obligation to Accommodate Public Employee Religious Free Expression and its Effects on Bureaucratic Accountability
TALKINGTON, Scott W.	Lipset	The Influence of Political Values and Campaign Spending in 1996 Congressional Elections (May 1998)
THIBAULT, Marc A.	Perry	A Multivariate Analysis of US Coast Guard Enlistment Propensity (Aug. 2004)
THOMAS, William C.	Tolchin	Cultural Transformation in the U.S. Air Force (Jan. 2003)
TRAMPE, Paul	Mayer	The Effects on Work Effort of the Simultaneous Phase-Down of Multiple Assistance Programs (Aug. 2008)
TRANG, Nga T.	Armor	Building Social Capital through Girl Scouts (Aug. 2004)
UNDERHILL, Jack A.	N Hart-Nibbrig	Putting the Pieces Together: An Integrated Approach to Moving Poor Mothers from Poverty to Independence (Aug. 1994)
VALENTINE, Patrick F.	Heclo	Equality and Efficiency: Telecommunications Policy and Conflicting American Principles (Jan. 1997)
VOLPE, Michael	Goldstone	Frame Resonance and Failure in the Thai Red Shirts and Yellow Shirts Movements
WANG, Yiying Elle	Goldstone	West African Merchants in Yiwu City, China: Immigrant Identities and Chinese Immigration Policies (December 2018)
WARFIELD, Wallace	Lipset	Politics, Parties, and Conflict Resolution: The Role of Urban Politics in the Management and Resolution of Community Conflict (Jan. 2001)
WILLIAMS, Michael B.	Armor	Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Military Leadership: A Feasibility Analysis of the Military Leadership Diversity Commission’s Service Academy Accession Recommendations (December 2013)
ZANGARDI, John A.	LaPorte	Regulation of Internet Top Level Domain Names (Jan. 2005)
ZHANG, Ting	Schintler	It's Never Too Late: Elderly Entrepreneurship in the Aging Economy (Jan. 2008)

Organizational and Information Technology


AMES, Fred Lewis	Addleson	The Drive to Improve Performance in the Federal Government: A Longitudinal Case Study of Managing for Results (May 2015)
APPLE, Kristen	Stough	Should Business Methods be Patentable? Understanding the Impact on Society of Business Methods Patents (December 2013)
BAHARMAST, Al	Sommer	A Decision Framework for the Adoption of Business Process Collaboration in Supply Networks (Jan. 2005)
BODILLY, Susan J.	Mahler	Organizational Factors That Affect School Reform: Analysis of High School Attempts to Integrate Academic and Vocational Education (Jan. 1993)
BORDEAUX, John M.	Fukuyama	Self-Organized Air Tasking: Examining a Non-Hierarchical Model for Joint Air Operations (Jan. 2003)
COGHLAN, Thomas K.	Pfiffner	Intelligence Community (IC) Performance Management: Did the Director of National Intelligence’s (DNI) 2007 IC Policy Directive 651 on Performance Management Achieve its Policy Objectives?
COLEMAN, David W.	Perry	The U.S. Public Sector and its Adoption of Service Oriented Technology (December 2012)
DECHANT, Jason A.	Pfiffner	Catalyzing Change in Complex Organizations: The Department of Defense Office of Force Transformation (May 2013)
DUCHAK, George D.	Hill	Some Determinants of Information Technology Adoption Factors by Rural Electric Cooperatives
EMMONS, Elinor K.	Gulledge	Public Policy Implications From Private Sector Enterprise Integration (May 2001)
FLACH, Helen R.	Mahler	Influence of the Organizational Culture in Implementing Radical Mission Change in an Agency: The U.S. Soil Conservation Service, 1985-1995 (May 1997)
FRYE, Douglas W.	Gulledge	E-Procurement in the Private and Public Sectors (May 2004)
GERMAN, Keith H.	Goldstone	Interagency Interaction: Exploring the Facilitators & Inhibitors of Interagency Interaction in the US National Security System (May 2015)
HARE, Forrest B.	Sommer	The Interdependent Nature of National Cyber Security: Motivating Private Action for a Public Good (Jan. 2011)
HENNESSEY, J. Thomas, Jr.	Pfiffner	Organizational Culture and the "Reinvention of Government" (Jan. 1997)
HIRA, Ronil	Gulledge	Electronic Commerce and Manufacturing Supply Chain Integration and Management: Approaches to Improve Government Policies (Aug. 2002)
HU, Yinyue	Schintler	The Adoption of Electronic Medical Records by US Hospitals: An Exploration of Network Methods and Models
JONES, Boyd A.	Gulledge	Information Technology Enabled Public Sector Service Satisfaction (May 2004)
KARADEMIR, Kutluer	Goldstone	Democratic Policing and Organizational Learning in UN Police Missions: A Mixed-Methods Study (December 2012)
KAZMI, Hina	Schintler	Government Contracts and the Organization of Firms (August 2016)
KING, Marva E.	McNeely	Collaboration Program Effectiveness: Comparing Two Community Partnership Programs (December 2012)
KULIG, Nancy Lynn	Mahler	The Archetype Model of Leadership (May 1997)
LASSELLE, Alexis R.	Pfiffner	Legislating “Military Entitlements": A Challenge to the Congressional Abdication Thesis
LAWRENCE, James A.	Armor	Growing Earnings Inequality in U.S. Metro Regions (1990 to 2004): The Role of the Financial Services and Information Technology Industries (December 2013)
LITTON, Eric	Marvel	How Do Framed Messages Affect Budget Recommendations? An Experiment in Federal Government Budgeting (May 2017)
MARSTON, Kayyonne	Shelley	In Pursuit of Illicit Goals: Structure, Dynamics, and Collapse of Crime Facilitating Networks in Jamaica (August 2016)
MCCREESH, Patrick J.	Listokin	The Factors Contributing to Agency-Level Budgetary Patterns in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
MCQUADE, Samuel C., III	Sibley	Cops Versus Crooks: Technological Competition and Complexity in the Co-Evolution of Information Technologies and Money Laundering (Aug. 2001)
O'NEIL, Sean	Addleson	The Formation of Collaborative Inter-Organizational Networks (May 2009)
PARAJULI, Jitendra	Haynes	Broadband Internet in the U.S. (May 2013)
PERINO, George H., Jr.	Gulledge	Complexity: A Cognitive Barrier to Defense Systems Acquisition Management (May 2000)
PRICE, James E.	White/Cole	An Investigation of the Relationship Between Perceived Leadership and Managerial Effectiveness in Matrix Organizations (Aug. 1993)
SCAPPINI, Karla L.	Addleson	Organizing for Aid Effectiveness: A Multi-Case Study of U.S. Foreign Aid Delivery Models (December 2013)
SZYMALAK, Jim	Pfiffner	Expanding the Obligation to Accommodate Public Employee Religious Free Expression and its Effects on Bureaucratic Accountability
WILLIAMS, Michael B.	Armor	Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Military Leadership: A Feasibility Analysis of the Military Leadership Diversity Commission’s Service Academy Accession Recommendations (December 2013)

Global and International Systems


ABDUKADIROV, Sherzod A.	Goldstone	Emergence of Political Parties during Democratic Transitions: An Agent-based Approach (May 2011)
ADAMS, Richard C.	Kash	Culture, Policy, and Technology Innovation: U.S. and Japanese Performance in Electro/Mechanical Technologies (Aug. 1995)
AGARWAL, Vertica	Reinert	The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Income Inequality: A Study of India (May 2007)
AGWARA, Hezekiah O.	Goldstone	Legacies of the Past: Coinciding Inequalities, Trust, and Entrepreneurial Capabilities of Nations (May 2012)
AL-NSOUR, Maen F.	Stough	Economic Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma: The Case of Israel and the Arab States (Aug. 1998)
AL-SALLOUM, Tariq M.	Haynes	Policy Choices In Developing Countries: The Case Of Privatization in Saudi Arabia (May 1999)
ASLAM, Ghazia	High	Dictatorship As a Bargaining Process: The Case Of Pakistan (Jan. 2011)
AU, Caterina	Stough	Diffusion and Adoption of Genetically Modified Cotton: Interaction of Agricultural Policies and Farm Households in the United States (Jan. 2010)
BALASURIYA, Kanishka	Root	How Decentralization Matters to Conflict: Devising a Generalizable Framework
BANERJEE, Pritam	Reinert	Trade in Professional Services and Technical Barriers to Trade in India's Preferential Trade Agreements (May 2013)
BEVERINOTTI, Javier H.	Hughes Hallett	Domestic Costs of Default: Financial Interactions and Policy Implications (December 2012)
BOARDMAN, Mary C.	Acs	Development Assistance and Counterinsurgency: Understanding Philanthropy and Charity Within a Clear-Hold-Build Strategy (May 2014)
BOLAÑOS FLETES, Lisardo Armando	Hughes Hallett	Choosing Trade Partners to Avoid Falling Behind (August 2019)
BOOPPANON, Sarasin	Reinert	The Effects of Bilateral and Regional Investment Agreements on the FDI Inflows into ASEAN Countries (Jan. 2008)
BYBEE, Ashley-Louise N.	Goldstone	Narco State or Failed State? Politics and Narcotics in Guinea-Bissau
CALHOUN, Todd R.	High	An Investigation into the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Freedom in Host Countries (May 2006)
CENGIZ, Mahmut	Shelley	The Globalization of Turkish Organized Crime and the Policy Response (Jan. 2011)
CHONG, Dae In	Root	Undervaluation, Political Economy, and Development (December 2018)
COLE, Benjamin R.	Goldstone	Re-conceptualizing Democracy: Harnessing Social Complexity at the State-Society Interface (May 2011)
CROMER, Gia C.	Goldstone	Transitioning Education in Emergencies in Africa
CUARTAS, Beatriz	Reinert	Essays on Well-being and Quality of Life in Latin America
DAS GUPTA, Debasree	Stough	Addressing High Fertility and Low Women's Work Participation: An Empirical Reflection on India (December 2013)
DAVIS, Theodore J.	Hart	High-Skill Migration as a Positive-Sum Relationship for Tradable Services: The Case of India and the United States (December 2013)
DEWAL, Snigdha	Root	Governance and Political Entrepreneurship in India: Case Studies of Gujarat and Bihar
ENGSTROM, Jeffrey	Wan	Patterns of Military Coercion: China and Taiwan, 1949-1958 (May 2020)
ESSIS, Jean-Mathieu	Clements	State Preferences in Multilateral Nuclear Non-Proliferation Policy Making: An Empirical Analysis of the 1995 N.P.T. Review and Extension Conference (Aug. 1997)
FANDL, Kevin J.	Goldstone	Beyond the Invisible: The Impact of Trade Liberalization and Formalization on Small Businesses in Colombia (May 2010)
FASEHUN, Simisola	Goldstone	Impact of Humanitarian Aid on Facilitating Corruption: A Look at Nations in Central America and the Caribbean (August 2021)
FERNANDES, Benjamin J.	Goldstone	Impact of Foreign Military Education and Training on Coups (May 2020)
FONTANEZ, Paul J.	Fuller	Determinants of Kyrgyz Economic Growth
GOEPNER, Erik	Thrall	Hurt People Hurt People: Trauma, the State, and Civil War (December 2018)
GOPALAN, Sasidaran	Rajan	Monetary and Financial Implications of Foreign Bank Entry in Emerging and Developing Economies (August 2014)
GORY, Duane	Pfiffner	State Control Over NGOs That Are Not Financially Dependent On The State (Aug. 2008)
GUTH, Andrew	Shelley	The Corruption-Clientelism Relationship: Social Bonds and Debts Obligations (August 2019)
HANNA, Mitri	White	Perspectives on Decision Making: The Third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference, 1973-1982 (Aug. 1995)
HARTMAN, Anna	Dinan	Out of the Shadows: EU Security Strategies and the Emergence of Intelligence Sharing (December 2022)
HASHEMI, Layla	Shelley	Dynamics of Contention: Protest and Resistance in Authoritarian Contexts (May 2020)
HUSSAIN, Nazia	Shelley	Tracing Order in Seeming Chaos: Understanding the Informal and Violent Political Order of Karachi
IQBAL, Mufeeza	Reinert	Poverty, Basic Needs, and Political Violence: Insights into the Social Context of Terrorism from Pakistan's Northwestern Tribal Areas (August 2020)
KARADEMIR, Kutluer	Goldstone	Democratic Policing and Organizational Learning in UN Police Missions: A Mixed-Methods Study (December 2012)
KATCHANOVSKI, Ivan	Lipset/Kash	Regional Political and Policy Divisions in Ukraine and Moldova (Jan. 2002)
KHAN, Muhammad Salar	Hart and Olds	Absorptive Capacity and Economic Growth: How Does Absorptive Capacity Affect Economic Growth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? (August 2022)
KHWAJA, Elsa	Reinert	The Network Architecture of Rural Development Interventions: Exploring the Relational Dynamics of Aid-impact in the Fragile and Conflict-Affected Cases of Pakistan and Afghanistan (August 2021)
KIM, Sung Jae	Reinert	The Impact of Standards and Institutional Capacity on International Trade: An Examination of Food and Agricultural Products (May 2006)
KUILER, Erik W.	McNeely	The Search for Eudaimonia: An Analysis of International Development, Migration, and Gender Equality (May 2007)
LE RENARD, Callie	Dinan	External Actors and National Preference Formation: European Energy Security Policy and Relations with Russia (December 2013)
LI, Huaqun	Haynes	Regional Economic Inequality and Foreign Direct Investment in China
MALIK, Ammar Anees	Root	Exploring the Dynamics of Urban Development with Agent-Based Modeling: The Case of Pakistani Cities (May 2015)
MASCI, Pietro	High	Insurance Market Development and Entrepreneurship, with a Focus on Latin America and Brazil
MCGOVERN, Tara A.	Shelley	New Armed Groups in Colombia: The Emergence of the Bacrim in the 21st Century
MORSTEIN, Jennifer	Perry	Determining the Structure of the Global Dual Use Nuclear Trade Networks (May 1999)
MUTONE-SMITH, Danielle Marie	Tolchin	Food Aid Reform: The Basis for an NGO Led Reform Process
NAREL, James L.	Avruch/ Pfiffner	Humanitarian and Military Organizational Cultures and the Challenges of Contemporary Complex Emergencies (May 2007)
ONWUDIWE, Ruby	Goldstone	Globalization, Extractive FDI and the Effects of Multinational Corporations on Conflict Situations in Developing Countries (Aug. 2011)
OUTZEN, Richard	Mandaville	The U.S. Practice of Coercive Diplomacy 1990-2020 (May 2023)
PARDO, Camilo H.	Shelley	The Political Economy of Land Property Rights in the Colombian Civil War: A Study on Land-Grabbing (December 2019)
PATEL, Amit V.	Stough	Slumulation: An Integrated Simulation Framework to Explore Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of Slum Formation in Ahmedabad, India (December 2012)
PELLETIERE, Danilo	Reinert	Why Do Countries Protect Used Goods Markets: An Inquiry Into the Used Automobile Trade (May 2003)
PERRON, Michael A.	Rhodes	State Sovereignty at Risk: A Descriptive Case Study on the Foreign Policy Decision-Making Behavior of Kim Jong Il During the Six-Party Talks (2003-2009) (May 2019)
PLANT JR., John T.	Goldstone	Population Policies for Developed States in Eastern Europe: A Framework for Comprehensive National Responses to Demographic Change (December 2018)
RAMNATH, Gayatri	Ketkar	Innovation in Emerging Market Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: Barriers and Access to Resources (August 2012)
SAGER, Michelle	Conlan	Cooperation Without Borders: Federalism and International Trade (May 1999)
SALAZAR, Maria E.	Stough	Local Economic Development in Mexico: A Comparative Study of the Methods and Goals of Local, State and Federal Economic Development Agencies (May 2007)
SALEEM, Raja Muhammad Ali	Goldstone	Effect of Islam's Role in State Nationalism on the Islamization of Government: Case Studies of Turkey and Pakistan
SALEM, Pofen	Fuller	The Internationalization of Small Business Service Firms in Metropolitan Economies: A Case Study of the Washington, D.C. Metropolitan Area (Aug. 2000)
SAMUDA, Karelle A.Y.	Goldstone	The Political Economy of the Constituency Development Fund in Kenya and Jamaica (May 2018)
SANY, Joseph Nzima	Goldstone	USAID Funds and Locals Own: Local Ownership of Projects in Situations of Fragility and Instability. The Cases of Idejen in Haiti and Building Peace and Prosperity in Casamance, Senegal (May 2013)
SCAPPINI, Karla L.	Addleson	Organizing for Aid Effectiveness: A Multi-Case Study of U.S. Foreign Aid Delivery Models (December 2013)
SHOEMAKER, Melissa	Wedel	A House Divided: Evolution of EU Asylum Policy After The Bosnian War (May 2009)
SHPAK, Solomiya	Earle	Essays on FDI, Oligarchs, and Firm Performance (May 2020)
SKLAREW, Jennifer	Hart	Shock to the System: How Catastrophic Events and Institutional Relationships Impact Japanese Energy Policymaking, Resilience, and Innovation
SONG, Chunpu	Stough	The Regional Macroeconomic Effects of Public Infrastructure in China (May 2011)
SOUSA, Sonia A.	Fuller	Entrepreneurship and Initiatives in European Union Regional Competitiveness
STOLORZ, Sebastian	Hughes Hallett	The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Emerging and Developing Countries: The Role of Accountability in Designing and Executing Monetary Policy Regime (December 2019)
SUNDERBRUCH, Jude	Pfiffner	An Assessment of Neofunctionalist Spillover in Security Structures of the Post-Cold War European Union (Aug. 2008)
TIAN, Fangmeng	Hart	Emigration of Chinese Scientists and its Impacts on National Research Performance from a Sending Country Perspective
TIRTOSUHARTO, Darius	Stough	Regional Competitiveness in Indonesia: The Incentives of Fiscal Decentralization on Efficiency and Economic Growth (Jan. 2010)
VEGA, Henry, L.	Button	Developing Countries and Their Airborne Export Flows of Perishable and High-Tech Goods (May 2010)
VIRGILL, Nicola	Acs	Export Processing Zones: Tools of Development or Reform Delay? (May 2009)
VOLPE, Michael	Goldstone	Frame Resonance and Failure in the Thai Red Shirts and Yellow Shirts Movements
VU, Ha	Root	Fiscal Policy in Vietnam: Does It Spur Regional Concentration? (Jan. 2011)
WAHAB, Bilal A.	Shelley	Oil Federalism in Iraq: Resource Curse, Patronage Networks, and Stability. Case Studies of Baghdad, Kurdistan, and the Advent of ISIS (May 2015)
WANG, Yiying Elle	Goldstone	West African Merchants in Yiwu City, China: Immigrant Identities and Chinese Immigration Policies (December 2018)
WILSON, Brian Z.	Goldstone	Foreign Aid and Governance in a Complex Adaptive System (August 2020)
YANANMANDRA, Venkataramana	Rajan	Essays on Monetary and Exchange Rate Effects in India (May 2014)
ZELNIO, Ryan	Hart	A Complexity Approach to Evaluating National Scientific Systems through International Scientific Collaborations (May 2013)
ZHANG, Hong	Goldstone	Internationalization of China’s Developmental State: Mechanisms and Impacts (August 2021)


BUCHANAN, Scott C.	Goldstone	Alliance Structure and Transformation (May 2013)
BUCKLEY, Karen J.	Pfiffner	Deadly Contagion: The Tactical Use and Migration of Suicide Bombings (May 2018)
CUDA, Daniel L.	High	Depot Maintenance, and Businesslike Reform of the Department of Defense (Jan. 2011)
COGHLAN, Thomas K.	Pfiffner	Intelligence Community (IC) Performance Management: Did the Director of National Intelligence’s (DNI) 2007 IC Policy Directive 651 on Performance Management Achieve its Policy Objectives?
COHEN, Jordan	Hunzecker	Deal or No Deal: Explaining Congressional Restrictions on Arms Transfers (May 2023)
DECHANT, Jason A.	Pfiffner	Catalyzing Change in Complex Organizations: The Department of Defense Office of Force Transformation (May 2013)
FARLEY, Robin	Baker	Making Program/Budget Decisions about the Future of the Navy: How Senior Flag Officers Work with Political Appointees and Career Civilian Executives inside the Navy Headquarters (August 2014)
FERNANDES, Benjamin J.	Goldstone	Impact of Foreign Military Education and Training on Coups (May 2020)
GERMAN, Keith H.	Goldstone	Interagency Interaction: Exploring the Facilitators & Inhibitors of Interagency Interaction in the US National Security System (May 2015)
GILL, Angela D.	Goldstone	Leadership Legitimation and Political Instability in U.S. Interventions (December 2020)
HANCOCK, John A.	Pfiffner	Officer Performance: Do the Service Academies Make a Difference? An Examination of the U.S. Navy (May 1999)
KARADEMIR, Kutluer	Goldstone	Democratic Policing and Organizational Learning in UN Police Missions: A Mixed-Methods Study (December 2012)
KRUEGER, Richard D.	Pfiffner	Technology Transfer and U.S. National Security Policy: The Joint Strike Fighter (Aug. 2010)
LASSELLE, Alexis R.	Pfiffner	Legislating “Military Entitlements": A Challenge to the Congressional Abdication Thesis
MEDLOCK, Kathleen V.	Pfiffner	A Critical Analysis of the Impact of the Department of Defense Reorganization Act on American Officership (Aug. 1993)
NAREL, James L.	Avruch/ Pfiffner	Humanitarian and Military Organizational Cultures and the Challenges of Contemporary Complex Emergencies (May 2007)
O'NEIL, Sean	Addleson	The Formation of Collaborative Inter-Organizational Networks (May 2009)
PERINO, George H., Jr.	Gulledge	Complexity: A Cognitive Barrier to Defense Systems Acquisition Management (May 2000)
ROUGH, Jill A.	Mayer	Is the Abrams Doctrine Valid?: Exploring the Impact of Army National Guard Mobilization on Public Support for the War on Terror (Jan. 2011)
SUNDERBRUCH, Jude	Pfiffner	An Assessment of Neofunctionalist Spillover in Security Structures of the Post-Cold War European Union (Aug. 2008)
THIBAULT, Marc A.	Perry	A Multivariate Analysis of US Coast Guard Enlistment Propensity (Aug. 2004)
THOMAS, William C.	Tolchin	Cultural Transformation in the U.S. Air Force (Jan. 2003)
VENERI, Michael C.	Pfiffner	The Goldwater-Nichols Act and the Joint Duty Promotion Requirement: An Analysis of the U.S. Military's Implementation of a Congressional Mandate (May 2004)
WILLIAMS, Michael B.	Armor	Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Military Leadership: A Feasibility Analysis of the Military Leadership Diversity Commission’s Service Academy Accession Recommendations (December 2013)


ALPERT, Sheri	Lipset	Machine Tractable Human Tissue: Policy Implications for Medical Privacy (Jan. 2001)
ANDERSON, Douglas	Koizumi	An Examination of Potential Medical Group Practice Participation in Accountable Care Organizations (August 2014)
CERENZIA, Julia A.	Listokin	Professionalism and Self-Regulatory Standards: Responsiveness of Medical Licensure and Certification (May 2014)
COHEN, Martin F.	Hart	Testing Theories of Innovation Diffusion: Analysis of Physicians’ Adoption of Electronic Health Records
COLEMAN, John J.	Tolchin	Controlling Prescription Drug Abuse By Design (May 2007)
DAS GUPTA, Debasree	Stough	Addressing High Fertility and Low Women's Work Participation: An Empirical Reflection on India (December 2013)
DAVIS, Carol Barnett	Koizumi	An Examination of Family Health Spending and Medical-Financial Experience Circa Enactment of the PPACA of 2010 (May 2019)
EHRESMANN, Elaine C.	Connelly	A Marketing Process Model: An Analysis of the National Capital Area's Coordinated Care Program (TRICARE) (May 1995)
ELROD, Catherine Schrader	Perry	Individuals with Chronic and/or Disabling Conditions: Determinants of Utilization of Physical Rehabilitation Services (May 2005)
FABSITZ, Richard R.	Kash	Shifting Federally Funded Research Into Pasteur's Quadrant: A Case Study of the SBIR Program at NIH (May 2003)
FARR, DeAnn J.	Armor	Interstate Equity in Health Policy (Aug. 2004)
FREITAS, Elizabeth Neglia	Koizumi	The Impact of the End Stage Renal Disease Quality Incentive Program on the Elderly (August 2020)
GOEPNER, Erik	Thrall	Hurt People Hurt People: Trauma, the State, and Civil War (December 2018)
GUDGEL, John E.	Koblentz	Insurance as a Private Sector Regulator and Promoter of Security and Safety: Case Studies in Governing Emerging Technological Risk from Commercial Nuclear Power to Health Care Sector Cybersecurity (May 2022)
HEARNE, Sheila M.	Regan	Medical Records: The Role of Advocacy Coalitions in Policy Change (Jan. 2003)
HEFFELMIRE, Kirk	Koizumi	The Spread of Evidence-Based Practices in Public Mental Health Services (August 2018)
HIMATHONGKAM, Tinapa	Koizumi	Grocery Shopping Destination Choice and Obesity: an Empirical Study of Urban Population in Bangkok, Thailand
HU, Yinyue	Schintler	The Adoption of Electronic Medical Records by US Hospitals: An Exploration of Network Methods and Models
JACKSON, Scott	Stough	Mulling Over Massachusetts: Health Insurance Mandates and Entrepreneurs (May 2008)
JOHNSON, Maurice	Listokin	The Impact of Addressing Social Determinants on Health Outcomes Among Medicaid Patients (August 2023)
KELEKAR, Uma	Stough	Fiscal Interactions among Local Government Units – A Spatial Analysis of the Health and Education Expenditures in the Philippines (Aug. 2011)
KLOC, Michelle L.	Koizumi	Policy Options for Use of Media Directed to Increase the Supply of Bachelors Educated Nurses in the U.S.A. (May 2010)
LEARY, Mary A.	Schintler	Policy Intersections or Policy Chasms - State Elder Mobility Policy, Practice and Long-term Care Reform (May 2008)
LEE, Kyung Min	Earle	Essays on Labor, Health, and Entrepreneurship (May 2019)
LE FAVOUR, John W.	Tolchin	Examination of the Influence of TRICARE Implementation on Ambulatory Health Care Utilization (Jan. 2003)
LI, Meng-Hao	Schintler	Multi-State Markov Models for the Analysis of EMR Diffusion in Health Care (May 2022)
MASTAL, Margaret F.	Mahler	Governance in American Health Care Organizations: 1984-1993 Elements and Patterns (Jan. 1997)
MAO, Rebecca J.	Ketkar	The Effects of Core Divestments on Innovations in the Pharmaceutical Industry: A Public Policy Analysis (May 2014)
MAY, Kyle P.	Hart	Internet Disseminated Medical Information: An Investigation of Three Regulatory Policy Tools (Jan. 2009)
METSCHER, Karen Noelle	Goldstone	Population Health Measures as Indicators of Fertility Change (Jan. 2009)
NAYEBPOUR, Mehdi	Koizumi	Personalization of Immunosuppressive Medication for Kidney Transplant Recipients (May 2022)
NUCCI, Owen	Koizumi	Three-Paper Dissertation on Female Veteran Healthcare Relating to Mental Health (December 2022)
PHILOGENE, G. Stephane	Haynes	A Comparative Statics Analysis of Efficiency and Productivity Changes of the National Institutes of Health's General Clinical Research Centers: 1990-1997 (Aug. 2000)
SRINIVASAN, Divya	Koizumi	The Influence of Health Reform on "Direct Pay" Medicine (May 2014)
STEVENS-THOMPSON, Yolanda	Perry	Analysis of the Eligibility Determination Methods for Medicaid's Aged and Disabled Waiver (Aug. 2005)
VLAICU, Sorina O.	McNeely	Patient Rights versus Managed Care: A Policy Formulation Model (Aug. 2003)
WALTERS, Julie	McNeely	Assisted Living Regulation in the United States: Institutional Responses to a New Industry (Aug. 2005)
WANG, Jiamin	Stough	Innovation through Alliance and M&A, Location Advantage, and Firm Growth: Evidence from U.S. Publicly Traded Pharmaceutical Companies (December 2012)


AUD, Susan L.	Armor	Competition and Efficiency Effects of Charter Schools (May 2002)
BERNARDY, Peter M.	Armor	Head Start: Assessing Common Explanations for the Apparent Disappearance of Initial Positive Effects (December 2012)
BODILLY, Susan J.	Mahler	Organizational Factors That Affect School Reform: Analysis of High School Attempts to Integrate Academic and Vocational Education (Jan. 1993)
CROMER, Gia C.	Goldstone	Transitioning Education in Emergencies in Africa
DINC, Mustafa	Haynes	The Dynamics of Efficiency in the State Higher Education Systems in the U.S. 1974-1994 (May 1999)
HAMILTON, Robert	Perry	Foreign Science & Engineering Doctoral Attainment in American Universities (Jan. 2010)
HANCOCK, John A.	Pfiffner	Officer Performance: Do the Service Academies Make a Difference? An Examination of the U.S. Navy (May 1999)
KELEKAR, Uma	Stough	Fiscal Interactions among Local Government Units – A Spatial Analysis of the Health and Education Expenditures in the Philippines (Aug. 2011)
KELLER, Bradford M.	Fuller	Higher Education and Employment: An Examination of How Support for Higher Education Can Improve Long-Term Economic Performance (May 2010)
KLOC, Michelle L.	Koizumi	Policy Options for Use of Media Directed to Increase the Supply of Bachelors Educated Nurses in the U.S.A. (May 2010)
LINDSEY, Bruce	Armor	The Effect of Computers on the Mathematics Achievement of American 8th Grade Students (Aug. 2005)
LINEHAN, Patrick D.	Armor	Factors Influencing Improved Student Achievement in Virginia (August 2012)
MCCLUSKEY, Neal P.	Armor	Education and Social Capital Maximization: Does Decentralization Hold the Key? (May 2013)
MILLER, David J.	Acs	Campus as Frontier: High Growth Student Startups at US Colleges and Universities
PARK, Eun Jung	Armor	Explaining Achievement Disparities between the United States and South Korea (May 2013)
PEDLIKIN, Philip S.	Mayer	The Closure of Institutions for the Intellectually Disabled: How Depopulation Impacts Programs and Spending (December 2020)
PETERS, Lutheria N.	Schintler	The Positionality of Race in Graduate and Professional School Admissions: A Theoretical Lens and Empirical Contribution for Race Conscious and Race Neutral Policies (December 2018)
PORTER, Tameka	Armor	Affirmative Action and Mismatch at Selective Postsecondary Institutions
HOPEWEL, Lindsey	McNeely	Manifestations of Diversity: An Ecological Analysis of the Institutionalization of Ethnic Studies Programs
SHAKIROVA, Ramziya	Hughes Hallett	The Importance of Institutional Arrangements for Development: A Study of the Relationship between Decentralized Governance and the Provision of Public Education
WATKINS, Shanea	Armor	The Effect of Charter Schools on Academic Achievement and Achievement Gaps (Jan. 2007)
WEISSBURG, Paul	Rudder	Shifting Alliances in the Accreditation of Higher Education: On the Long-Term Consequences of Delegation of Government Authority to Self-Regulatory Organizations (Jan. 2009)

Entrepreneurship


AGWARA, Hezekiah O.	Goldstone	Legacies of the Past: Coinciding Inequalities, Trust, and Entrepreneurial Capabilities of Nations (May 2012)
ARNOLD, Aaron M.	Acs	An Organizational Approach to Entrepreneurship in the Federal Sector (May 2014)
BANERJEE, Pritam	Reinert	Trade in Professional Services and Technical Barriers to Trade in India's Preferential Trade Agreements (May 2013)
CHEN, Daowen Wendy	Abramson	Crowdfunding for Commercial and Social Ventures (May 2020)
DANI, Lokesh	Auerswald	Reconciling Design and Evolution in Economic Development: Methods to Map Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (May 2020)
DESAI, Sameeksha	Acs	Essays on Entrepreneurship and Postconflict Reconstruction (Aug. 2008)
DO, Soo Gwan	Acs	Does Social Capital Matter? The Impacts of Social Capital on Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth in the Knowledge Economy (Jan. 2010)
GARG, Sachin	Auerswald	Essays on Big Data and Development (August 2017)
GUTIERREZ, Juan Julio	Hart	Plant-Level Innovation Patterns in a Globalized World: A Latin American Perspective (December 2013)
HODGE, Ronald	Listokin	Patterns of Adoption for Mobile Broadband: Its Role in the U.S. Digital Divide (May 2017)
JACKSON, Scott	Stough	Mulling Over Massachusetts: Health Insurance Mandates and Entrepreneurs (May 2008)
KIM, Mee Jung	Earle	Finance, Business Growth and Entrepreneurship (May 2020)
LEE, Kyung Min	Earle	Essays on Labor, Health, and Entrepreneurship (May 2019)
MASCI, Pietro	High	Insurance Market Development and Entrepreneurship, with a Focus on Latin America and Brazil
MILLER, David J.	Acs	Campus as Frontier: High Growth Student Startups at US Colleges and Universities
MITOKO, Jeremiah B.	Auerswald	Toward A Risk Tolerant Paradigm in Microcredit: Modeling the Case of Kenya (December 2019)
NOVAK, Justin M.	Hart	Use of Knowledge Commons in Open Innovation Systems: The Case of Free and Open Source Software
QIAN, Haifeng	Acs	Regional Systems of Entrepreneurship: The Nexus of Human Capital, Knowledge, and Entrepreneurial Activity (Aug. 2010)
RAMNATH, Gayatri	Ketkar	Innovation in Emerging Market Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: Barriers and Access to Resources (August 2012)
SONG, Abraham Keunwon	Acs	State Business Incentives, Job Creation, and Entrepreneurship (May 2020)
SUTTER, Ryan C.	Stough	The Psychology of Entrepreneurship and the Technological Frontier - A Spatial Econometric Analysis of Regional Entrepreneurship in the United States (May 2010)
TINGLE, Anthony L.	Hart	Essays on the Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs
WANG, Jiamin	Stough	Innovation through Alliance and M&A, Location Advantage, and Firm Growth: Evidence from U.S. Publicly Traded Pharmaceutical Companies (December 2012)
WATERS, Keith L.	Fuller	Firm Formation and Regional Labor Allocation (December 2018)
ZHANG, Ting	Schintler	It's Never Too Late: Elderly Entrepreneurship in the Aging Economy (Jan. 2008)

Population, Migration, and Public Policy


DALESANDRY, Malia	Schintler	Persistent Criminalization as a Protracted Crisis: Stigma and Rational Choice Within the Sex Workers’ Rights Community (May 2023)
DAVIS, Theodore J.	Hart	High-Skill Migration as a Positive-Sum Relationship for Tradable Services: The Case of India and the United States (December 2013)
HIMATHONGKAM, Tinapa	Koizumi	Grocery Shopping Destination Choice and Obesity: an Empirical Study of Urban Population in Bangkok, Thailand
HU, Xiaochu	Fuller	Immigration and Economic Growth in Metropolitan Areas (May 2014)
KAY, Ward R.	Mayer	Where's the "Public" in Public Policy: Skewed Democratic Pluralism vs. Nuanced Public Opinion in Attitudes toward Unauthorized Immigrants
KUILER, Erik W.	McNeely	The Search for Eudaimonia: An Analysis of International Development, Migration, and Gender Equality
LUNN, Maxine P.	Lipset	Community at a Crossroads - Latino Community Participation in Agenda Setting in Washington, D.C.
METSCHER, Karen Noelle	Goldstone	Population Health Measures as Indicators of Fertility Change
PLANT JR., John T.	Goldstone	Population Policies for Developed States in Eastern Europe: A Framework for Comprehensive National Responses to Demographic Change (December 2018)
SHOEMAKER, Melissa	Wedel	A House Divided: Evolution of EU Asylum Policy After The Bosnian War
STURTEVANT (FOWLER), Lisa Ann	Fuller	Immigrant Suburbs: An Analysis of the Residential Mobility and Location Decisions of Recent Immigrants
TIAN, Fangmeng	Hart	Emigration of Chinese Scientists and its Impacts on National Research Performance from a Sending Country Perspective
WANG, Yiying Elle	Goldstone	West African Merchants in Yiwu City, China: Immigrant Identities and Chinese Immigration Policies (December 2018)

American Foreign and National Security Policy


AL-NSOUR, Maen F.	Stough	Economic Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma: The Case of Israel and the Arab States
BOARDMAN, Mary C.	Acs	Development Assistance and Counterinsurgency: Understanding Philanthropy and Charity Within a Clear-Hold-Build Strategy (May 2014)
BUCKLEY, Karen J.	Pfiffner	Deadly Contagion: The Tactical Use and Migration of Suicide Bombings (May 2018)
BYBEE, Ashley-Louise N.	Goldstone	Narco State or Failed State? Politics and Narcotics in Guinea-Bissau
CAHILL, James D.	Rhodes	War Plans and Effective Military Organizations
CAMPBELL, Kristy	Gest	A Study on Presidential Approval and the Use of Force (August 2023)
COGHLAN, Thomas K.	Pfiffner	Intelligence Community (IC) Performance Management: Did the Director of National Intelligence’s (DNI) 2007 IC Policy Directive 651 on Performance Management Achieve its Policy Objectives?
CUDA, Daniel L.	High	Competition, Depot Maintenance, and Businesslike Reform of the Department of Defense
DEVIRGILIO, Mark	Sibley	Balancing Information Access and Security (BIAS): Explaining Three Decades of United States Encryption Policymaking
ENGSTROM, Jeffrey	Wan	Patterns of Military Coercion: China and Taiwan, 1949-1958 (May 2020)
FERNANDES, Benjamin J.	Goldstone	Impact of Foreign Military Education and Training on Coups (May 2020)
FISHEL, Eugene M.	Rhodes	Third-Party Considerations in U.S. Bilateral Relations: Four Case Studies Examining the Presence of the Moscow Factor in U.S. Policy Toward Sovereign Ukraine
FLETCHER, Charles V.	Armor	Politics and Military Base Closures
GERMAN, Keith H.	Goldstone	Interagency Interaction: Exploring the Facilitators & Inhibitors of Interagency Interaction in the US National Security System (May 2015)
GILL, Angela D.	Goldstone	Leadership Legitimation and Political Instability in U.S. Interventions (December 2020)
GOEPNER, Erik	Thrall	Hurt People Hurt People: Trauma, the State, and Civil War (December 2018)
GORDON IV, John	Pfiffner	The Quadrennial Defense Review: Analyzing the Major Defense Review Process
HARE, Forrest B.	Sommer	The Interdependent Nature of National Cyber Security: Motivating Private Action for a Public Good
HUSSAIN, Nazia	Shelley	Tracing Order in Seeming Chaos: Understanding the Informal and Violent Political Order of Karachi
HUTCHINSON, George	Rhodes	Sovereignty, Legitimacy, and the Bomb: A Framework for Explaining North Korea’s Nuclear Decisions and Strategies (December 2022)
KARADEMIR, Kutluer	Goldstone	Democratic Policing and Organizational Learning in UN Police Missions: A Mixed-Methods Study (December 2012)
KRUEGER, Richard D.	Pfiffner	Technology Transfer and U.S. National Security Policy: The Joint Strike Fighter
LASSELLE, Alexis R.	Pfiffner	Legislating “Military Entitlements": A Challenge to the Congressional Abdication Thesis
LE RENARD, Callie	Dinan	External Actors and National Preference Formation: European Energy Security Policy and Relations with Russia (December 2013)
MARSTON, Kayyonne	Shelley	In Pursuit of Illicit Goals: Structure, Dynamics, and Collapse of Crime Facilitating Networks in Jamaica
MCCREESH, Patrick J.	Listokin	The Factors Contributing to Agency-Level Budgetary Patterns in the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)
MCGOVERN, Tara A.	Shelley	New Armed Groups in Colombia: The Emergence of the Bacrim in the 21st Century
MICHAEL, George J.	Fukuyama	The U.S. Response to Domestic Right Wing Terrorism and Extremism: A Government and NGO Partnership
NAREL, James L.	Avruch/ Pfiffner	Humanitarian and Military Organizational Cultures and the Challenges of Contemporary Complex Emergencies
ONWUDIWE, Ruby	Goldstone	Globalization, Extractive FDI and the Effects of Multinational Corporations on Conflict Situations in Developing Countries
PARKER, Emma	Pfiffner	The Securitization of United States Foreign Assistance (December 2022)
PATACSIL, Peter K.	Rhodes	The Design and Evolution of the United States Cyber Command
PERRON, Michael A.	Rhodes	State Sovereignty at Risk: A Descriptive Case Study on the Foreign Policy Decision-Making Behavior of Kim Jong Il During the Six-Party Talks (2003-2009) (May 2019)
ROUGH, Jill A.	Mayer	Is the Abrams Doctrine Valid?: Exploring the Impact of Army National Guard Mobilization on Public Support for the War on Terror
SALEEM, Raja Muhammad Ali	Goldstone	Effect of Islam's Role in State Nationalism on the Islamization of Government: Case Studies of Turkey and Pakistan
SCAPPINI, Karla L.	Addleson	Organizing for Aid Effectiveness: A Multi-Case Study of U.S. Foreign Aid Delivery Models (December 2013)
SUNDERBRUCH, Jude	Pfiffner	An Assessment of Neofunctionalist Spillover in Security Structures of the Post-Cold War European Union
VOLPE, Michael	Goldstone	Frame Resonance and Failure in the Thai Red Shirts and Yellow Shirts Movements
WILLIAMS, Michael B.	Armor	Racial and Ethnic Diversity in Military Leadership: A Feasibility Analysis of the Military Leadership Diversity Commission’s Service Academy Accession Recommendations (December 2013)

Economic Policy


AGARWAL, Vertica	Reinert	The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Income Inequality: A Study of India
AL-NSOUR, Maen F.	Stough	Economic Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma: The Case of Israel and the Arab States
ALLEN, Benjamin L.	Fukuyama	Consumption Taxation of Electronic Commerce: A Comparison of United States (US) and European Union (EU) Policies, 1997 to 2000
ARENA, Peter M.	Stough	High Technology Employment Growth in Metropolitan America: An Empirical Investigation
BELLAS, Dean Demetrius	Fuller	Fiscal Impact Simulation Modeling: Calculating the Fiscal Impact of Development
BEVERINOTTI, Javier H.	Hughes Hallett	Domestic Costs of Default: Financial Interactions and Policy Implications (December 2012)
BOLAÑOS FLETES, Lisardo Armando	Hughes Hallett	Choosing Trade Partners to Avoid Falling Behind (August 2019)
BOOPPANON, Sarasin	Reinert	The Effects of Bilateral and Regional Investment Agreements on the FDI Inflows into ASEAN Countries
BROOK, Douglas A.	Pfiffner	Business Style Financial Statements Under the CFO Act: An Examination of Audit Opinions
BRYANT, Victoria	Slavov	The Outbreak of a Tax Break: Essays on the Participation and Impact of the Saver's Credit Across Time and Distance (May 2020)
CALHOUN, Todd R.	High	An Investigation into the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Freedom in Host Countries
CHAMPAGNE, Maurice B.	Fuller	Interest Groups and Ideas: The Battle over Housing Finance in the Run-up to the Financial Crisis (May 2015)
CHAPMAN, Lynn	Haynes	The Effects of Monetary Policy on U.S. Regional Employment 1999-2004
CHECHERITA, Cristina	Hughes Hallett	A Macroeconomic Analysis of Investment Under Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and Its Policy Implications - the Case of Developing Countries
CHONG, Dae In	Root	Undervaluation, Political Economy, and Development (December 2018)
CHUDY, John P.	White	Political Management and Economic Policy Reform: An Exploration of Structural Adjustment Experience
COX, Kenneth E.	Button	Economies of Speed: Policy Implications of High Speed Technologies on the U.S. Maritime Transportation System
DANI, Lokesh	Auerswald	Reconciling Design and Evolution in Economic Development: Methods to Map Entrepreneurial Ecosystems (May 2020)
DAVIS, Theodore J.	Hart	High-Skill Migration as a Positive-Sum Relationship for Tradable Services: The Case of India and the United States (December 2013)
DESANTIS, Mark F.	Stough	Leadership, Resource Endowments and Regional Economic Development
DING, Lei	Haynes	Telecommunications Infrastructure and Regional Economic Development in China
DO, Soo Gwan	Acs	Does Social Capital Matter? The Impacts of Social Capital on Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Economic Growth in the Knowledge Economy
EMMONS, Elinor K.	Gulledge	Public Policy Implications From Private Sector Enterprise Integration
FANDL, Kevin J.	Goldstone	Beyond the Invisible: The Impact of Trade Liberalization and Formalization on Small Businesses in Colombia
FASEHUN, Simisola	Goldstone	Impact of Humanitarian Aid on Facilitating Corruption: A Look at Nations in Central America and the Caribbean (August 2021)
FAZZARI, Justin D.	Fuller	A Study of Metropolitan Economies from 1980 - 2000: Examining Changes in Metropolitan Sectoral Employment and Poverty
FONTANEZ, Paul J.	Fuller	Determinants of Kyrgyz Economic Growth
FRANK, Peter	Stough	Nonprofit Entrepreneurship in Regional Economies: Organization Creation and Economic Growth
GETTMAN, Jon	Fuller	Portfolio Variance Analysis and Sustainable Rural Economic Development
GOODLOE, John M.	Lavoie	Money, Democracy, and the Southern Tradition
GOPALAN, Sasidaran	Rajan	Monetary and Financial Implications of Foreign Bank Entry in Emerging and Developing Economies
HARPEL, Ellen D.	Fuller	The Role of Professional and Business Services in Metropolitan Economies
HOLLEY JR, William T.	Fuller	Assessing the Impact of Prison Siting on Rural Economic Development
HU, Xiaochu	Fuller	Immigration and Economic Growth in Metropolitan Areas (May 2014)
ISTRATE, Emilia C.	Stough	Small Businesses, Institutions, and the Informal Economy
JEFFERSON, Katherine D.	Stough	Transportation Policy and Quality of Life: An Analysis of the Socioeconomic Effects of Implementing Ramp Metering, High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lanes and High Occupancy Toll (HOT) Lanes Within an Urban Transportation Network
JUNG, Yu Jin	Fuller	Linking Workforce Development and Economic Development in Regions: A Mixed Method Evaluation
KHAN, Muhammad Salar	Hart and Olds	Absorptive Capacity and Economic Growth: How Does Absorptive Capacity Affect Economic Growth in Low- and Middle-Income Countries? (August 2022)
KHWAJA, Elsa	Reinert	The Network Architecture of Rural Development Interventions: Exploring the Relational Dynamics of Aid-impact in the Fragile and Conflict-Affected Cases of Pakistan and Afghanistan (August 2021)
KIM, Hyun Ju (Monica)	Koizumi	Essays on Household Decision-Making and Mobile Access in Ethiopia
KOCORNIK-MINA, Adriana	Stough	The Effects of Space of Inter-State Growth Dynamics and Income Disparities in India - Modeling the Simultaneous Growth of a System of Spatial Units
KUILER, Erik W.	McNeely	The Search for Eudaimonia: An Analysis of International Development, Migration, and Gender Equality
LAWRENCE, James A.	Armor	Growing Earnings Inequality in U.S. Metro Regions (1990 to 2004): The Role of the Financial Services and Information Technology Industries (December 2013)
LEE, Kyung Min	Earle	Essays on Labor, Health, and Entrepreneurship (May 2019)
LI, Huaqun	Haynes	Regional Economic Inequality and Foreign Direct Investment in China
LI, Ning	Kash	Innovation Systems and Technology Spillovers: Economic, Geographic, and Institutional Perspectives
LI, Qiangsheng	Haynes	Regional Dynamics and Growth Advantages of the Washington Metropolitan Economy: An Extended and Integrated Shift-Share Approach
LITTON, Eric	Marvel	How Do Framed Messages Affect Budget Recommendations? An Experiment in Federal Government Budgeting
LIU, Yanchun	Haynes	Impacts of Telecommunications Infrastructure and Its Spillover Effects on Regional Economic Growth in China
MAGNESS, Phillip	High	From Tariffs to the Income Tax: Trade Protection and Revenue in the United States
MOHD AMIN, Fatima	Hill	Innovation in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in the Malaysian Information Technology (IT) Industry
ONWUDIWE, Ruby	Goldstone	Globalization, Extractive FDI and the Effects of Multinational Corporations on Conflict Situations in Developing Countries
PALUBINSKAS, Ginta T.	Stough	Economic Transformation: The Full Societal Transformation Thesis
PARDO, Camilo H.	Shelley	The Political Economy of Land Property Rights in the Colombian Civil War: A Study on Land-Grabbing (December 2019)
PELLETIERE, Danilo	Reinert	Why Do Countries Protect Used Goods Markets: An Inquiry Into the Used Automobile Trade
RAMNATH, Gayatri	Ketkar	Innovation in Emerging Market Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises: Barriers and Access to Resources (August 2012)
RESTON, Russell	High	The Philippine Economy Under Ramos: A Comparative Scorecard
RUSTICI, Thomas C.	High	The Economic Effects of the Smoot-Hawley Act of 1930 and the Beginning of the Great Depression
SALAZAR, Maria E.	Stough	Local Economic Development in Mexico: A Comparative Study of the Methods and Goals of Local, State and Federal Economic Development Agencies
SANY, Joseph Nzima	Goldstone	USAID Funds and Locals Own: Local Ownership of Projects in Situations of Fragility and Instability. The Cases of Idejen in Haiti and Building Peace and Prosperity in Casamance, Senegal (May 2013)
SHPAK, Solomiya	Earle	Essays on FDI, Oligarchs, and Firm Performance (May 2020)
SIDDIQUE, Abu Bakkar	Koizumi	Three Essays on Tax Behavior, Public Goods Provisions, and Income Poverty (August 2022)
SONG, Chunpu	Stough	The Regional Macroeconomic Effects of Public Infrastructure in China
STABILE, Bonnie B.	Tolchin	Balancing Morality and Economy: The Case of State Human Cloning Policies
STOLORZ, Sebastian	Hughes Hallett	The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Emerging and Developing Countries: The Role of Accountability in Designing and Executing Monetary Policy Regime (December 2019)
TIRTOSUHARTO, Darius	Stough	Regional Competitiveness in Indonesia: The Incentives of Fiscal Decentralization on Efficiency and Economic Growth
UMAROV, Utkirdjan	Haynes	Modeling Lending Pressure and House Price Bubble Absorption: A Case of the United States (May 2018)
VACHAL, Kimberly J.	Button	Economic Growth of Nonmetropolitan and Agricultural Region Cities (Jan. 2005)
VEGA, Henry, L.	Button	Developing Countries and Their Airborne Export Flows of Perishable and High-Tech Goods
VU, Ha	Root	Fiscal Policy in Vietnam: Does It Spur Regional Concentration?
WATERS, Keith L.	Fuller	Firm Formation and Regional Labor Allocation (December 2018)
YANANMANDRA, Venkataramana	Rajan	Essays on Monetary and Exchange Rate Effects in India (May 2014)
ZHAO, Zuoquan	Stough	The Economic Growth of a Nation: A Spatial Perspective

Energy and Environmental Policy


ABEL, Troy D.	Stough	Paths to New Public Policy: Civic Factors and Local Voluntary Environmental Efforts
CURTIS, Michael R.	Kash	Technological Innovation and Public Private Sector Collaborations: The Case of the Advanced Turbine System Program
DIAMOND, David B.	Auerswald	Public Policies for Hybrid-Electric Vehicles: The Impact of Government Incentives on Consumer Adoption
DOLAN, Dana Archer	Posner	Tracing a Slow Emergency through Kingdon’s Politics Stream: How Australia’s Extreme Millennium Drought Influenced Climate Change Adaptation Governance in the 2007 Water Act
DUNLAP, Katrina Hubbard	Schintler	Linking Public Trust in Government with Federal Disaster Relief Aid: A Case Study of Hurricane-Prone Gulf Coast Residents (August 2022)
HARTKE, Jason	Pfiffner	The Environmental Presidency: Explaining Environmental Policy by Direct Action
HICKS, Joel	Hart	Behavioral Interventions in Energy Consumption (December 2019)
LE RENARD, Callie	Dinan	External Actors and National Preference Formation: European Energy Security Policy and Relations with Russia (December 2013)
PARFOMAK, Elizabeth C.	Stough	Geologic Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide: Socioeconomic Characteristics and Landowner Acceptance of Carbon Sequestration Sites (December 2012)
SKLAREW, Jennifer	Hart	Shock to the System: How Catastrophic Events and Institutional Relationships Impact Japanese Energy Policymaking, Resilience, and Innovation
STANFORD, Virgil Ian	LaPorte	Rooftop Revolution? The Comparative Effectiveness of State Incentives for Solar Photovoltaic Adoption in the Residential Sector
TIAN, Fangmeng	Hart	Emigration of Chinese Scientists and its Impacts on National Research Performance from a Sending Country Perspective
WAHAB, Bilal A.	Shelley	Oil Federalism in Iraq: Resource Curse, Patronage Networks, and Stability. Case Studies of Baghdad, Kurdistan, and the Advent of ISIS (May 2015)

102 Social Policy Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best social policy topic ideas & essay examples, 🎓 good research topics about social policy, ⭐ simple & easy social policy essay titles, ❓ social policy essay questions.

Australian Social Policy and Child Protection The social policy of Australia considers the protection of children and the quality of their lives a central concern. The initiative of the policy is to change the way Australian child protection agencies approach the […]
Social Policy on Substance Use Disorders Notably, there is a need to account for all the specific needs of the different subsets of abusers. Owens in the fifth segment of the six podcast series on policy formation for resiliency on victims […]
Income Equality and Social Policy Advocacy Lag The lag in income equality can be seen from statistical data: the income inequality ratio in the US is nine to one, which is worse than in Portugal, the UK, France, Canada, Germany, and some […]
Social Security Benefits: A Policy Proposal At the same time, the advantage of this law is the expansion of benefits, which will contribute to the refinement of individuals and the equal provision of payments.
Lee Enterprises Inc.’s Social Media Policy Case The NLRB concluded that the company’s action was within the law since the employer sent offensive messages that failed to involve protected concerted activity. The company intended to use the employee to facilitate the creation […]
Social Welfare Policy Analysis and Letter to Legislator Social welfare policy development should integrate economic and social aspects to protect vulnerable groups through social assistance and services in the current social-economic environment. Thus, the formulation of social welfare had to balance the economic […]
Social Policy and Family Resilience This requirement is due to the fact that policies largely regulate families’ daily life and the ways in which the professionals are supposed to interact with the family members.
Health and Social Care Practice and Policy It should begin by evaluating the effectiveness of the current initiatives in attaining various outcomes: William Burns can access health services with the equal quality as the other people and sleeping rough on health to […]
How a State’s Political Culture Affects Its Social Policy To analyze the influence of political culture on the state’s social policy, one must define precisely what political culture is, and what the nuances of its existence are.
Social and Economic Policy Program: Globalization, Growth, and Poverty Topic: Sustainable approaches to poverty reduction through smallholder agricultural development in rural South Africa and Kenya The majority of the poor in Africa, and indeed the whole world, live in rural areas.
Irish Ideology and Social Policy The understanding of the factors which limit the responsibility of any state in providing welfare services to its people call for the analysis of the merits and demerits of the mixed welfare economy.
Society and Social Policy Analysis A corollary is that scientists debating the ethical use of their discoveries are not necessarily the best people to judge the use of that science; the best people to do so are those who understand […]
Social Policy for Human Well-Being The main aim of the United States social health care policy is to improve the welfare of Americans in terms of enhancing social security, housing, and education and health care services.
The Social Policy of Injection Room in Australia North Richmond has a history of major drug abuse problems, which led the locals to protest and lobby for the establishment of a SIF as a way of reducing harm and fatalities in the area.
American Social Security Policy Evaluation In this essay, the key concepts of program evaluation will be applied to the social security policy of the U. Thus, the issue of control and degree to which the freedom of fund usage should […]
Facebook as a Social Network and Its Privacy Policy The case study explains that the privacy policy and privacy settings on Facebook are such that they considerably violate the privacy of the social network’s users by selling their data to third parties for a […]
Poverty, Inequality and Social Policy Understanding The roots of inequality can relate to both welfare and some other factors, for example, the judiciary. Therefore, the principle of equality is violated, and social norms cannot be considered to be respected.
Social Policy: Living on a Minimum Wage One of the primary findings is that the minimum wage is not a living wage. Another matter of concern is the fact that minimum living affects children and their prospects in life.
The New Deal and Social Welfare Policy The great depression This is one of the major problems that led to the need to adopt the New Deal. This led to a large influx of people moving to the urban centers, and this, […]
Globalization, Social Policy, and Social Provision In the developed countries on the other hand, majority of the citizens are able to provide for themselves, and therefore the nature of social provision is a matter of governments’ responsibility to all citizens rather […]
Social Policy Regimes and Enhance the Social Conditions Social policy is a discipline that employs multidisciplinary approaches in the study of problems that affect social processes and the welfare of human beings in society.
Global Poverty, Social Policy, and Education Defining, compare and contrasting modernization and dependency theories in relation to development and global poverty stating suggestions and causes of poverty globally Modernization theory as the name suggests, refers to modernizing or venturing to new […]
Understanding Public Policy. Social Impact of Policy Provided that the mistake is made at one of these stages, the policies of the government will be more likely to fail.
Growth and Motivation Theories: Application in Personal Behavior, Professional Goal Setting, Social Policy Formulation Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory of Growth Maslow’s hierarchy of needs growth theory states that, an individual has needs that need to be fulfilled at various levels for the individual to achieve personal and professional […]
Resource Distribution: Corporate Social Responsibility Policy History The vision of the organisation is to improve the lives of the most susceptible individuals in Australia and across the world by mobilisation of the humanitarian support.
The Formation of Social Policy Based on Theoretical Assumptions The realization by the criminal justice system that members of the public can participate cooperatively in prevention of crime has led to the formulation of social policies to guide them in their participation.
Social Welfare Policy That Facilitates Reduction of Poverty and Inequality in the US In spite of the scale of the increase in the inequality, the political class in the US rarely discusses this subject in the public.
Demographic Change and Intergenerational Relations in Families: Findings and Social Policy Implications
Alternative Sexual Orientation: Evolution of Social Policy From the Conservative Era to Contemporary Times
Relationship Between Sociology and Social Policy
Health and Social Policy: An Overarching Policy Objective
Education and Social Policy: Academic Outcomes and Additional Social, Economic, and Political Conditions
How Child Protection Legislation Has Changed Social Policy
Economic Inequality, Social Policy, and a Good Society
Social Work and Social Policy: Immigration and Protection
Business Power and Social Policy: Employers and the Formation of the American Welfare State
Citizenship: Social Policy Constructs Personal Lives
Global Economic Trends, Development, and Social Policy
External Liberalization, Economic Performance, and Social Policy
Criminological Theory and Social Policy: Crime and Social Policy’s Impact
Families, Welfare and Social Policy
Women, Social Policy, and Alcohol Treatment
Poverty and Its Relationship With Social Policy
Factors Influencing Social Policy
Implementing Social Policy Through the Criminal Justice System: Youth, Prisons, and Community-Oriented Policing
Advancing the Human Right to Food: Social Policy and the Politics of Hunger, Welfare, and Food Security
Child Labor, Idiosyncratic Shocks, and Social Policy
Assess the Relationship Between Sociology and Social Policy
European Court and Social Policy of the European Union
The Relationship Between Sociology and Social Policy
Cultural Attitudes Regarding Social Policy
Balancing Economic Freedom Against Social Policy Principles: EC Competition Law and National Health Systems
Child Abuse-Reflection and Social Policy Analysis
Employer Preferences and Social Policy: Business and the Development of Job Security Regulations
Corruption, Bureaucratic Failure, and Social Policy Priorities
European Social Policy and Europe’s Party-Political Center of Gravity
Sectoral Social Dialogue and European Social Policy: Empirical Analysis and Prospects for Development
Economic Competitiveness and Social Policy in Open Economies
How Political Ideology Influences Social Policy
The Basis for Social Policy: Human Needs for Security, Education, Work, Health, and Wellbeing
Conservative Political Philosophy and Social Policy
European Integration and External Constraints on Social Policy: Is a Social Charter Necessary
Gender, Class, and Social Policy in the 21st Century
Children’s Living Arrangements From a Social Policy Implementation Perspective
Bearing Tales: Networks and Narratives in Social Policy Transfer
American Social Policy and Social Change
Digitalization, Computerization, Networking, Automation, Future of Jobs, and Social Policy in Japan’s Fourth Industrial Revolution
What Is the Importance of Social Policy?
How Has Child Protection Legislation Changed Social Policy?
What Are Examples of a Social Policy?
Does Social Policy Contribute to Economic Growth?
What Social Policies Are Most Important?
How Does Political Ideology Influence Social Policy?
What Are the Goals That Define for Social Policy?
Does Social Policy Through Rent Controls Inhibit New Construction?
What Are Some Policies That Impact Social Work?
How Did Social Developmentalism Reframe Social Policy in Brazil?
What Are the Implications for Social Policy of the Changes Occured in Structure and Dynamics of Family Life in Britain?
How Does Social Policy Impact Student Live?
What Are the Characteristics of Social Policy?
Which Welfare Change and Social Policy Theories Strengthen the Welfare State Provision?
How Does the Irish Famine Shape Irish Social Policy?
Why Do Emerging Economies Need Social Policy?
How Did the New Racial Politics and Social Policy in the Nixon Years, and Reagan and Bush Years Affect Women and People of Color?
Why Does Social Policy Need Subjective Indicators?
What Is the Relevance of Social Policy to Social Care Work?
Which Comes First in the Development of Policy Addressing Discrimination Against a Particular Group of Persons – Cultural Change or Policy?
What Is “Public Policy”? Why Is It So Important to the Work of Government?
How Does Social Policy Affect Society?
What Social Policies Influence Poverty?
Does Social Policy Meet Social Needs?
What Are Some Examples of Social Policies That Can Enact Social Change?
Why Is Social Policy Important to Social Work?
What Factors Influence Policy-Making?
Do Social Welfare Policies Reduce Poverty?
What Are Examples of Public Policy Issues?
Is Abortion a Social Policy?
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Pew Research Center’s political typology provides a roadmap to today’s fractured political landscape. It organizes the public into nine distinct groups, based on an analysis of their attitudes and values. Even in a polarized era, the 2021 survey reveals deep divisions in both partisan coalitions.

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Top 20: Public Policy Topics

This list comprises, in no particular order, the topics on the mind of faculty, staff, and students as we finish up 2019 and head into a new decade and the 2020 elections. Many experts at Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy experts weighed in on these topics this year.

Michigan leaders worried about possible effects of next recession “While no one knows when the next recession will hit or how bad it will be, the economic growth clock is ticking.” – Thomas Ivacko, associate director of the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy

Stevenson debunks five myths about the Fed in Washington Post “When we look at the data, we are not seeing how inflation and unemployment move in response to market forces; instead, we are seeing the Fed actively trying to keep inflation near its 2 percent target. So the relationship now reflects the Fed either undershooting or overshooting its rate.” – Betsey Stevenson, professor of public policy; professor of economics

10% Happier: Stevenson and Wolfers talk wealth inequality and redistribution on NewsHour

“Rich people are happier than poor people, and that’s true all the way along economic distribution.” – Justin Wolfers, professor of public policy; professor of economics

“Increases in income keep making you happier, but they’re making you happier at a decreasing rate.” – Betsey Stevenson, professor of public policy; professor of economics

Wolfers’ take on Trump’s tariffs “The United States is still less protectionist than it has been throughout most of its history or than most nations are today.” – Justin Wolfers, professor of public policy; professor of economics

Environment

Democratic presidential candidates’ climate change proposals may be unrealistic, says Rabe “What this would look like, and how this would work, probably hasn’t been talked about at the dinner table in most communities. What we don’t know is whether the nominee will stay the course and keep the plan, or hedge and dial back.” – Barry Rabe, Ira and Nicki Harris Family Professor of Public Policy; Arthur F. Thurnau Professor; professor of environmental policy; professor of political science; professor of the environment

Utilities have little financial incentive to plug methane leaks “The overwhelming lesson we’ve taken from doing this research is that the price regulations we’ve relied on in the natural gas distribution sector are out of date, given our current understanding of methane’s role in climate change.” – Catherine Hausman, assistant professor of public policy

Alternative Energy

Sarah Mills work featured on This is Michigan “Wind turbines fit better in some communities than others. It depends on what their development goals are.” – Sarah Mills, senior project manager at the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy

Artificial Intelligence

Parthasarathy talks algorithms place in the criminal justice system “Technology is not neutral. Even when we think about how data is collected and stored and how we measure things, even that in and of itself has a bias.” – Shobita Parthasarathy, professor and director of the Science, Technology and Public Policy Program

Cyberattacks

Cyberattacks are major risk in elections, warns Ford School PhD “Malware seeks to steal, block or alter data. It’s the kind of code used to steal your passwords or credit card numbers. And it can also steal your vote.” – Ford School doctoral student Nadiya Kostyuk and Kenneth Geers, senior fellow with the Atlantic Council

Driverless Vehicles

Ford’s Robert Hampshire forecasts the future of autonomous vehicles Given the approximation that “autonomous vehicles averaged one disengagement [emergency scenario] every 5,000 miles…you’d need around 50,000 to 100,000 employees, distributed city by city. A network like that could operate as a subscription service, or it could be a government entity, similar to today’s air traffic control system.” – Robert Hampshire, associate professor of public policy and a research associate professor in both the U-M Transportation Research Institute’s (UMTRI) Human Factors group and Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS)

Current Political Environment

Axelrod talks “don’t fall into the zero-sum trap” and other lessons on podcast “The biggest lesson for me is don’t fall into the zero-sum trap. Whenever we think of things as a rivalry or a competition, we tend to immediately fall into the simple-minded thinking that it’s a zero-sum game…it’s usually opportunities that are mutually advantageous that are overlooked if you take that approach.” – Robert Axelrod, member of the National Academy of Sciences and former MacArthur Prize Fellow, Walgreen Professor for the Study of Human Understanding at the University of Michigan. Axelrod has appointments in the Department of Political Science and the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy.

National Debt

Lowering national debt is as easy as 1, 2, $4.95 billion! “The longer we wait to do so, the more burden the current generation will have to take on compared to the baby boomer generation.” – Tyler Evilsizer, Deputy Policy Director for the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (CRFB) and guest speaker at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy

Immigration

Withdrawing from the Flores Agreement could keep immigration lawyers in dark, Vieux says “We’re going to see a lot more people detained for longer periods of time in facilities that are not licensed, and significant physical- and mental-health ramifications for the children that we serve.” – Hardy Vieux (MPP/JD ’97), Towsley Policymaker in Residence at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy and vice president, legal at Human Rights First

Health Care

Iovan and Lantz discuss their latest research on super-utilizers “There are two major reasons behind the drive to reduce emergency care use. First, the emergency department is not the best place to receive primary care. Super-utilizers use the ED for a number of reasons other than having a medical emergency.” – Paula Lantz, associate dean for Academic Affairs; professor of Public Policy, James B. Hudak Professor of Health Policy

“Many studies of super-utilizers find that health care use and costs go down the year after the intervention. However, a big problem is that we see this even without an intervention. This is in part because the people in the ‘super-utilizer’ group change somewhat from year to year.”- Samantha Iovan, staff at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy

“We really want to stress the importance of conducting more high-quality evaluation research in this area. These patients certainly have many medical and social needs that have to be addressed, but the current research literature does not provide the evidence to support claims that super-utilizer interventions that are spreading across health care systems are actual working.” – Mahshid Abir, Department of Emergency Medicine at U-M Medical School

Shaefer warns of Medicaid work requirement risks “This should include the highest-quality experimental or quasi-experimental testing of employment, health outcomes and economic impact. Doing so would set Michigan apart in its commitment to really understanding the full impact of work requirements.” – H. Luke Shaefer, PhD, director of Poverty Solutions at U-M, and associate professor at the University of Michigan, School of Social Work, and Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy and Marianne Udow-Phillips, executive director of the Center for Health and Research Transformation

Ivacko discusses opioid interventions on Michigan Radio “If they don’t have someone to turn to or a helping hand in these difficult times, it’s just that much harder for them to try to take a step forward.” – Thomas Ivacko, associate director of the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy

Levitsky warns of consequences from marijuana legalization in Michigan “Keeping marijuana products away from vulnerable youth will require more vigilance and state and local intervention than when marijuana was banned.” – Melvyn Levitsky, professor of international policy and practice at the Ford School, and Kevin Sabet, president of Smart Approaches to Marijuana (SAM)

Ivacko makes sense of the recreational marijuana ‘haze’ If a chief of police or county sheriff feels it’s important to follow federal law, and a county administrator or a city mayor feels it’s important to follow state law, well, that’s a tough place to be for public officials. And so, opting out, you know, is a way to avoid those kinds of challenges.” – Thomas Ivacko, associate director of the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy

National Security

Ali proposes a commission to fight domestic terror “Our country still faces the possibility of additional attacks that will raise the same questions about why the government is not doing more to stop the violence.” – Javed Ali, a Towsley Policymaker in Residence at the University of Michigan’s Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, and Josh Kirshner, former special assistant to the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security

Scott Atran et al look at cognitive triggers for extremist violence through brain scans “In this new effort, we sought to learn more about what goes on in the minds of people who have expressed a willingness to die for a cause that is based on sacred values—in this case, sympathizers of an Al-Qaeda associate called Lashkar-et Taiba.” – Scott Atran, adjunct research professor

Pilkauskas finds Earned Income Tax Credit helps low-income moms live on their own “The rule of thumb is that it is generally good to pay less than 30% of your income in rent—but in our study, half of mothers paid more than 50% of their earnings on rent. Increasing the EITC by $1,000 reduced severe housing cost burdens by 5 percentage points.” – Natasha Pilkaukas, assistant professor of public policy

Poverty Solutions & CLOSUP new report find local officials believe many Michigan residents struggle to make ends meet “Economic recovery across Michigan in the wake of the Great Recession has been uneven. Despite a very low unemployment rate, this survey finds poverty and economic hardship are widespread and common challenges exist in all kinds of communities.” – Tom Ivacko, associate director of the Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy

Natasha Pilkaukas’ research on three-generation household receives Michigan Minds spotlight “I’m really interested in thinking about what we can do to help children thrive. Who is in the household matters for kids.” – Natasha Pilkaukas, assistant professor of public policy

Higher Education

Dynarski’s work on school day SAT testing cited in Inside Higher Ed analysis of the 2019 test results “Universal testing alone will not get disadvantaged students into college. But it produces small, discernible increases in college attendance, especially at four-year colleges.” – Susan Dynarski, a professor of public policy, education and economics

Seefeldt offers insight on student debt trends on Michigan Radio “So while [these students] may be qualifying for financial aid, financial aid has not kept pace with rising college costs. So you have students who have more need, but the types of grants and aid we can give them is just not there.” – Kristin Seefeldt, professor of public policy and social work

Jason Owen-Smith warns of “serious risks” when universities cater to an industry “I think a narrow focus that closely aligns university work with near-term business needs is perilous.” – Jason Owen-Smith, professor of sociology and public policy

Alternative Transportation

Hampshire receives National Science Foundation Convergence Accelerator grant Robert Hampshire, associate professor of public policy at the Ford School and associate research professor at Michigan Institute for Data Science (MIDAS), was awarded a $948,182 grant by the National Science Foundation’s Convergence Accelerator (C-Accel) to study how all Americans’ quality of life and economic prosperity can be improved by recent transportation innovations like ridesourcing and driverless vehicles.

K-12 Education

More harm than good? Professor Brian Jacob criticizes the continued turnover of accountability systems for Michigan schools I think we need more stability in the political and policy environment…to allow the people on the ground to focus on the actual work at hand.” – Brian Jacob, Walter H. Annenberg Professor of Education Policy; professor of public policy; professor of economics; professor of education

Infrastructure

Leiser and Mills contribute to resources for new Michigan Lead and Copper Rule “As part of a project led by the University of Michigan’s Water Center and funded by the C.S. Mott Foundation, we have explored some of the challenges associated with financing LSL replacement under the revised Lead and Copper Rule.” – Sarah Mills, senior project manager at the Ford School’s Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy (CLOSUP) and Stephanie Leiser, lecturer at the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy

Who makes the call? Thacher and Gillooly advocate for 911 operator training “There is a lot of ambiguity on the part of callers, and it would rarely be appropriate to criminally punish them, because there are just so many judgment calls.” – David Thacher, associate professor of public policy and urban planning

“Operators need agency support to train them on how to handle such callers, and protocols about when calls can be appropriately rejected so as to reduce operators’ liability.” – Jessica Gillooly, PhD student

Voter Turnout and Election Reform

Yusuf Neggers discusses latest research with VoxDev “We might think that these information constraints are particularly important in rural areas where you have lower literacy rates and probably lower penetration from radio, television, newspapers, that might otherwise provide information.” – Yusuf Neggers, an assistant professor of public policy

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Current Public Policy Papers

ACP public policy papers summarize and dissect published research and discussion on current issues involving clinical practice, medical education, bioethics, and health care financing and delivery, and make specific recommendations for internal medicine physicians, patients, and policy makers. Read about ACP's public policy development process .

Learn more about where ACP stands on important and timely issues:

Racial Health Disparities, Prejudice and Violence

Health care reform/access, payment/delivery system reform, health information technology, medicare and medicaid, controlling costs, improving effectiveness, prescription drugs and public health related topics, workforce and physician shortage, coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), acp policy compendium, updated july 2024.

Download an up-to-date summary of ACP's policy positions.

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Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender, Queer and Other Sexual and Gender Minority Health Disparities (June 2024)
The Integration of Care for Mental Health, Substance Abuse, and Other Behavioral Health Conditions into Primary Care (August 2015)
Full Paper
Assessing the Patient Care Implications of "Concierge" and Other Direct Patient Contracting Practices (November 2015)
Retail Health Clinics (October 2015)
Artificial Intelligence in the Provision of Health Care (June 2024)
Health Information Privacy, Protection, and Use in the Expanding Digital Health Ecosystem (April 2021)
Policy Recommendations to Guide the Use of Telemedicine in Primary Care Settings (September 2015)
Clinical Documentation in the 21st Century (January 2015)
Full Paper and Issue Brief
Full Paper
Appendix 1: Playbook
Principles Supporting Dynamic Clinical Care Teams (September 2013)
Full Paper and Issue Brief

All rights reserved. Individuals may reproduce all or parts of Public Policy Papers for educational, not-for-profit uses. These papers may not be reproduced for commercial, for-profit use in any form, by any means (electronic, mechanical, xerographic, or other) or held in any information storage or retrieval system without the written permission of the publisher.

For questions about the content of Public Policy Papers, please contact the ACP Division of Governmental Affairs and Public Policy , 25 Massachusetts Ave. NW, Suite 700, Washington, DC 20001-7401. 202-261-4500. To order copies of position papers, please contact us .

EMU Library
Research Guides

Selecting a Topic for a Policy Brief

Ace the assignment, what is a policy brief, think tanks for policy ideas, think tanks for criminology.

Think tanks and advocacy organizations
Reference and Information
Locating Full Text
Searching for News Articles
Statistical Sources
Legal Information
Working with Sources
Citing Sources

Success tip: don’t just read the assignment, analyze it!

Professors expect students to follow directions carefully, but what do they actually mean by those directions? Figure out what an assignment is really asking, and you have the key to a successful paper.

What Does the Professor Want? This free online book offers useful insights into university-level writing. more... less... Book Name: Writing in College Author: Amy Guptill Publisher: Open SUNY Textbooks Publication Date: 2016 Ebook ISBN: 978-1-942341-21-5
Purdue OWL: Understanding Writing Assignments This online guide recommends starting on the right track by clarifying the purpose, audience and resources needed for your project.
UNC Writing Center: Understanding Assignments This handout shows how to grab every nugget of insight from the assignment.
Assignment Calculator Plan a schedule for completing a library research paper. Note: this is a general calculator, and the links to resources are not specific to EMU.
Answering Assignment Questions This guide describes how to analyze the assignment in order to understand what the Professor expects.

Here are some examples and models of policy briefs. Note: these examples might not follow the format expected by your professor or employer, so read your assignment carefully!

International Centre for Policy Advocacy - Policy Brief resources
Johns Hopkins Women and Children's Health Policy Center - Writing Policy Briefs module
PolicyOptions.org - guide for an Issue Brief
CIAO database search for Policy Briefs The CIAO database provides many types of articles, including nearly 7,000 policy briefs. Limit your search to policy briefs in the left-hand column of the main page.
RAND corporation Provides a mixture of policy research, analysis and recommendations.

A Policy Brief should address a current social problem, or in Criminology, a problem related to crime or criminal justice. It is important to narrow down the problem to something that can be defined and measured. Example: starting with the general problem of recidivism, after some exploring you might decide to focus on diversionary programs to reduce recidivism, but that is still too broad, so you might eventually develop a policy brief about a particular program: community reparations; and a particular population: juveniles.

How to choose a topic:

Consider the lectures and readings in your other courses. Did something come up that you would like to know more about?
Talk to experienced students about your interests and studies.
Read newspapers and magazines such as: New York Times (or the NYT Learning Network ), Wall Street Journal , New Yorker , Harpers , Atlantic , Popular Science , or similar.
Explore the National Criminal Justice Reference Service ( NCJRS )
Explore Political Science databases, especially CIAO
Explore criminology databases and books such as the Springer Briefs series.
Check the Encyclopedia of Social Work

Try to find a topic that is not very common or very typical. Usually the top topics in a database like CQ Researcher or Opposing Viewpoints are already over-worked. Dig a little deeper to fnd something fresh.

Once you have some general ideas, it is time to focus . In order to write a coherent brief, you must focus or sharpen your topic by exploring different aspects and problems, or by addressing a question.

How to focus:

Ask questions . For example, if your topic is immigrants as crime victims, ask, what about it? Ask yourself questions about definitions and characteristics, causes, and influences.
Read to learn . Later you will be reading for research, but start with reading to get an overview or outline of your topic. Good places for this kind of reading might include the websites of advocacy organizations, articles or book chapters that give overviews of the topic, and for more advanced students, see the Annual Reviews series for your subject area, such as Sociology or Law & Social Science . Think Tanks and policy institutes are great resources to discover interesting social problems (see the Think Tanks section of this guide).

Even when you have focused your topic, you are still not quite done with this phase. Now it's time to make sure you have something that is not too general and also not too narrow.

How to check the focus :

A policy brief is not an opinion paper. If you are simply arguing that something is good or bad, should or shouldn't be done or exist, you're not focused yet.
A policy brief is not a report. If you are only reporting or repeating information, then you do not have a good focus.
If there is too much information, then limit to one particular part of the problem, a place, time or other aspect. For example, if bullying in schools has too much information, consider one time period, a particular kind of school, only indigenous people, or similar.
Sometimes people get stuck with questions about which there is not enough information (such as "music therapy for nonviolent adolescent sexual offenders with autism") It is possible that research has not been done or data not collected, and you will find no information. If this happens, then broaden to question to a wider area or more general problem.
EMU guide to Michigan think tanks
EMU guide to policy and advocacy groups
MSU Library guide for Think Tanks
Google: Think Tanks and Public Policy Groups This search engine searches Think Tanks and Public Policy websites.
List from Wikipedia
List from WSU
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Environmental Policy Research Paper Topics

This page is designed to provide students with a comprehensive list of environmental policy research paper topics , expert advice on how to select the most suitable topic, and guidelines on how to write an impactful research paper on environmental policy. Additionally, the page introduces iResearchNet’s professional writing services, which can assist students in crafting custom research papers on any environmental policy topic. The services offered by iResearchNet are characterized by their high quality, in-depth research, custom formatting, and timely delivery, among other features.

100 Environmental Policy Research Paper Topics

The field of environmental policy is vast and diverse, offering a multitude of topics for research. This section provides a comprehensive list of environmental policy research paper topics, divided into ten categories with ten topics in each. These topics span a wide range of issues, from policy analysis and international environmental policy to the role of environmental policy in various sectors.

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Policy Analysis

The effectiveness of the Clean Air Act in urban areas.
The impact of the Endangered Species Act on biodiversity conservation.
The role of the Environmental Protection Agency in enforcing environmental laws.
The influence of the Kyoto Protocol on global greenhouse gas emissions.
The effectiveness of the Paris Agreement in mitigating climate change.
The role of policy in promoting renewable energy adoption.
The impact of environmental policy on industrial pollution.
The role of policy in managing water resources.
The effectiveness of policy in controlling deforestation.
The impact of environmental policy on sustainable agriculture.

International Environmental Policy

The role of the United Nations in shaping global environmental policy.
The impact of international treaties on national environmental policies.
The role of international law in protecting the global commons.
The effectiveness of international cooperation in addressing climate change.
The role of trade agreements in promoting environmental sustainability.
The impact of international policy on biodiversity conservation.
The role of the World Bank in promoting sustainable development.
The influence of international policy on national renewable energy adoption.
The effectiveness of international policy in controlling marine pollution.
The impact of international policy on global deforestation.

Environmental Policy and Economics

The role of environmental policy in shaping economic development.
The impact of environmental regulations on business operations.
The influence of economic incentives on environmental protection.
The effectiveness of market-based environmental policies.
The role of environmental policy in promoting green jobs.
The impact of environmental taxes on pollution levels.
The role of economic analysis in environmental policy-making.
The influence of environmental policy on consumer behavior.
The effectiveness of economic instruments in promoting renewable energy.
The impact of environmental policy on economic inequality.

Environmental Policy and Politics

The role of political institutions in shaping environmental policy.
The impact of political ideology on environmental policy-making.
The influence of public opinion on environmental policy.
The effectiveness of political activism in promoting environmental protection.
The role of political parties in shaping environmental policy.
The impact of lobbying on environmental policy-making.
The role of political leadership in promoting environmental sustainability.
The influence of electoral politics on environmental policy.
The effectiveness of political campaigns in promoting environmental awareness.
The impact of political conflict on environmental policy implementation.

Environmental Policy and Law

The role of legal institutions in shaping environmental policy.
The impact of environmental laws on pollution levels.
The influence of legal precedents on environmental policy-making.
The effectiveness of environmental litigation in promoting environmental protection.
The role of legal sanctions in enforcing environmental laws.
The impact of legal rights on environmental policy-making.
The role of the judiciary in interpreting environmental laws.
The influence of constitutional law on environmental policy.
The effectiveness of legal instruments in promoting environmental justice.
The impact of legal reforms on environmental policy implementation.

Environmental Policy and Society

The role of social movements in shaping environmental policy.
The impact of societal values on environmental policy-making.
The influence of social norms on environmental behavior.
The effectiveness of social marketing in promoting environmental protection.
The role of societal institutions in enforcing environmental norms.
The impact of social inequality on environmental policy outcomes.
The role of social science research in informing environmental policy.
The influence of societal change on environmental policy evolution.
The effectiveness of social policies in promoting environmental justice.
The impact of social media on environmental policy debates.

Environmental Policy and Technology

The role of technological innovation in shaping environmental policy.
The impact of environmental policy on technological development.
The influence of technology diffusion on environmental outcomes.
The effectiveness of technology policy in promoting environmental sustainability.
The role of technology assessment in environmental policy-making.
The impact of information technology on environmental awareness.
The role of technology transfer in international environmental policy.
The influence of emerging technologies on environmental policy challenges.
The effectiveness of technology standards in reducing environmental impacts.
The impact of technology-driven changes on environmental policy needs.

Environmental Policy and Education

The role of environmental education in shaping environmental policy.
The impact of environmental policy on education systems.
The influence of educational attainment on environmental attitudes.
The effectiveness of education policy in promoting environmental literacy.
The role of schools in fostering environmental citizenship.
The impact of environmental curriculum on student outcomes.
The role of higher education in advancing environmental research.
The influence of educational resources on environmental awareness.
The effectiveness of environmental education programs in changing behavior.
The impact of education reform on environmental learning opportunities.

Environmental Policy and Health

The role of health considerations in shaping environmental policy.
The impact of environmental policy on public health outcomes.
The influence of health research on environmental risk assessment.
The effectiveness of health policy in addressing environmental health risks.
The role of health impact assessments in environmental policy-making.
The impact of environmental exposures on health disparities.
The role of health agencies in enforcing environmental regulations.
The influence of health advocacy on environmental policy debates.
The effectiveness of health-based standards in controlling environmental hazards.
The impact of health care practices on environmental sustainability.

Environmental Policy and the Future

The role of future scenarios in shaping environmental policy.
The impact of environmental policy on future generations.
The influence of future-oriented thinking on environmental decision-making.
The effectiveness of policy measures in addressing future environmental risks.
The role of foresight methods in environmental policy planning.
The impact of future technological changes on environmental policy needs.
The role of future studies in informing environmental policy debates.
The influence of future uncertainties on environmental policy strategies.
The effectiveness of future-proofing measures in environmental policy design.
The impact of future climate changes on environmental policy responses.

In conclusion, the field of environmental policy offers a wealth of research topics that can cater to various interests and academic requirements. Whether you’re interested in policy analysis, international environmental policy, environmental economics, or any other aspect of environmental policy, there’s a topic for you. Remember, the key to a successful research paper is choosing a topic that not only interests you but also aligns with your academic and career goals.

Environmental Policy Research Guide

In today’s world, environmental issues have become a pressing concern, requiring urgent attention and action. As our planet faces complex challenges such as climate change, pollution, deforestation, and resource depletion, it has become crucial to understand the role of environmental policy in addressing these issues. Environmental policy plays a pivotal role in shaping regulations, laws, and initiatives aimed at preserving and protecting our natural environment.

This page serves as a valuable resource for students studying environmental science and engaging in research paper writing. Here, we delve into the realm of environmental policy research and provide a comprehensive guide to help students explore this fascinating field. By delving into the various aspects of environmental policy research, students can gain a deeper understanding of the intricate relationship between policy decisions and environmental outcomes.

The primary objective of this page is to equip students with the necessary knowledge and tools to embark on their own environmental policy research journey. By delving into diverse environmental policy research paper topics and providing expert advice on topic selection, we aim to inspire students to explore the multifaceted world of environmental policy and contribute meaningfully to the field.

As students, you have the power to influence the future of environmental policy through your research and insights. By examining the intersection of environmental science and policy, you can contribute to the development of effective strategies and solutions that promote sustainability, conservation, and equitable environmental outcomes.

Throughout this page, we will explore a comprehensive list of environmental policy research paper topics, spanning various categories and addressing critical issues in environmental governance. Additionally, we will provide expert advice on how to choose suitable research topics within the realm of environmental policy. Furthermore, we will guide you through the process of writing an impactful environmental policy research paper, offering essential tips to enhance your writing and research skills.

Moreover, we understand the challenges that students face when it comes to meeting academic deadlines and the need for high-quality, well-researched papers. To address these needs, we introduce our writing services, where you can order a custom environmental policy research paper on any topic of your choice. Our team of expert degree-holding writers is dedicated to providing you with top-quality, customized solutions tailored to your specific requirements. With our in-depth research, adherence to custom formatting styles, and flexible pricing options, we strive to make your experience seamless and successful.

By combining your passion for environmental science with our expertise in research and writing, together, we can make a meaningful impact in the field of environmental policy. So, whether you are just beginning your research journey or seeking assistance with your environmental policy research paper, we are here to support you every step of the way.

Choosing an Environmental Policy Topic

Choosing the right research topic is a critical step in the process of writing an impactful environmental policy research paper. With a plethora of issues and areas to explore within the realm of environmental policy, it can be challenging to narrow down your focus and select a topic that is both relevant and engaging. To assist you in this endeavor, we have compiled expert advice and 10 essential tips to guide you in choosing environmental policy research paper topics that are meaningful, well-defined, and aligned with your interests and academic goals.

Identify your passion and interests : Start by reflecting on your personal interests within the field of environmental policy. What aspects of environmental governance intrigue you the most? By choosing a topic that resonates with your passion, you will be more motivated and engaged throughout the research and writing process.
Stay updated with current issues : Environmental policy is a rapidly evolving field, with new challenges and developments emerging constantly. Stay informed about current environmental issues, policy debates, and emerging trends to identify timely and relevant environmental policy research paper topics that contribute to ongoing discussions and address pressing concerns.
Consider the scope and depth of the topic : Assess the scope and depth of the topic you wish to explore. Is it broad enough to provide a comprehensive analysis, or does it require further refinement to ensure a focused and manageable research paper? Strike a balance between a topic that is sufficiently narrow to allow in-depth analysis and one that is broad enough to provide substantial content.
Conduct a preliminary literature review : Before finalizing your research topic, conduct a preliminary literature review to familiarize yourself with existing scholarship and research gaps in the field of environmental policy. This will help you identify areas that have been extensively studied and areas that require further exploration, providing valuable insights for topic selection.
Consider the policy context : Environmental policy is shaped by various social, political, economic, and cultural factors. When selecting a research topic, consider the policy context within which it operates. Analyze the stakeholders, policy frameworks, and implementation challenges associated with your chosen topic to ensure its relevance and significance.
Engage in interdisciplinary perspectives : Environmental policy research often requires an interdisciplinary approach. Consider incorporating perspectives from other disciplines such as economics, sociology, law, or public health to enrich your analysis and provide a holistic understanding of the environmental policy issue you are investigating.
Seek inspiration from real-world case studies : Real-world case studies provide valuable insights and practical implications for environmental policy research. Look for successful or failed policy interventions, case studies of environmental conflicts, or instances where policy measures have made a substantial impact. These examples can serve as a source of inspiration and provide a solid foundation for your research.
Evaluate the feasibility of data collection : Before finalizing your research topic, consider the availability of data and the feasibility of data collection. Determine if the necessary data sources, such as government reports, surveys, or existing datasets, are accessible for your chosen topic. Adequate data availability is essential for conducting rigorous and evidence-based research.
Consider the social and environmental justice dimensions : Environmental policy intersects with social and environmental justice issues. Explore environmental policy research paper topics that address issues of equity, inclusivity, and the distribution of environmental benefits and burdens. Consider how your research can contribute to advancing social and environmental justice within the realm of environmental policy.
Seek guidance from mentors and experts : Engage in discussions with your mentors, professors, and experts in the field of environmental policy. Seek their guidance and input during the topic selection process. They can provide valuable insights, suggest relevant literature, and help you refine your research topic to ensure its academic rigor and contribution to the field.

By following these expert tips, you will be able to choose an environmental policy research paper topic that aligns with your interests, contributes to the existing body of knowledge, and addresses critical environmental challenges. Remember, the topic you choose is the foundation of your research, and investing time and effort in selecting the right one will set the stage for a successful and impactful research paper.

How to Write an Environmental Policy Research Paper

Writing an environmental policy research paper requires careful planning, critical analysis, and effective communication of ideas. To assist you in navigating the process and producing a high-quality research paper, we have compiled ten essential tips that will guide you from the initial stages of research to the final writing and presentation of your findings. Follow these steps to ensure that your environmental policy research paper is well-structured, thoroughly researched, and effectively communicated.

Define your research question : Start by clearly defining your research question or objective. This will serve as the guiding principle throughout your research and help maintain focus and clarity in your paper. Ensure that your research question is specific, relevant, and aligned with the broader objectives of environmental policy research.
Conduct a comprehensive literature review : Before diving into your own research, conduct a thorough literature review to familiarize yourself with existing scholarship on the topic. Identify key theories, concepts, and empirical studies that have shaped the understanding of environmental policy in your chosen area. This will help you situate your research within the existing body of knowledge and identify research gaps.
Develop a coherent research methodology : Based on your research question, identify and employ appropriate research methods and data collection techniques. Consider whether your research requires qualitative or quantitative approaches, primary or secondary data, surveys, interviews, or case studies. Justify your chosen methodology and ensure that it aligns with the research question and objectives.
Collect and analyze data : Collect data in accordance with your research methodology and analyze it using appropriate analytical tools and techniques. Ensure that you maintain a systematic approach to data collection, organization, and analysis to ensure the reliability and validity of your findings. Use data visualization techniques to present your results effectively.
Use theoretical frameworks and conceptual models : Incorporate relevant theoretical frameworks and conceptual models into your research paper to provide a theoretical foundation for your analysis. These frameworks will help you analyze and interpret your findings in the context of existing theories and concepts in environmental policy.
Consider policy implications : Environmental policy research aims to inform policy-making and contribute to the development of effective environmental policies. Analyze the policy implications of your findings and provide recommendations for policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders. Consider the feasibility and practicality of your recommendations within the political and institutional context.
Structure your paper effectively : Follow a clear and logical structure for your research paper. Include sections such as an introduction, literature review, research methodology, findings and analysis, discussion, conclusion, and references. Use headings and subheadings to organize your content and facilitate readability.
Write in a clear and concise manner : Communicate your ideas in a clear and concise manner, using language that is accessible to your target audience. Avoid jargon and technical terms unless necessary, and provide clear explanations for complex concepts. Use proper grammar, punctuation, and citation style to maintain academic integrity.
Support your arguments with evidence : Ensure that your arguments are supported by robust evidence and relevant examples. Cite credible sources such as academic journals, government reports, and reputable organizations to strengthen the validity of your claims. Include both primary and secondary sources to provide a well-rounded perspective.
Revise, edit, and proofread : Take the time to revise, edit, and proofread your research paper to ensure clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for consistency in formatting, citations, and references. Read your paper multiple times, and consider seeking feedback from peers or mentors to identify areas for improvement.

By following these tips, you will be able to produce an environmental policy research paper that is well-researched, well-structured, and contributes to the existing body of knowledge in the field. Remember to allocate sufficient time for each stage of the research process, seek guidance from your professors or mentors, and maintain a disciplined approach to your work.

Custom Research Paper Writing Services

When it comes to tackling a complex and important topic like environmental policy, it’s understandable that you may seek assistance in crafting a well-researched and insightful research paper. At iResearchNet, we offer custom writing services tailored to meet the unique needs of students studying environmental science. Our team of expert writers, with advanced degrees in environmental science and related fields, is committed to delivering high-quality, customized research papers that adhere to academic standards and address the specific requirements of your assignment. Here are 13 features that set our writing services apart:

Expert degree-holding writers : Our team consists of experienced writers with advanced degrees in environmental science and related disciplines. They have the expertise and knowledge to tackle complex environmental policy topics with precision.
Custom written works : We understand the importance of originality and tailor each research paper to meet your specific requirements. Our writers start from scratch and create unique, plagiarism-free content for every order.
In-depth research : Our writers are skilled researchers who are adept at conducting comprehensive literature reviews and gathering relevant data to support your environmental policy research.
Custom formatting : We follow the required citation styles and formatting guidelines to ensure that your research paper meets the academic standards and is properly formatted.
Top quality : We are committed to delivering high-quality research papers that demonstrate critical thinking, analytical skills, and a deep understanding of environmental policy issues.
Customized solutions : We understand that each research paper is unique, and we tailor our approach to meet your specific research objectives and requirements. Our writers work closely with you to ensure that your paper reflects your ideas and perspective.
Flexible pricing : We offer competitive and flexible pricing options to accommodate the budgetary constraints of students. We strive to provide affordable services without compromising on quality.
Short deadlines : We understand that deadlines can be tight, and we are equipped to handle urgent orders. Our writers work efficiently to deliver quality research papers even within short timeframes.
Timely delivery : We prioritize timely delivery and understand the importance of submitting your research paper on time. You can rely on us to meet your deadlines without compromising the quality of your paper.
24/7 support : Our customer support team is available round the clock to assist you with any queries or concerns you may have. We are dedicated to providing a seamless and responsive support system throughout the writing process.
Absolute privacy : We prioritize the confidentiality of our clients. Your personal information and order details are kept strictly confidential, and we have robust measures in place to ensure data security.
Easy order tracking : Our user-friendly platform allows you to track the progress of your order and communicate directly with your assigned writer. You can stay updated on the status of your research paper at every stage.
Money back guarantee : We are committed to your satisfaction. If, for any reason, you are not fully satisfied with the final research paper, we offer a money-back guarantee to ensure your peace of mind.

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LES 401: Legal Research and Citation

Develop a Topic
Build a Search Plan
Find Articles
Citation Info & Get Help

Need Help with an Idea?

Choose a topic that interests you. The following questions may help get you started:

Do you have a strong opinion on a current social or political controversy?
Did you read or see a news story that has stimulated your interest or left you wanting to know more?
Do you have a personal issue, problem, or interest that you would like to know more about?
Is there an aspect of a class that your are interested in learning more about?

Develop Your Research Topic

Picking a Topic
Background Research
Narrowing Your Topic
Broadening Your Topic

Just like the research process, picking a topic is more complex than you might think.

Are you still having trouble? You might want to check out this handout for some additional guidance on topic ideas:

Printable Topic Flowchart

If you are unfamiliar with your potential topic, you may need to research background information before you can develop a strong research question. Background information can come in many forms. You may hear a librarian or professor refer to the sources that contain this type of information as "reference books". Background information can help you identify key names, dates, events, issues, concepts, and terms associated with the topic.

Some good sources to find background information:

Your textbook or class readings
Reference books
Credible websites
Library databases

Here are a few sources we suggest you explore:

Search Background Information:

Credo Reference This link opens in a new window This is a great place to start your research, with dictionary definitions and encyclopedia entries from a variety of reliable reference sources to provide you with lots of background information.
Gale eBooks This link opens in a new window Includes encyclopedias, almanacs, and specialized reference sources for multidisciplinary research. A great place to start your research!

Sometimes a topic that seems like the right size can seem way too big after you’ve learned a little more about it. When this happens, you need to narrow the focus of your topic. You can do this by considering different ways to restrict your research topic.

Some of the ways you can limit your topic are by:

Who - population or group
What - discipline or focus
Where - geographic location
When - time period or era
Why - why is the topic important?

(adapted from U of Michigan - Finding and Exploring Your Topic)

Broadening Your Topic Sometimes you will find that your topic is too narrow - there is not enough published on your topic. When this happens, you can try to broaden your topic. There are a couple of strategies you can try when broadening your topic.

One strategy is to choose less specific terms for your search:

Marsupials instead of Red kangaroo
Performance-Enhancing Drugs instead of Anabolic Steroids

Another strategy is to broaden your topic by changing or removing limits from your topic:

Who - population or group
When - time period or era

(adapted from U of Michigan - Finding and Exploring Your Topic)

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Next: Build a Search Plan >>
Last Updated: Sep 9, 2024 7:16 PM
URL: https://libguides.uis.edu/c.php?g=1423227

Adapting to Misspecification

Empirical research typically involves a robustness-efficiency tradeoff. A researcher seeking to estimate a scalar parameter can invoke strong assumptions to motivate a restricted estimator that is precise but may be heavily biased, or they can relax some of these assumptions to motivate a more robust, but variable, unrestricted estimator. When a bound on the bias of the restricted estimator is available, it is optimal to shrink the unrestricted estimator towards the restricted estimator. For settings where a bound on the bias of the restricted estimator is unknown, we propose adaptive estimators that minimize the percentage increase in worst case risk relative to an oracle that knows the bound. We show that adaptive estimators solve a weighted convex minimax problem and provide lookup tables facilitating their rapid computation. Revisiting some well known empirical studies where questions of model specification arise, we examine the advantages of adapting to—rather than testing for—misspecification.

Timothy Armstrong gratefully acknowledges support from National Science Foundation Grant SES-2049765. Liyang Sun gratefully acknowledges support from the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education, through Grant R305D200010, and Ayudas Juan de la Cierva Formacion. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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GPT-fabricated scientific papers on Google Scholar: Key features, spread, and implications for preempting evidence manipulation

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Academic journals, archives, and repositories are seeing an increasing number of questionable research papers clearly produced using generative AI. They are often created with widely available, general-purpose AI applications, most likely ChatGPT, and mimic scientific writing. Google Scholar easily locates and lists these questionable papers alongside reputable, quality-controlled research. Our analysis of a selection of questionable GPT-fabricated scientific papers found in Google Scholar shows that many are about applied, often controversial topics susceptible to disinformation: the environment, health, and computing. The resulting enhanced potential for malicious manipulation of society’s evidence base, particularly in politically divisive domains, is a growing concern.

Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås, Sweden

Department of Arts and Cultural Sciences, Lund University, Sweden

Division of Environmental Communication, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden

Research Questions

Where are questionable publications produced with generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs) that can be found via Google Scholar published or deposited?
What are the main characteristics of these publications in relation to predominant subject categories?
How are these publications spread in the research infrastructure for scholarly communication?
How is the role of the scholarly communication infrastructure challenged in maintaining public trust in science and evidence through inappropriate use of generative AI?

research note Summary

A sample of scientific papers with signs of GPT-use found on Google Scholar was retrieved, downloaded, and analyzed using a combination of qualitative coding and descriptive statistics. All papers contained at least one of two common phrases returned by conversational agents that use large language models (LLM) like OpenAI’s ChatGPT. Google Search was then used to determine the extent to which copies of questionable, GPT-fabricated papers were available in various repositories, archives, citation databases, and social media platforms.
Roughly two-thirds of the retrieved papers were found to have been produced, at least in part, through undisclosed, potentially deceptive use of GPT. The majority (57%) of these questionable papers dealt with policy-relevant subjects (i.e., environment, health, computing), susceptible to influence operations. Most were available in several copies on different domains (e.g., social media, archives, and repositories).
Two main risks arise from the increasingly common use of GPT to (mass-)produce fake, scientific publications. First, the abundance of fabricated “studies” seeping into all areas of the research infrastructure threatens to overwhelm the scholarly communication system and jeopardize the integrity of the scientific record. A second risk lies in the increased possibility that convincingly scientific-looking content was in fact deceitfully created with AI tools and is also optimized to be retrieved by publicly available academic search engines, particularly Google Scholar. However small, this possibility and awareness of it risks undermining the basis for trust in scientific knowledge and poses serious societal risks.

Implications

The use of ChatGPT to generate text for academic papers has raised concerns about research integrity. Discussion of this phenomenon is ongoing in editorials, commentaries, opinion pieces, and on social media (Bom, 2023; Stokel-Walker, 2024; Thorp, 2023). There are now several lists of papers suspected of GPT misuse, and new papers are constantly being added. 1 See for example Academ-AI, https://www.academ-ai.info/ , and Retraction Watch, https://retractionwatch.com/papers-and-peer-reviews-with-evidence-of-chatgpt-writing/ . While many legitimate uses of GPT for research and academic writing exist (Huang & Tan, 2023; Kitamura, 2023; Lund et al., 2023), its undeclared use—beyond proofreading—has potentially far-reaching implications for both science and society, but especially for their relationship. It, therefore, seems important to extend the discussion to one of the most accessible and well-known intermediaries between science, but also certain types of misinformation, and the public, namely Google Scholar, also in response to the legitimate concerns that the discussion of generative AI and misinformation needs to be more nuanced and empirically substantiated (Simon et al., 2023).

Google Scholar, https://scholar.google.com , is an easy-to-use academic search engine. It is available for free, and its index is extensive (Gusenbauer & Haddaway, 2020). It is also often touted as a credible source for academic literature and even recommended in library guides, by media and information literacy initiatives, and fact checkers (Tripodi et al., 2023). However, Google Scholar lacks the transparency and adherence to standards that usually characterize citation databases. Instead, Google Scholar uses automated crawlers, like Google’s web search engine (Martín-Martín et al., 2021), and the inclusion criteria are based on primarily technical standards, allowing any individual author—with or without scientific affiliation—to upload papers to be indexed (Google Scholar Help, n.d.). It has been shown that Google Scholar is susceptible to manipulation through citation exploits (Antkare, 2020) and by providing access to fake scientific papers (Dadkhah et al., 2017). A large part of Google Scholar’s index consists of publications from established scientific journals or other forms of quality-controlled, scholarly literature. However, the index also contains a large amount of gray literature, including student papers, working papers, reports, preprint servers, and academic networking sites, as well as material from so-called “questionable” academic journals, including paper mills. The search interface does not offer the possibility to filter the results meaningfully by material type, publication status, or form of quality control, such as limiting the search to peer-reviewed material.

To understand the occurrence of ChatGPT (co-)authored work in Google Scholar’s index, we scraped it for publications, including one of two common ChatGPT responses (see Appendix A) that we encountered on social media and in media reports (DeGeurin, 2024). The results of our descriptive statistical analyses showed that around 62% did not declare the use of GPTs. Most of these GPT-fabricated papers were found in non-indexed journals and working papers, but some cases included research published in mainstream scientific journals and conference proceedings. 2 Indexed journals mean scholarly journals indexed by abstract and citation databases such as Scopus and Web of Science, where the indexation implies journals with high scientific quality. Non-indexed journals are journals that fall outside of this indexation. More than half (57%) of these GPT-fabricated papers concerned policy-relevant subject areas susceptible to influence operations. To avoid increasing the visibility of these publications, we abstained from referencing them in this research note. However, we have made the data available in the Harvard Dataverse repository.

The publications were related to three issue areas—health (14.5%), environment (19.5%) and computing (23%)—with key terms such “healthcare,” “COVID-19,” or “infection”for health-related papers, and “analysis,” “sustainable,” and “global” for environment-related papers. In several cases, the papers had titles that strung together general keywords and buzzwords, thus alluding to very broad and current research. These terms included “biology,” “telehealth,” “climate policy,” “diversity,” and “disrupting,” to name just a few. While the study’s scope and design did not include a detailed analysis of which parts of the articles included fabricated text, our dataset did contain the surrounding sentences for each occurrence of the suspicious phrases that formed the basis for our search and subsequent selection. Based on that, we can say that the phrases occurred in most sections typically found in scientific publications, including the literature review, methods, conceptual and theoretical frameworks, background, motivation or societal relevance, and even discussion. This was confirmed during the joint coding, where we read and discussed all articles. It became clear that not just the text related to the telltale phrases was created by GPT, but that almost all articles in our sample of questionable articles likely contained traces of GPT-fabricated text everywhere.

Evidence hacking and backfiring effects

Generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs) can be used to produce texts that mimic scientific writing. These texts, when made available online—as we demonstrate—leak into the databases of academic search engines and other parts of the research infrastructure for scholarly communication. This development exacerbates problems that were already present with less sophisticated text generators (Antkare, 2020; Cabanac & Labbé, 2021). Yet, the public release of ChatGPT in 2022, together with the way Google Scholar works, has increased the likelihood of lay people (e.g., media, politicians, patients, students) coming across questionable (or even entirely GPT-fabricated) papers and other problematic research findings. Previous research has emphasized that the ability to determine the value and status of scientific publications for lay people is at stake when misleading articles are passed off as reputable (Haider & Åström, 2017) and that systematic literature reviews risk being compromised (Dadkhah et al., 2017). It has also been highlighted that Google Scholar, in particular, can be and has been exploited for manipulating the evidence base for politically charged issues and to fuel conspiracy narratives (Tripodi et al., 2023). Both concerns are likely to be magnified in the future, increasing the risk of what we suggest calling evidence hacking —the strategic and coordinated malicious manipulation of society’s evidence base.

The authority of quality-controlled research as evidence to support legislation, policy, politics, and other forms of decision-making is undermined by the presence of undeclared GPT-fabricated content in publications professing to be scientific. Due to the large number of archives, repositories, mirror sites, and shadow libraries to which they spread, there is a clear risk that GPT-fabricated, questionable papers will reach audiences even after a possible retraction. There are considerable technical difficulties involved in identifying and tracing computer-fabricated papers (Cabanac & Labbé, 2021; Dadkhah et al., 2023; Jones, 2024), not to mention preventing and curbing their spread and uptake.

However, as the rise of the so-called anti-vaxx movement during the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing obstruction and denial of climate change show, retracting erroneous publications often fuels conspiracies and increases the following of these movements rather than stopping them. To illustrate this mechanism, climate deniers frequently question established scientific consensus by pointing to other, supposedly scientific, studies that support their claims. Usually, these are poorly executed, not peer-reviewed, based on obsolete data, or even fraudulent (Dunlap & Brulle, 2020). A similar strategy is successful in the alternative epistemic world of the global anti-vaccination movement (Carrion, 2018) and the persistence of flawed and questionable publications in the scientific record already poses significant problems for health research, policy, and lawmakers, and thus for society as a whole (Littell et al., 2024). Considering that a person’s support for “doing your own research” is associated with increased mistrust in scientific institutions (Chinn & Hasell, 2023), it will be of utmost importance to anticipate and consider such backfiring effects already when designing a technical solution, when suggesting industry or legal regulation, and in the planning of educational measures.

Recommendations

Solutions should be based on simultaneous considerations of technical, educational, and regulatory approaches, as well as incentives, including social ones, across the entire research infrastructure. Paying attention to how these approaches and incentives relate to each other can help identify points and mechanisms for disruption. Recognizing fraudulent academic papers must happen alongside understanding how they reach their audiences and what reasons there might be for some of these papers successfully “sticking around.” A possible way to mitigate some of the risks associated with GPT-fabricated scholarly texts finding their way into academic search engine results would be to provide filtering options for facets such as indexed journals, gray literature, peer-review, and similar on the interface of publicly available academic search engines. Furthermore, evaluation tools for indexed journals 3 Such as LiU Journal CheckUp, https://ep.liu.se/JournalCheckup/default.aspx?lang=eng . could be integrated into the graphical user interfaces and the crawlers of these academic search engines. To enable accountability, it is important that the index (database) of such a search engine is populated according to criteria that are transparent, open to scrutiny, and appropriate to the workings of science and other forms of academic research. Moreover, considering that Google Scholar has no real competitor, there is a strong case for establishing a freely accessible, non-specialized academic search engine that is not run for commercial reasons but for reasons of public interest. Such measures, together with educational initiatives aimed particularly at policymakers, science communicators, journalists, and other media workers, will be crucial to reducing the possibilities for and effects of malicious manipulation or evidence hacking. It is important not to present this as a technical problem that exists only because of AI text generators but to relate it to the wider concerns in which it is embedded. These range from a largely dysfunctional scholarly publishing system (Haider & Åström, 2017) and academia’s “publish or perish” paradigm to Google’s near-monopoly and ideological battles over the control of information and ultimately knowledge. Any intervention is likely to have systemic effects; these effects need to be considered and assessed in advance and, ideally, followed up on.

Our study focused on a selection of papers that were easily recognizable as fraudulent. We used this relatively small sample as a magnifying glass to examine, delineate, and understand a problem that goes beyond the scope of the sample itself, which however points towards larger concerns that require further investigation. The work of ongoing whistleblowing initiatives 4 Such as Academ-AI, https://www.academ-ai.info/ , and Retraction Watch, https://retractionwatch.com/papers-and-peer-reviews-with-evidence-of-chatgpt-writing/ . , recent media reports of journal closures (Subbaraman, 2024), or GPT-related changes in word use and writing style (Cabanac et al., 2021; Stokel-Walker, 2024) suggest that we only see the tip of the iceberg. There are already more sophisticated cases (Dadkhah et al., 2023) as well as cases involving fabricated images (Gu et al., 2022). Our analysis shows that questionable and potentially manipulative GPT-fabricated papers permeate the research infrastructure and are likely to become a widespread phenomenon. Our findings underline that the risk of fake scientific papers being used to maliciously manipulate evidence (see Dadkhah et al., 2017) must be taken seriously. Manipulation may involve undeclared automatic summaries of texts, inclusion in literature reviews, explicit scientific claims, or the concealment of errors in studies so that they are difficult to detect in peer review. However, the mere possibility of these things happening is a significant risk in its own right that can be strategically exploited and will have ramifications for trust in and perception of science. Society’s methods of evaluating sources and the foundations of media and information literacy are under threat and public trust in science is at risk of further erosion, with far-reaching consequences for society in dealing with information disorders. To address this multifaceted problem, we first need to understand why it exists and proliferates.

Finding 1: 139 GPT-fabricated, questionable papers were found and listed as regular results on the Google Scholar results page. Non-indexed journals dominate.

Most questionable papers we found were in non-indexed journals or were working papers, but we did also find some in established journals, publications, conferences, and repositories. We found a total of 139 papers with a suspected deceptive use of ChatGPT or similar LLM applications (see Table 1). Out of these, 19 were in indexed journals, 89 were in non-indexed journals, 19 were student papers found in university databases, and 12 were working papers (mostly in preprint databases). Table 1 divides these papers into categories. Health and environment papers made up around 34% (47) of the sample. Of these, 66% were present in non-indexed journals.


Indexed journals*	5	3	4	7	19
Non-indexed journals	18	18	13	40	89
Student papers	4	3	1	11	19
Working papers	5	3	2	2	12
Total	32	27	20	60	139

Finding 2: GPT-fabricated, questionable papers are disseminated online, permeating the research infrastructure for scholarly communication, often in multiple copies. Applied topics with practical implications dominate.

The 20 papers concerning health-related issues are distributed across 20 unique domains, accounting for 46 URLs. The 27 papers dealing with environmental issues can be found across 26 unique domains, accounting for 56 URLs. Most of the identified papers exist in multiple copies and have already spread to several archives, repositories, and social media. It would be difficult, or impossible, to remove them from the scientific record.

As apparent from Table 2, GPT-fabricated, questionable papers are seeping into most parts of the online research infrastructure for scholarly communication. Platforms on which identified papers have appeared include ResearchGate, ORCiD, Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology (JPTCP), Easychair, Frontiers, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineer (IEEE), and X/Twitter. Thus, even if they are retracted from their original source, it will prove very difficult to track, remove, or even just mark them up on other platforms. Moreover, unless regulated, Google Scholar will enable their continued and most likely unlabeled discoverability.


Environment	researchgate.net (13)	orcid.org (4)	easychair.org (3)	ijope.com* (3)	publikasiindonesia.id (3)
Health	researchgate.net (15)	ieee.org (4)	twitter.com (3)	jptcp.com** (2)	frontiersin.org (2)

A word rain visualization (Centre for Digital Humanities Uppsala, 2023), which combines word prominences through TF-IDF 5 Term frequency–inverse document frequency , a method for measuring the significance of a word in a document compared to its frequency across all documents in a collection. scores with semantic similarity of the full texts of our sample of GPT-generated articles that fall into the “Environment” and “Health” categories, reflects the two categories in question. However, as can be seen in Figure 1, it also reveals overlap and sub-areas. The y-axis shows word prominences through word positions and font sizes, while the x-axis indicates semantic similarity. In addition to a certain amount of overlap, this reveals sub-areas, which are best described as two distinct events within the word rain. The event on the left bundles terms related to the development and management of health and healthcare with “challenges,” “impact,” and “potential of artificial intelligence”emerging as semantically related terms. Terms related to research infrastructures, environmental, epistemic, and technological concepts are arranged further down in the same event (e.g., “system,” “climate,” “understanding,” “knowledge,” “learning,” “education,” “sustainable”). A second distinct event further to the right bundles terms associated with fish farming and aquatic medicinal plants, highlighting the presence of an aquaculture cluster. Here, the prominence of groups of terms such as “used,” “model,” “-based,” and “traditional” suggests the presence of applied research on these topics. The two events making up the word rain visualization, are linked by a less dominant but overlapping cluster of terms related to “energy” and “water.”

The bar chart of the terms in the paper subset (see Figure 2) complements the word rain visualization by depicting the most prominent terms in the full texts along the y-axis. Here, word prominences across health and environment papers are arranged descendingly, where values outside parentheses are TF-IDF values (relative frequencies) and values inside parentheses are raw term frequencies (absolute frequencies).

Finding 3: Google Scholar presents results from quality-controlled and non-controlled citation databases on the same interface, providing unfiltered access to GPT-fabricated questionable papers.

Google Scholar’s central position in the publicly accessible scholarly communication infrastructure, as well as its lack of standards, transparency, and accountability in terms of inclusion criteria, has potentially serious implications for public trust in science. This is likely to exacerbate the already-known potential to exploit Google Scholar for evidence hacking (Tripodi et al., 2023) and will have implications for any attempts to retract or remove fraudulent papers from their original publication venues. Any solution must consider the entirety of the research infrastructure for scholarly communication and the interplay of different actors, interests, and incentives.

We searched and scraped Google Scholar using the Python library Scholarly (Cholewiak et al., 2023) for papers that included specific phrases known to be common responses from ChatGPT and similar applications with the same underlying model (GPT3.5 or GPT4): “as of my last knowledge update” and/or “I don’t have access to real-time data” (see Appendix A). This facilitated the identification of papers that likely used generative AI to produce text, resulting in 227 retrieved papers. The papers’ bibliographic information was automatically added to a spreadsheet and downloaded into Zotero. 6 An open-source reference manager, https://zotero.org .

We employed multiple coding (Barbour, 2001) to classify the papers based on their content. First, we jointly assessed whether the paper was suspected of fraudulent use of ChatGPT (or similar) based on how the text was integrated into the papers and whether the paper was presented as original research output or the AI tool’s role was acknowledged. Second, in analyzing the content of the papers, we continued the multiple coding by classifying the fraudulent papers into four categories identified during an initial round of analysis—health, environment, computing, and others—and then determining which subjects were most affected by this issue (see Table 1). Out of the 227 retrieved papers, 88 papers were written with legitimate and/or declared use of GPTs (i.e., false positives, which were excluded from further analysis), and 139 papers were written with undeclared and/or fraudulent use (i.e., true positives, which were included in further analysis). The multiple coding was conducted jointly by all authors of the present article, who collaboratively coded and cross-checked each other’s interpretation of the data simultaneously in a shared spreadsheet file. This was done to single out coding discrepancies and settle coding disagreements, which in turn ensured methodological thoroughness and analytical consensus (see Barbour, 2001). Redoing the category coding later based on our established coding schedule, we achieved an intercoder reliability (Cohen’s kappa) of 0.806 after eradicating obvious differences.

The ranking algorithm of Google Scholar prioritizes highly cited and older publications (Martín-Martín et al., 2016). Therefore, the position of the articles on the search engine results pages was not particularly informative, considering the relatively small number of results in combination with the recency of the publications. Only the query “as of my last knowledge update” had more than two search engine result pages. On those, questionable articles with undeclared use of GPTs were evenly distributed across all result pages (min: 4, max: 9, mode: 8), with the proportion of undeclared use being slightly higher on average on later search result pages.

To understand how the papers making fraudulent use of generative AI were disseminated online, we programmatically searched for the paper titles (with exact string matching) in Google Search from our local IP address (see Appendix B) using the googlesearch – python library(Vikramaditya, 2020). We manually verified each search result to filter out false positives—results that were not related to the paper—and then compiled the most prominent URLs by field. This enabled the identification of other platforms through which the papers had been spread. We did not, however, investigate whether copies had spread into SciHub or other shadow libraries, or if they were referenced in Wikipedia.

We used descriptive statistics to count the prevalence of the number of GPT-fabricated papers across topics and venues and top domains by subject. The pandas software library for the Python programming language (The pandas development team, 2024) was used for this part of the analysis. Based on the multiple coding, paper occurrences were counted in relation to their categories, divided into indexed journals, non-indexed journals, student papers, and working papers. The schemes, subdomains, and subdirectories of the URL strings were filtered out while top-level domains and second-level domains were kept, which led to normalizing domain names. This, in turn, allowed the counting of domain frequencies in the environment and health categories. To distinguish word prominences and meanings in the environment and health-related GPT-fabricated questionable papers, a semantically-aware word cloud visualization was produced through the use of a word rain (Centre for Digital Humanities Uppsala, 2023) for full-text versions of the papers. Font size and y-axis positions indicate word prominences through TF-IDF scores for the environment and health papers (also visualized in a separate bar chart with raw term frequencies in parentheses), and words are positioned along the x-axis to reflect semantic similarity (Skeppstedt et al., 2024), with an English Word2vec skip gram model space (Fares et al., 2017). An English stop word list was used, along with a manually produced list including terms such as “https,” “volume,” or “years.”

Artificial Intelligence
/ Search engines

Cite this Essay

Haider, J., Söderström, K. R., Ekström, B., & Rödl, M. (2024). GPT-fabricated scientific papers on Google Scholar: Key features, spread, and implications for preempting evidence manipulation. Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review . https://doi.org/10.37016/mr-2020-156

/ Appendix B

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This research has been supported by Mistra, the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, through the research program Mistra Environmental Communication (Haider, Ekström, Rödl) and the Marcus and Amalia Wallenberg Foundation [2020.0004] (Söderström).

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

The research described in this article was carried out under Swedish legislation. According to the relevant EU and Swedish legislation (2003:460) on the ethical review of research involving humans (“Ethical Review Act”), the research reported on here is not subject to authorization by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (“etikprövningsmyndigheten”) (SRC, 2017).

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original author and source are properly credited.

Data Availability

All data needed to replicate this study are available at the Harvard Dataverse: https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/WUVD8X

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank two anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments on the article manuscript as well as the editorial group of Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Misinformation Review for their thoughtful feedback and input.

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Credit: Shout

Reimagining alternatives to animal testing

Artificial intelligence and organoid advances hold new promise for reducing the number of laboratory animals used in studies..

By Jack McGovan

A round 348 B.C., Aristotle took a two-year trip to the eastern Aegean island of Lesbos to study animals in a lagoon. Along with observing the creatures in their natural habitat and surmising, among other things, that dolphins were not fish, he dissected smaller animals to try and understand their internal workings. When he cut open eels, abundant in the lagoon, he was puzzled to find no evidence of reproductive tissue and made the false assumption that they generated spontaneously from the mud.

Aristotle's dissections were some of the first documented experiments on animals. Initially a practice aimed at understanding anatomy, these experiments evolved as biology and medicine progressed. For example, the Roman physician Galen of Pergamon developed techniques for dissection and vivisection of animals, which informed his treatises on medicine that remained canonical until the 14th century, when the Renaissance began in Italy.

It wasn't until the late 1930s that rigorous animal testing became a standard part of the drug development process . A U.S. pharmaceutical company had created an elixir with a raspberry aroma that promised to work as an antibiotic. The solution contained diethylene glycol. Unbeknownst to the company's chief chemist, the chemical proved poisonous to humans, and over 100 people died after the elixir hit store shelves. The resulting outcry led to the passage of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which required that drugs be tested on animals before being marketed.

Without animal testing, many of the medicines and procedures we take for granted wouldn't exist today. Transplantation of skin, corneas, and internal organs became possible owing to knowledge acquired through experimentation on animals. And polio—the devastating, paralysis-causing virus that was once one of the most feared diseases in the world—has been nearly eradicated because of a vaccine that was developed through experiments on monkeys. The number of drugs failing to make it to market that have passed animal testing reached an all-time high of 95% in 2021.

Today, animals continue to be widely used in the biomedical sciences. One paper published in Sage Journals found that 79.9 million animals were used in scientific procedures in 2015, an estimated 37% increase from 2005. There have also been unprecedented levels of funding in drug development in the last decade. However, the number of drugs failing to make it to market that have passed animal testing reached an all-time high of 95% in 2021, according to a review paper in the journal Nature . Thomas Hartung , a professor of toxicology and director of the Johns Hopkins Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing, wants better science—and more options.

Sometimes the consequences of animal experiments can go beyond a couple of failed experiments. In France in 2016, six people were hospitalized and one man died during a clinical trial. The drug in question had been tested in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys with dosages 400 times stronger than those given to the human volunteers, and no ill effects were recorded.

Hartung's research has found that there are cases where animal models may no longer be necessary. In a paper published in a 2018 edition of the journal Toxicological Sciences , he and his team found they were able to predict—using a computer model that combed through a massive chemical hazard database—whether a particular chemical would be toxic to humans in more cases than animal models could. "The publication was a turning point," says the German-born Hartung, who has led the center since 2009.

The finding effectively put the center at the heart of a revolution in toxicology to move away from decades-old animal tests to the use of artificial intelligence and organoid cultures, 3D tissue models grown from stem cells programmed to mimic a specific organ. In the not-so-distant future, Hartung hopes, this emerging and quickly evolving technology and science could render many animal tests a remnant of the past.

T hat 2018 paper was a breakthrough in the use of machine learning to approach toxicology. One of Hartung's PhD students had built a database that could be used to predict—better than animal models could—how toxic a certain chemical would be to humans. More than 10,000 chemicals and their properties, provided by the European Chemical Agency, were reviewed.

The structure of a chemical determines whether it would be toxic to humans. So, when researchers want to determine the toxicology of a chemical, they can look at those with a similar structure known to produce a negative reaction. Manually assessing each chemical on a case-by-case basis would be time consuming, limiting its usefulness. What the researchers at the center, known as CAAT, did was to automate and accelerate that process, using big data to examine potential human interactions such as acute oral and dermal toxicity, eye and skin irritation, and mutagenicity (ability to induce a genetic mutation).

Computational tools are just one of the ways Hartung and other researchers at CAAT are attempting to move away from animal testing. The lab where Hartung is based is filled with brains, and that's not a reference to the staff located there. Little clumps of brain tissue, barely visible to the human eye, are grown in incubators every week by the thousands. Referred to as organoids, these clumps of tissue can't think or feel, but they can be used to see how brain cells respond to stimuli in a lab setting.

Brain organoids are made from pluripotent stem cells, which can produce any cell or tissue a body may need. The cells are placed in a matrix that helps them connect with each other and form larger tissues. They're then added to an incubator and allowed to grow for eight weeks, at which point they are essentially miniaturized, 3D versions of organs able to be used for testing. "Once you have mastered production, it is a very robust and reasonably cheap process," Hartung says.

By combining brain organoids with AI, Hartung hopes to develop what he calls organoid intelligence, a major step forward "to make brain cell cultures do what the [human] brain is supposed to." Although it is currently still science fiction, he says, the organoid intelligence project (running since January 2023) recently produced a technical paper describing how to build such a system.

Hartung moved to the United States in 2009 to take over from Alan Goldberg as director at CAAT. Founded in 1981 with a $1 million grant from the Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association, the center and its researchers for the next few decades worked to harness scientific advances, such as in vitro experiments using human cell lines, where once mice and rats were used. Advances in biostatistics and computer modeling of biological systems enabled researchers to construct experiments using only a fraction of the animals they would otherwise have needed.

When Hartung arrived, the center was "an information hub of six people" down by Baltimore's Inner Harbor. He promptly moved activities to the university, under the auspices of the Bloomberg School of Public Health, because he wanted to have a larger lab space and students to work with. Today, CAAT involves more than 30 researchers. His background, he says, has also helped bring some diversity to the center. "We have an unusual number of expats and people from all over the world," he says.

Alternatives to animal testing would get a real boost when the COVID-19 pandemic hit. Scientists were desperate for answers, and fast, so they turned to nonanimal models to understand the virus . Similarly, researchers had to dramatically cut down the time it took to develop a vaccine, typically in the range of five to 10 years. "I'm not saying that animal studies don't give us good answers, but they're expensive and lengthy, and they're not for something that you need answers quickly on," says Suzanne Fitzpatrick, a toxicologist at the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition.

In the years since, there has been growing support for alternatives to animal testing. Maryland became the first state to require animal testing labs to contribute money to nonanimal research. Monica Bertagnolli, the director of the National Institutes of Health, announced in February that it would prioritize the development and use of combinatorial NAMs. NAMs refers to new approach methods, another term for alternatives to animal testing.

Image credit : Shout

In January 2023, the FDA Modernization Act took things a step further, declaring that animal testing was no longer required as evidence before clinical trials.

CAAT recently announced that it would collaborate with the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition to discuss and share the latest developments in the field of animal testing alternatives. "There's so many papers coming out now in this area, it's hard to keep up with the science," Fitzpatrick says. The collaboration, she says, makes it easier for scientists to keep up with advances while "we're still doing our regular jobs."

Soon, Fitzpatrick expects "more and more methods coming in that might be of use to the FDA" as nonanimal models mature. But, she cautions, "I don't think we're at the point where we're not going to have animal testing."

Of the $42 billion of funding the NIH awarded in 2020, 47% went to projects based on animal testing. But it should be pointed out that there are many laws, regulations, and policies that protect animals used in federally funded research. According to the National Institutes of Health, these protections include considering nonanimal alternatives to meet the scientific objectives and using the fewest subjects needed for thorough and repeatable results. They also outline standards that reflect a commitment to animal care.

In short, animals are still a vital part of science and public health. Reporting in Fast Company from earlier this year highlighted a shortage of long-tailed macaques during the COVID-19 pandemic. A panel assembled by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine concluded that a lack of nonhuman primates in research would "severely limit the ability of National Institutes of Health–supported research programs to respond adequately to public health emergencies, as well as to carry out high-impact biomedical research."

The panel also said: "While no model, animal or otherwise, can fully mimic the complexities of the human body, there remain research questions that currently cannot be answered outside of the context of a living organism."

"In an animal, you have the systemic interaction of multiple organs, says Eva-Maria Dehne, a senior scientist at TissUse , a biotechnology company in Germany. "This is what you need to replace [animal models]." Her work focuses on organ-on-a-chip systems, small chips roughly the size of a computer memory stick. Organoids are added to chambers on the chips, lined with canals along which liquid can flow, mimicking blood vessels. Valves allow researchers to control the rate of flow.

Different chips can be connected so that a researcher could, for example, end up with a brain-heart-liver system. TissUse develops these organ-on-a-chip systems and sells them to researchers in the biomedical field.

Dehne, who was initially interested in the field owing to an ethical opposition to animal testing, has become more and more convinced by the scientific arguments to move away from the practice.

In making the case for nonanimal testing, Hartung thinks it's best to focus on arguments around efficiency. He adds that in his experience people tend not to respond positively to ethical arguments. When you highlight the efficiency of alternatives, that can open more doors. Data suggests that organ-on-a-chip systems could reduce research and development costs by 26%. "It is much more powerful than saying you have to protect these animals," he says.

Dehne worked with others on a brain-to-liver chip to test the blood-brain barrier permeation of the drugs atenolol and propranolol, the results of which were published in the journal Cells in 2022. Not only did the drugs match the results from human clinical trials, so, too, did the metabolites. In another paper, cosmetic ingredients were tested on a skin-liver-thyroid chip , with results predicting safe dosages within a fraction of current safety standards.

Researchers from Columbia University tested the cancer drug doxorubicin on a heart-liver-bone-skin chip , which matched the results found from clinical trials of the drug. Emulate, a spinoff from Harvard's Wyss Institute that is also developing organ-on-a-chip systems, works with top pharmaceutical companies, such as AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, and Roche.

Hartung says the main message he wants to get across is that today there are simply fewer reasons—scientifically, economically, and ethically—to keep experimenting on animals to the same degree as we have done historically. In his view, "it is time to complement and then to replace the animal tests where we can do better," he says.

There are, however, still a lot of technological hurdles to cross before nonanimal testing can become more prevalent. Unless organoid intelligence, or something similar, comes to fruition, running experiments that involve a conscious response may always have to be done on animals. For example, if testing the effects of a pain relief drug, you need a conscious being.

Organ-on-a-chip systems are also quite complex, and that limits their usefulness. Chengpeng Chen, an assistant professor of analytical chemistry at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, has experienced that firsthand. He remembers setting up a chip system, but when it came to adding the cells, they were either contaminated or hadn't grown properly, and so he had to discard the whole configuration. "It takes days to have a setup ready," he says. "Any mistake or any problem in any of the steps can mess up the whole setup."

Chen himself is running a lab focused on organ-on-a-chip systems. One of his aims is to try and make the use of these alternatives to animal testing easier. "A lab has to have very well-trained personnel to fabricate and maintain such organs-on-a-chip," Chen says. If we want the technology to be more widely used, then it must become easier to handle. Focusing on gains in efficiency in lieu of accessibility, while still useful, will mean the technology remains largely in academia, he says.

W hen Hartung went to Germany's University of Tübingen in the 1980s, animal testing was the norm. "I really needed a big glass of whiskey in the evening when I had done an experiment on mice and rats," he says. Feeling uneasy with the prospect of a career in a field where he had to keep testing on animals, Hartung managed to convince his mentor at the time to let him run experiments on cell cultures instead.

"I got a lot of feedback from some fellow scientists who told me: 'How can you waste your beautiful career with this alternative nonsense?'" he says. Nevertheless, Hartung continued with his research into cell cultures until, in 1996, he made a breakthrough when he designed an in vitro version of a pyrogen test—a test, traditionally done on rabbits, to find out whether a product is clean of bacterial contamination.

Ecstatic to have made a contribution that could save animal lives, Hartung was disappointed when the test was finally approved in 2006 alongside a host of others with the same function. Almost nobody seemed interested in adopting them. "The appetite by both the regulators and the regulated industry to make changes is often not very big," Hartung says.

One moment that really highlighted this resistance to change for Hartung was when he was on a panel discussing his pyrogen test. An employee from a big pharmaceutical company opposed the test "harshly," yet away from the spotlight, in the safety of a private conversation, the employee said he thought the test was good; it's just that his company had taken the stance to oppose it as it might impact their profits.

A 2022 paper published in the Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine noted that the beneficial effects of "tissue plasminogen activator for stroke had been well documented in animal models by 2001, but research using several thousand animals continued for several years afterward." An analysis published in BMJ Open in 2020 found that most stroke researchers recognized that animal models had not been successful in the field, yet they were reluctant to relinquish them. The analysis looked at opinion papers published in journals from 1979 to 2018 and found that only one author out of 80 had advocated for alternatives to animal testing.

Others, however, seem to be embracing alternatives. Last year, CAAT, together with TissUse, organized a conference in Berlin based on alternatives to animal testing. Hartung said that while they initially expected around 700–1,000 guests, the capacity of 1,300 was reached months before the conference occurred.

In situ with Thomas Hartung

Could ai put an end to animal testing, could the next blockbuster drug be lab-rat free, fda no longer needs to require animal tests before human drug trials.

CAAT recently received $17 million for a seven-year project called IMPACT. With the money, Hartung and his team hope to further refine the alternatives to animal testing they've developed and create the Human Exposome Project, a database cataloging chemical exposures a person might face over their lifetime, along with potential harmful side effects.

Dehne thinks the community building around nonanimal models is great, and she is happy that more companies and researchers are entering the space. "There will never be one system that can answer all the questions, and therefore there will always be a need for different systems," she says.

Hartung has a similar view. "We're trying to form communities, … hundreds of people ultimately collaborating because they buy in" to the mission, he says. "It's more important that things are being done than who does them."

Fitzpatrick from the FDA says that alternatives to animal testing will likely help reduce the number of animals used but not necessarily fully replace them. She suggests that alternatives could be used to study a particular chemical, so researchers would have a better understanding of what to look for in animal tests, meaning fewer overall tests, and therefore fewer test subjects, would be necessary. "Our responsibility is to put safe and effective products on the market—not ending animal testing," she said. "So, we have to do that however we can."

Almost three decades after Hartung designed his pyrogen test, the European Union finally decided to outlaw the industry standard rabbit pyrogen test by 2026. "If you would have told me as a young postdoc how long this might take, I probably would have gone into another field," he says. Though the U.S. is still lagging in that regard, Hartung is enjoying the moment of having finally pushed through a replacement that he says could save up to 170,000 rabbits from unnecessary suffering every year.

Jack McGovan is a freelance writer based in Berlin.

Posted in Science+Technology

Tagged organoids

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New study reveals evidence of ice-free times at the center of the Greenland Ice Sheet

A new paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences shows direct evidence of Greenland being ice-free within the last 1.1 million years. This NSF-funded study analyzed sediment drilled through the Greenland Ice Sheet at NSF Summit Station, located at the apex of the ice sheet, in 1993.

female scientist looking at fossilized materials under a microscope

This sediment, known as glacial till, was found 3 kilometers below the current ice sheet and was discovered to contain plant fragments, wood, insect parts and fungi. These inclusions, along with dating information provided from analysis, show that within the last 1.1 million years this region was completely covered in tundra vegetation. Instead of ice, this area had a cold, dry environment where snow would last into summer.

These results have implications for the Greenland Ice Sheet today. As the region faces warming climates, scientists now know that the Greenland Ice Sheet has the potential to completely melt.

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