essay on norms and values

Norms and Values In Sociology: Definition & Examples

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Societies work or function because each individual member of that society plays particular roles and each role carries a status and norms which are informed by the values and beliefs of the culture of that society. The process of learning these roles and the norms and values appropriate to them from those around us is called socialisation .

How Are Norms and Values Different?

Values are the basic beliefs that guide the actions of individuals, while norms are the expectations that society has for people’s behavior. In other words, values tell individuals what is right or wrong, while norms tell individuals what is acceptable or not.

Values are more abstract and universal than norms, meaning they exist independently of any specific culture or society. Norms, on the other hand, are specific to a particular culture or society, and are essentially action-guiding rules, specifying concretely the things that must be done or omitted.

Additionally, values tend to be passed down from generation to generation, while norms can change relatively quickly.

In short, the values we hold are general behavioral guidelines. They tell us what we believe is right or wrong, for example, but that does not tell us how we should behave appropriately in any given social situation. This is the part played by norms in the overall structure of our social behavior.

However, there is often a lot of overlap between norms and values. For example, one of most of society’s norms is that one should not kill other people.

This norm is also a value, it is something that societies believe is morally wrong (McAdams, 2001).

What Are Norms?

Social norms are specific rules dictating how people should act in a particular situation, values are general ideas that support the norm”. There are four types of norm we can distinguish:

1. Folkways

Folkways are norms related to everyday social behavior that are followed out of custom, tradition, or routine. They are less strictly enforced than mores or laws, and violations are typically met with mild social disapproval rather than serious punishment.

Examples of folkways include etiquette and manners, such as holding a door open for someone, saying “please” and “thank you,” or not talking loudly in a library.

They contribute to the social order by facilitating smooth, predictable social interactions.

Folkways are fairly weak kinds of norm. For example, when you meet someone you know on the street, you probably say ”hello” and expect them to respond in a kind way.

If they ignore you, they have broken a friendship norm, which might lead you to reassess your relationship with them.

Mores are much stronger norms, and a failure to conform to them will result in a much stronger social response from the person or people who resent your failure to behave appropriately.

Mores refer to the norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance in a society. These norms are often seen as critical for the proper functioning of a group or society, and violations are typically met with serious societal disapproval or sanctions.

Mores often dictate ethical and moral standards in social behavior, such as honesty, respect for human life, and laws against theft or murder.

Taboos refer to those behaviors, practices, or topics considered profoundly offensive, repugnant, and unacceptable by a society or cultural group.

Societal sanctions, penalties, or ostracism often back these prohibitions.

The origin of taboos can be traced to religious beliefs, societal customs, or moral codes, and they usually touch on areas such as sex, death, dietary habits, and social relations.

The violation of these taboos can lead to severe consequences, which might include social exclusion, legal repercussions, or even physical harm in extreme cases.

4. Laws (legal norms)

A law is an expression of a very strong moral norm that exists to control people’s behavior explicitly.

Punishment for the infraction of legal norms will depend on the norm that has been broken and the culture in which the legal norm develops.

Norms shape attitudes, afford guidelines for actions and establish boundaries for behavior. Moreover, norms regulate character, engender societal cohesion, and aid individuals in striving toward cultural goals.

Conversely, the violation of norms may elicit disapprobation, ridicule, or even ostracization. For instance, while the Klu Klux Klan is legally permitted in the United States, norms pervading many academic, cultural, and religious institutions barely countenance any association with it or any espousal of its racist and antisemitic propaganda.

Consequently, we see the potency of a norm condemning certain viewpoints being promoted through informal means even in the absence of any equivalent formal counterparts.

What Are Values?

Values are beliefs that we have about what is important, both to us and to society as a whole. A value, therefore, is a belief (right or wrong) about the way something should be.

Values are essential in validating norms; normative rules without reference to underlying values lack motivation and justification. Meanwhile, without corresponding norms, values lack concrete direction and execution (McAdams, 2001).

While the common values of societies can change overtime, this process is usually slow. This means these values tend to be appropriate for their historical period (Merton, 1994).

There are still commonly shared values within societies, but they become generalized, a more general underpinning for social practices.

Durkheim notes that value consensus continues to exist in modern societies but in a weaker form because industrialization has resulted in people having greater access to a greater variety of knowledge and ideas, e.g., through the mass media and science.

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Berkowitz, A. D. (2005). An overview of the social norms approach. Changing the culture of college drinking: A socially situated health communication campaign, 1, 193-214.

Bicchieri, C. (2011). Social Norms . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Boudon, R. (2017). The origin of values: Sociology and philosophy of beliefs. Routledge.

Carter, P. M., Bingham, C. R., Zakrajsek, J. S., Shope, J. T., & Sayer, T. B. (2014). Social norms and risk perception: Predictors of distracted driving behavior among novice adolescent drivers. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54 (5), S32-S41.

Chung, A., & Rimal, R. N. (2016). Social norms : A review.  Review of Communication Research, 4, 1-28.

Frese, M. (2015). Cultural practices, norms, and values .  Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46 (10), 1327-1330.

Hechter, M., & Opp, K. D. (Eds.). (2001). Social norms .

Lapinski, M. K., & Rimal, R. N. (2005). An explication of social norms .  Communication theory, 15 (2), 127-147.

Merton, R. K. (1994, March). Durkheim”s division of labor in society. In Sociological Forum (Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 17-25). Kluwer Academic Publishers-Plenum Publishers.

Moi, T. (2001). What is a woman?: and other essays. Oxford University Press on Demand.

Reno, R. R., Cialdini, R. B., & Kallgren, C. A. (1993). The transsituational influence of social norms. Journal of personality and social psychology, 64 (1), 104.

Sunstein, C. R. (1996). Social norms and social roles . Colum. L. Rev., 96, 903.

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Norms and Social Norm

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Introduction, defining norms, understanding social norms, the role of norms in shaping behavior, challenges to norms.

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Cultural Norms, Values, and Beliefs

Culture also plays a significant role in how groups develop their values and belief systems. Culture has a lasting impact on how people think and perceive situations. Think about when you and someone different culture looked at the same situation but perceived it differently. How might that apply to a business setting? Read this page, which describes how values differ worldwide and how they are influenced by culture.

Values and Beliefs

The first, and perhaps most crucial, elements of culture we will discuss are its values and beliefs.  Values are a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society. Values are deeply embedded and critical for transmitting and teaching a culture's beliefs. Beliefs are the tenets or convictions that people hold to be true. Individuals in a society have specific beliefs, but they also share collective values. To illustrate the difference, Americans commonly believe in the American Dream – that anyone who works hard enough will be successful and wealthy. Underlying this belief is the American value that wealth is good and important.

Values help shape a society by suggesting what is good and bad, beautiful and ugly, sought or avoided. Consider the value that the United States places upon youth. Children represent innocence and purity, while a youthful adult appearance signifies sexuality. Shaped by this value, individuals spend millions of dollars each year on cosmetic products and surgeries to look young and beautiful. The United States also has an individualistic culture, meaning people place a high value on individuality and independence. In contrast, many other cultures are collectivist, meaning the welfare of the group and group relationships are a primary value.

Living up to a culture's values can be difficult. It's easy to value good health, but it's hard to quit smoking. Marital monogamy is valued, but many spouses engage in infidelity. Cultural diversity and equal opportunities for all people are valued in the United States, yet the country's highest political offices have been dominated by white men.

Values often suggest how people should behave, but they don't accurately reflect how people do behave. Values portray an ideal culture , the standards society would like to embrace and live up to. But ideal culture differs from real culture , the way society actually is, based on what occurs and exists. In an ideal culture, there would be no traffic accidents, murders, poverty, or racial tension. But in real culture, police officers, lawmakers, educators, and social workers constantly strive to prevent or repair those accidents, crimes, and injustices. American teenagers are encouraged to value celibacy. However, the number of unplanned pregnancies among teens reveals that not only is the ideal hard to live up to, but the value alone is not enough to spare teenagers the potential consequences of having sex.

One way societies strive to put values into action is through rewards, sanctions, and punishments. When people observe the norms of society and uphold its values, they are often rewarded. A boy who helps an elderly woman board a bus may receive a smile and a "thank you". A business manager who raises profit margins may receive a quarterly bonus. People sanction certain behaviors by giving their support, approval, or permission, or by instilling formal actions of disapproval and nonsupport. Sanctions are a form of social control , a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms. Sometimes people conform to norms in anticipation or expectation of positive sanctions: good grades, for instance, may mean praise from parents and teachers. From a criminal justice perspective, properly used social control is also inexpensive crime control. Utilizing social control approaches pushes most people to conform to societal rules, regardless of whether authority figures (such as law enforcement) are present.

When people go against a society's values, they are punished. A boy who shoves an elderly woman aside to board the bus first may receive frowns or even a scolding from other passengers. A business manager who drives away customers will likely be fired. Breaking norms and rejecting values can lead to cultural sanctions such as earning a negative label – lazy, no-good bum – or to legal sanctions, such as traffic tickets, fines, or imprisonment.

In many parts of Africa and the Middle East, it is considered normal for men to hold hands in friendship. How would Americans react to these two soldiers?

Values are not static; they vary across time and between groups as people evaluate, debate, and change collective societal beliefs. Values also vary from culture to culture. For example, cultures differ in their values about what kinds of physical closeness are appropriate in public. It's rare to see two male friends or coworkers holding hands in the United States where that behavior often symbolizes romantic feelings. But in many nations, masculine physical intimacy is considered natural in public. This difference in cultural values came to light when people reacted to photos of former president George W. Bush holding hands with the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia in 2005. A simple gesture, such as hand-holding, carries great symbolic differences across cultures.

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• Published: 17 December 2018

SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

Social norms and how they impact behaviour

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There is wide interest in the social norms construct across psychology, economics, law and social marketing. Now a study investigates an important missing piece in the social norms’ puzzle: what is the underlying process that explains how norms impact behaviour? The answer: self–other similarity (self-categorization) and internalization.

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Essay on Values for Students and Children

500+ words essay on values.

Importance of Values

For an individual, values are most important. An individual with good values is loved by everyone around as he is compassionate about others and also he behaves ethically.

Values Help in Decision Making

A person is able to judge what is right and what is wrong based on the values he imbibes. In life at various steps, it makes the decision-making process easier. A person with good values is always likely to make better decisions than others.

Values Can Give Direction to Our Life

In life, Values give us clear goals. They always tell us how we should behave and act in different situations and give the right direction to our life. In life, a person with good values can take better charge.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Values Can Build Character

If a person wants a strong character, then he has to possesses good values such as honesty , loyalty, reliability, efficiency, consistency, compassion, determination, and courage. Values always help in building our character.

Values Can Help in Building a Society

If u want a better society then people need to bear good values. Values play an important role in society. They only need to do their hard work, with compassion, honesty, and other values. Such people will help in the growth of society and make it a much better place to live.

Characteristics of Values

Values are always based on various things. While the basic values remain the same across cultures and are intact since centuries some values may vary. Values may be specific to a society or age. In the past, it was considered that women with good moral values must stay at home and not voice their opinion on anything but however, this has changed over time. Our culture and society determine the values to a large extent. We imbibe values during our childhood years and they remain with us throughout our life.

Family always plays the most important role in rendering values to us. Decisions in life are largely based on the values we possess. Values are permanent and seldom change. A person is always known by the values he possesses. The values of a person always reflect on his attitude and overall personality.

The Decline of Values in the Modern Times

While values are of great importance and we are all aware of the same unfortunately people these days are so engrossed in making money and building a good lifestyle that they often overlook the importance of values. At the age when children must be taught good values, they are taught to fight and survive in this competitive world. Their academics and performance in other activities are given importance over their values.

Parents , as well as teachers, teach them how to take on each other and win by any means instead of inculcating good sportsman spirit in them and teaching them values such as integrity, compassion, and patience. Children always look up to their elders as their role models and it is unfortunate that elders these days have a lack of values. Therefore the children learn the same.

In order to help him grow into a responsible and wise human being, it is important for people to realize that values must be given topmost priority in a child’s life because children are the future of the society. There can be nothing better in a society where a majority of people have good values and they follow the ethical norms.

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Discussion of Cultural Norms and Values Essay

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Chinese Food Culture and Table Etiquette

Norms and values in ‘how family works’, comparison with how my family works.

China is a country that focuses on courtesy with a deep history in its food culture. In China, it is essential to observe table manners as both guests and natives have a precise placement on the table during meal times. It is admirable that the Chinese stress taking care of the elders and children before others during meals.

In a domestic setup, it is the norm to place the main dish, consisting of grain or rice, at the center. Rice is an essential part of the meal since it has some religious value to society. Since China leads in rice cultivation, the people believe it is their source of wealth and show reverence to it by making it the main meal in every dish. Elders sit at the head of the table and serve first. Chinese receive rice bowls with both hands to show respect regardless of the age of the person serving. So, when in China, it is advisable to like rice and teat it religiously during meal times.

Another distinct aspect in Chinese food cultures is with eating chopsticks. I found it interesting that Chines have a unique way of holding chopsticks according to the meal. I find it hard to eat noodles with chopsticks, but the Chinese make it sound and feel easy to eat rice with chopsticks. It is incredible how people rip meat and fish with chopsticks when I do not know how to hold them in the first place. I did find out that chopsticks have cultural value in China, where they are considered lucky charms in a marriage.

The author describes family norms and values from a more ritualistic perspective. Ancient communities relied on rituals and ceremonies to showcase their socio-cultural and economic importance. Rites of passage are a norm for people who must pass through all stages from childhood to adulthood. Community members observed all rites of passage through ritualistic ceremonies involving willing participants.

Nowadays, families also celebrate rites of passage differently. While the natives held rituals, nowadays, people have celebrations and religious traditions to mark developmental stages such as birthday parties, graduation, and religious events like baptism and matrimony. Elders ensured the passing of traditional knowledge across generations through narratives and observing traditional ceremonies. The people had a central kinship that dictated societal traditions, behaviors, and ceremonial locations.

Significant stages such as marriage ceremonies were held with the utmost respect. It was a norm for the girls’ parents to receive a dowry, which shows the girl’s value and the community. In the marriage ceremony, the couple faces away from their parents to indicate broken ties and the formation of an independent union. The same traditions apply in modern society, where people have a central kinship that dictates their habits through generations.

The community also celebrated seasons as a way of thanksgiving and sharing among community members. Generosity was a value that all members upheld, and during festivals, people came together with various items to exchange and give out. People also celebrate significant seasons through festivals and religious meetings such as Christmas and Thanksgiving in today’s communities.

We have central kinship from our grandfather through sharing the same name and upholding the same family traditions. Elders sit at the head of the table during meals and meetings and precede over everything. In my family, we have a traditional recipe for celebrating significant events such as Turkey and Green Bean Casserole during thanksgiving and chocolate cake for birthdays below the age of 10.

The community passes family traditions through narratives and books written by community members. We uphold religious values and practices by attending religious ceremonies, being modest, honest, and respectful to everyone. Our family also celebrates developmental stages according to the achievement or step in life. For example, we celebrate birthdays, baptisms, and graduations. People still pay dowry in monetary value before marriage and weddings.

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Facts, Values, and Norms: Essays toward a Morality of Consequence (Cambridge Studies in Philosophy)

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An Adventure in American Culture & Values

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This article originally appeared at https://www.internationalstudentguidetotheusa.com/articles/culture.php Provided by Marian Beane, Director, International Student/Scholar Office, UNC Charlotte.

Studying in the United States of America can be a wonderful learning experience. Both in and out of the classroom you will learn and practice the English language. You will also learn much about American life and its sometimes confusing culture. As you prepare to come to the U.S., it may help to know something about the values that shape U.S. Americans’ attitudes and behaviors. As you consider these values it is important to remember that:

• U.S. society is made up of a diversity of ethnic groups and cultures that have helped shape American values;
• Some individuals and groups have a set of respected values that are quite different from those of mainstream America;
• People’s attitudes and behavior are based on their values.

Some Major U.S. American Values

Individuality:  U.S. Americans are encouraged at an early age to be independent and to develop their own goals in life. They are encouraged to not depend (too much) on others including their friends, teachers and parents. They are rewarded when they try harder to reach their goals.

Privacy:  U.S. Americans like their privacy and enjoy spending time alone. Foreign visitors will find U.S. American homes and offices open, but what is inside the American mind is considered to be private. To ask the question “What is on your mind?” may be considered by some to be intrusive.

Equality:  U.S. Americans uphold the ideal that everyone “is created equal” and has the same rights. This includes women as well as men of all ethnic and cultural groups living in the U.S. There are even laws that protect this “right to equality” in its various forms.

The general lack of deference to people in authority is one example of equality. Titles, such as “sir” and “madam” are seldom used. Managers, directors, presidents and even university instructors are often addressed by their first or given name.

Time:  U.S. Americans take pride in making the best use of their time. In the business world, “time is money”. Being “on time” for class, an appointment, or for dinner with your host family is important. U.S. Americans apologize if they are late. Some instructors give demerits to students who are late to class, and students at most universities have institutional permission to leave the classroom if their instructor is 10 or 15 minutes late.

Informality:  The U.S. American lifestyle is generally casual. You will see students going to class in shorts and t-shirts. Male instructors seldom wear a tie and some may even wear blue jeans. Female instructors often wear slacks along with comfortable walking shoes.

Greetings and farewells are usually short, informal and friendly. Students may greet each other with “hi”, “how are you”? and “what’s up”? The farewell can be as brief as: “See you”, “take it easy”, or, “come by some time” (although they generally don’t really mean it). Friendships are also casual, as Americans seem to easily develop and end friendships.

Achievement & Hard Work/Play:  The foreign visitor is often impressed at how achievement oriented Americans are and how hard they both work and play. A competitive spirit is often the motivating factor to work harder. Americans often compete with themselves as well as others. They feel good when they “beat their own record” in an athletic event or other types of competition. Americans seem to always be “on the go”, because sitting quietly doing nothing seems like a waste of time.

Direct & Assertive:  U.S. Americans try to work out their differences face-to-face and without a mediator. They are encouraged to speak up and give their opinions. Students are often invited to challenge or disagree with certain points in the lecture. This manner of direct speaking is often interpreted by foreign visitors as rude.

Looking to the Future and to Change:  Children are often asked what they want to be “when they grow up”; college students are asked what they will do when they graduate; and professors plan what they will do when they retire.

Change is often equated with progress and holding on to traditions seems to imply old and outdated ways. Even though Americans are recycling more than before many purchased products are designed to have a short life and then be thrown away.

Adjustment & Culture “Shock”

You may notice that these American values are, in some instances, quite different from your own. When you come to the U.S. the reality of these differences will be more evident. You will likely experience culture “shock” as you learn to adjust to the new culture and way of living. This is very normal and requires both time and patience.

Good Wishes for a New Cultural Experience

Your decision to study in the United States will provide you with endless opportunities to learn about a new culture and about yourself as well. You will also have a chance to “educate” U.S. Americans about your own country and cultural values.

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My Values And Beliefs (Essay/Paper Sample)

Table of Contents

Introduction

Who we are and what we do are largely shaped by important values and beliefs in life. It’s important that we are aware of these two as they are the True North of our decision-making. They also guide our personal relationships.

This custom essay tackles my beliefs in life, as well as my main values. This is my simple way of checking in on my personal life and assessing my code of ethics.

Would you like to write your own essay about beliefs and good values? Connect with Essay Basics so that we can help you in your creative process.

What are my values and beliefs essay

I grew up under my parents’ care. Throughout my life, they consistently told me that the beauty of life is experienced fully only by those who work hard.

As a kid, that did not sound relevant to me. My parents made sure I was looked after well; food, shelter, clothing, schooling, and healthcare were all easily accessible to me. I was comfortable without even breaking a sweat. All I did was just ask for what I wanted.

I never thought to consider what my parents were going through to make ends meet. I thought that every kid had it good like me. My parents never seemed anxious, even if they know they had to find a way to provide for the family.

How I’m doing today

I am all grown up now. I am about to complete my studies and start a fresh chapter of life – living independently, not requiring financial support from my parents. Thanks to the example they set, I now know the true value of hard work. It’s ingrained in me.

However, living in the 21st century is quite a challenge, thanks to the state of the world we live in. With the issue of gender equality yet to be completely resolved, it is even harder for us women. It’s only those who somehow manage to get heard that get a seat at the table.

Doing honest work and giving it my best brings me sheer joy and satisfaction. Over the years, I have earned the respect of my peers and mentors because of what I stand for. I believe in sowing good seeds in fertile ground for an abundant harvest.

Courage and confidence

I made one of my life-altering decisions at the young age of 15. I embraced courage and confidence. Standing in front of a multitude of people at a conference hall to deliver a speech is just like a walk in the park for me.

Nowadays, I can approach anyone without fear and I can achieve anything I put my mind to. However, the early stages of my teenage life were a mess. I was shy and got picked on, bullied, and harassed many times.

Throughout that ordeal, I tried to fit in and be accepted by the cool girls in my school. I would do the impossible for them – even sneak in contraband just to please them. How naïve of me! Still, they never accepted me. Experiencing this shone a light on the real state of my heart and mind.

Openness and transparency

My life is such an open book. There is nothing I have to hide. I love talking about all my experiences, emotions, dreams and goals, especially with people younger than me. I have gone through a lot in life, and I am sure that I am neither the first nor the last to experience what I have experienced.

Equal rights and respect for all

I believe that regardless of one’s race or gender, everyone is equal and should be treated with the uttermost respect and dignity. Observance of human rights is paramount to maintaining a civilized society.

Discipline, hard work, and positivity

I have always believed that discipline and hard work are like ingredients in a recipe to achieve one’s goals and aspirations. At the same time, maintaining a positive attitude and drive undisputedly translates to success and prosperity. I believe these are core values that have shaped me into who I am today.

In as much as I always strive to do my best in everything tasked to me, I understand that not everything I plan will pan out as expected. It’s so important, therefore, to maintain a positive attitude regardless of the outcome of my efforts.

In life, there are always ups and downs. I seek to stay happy and content whether I succeed or fail. I am in no way perfect, but thanks to my personal values, I am able to attain this.

I encourage you to make your own personal values your moral compass. It will help you become a better person and help you pursue your personal goals.

Short Personal Beliefs Essay

What is your personal code? What are the values and beliefs that define you as a person?

It is important for us to be aware of our beliefs and values as they tell us what our convictions are and how much we are willing to sacrifice to uphold them. They inform us what is important to us at the end of the day.

Personally, I adhere to the following values: honesty, responsibility, and unconditional love. These three for me are the key foundations to healthy personal relationships.

Honesty enables me to be transparent in sharing my unmet needs and expectations of others. Any relationship that withholds this kind of information will never flourish.

Responsibility for me is taking ownership of your role in any relationship. You hold yourself accountable for any action you take towards a person. It means you don’t get defensive if your intent was not recognized. Instead, you own up to the consequences of your decisions no matter the motivation.

Finally, unconditional love is the cornerstone of all these. Being able to dispense grace and not expecting anything in return is the key to a forgiving and nourishing relationship. Love doesn’t hold grudges.

Difference Between Values and Beliefs

Both values and beliefs have a place in culture, and they actually inform each other. A value answers the question, ” What is good?” while a belief answers the question, “What is true?” Values are the manner by which you approach or respond to a person or situation. Beliefs are the convictions or inner narratives we hold that define our values. The two combined are a reflection of our worldview or our perception of reality.

Why are values and beliefs important?

They are important because they are part of our DNA. Our identity and our sense of worth are rooted in what we value and believe in. Without having high self-awareness, we will not be able to identify what values or convictions hold true for us. They influence our moral compass and drive us to respond the way we do. They are a crucial way of understanding ourselves better and knowing what we need to work on. They are part of us knowing ourselves in relation to others. We must recognize the weight of their impact on our decision-making. Without both, we would always be susceptible to our blind spots and weaknesses. Knowing what is valuable to us allows us to choose whose opinions ultimately matter. It also guides us in resolving conflict. They give us a sense of personal right and wrong. They allow us to reflect accurately. Finally, it allows us to apply wisdom in every aspect of our lives.

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Essay on values, norms and beliefs.

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Essay on Values, Norms and Beliefs!

Values comprise of ideas which are preferred, described in other words, what is good, right, wise or beneficial. Values are generally expressed in terms of ‘should’. Values are implanted early in a person’s life and once they are fixed, serve as a guide in choosing behaviour and in forming attitudes.

They become part of superego. Values change through day-to-day behaviour, regulated by norms. Values are developed and reinforced and do not develop spontaneously. Values are re-learned, e.g., in group work sessions members re-learn the desirable values, viz., riches of others should be treated as mud, other’s wife should be seen as mother, and the like. Social work has its own values which are embedded in democratic values.

Norms mean any rule or standard that defines appropriate and acceptable behaviour, what people should or should not do, think or feel in any given situation. Norms seen as expression of values are standards of behaviour shared by a larger segment of society.

Norms are formally expressed through law. Informal norms are expressed through social customs or folkways and mores. Breaking of folkways may not be seriously taken by the society but defying the mores invariably invokes social sanction against the violators. Norms can be studied by observing the behaviour of a certain group of individuals in a society and knowing how others respond to that behaviour. A person who violates norms beyond a certain limit is labelled as ‘abnormal’.

Beliefs are ideas about the nature of social world, supernatural reality, a person or an object which one believes to be true and acts accordingly. Beliefs may be based on facts or may be without factual evidence. According to Ellis (1973), beliefs generate emotions. To cite an example, when Mr. B. abuses Mr. A, he (Mr. A) gets angry or sad with Mr. B. because he believes that this abuse has lowered his prestige, status, etc.

Sadness/anger is the result of the belief about being abused and not of the event (abusing). Individual beliefs play very important role in the behaviour of a person, therefore, caseworker should try to tackle and manage these beliefs.

The therapeutic concepts related to beliefs have been very well developed by Albert Ellis. His approach (practice theory) is named as Rational Emotive Therapy.

According to Ellis (1973), practically, all “emotional disturbances stem from demanding or whining instead of from wanting or desiring”. People, who feel anxious, depressed or hostile do not merely wish to prefer something but also command, dictate, insist that they achieve this thing.

Typically, they demand that they be outstandingly achieving and/or greatly approved by others, and they thereby make themselves disturbed when they fail to achieve these demands. Or, they insist that others treat them considerately or fairly, and they create feelings of severe anger or hostility when others do not. Or, they dictate that life and the world be easy, enjoyable and unfrustrating, and they manufacture over rebelliousness, self- pity and inertia when conditions are difficult.

Just about every time one feels disturbed or upset, instead of merely displeased, frustrated or disappointed, one is stoutly convincing oneself that something is awful rather than inconvenient or disadvantageous.

One frequently believes:

(1) “It is awful that I am imperfect and am disapproved”

(2) “It is terrible that you are treating me less than ideally”

(3) “Or, it is horrible that the world is so onerous and ungratifying.”

When one awfulises or catastrophises about reality, he is setting up an unverifiable, magical, unempirical hypothesis.

For, to hold that anything is awful, terrible, or horrible, rather than unfortunate, unpleasant, or painful, is to hold:

(1) It is all bad and can have no good in it;

(2) It is more than bad or disadvantageous;

(3) Because it is unpleasant, it should not and muse not exist;

(4) One cannot stand its existence;

(5) One has to be utterly miserable about it; and

(6) One is a worthless person if he cannot immediately change himself, others, and the universe so that this awful thing no longer exists.

All these hypotheses are definitional and cannot be proved or disproved. They essentially represent demons which one invents and is governed by. And, once one devoutly believes in them, these will create anxiety, guilt feelings of worthlessness, depression, and hostility.

The simple and effective solution to the problem of human disturbance, obviously, is to exercise the demons, i.e., the unrealistic beliefs. Give up the demandingness and whining and presenting. Underline the ‘awfulness’ and ‘terribleness’ of noxious stimuli and fully acknowledge that nothing in the whole universe is more than very inconvenient and disadvantageous, and that there is no reason why pains and displeasures should not, must not exist.

Humans in other words, can eliminate their feelings of horror, hopelessness and hostility (and retain their appropriate feelings of disappointment and annoyance) if they will truly join the human race, give up all pretentions of being superhuman, of encouraging gods or devils, or of living in a perfectly easy, immediately gratifying world.

If they practise living rigorously in empirical reality, strongly desiring and actively working to improve that reality but not grandiosely dictating that it be otherwise than it indoubtably is, they can reach a point where they rarely upset themselves and therefore rarely have to counteract their awfulising.

Emotional disorder according to Ellis tends to stem from some form of two simple words: “Its awful”, or “How horrible”, or “It’s terrible”. If one rigidly holds these ideas about anything, he will be basically upsettable and often disturbed. If one wants to eliminate one’s disturbance, he can substitute two other simple words: “Tough luck”, “Too bad”, or “How unfortunate”.

As long as one really thinks through and believes and not merely parrots the confirmable meaning behind these words (namely, that it is too bad that the people and the world are imperfect but that it is tough, that’s the way it is and that’s the way it may even continue to be), he will tend to be undisturable and often more interested in working to change obnoxious reality.

Related Articles:

• Essay on Values: Meaning, Characteristics and Importance
• Difference between Norms and Values of Society

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Luxury Home Values Are Rising Faster Than Typical Homes for the First Time in Years

Luxury home values, which consistently lagged the middle of the market over the past several years, have now outpaced typical homes for five consecutive months. 

For this analysis, Zillow defines a luxury home as being in the most-valuable 5% of homes in a given region. Home values for luxury homes tend to grow more slowly, in part because the pool of buyers is so small. 

Luxury home values across the U.S. are 3.9% higher than a year ago. That’s faster than the 3.2% annual growth for the typical U.S. home . In every month from January 2019 — the earliest year-over-year change in Zillow’s records — through January 2024, typical home values were outpacing luxury homes on an annual basis. In every month since, luxury home values have been growing faster. 

One possible explanation is that luxury home buyers are less affected by higher mortgage rates than a typical home buyer, especially repeat buyers who saw the equity in their current home soar over the past few years. Many will have the option to pay with all cash and skip a mortgage payment altogether.

Luxury home inventory has been slower to recover than inventory overall, helping keep prices climbing.  Inventory in the luxury segment is up 15.7% year over year and is 46.9% below pre-pandemic norms. By comparison, total inventory is 22.7% higher than last year and about 32.6% below pre-pandemic averages.

The share of luxury listings with a price cut is climbing, but is tracking below the market as a whole. In June, 20.8% of luxury listings experienced a price cut, up from 19.4% the previous June. Among all homes, 24.5% of listings had a price cut. 

The hottest and coolest luxury housing markets

The typical luxury home nationwide is worth about $1,620,000. Among the 50 largest U.S. metro areas, the typical luxury home ranges from a low of just under $750,000 in Buffalo to more than $5.3 million in San Jose. 

The luxury home market in Richmond is red hot. Luxury home values in Richmond are 16.5% higher than last year, far surpassing the growth seen in any other major market — Hartford luxury homes had the next strongest growth, up 8.6% over the same period. Luxury home inventory in Richmond is down 13.2% year over year, making it one of only six major markets with fewer luxury homes for sale than last year. Luxury homes in Richmond that sold in June did so after just six days on the market, fastest in the country. 

Austin is the only major market where luxury home values declined over the past year, down 1.5%. Home values in Austin overall saw a meteoric rise during the pandemic, and a building boom in response to that demand has helped lessen competition for each home and bring price growth under control. Luxury homes in Austin that went pending did so in over two months (68 days), second only to luxury homes in Miami that took 83 days to go pending.

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• June 2024: New home Sales Fell Again Despite Easing Mortgage Rates
• June 2024 Existing Home Sales: Sales Fell as Buyers and Sellers Wait On The Sideline For An Improvement In Housing Affordability

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Norms, Values and Human Conditions: An Introduction

2018, Journal of Human Values

Related Papers

Olivier Massin

The thesis defended, the “guise of the ought”, is that the formal objects of desires are norms (oughts to be or oughts to do) rather than values (as the “guise of the good” thesis has it). It is impossible, in virtue of the nature of desire, to desire something without it being presented as something that ought to be or that one ought to do. This view is defended by pointing to a key distinction between values and norms: positive and negative norms (obligation and interdiction) are interdefinable through negation; positive and negative values aren’t. This contrast between the norms and values, it is argued, is mirrored, within the psychological realm, by the contrast between the desires and emotions. Positive and negative desires are interdefinable through negation, but positive and negative emotions aren’t. The overall, Meinongian picture suggested is that norms are to desires what values are to emotions.

Daniel Strauss

Phenomenology and Mind

Emanuele Caminada

In our paper we introduce three main areas of social ontology that correspond with the sections structuring the current issue of “Phenomenology and Mind”: non-institutional life, institutional life and ethical-political life. We argue three points about these areas, which are represented in the accounts published in this issue: levels of social life and reality; normative levels of life and reality; hierarchical levels of life and reality. Finally, we introduce two interviews, to which the last special section of the issue is devoted. The interviews were conducted by the editors with Martha Craven Nussbaum and by Valentina Bambini, Cristiano Chesi and Andrea Moro with Noam Chomsky.

Emanuele Caminada , Barbara Malvestiti

i n our paper we introduce three main areas of social ontology that correspond with the sections structuring the current issue of “Phenomenology and m ind”: non-institutional life, institutional life and ethical-political life. We argue three points about these areas, which are represented in the accounts published in this issue: levels of social life and reality; normative levels of life and reality; hierarchical levels of life and reality. f inally, we introduce two interviews, to which the last special section of the issue is devoted. The interviews were conducted by the editors with m artha Craven n ussbaum and by Valentina Bambini, Cristiano Chesi and a ndrea m oro with n oam Chomsky.

Glenda Satne

This paper introduces the special issue: ‘The Roots of Normativity. Developmental, comparative and conceptual issues’. The contributions to this volume aim to present a picture of contemporary accounts of normativity that integrate philosophy and developmental and comparative psychology and purport to provide the reader with new insights to a classical debate about what makes us human: being governed by norms and being able to orient ourselves in the light of them. This introduction presents a broad picture of the issues that traditional discussions on normativity have focused on and advances a set of conditions of adequacy for an account of normativity. In so doing the main common themes that unify these papers are brought to the fore. In particular, all of them share the idea that human-specific norms are themselves social. Once questions concerning the evolution of normative capacities and their development are considered, however, they pose - so it is argued - specific challenges to an account of normativity. While the traditional approaches fail to face such challenges, it is the main aim of the papers in this special issue to meet them. In concluding, a brief overview of each paper is provided.

Stephen Turner

The Journal of Value Inquiry

Gabriele De Anna

JAVID MALLAH

Andrew Sayer

The prime aim of this paper is to argue that social science’s understanding of values and reason is deficient, both with regard to its own methodology, and to understanding their place in social life in general. In particular, I wish to attack the common assumptions that values are beyond the scope of reason, and that consequently making evaluative judgements about what is good or bad, or about well-being and ill-being, is antithetical to the project of social science, and potentially dogmatic and authoritarian.

Journal of Critical Realism

Leigh Price

This Editorial provides an introduction to the key aspects of the contributions by imminent critical realists, such as Margaret Archer, Doug Porpora, Andrew Sayer and others, to the special issue on Normativity. It attempts to place these contributions in terms of their relationship to the work of Roy Bhaskar. To achieve this goal, the Editorial provides the readers with an outline of Roy Bhaskar's secular - science-based - approach to discovering the values that society needs in order to develop a version of normativity that will facilitate the flourishing of all. It therefore explains how Bhaskar manages to allow facts to legitimately inform values without falling foul of the problems usually associated with such an approach, namely the tyranny of both absolutism and unreflected prejudices.

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Young Scholars' Conference, Centre for Historical Studies, JNU- "Interactions and Intersections: Norms, Narratives and Practices in the Medieval and Early-Modern World"

The Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) invites papers for the Young Scholars' Conference, 2025. 

The theme for the conference is " Interactions and Intersections: Norms, Narratives and Practices in the Medieval and Early-Modern World".  This conference aims to critically engage with emerging approaches to understand the continuities, discontinuities, interlinkages, creation, conflicts and contestations of the norms, narratives and practices of the medieval and early-modern world. We invite papers that are aligned to, but are by no means limited to the following themes: 

Cross cultural encounters, travelling lives and itinerant practices 

Entanglement(s) of the human and the non-human world

Material culture and socio-spatial construction(s)

Norms and practices in flux: encounters, exchanges and contestations in littoral spaces

Intersection of the sacred and temporal norms and narratives

Textual norms and performative practices in a multilingual space

Warfare, courtly practices and diplomacy

Narratives of the marginalised and voices of dissent 

Negotiating gendered norms and practices

Beyond disciplinary boundaries: emerging trends in history writing

We encourage advanced PhD candidates (those in their third year and beyond) to submit their write-up (800-1,000 words) with a brief bio note (100 words) by September 30, 2024. The write-up should give us a brief idea of the hypothesis, research questions raised and addressed in the paper as well as a note on the primary sources discussed in the paper. The responses will be anonymised before selection for a blind review.  

Application Deadline: September 30, 2024

Acceptance notification: by October 31, 2024

Full Papers Deadline: January 15, 2025

Conference Dates: March 5-7, 2025

To submit your abstract, kindly use the following link: https://forms.gle/GvoYaPj56YKgARxp8

For queries, please contact Noble Shrivastava or Nitika Sharma at [email protected] . 

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Population norms for hand grip and precision grip strengths in polish children and adolescents aged 3–19.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Share and Cite

Górecki, M.; Kazarców, M.; Protasewicz, A.; Czarnecki, P.; Romanowski, L. Population Norms for Hand Grip and Precision Grip Strengths in Polish Children and Adolescents Aged 3–19. J. Clin. Med. 2024 , 13 , 4833. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164833

Górecki M, Kazarców M, Protasewicz A, Czarnecki P, Romanowski L. Population Norms for Hand Grip and Precision Grip Strengths in Polish Children and Adolescents Aged 3–19. Journal of Clinical Medicine . 2024; 13(16):4833. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164833

Górecki, Michał, Marta Kazarców, Agnieszka Protasewicz, Piotr Czarnecki, and Leszek Romanowski. 2024. "Population Norms for Hand Grip and Precision Grip Strengths in Polish Children and Adolescents Aged 3–19" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 16: 4833. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13164833

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Where Tim Walz Stands on the Issues

As governor of Minnesota, he has enacted policies to secure abortion protections, provide free meals for schoolchildren, allow recreational marijuana and set renewable energy goals.

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By Maggie Astor

• Published Aug. 6, 2024 Updated Aug. 16, 2024

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