what is a running head in a research paper

How to Write a Running Head: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Academic papers adhere to specific formatting guidelines before submitting to a journal. One such formatting element is including a running head. So, let’s explore what a running head is and its significance in journal submissions.

What is a Running Head?

A running head is a concise version of the title of your paper appearing at the top of each page of the article. The use of a running head allows the reader to identify the article. It ensures the reader’s focus remains on the content. It is generally positioned flush left at the top of the page, with the page number flush right.

What is Running Head in Journal?

In a journal article, the running head includes a shorter version of the paper’s full title. The running head fulfills the abovementioned purpose and provides information about the article. This shortened version maintains consistency and avoids overcrowding the header section.

What is a Running Head on Title Page? With Example.

The title page is the first page of your paper. It includes essential information like the title, author names, affiliations, and abstract. The running head on the title page is an abbreviated form of the title, written in uppercase letters. It usually has a limit of 50 characters with spaces and punctuation marks.

If your article’s title is “The Impact of Social Media on Youth: A Comprehensive Study,” a suitable running head might be “Social Media’s Impact on Youth.”

Running Head Example for a Research Paper

Let’s see an example of an effective running head for a research paper to better understand.

For instance, if the paper title is “The Effects of Exercise on Mental Health in College Students.” The running head could be “Exercise’s Impact on Mental Health in College Students.”

A sample example of the running head is written just above the main heading.

Source: Shetty A, Rosario R, Hyder S. The impact of social media on youth. International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Communication Engineering. 2015;3(7):379-83.

Tips for Writing a Running Head

• Be concise: The running head should be brief yet convey the essence of your paper.
• Use title case: Capitalize the first letter of each significant word in the running head.
• Maintain consistency: It should be consistent throughout the document.
• Check the journal guidelines: Different journals may have specific requirements for running heads. So, before finalizing your running head, review the submission guidelines.
• Proofread: Double-check the running head for spelling or grammatical errors, maintaining professionalism.

Thus, a running head is a short but informative title in a journal article that appears at the top of every page. It helps readers identify the article and maintain their focus throughout the content. When writing a running head, remember to keep it concise, use upper case, and maintain consistency throughout the document. Following these guidelines, ensure your article meets the journal’s formatting requirements. It presents your research clearly and professionally.

Remember, the running head is one aspect of a well-written paper. Pay attention to other formatting guidelines to increase your chances of publication success. Good luck with your journal submissions!

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How to Write a Running Head

Some journals or style guides require papers to have a running head. But, what is a running head? A running head is a short version of the paper title that is printed as a heading at the top of each page. If your document includes page numbers at the top, the running head can precede the page number or appear on the opposite edge of the page. In APA style, the running head is placed in the upper left.

The publisher often requests running heads for practical reasons. It is desirable to have every page clearly labeled as being part of the paper. If your paper is printed as a hard copy and the various pages fall to the floor or are mixed up, having a running head and page number on each page helps the reader to put all the pages back in the correct order. Even readers who are viewing an electronic version of the paper may appreciate the clear labels, especially if they are sorting through many documents simultaneously.

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Guidelines for Writing Running Head in APA Style

The specific requirements for running heads vary.

• In general, running heads should be brief. APA guidelines require that running heads be a maximum of 50 characters (spaces count as characters).
• The running head is usually written in all capital letters . (For style purposes, the examples in this article use regular title case.)
• It is placed in a header at the top of the page . Check the journal or style guidelines for any specifics on margins, spacing, or font.

Related: Ready with your running head and looking forward to manuscript submission ? Check these journal selection guidelines now!

• In APA, the running head is introduced on the first page by the phrase “Running head” and a colon, i.e., in the following format: “Running head: SHORT VERSION OF TITLE.” Subsequent pages have only the running head itself. In other formatting styles, the running head may be introduced in this way as part of the information that appears on the title page.

Here is an example of a running head:

Original Title: “The Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs in the Pacific Ocean”

Running Head: “Climate Change and Pacific Coral Reefs”

In this running head example, the full title of the article is “The Impact of Climate Change on Coral Reefs in the Pacific Ocean.” The running head condenses this title down to a shorter version that still conveys the main topic of the article.

Remember, depending on the specific requirements of the journal or publication you are submitting to, the running head format may vary. Always check the guidelines provided by the publication for any specific requirements regarding running heads.

How do you create a running head?

If your paper title is already within the character limit, simply use the full title as the running head—no special changes are needed. However, if your paper title is over the limit, then you need to create a distinct running head that fits within the style guidelines.

First, identify the main part of your title. For example, if the paper is called “The Effects of Running on Heart Health in Elderly Patients,” consider using only the first part, “Effects of Running on Heart Health,” or the second part, “Heart Health in Elderly Patients.” Make the choice based on which ideas and concepts are most prominent in the paper.

If it does not make sense to take part of the title to serve as the running head, try making a few tweaks or even paraphrasing the title entirely. For instance, with the title mentioned above, the running head could be “Running and Heart Health in Elderly Patients.”

Second, eliminate articles such as the words “the” and “a.” The title “Re-examining the Literary Traditions in Ancient China” can be shortened to “Re-examining Literary Traditions in Ancient China.” In this case, simply removing the word “the” from the title creates a running head that fits within the APA’s 50-character limit.

Practical tips for writing running heads in Microsoft Word

1. how to get a character count.

If you are typing your paper in Microsoft Word, use the “Word Count” function to count characters: To do this, highlight the running head and then go to the Review menu and click on “Word Count.” The results box will show the number of “Characters (no spaces)” and “Characters (with spaces).” Read the journal or style guidelines carefully to know which number you should look at. In APA, it is the second option that is relevant, as spaces are counted as characters.

2. How to add the running head as a header on each page?

Create a header by going to Insert and selecting “Header” under “Header & Footer.” A header will be created at the top of each page. Modifying the header on any page changes it on every page. If you wish to have the phrase “Running head” appear on only the first page, as required in APA style, check the option “Different first page” that appears under the Design menu when the header is inserted or edited. Checking this option allows you to edit the header on the first page independently while maintaining the headers on the second, third, and all other pages as the same.

Hume-Pratuch, Jeff. May 10, 2012. “Mysteries of the Running Head Explained.” American Psychological Association website. http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/running-heads/ (access March 13, 2017)

Lee, Chelsea. Nov. 11, 2010. “Running Head Format for APA Style Papers.” American Psychological Association website. http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/11/running-head-format-for-apa-style-papers-.html (access March 13, 2017)

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APA Running Head – Guide to the 7th Edition

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The APA style is a popular style that contains several rules, including a “running head.” Understanding the rules and updates about the APA running head is crucial for students and researchers alike, as it helps ensure that their papers meet the established standards of academic writing . Proper formatting is crucial for clear, consistent, and professional academic and scientific writing. So, let’s delve into the APA running head, which is explained in the APA 7th edition manual.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• 1 In a nutshell: APA running head
• 2 Definition: APA running head
• 3 APA running head example: Title page
• 4 APA running head example: Subsequent pages
• 5 APA formatting checklist
• 6 APA running head in Word and Google Docs
• 7 Abbreviating long titles for the running head

In a nutshell: APA running head

• The APA running head is a condensed form of the title of your paper that appears at the top of every page.
• According to the 7th edition of the APA style guide, it is mandatory to include a running head only in professional papers and not in student papers.
• Please ensure that the running head is positioned in the page header, aligned to the left, and written entirely in capital letters.
• If the title of the paper is longer than 50 characters, including spaces, the running head should be abbreviated.
• To properly format the running head in both Word and Google Docs, utilize the header function and double-check that alignment is correct.

Definition: APA running head

The APA running head is a shortened version of your paper’s title that appears at the top of each page. Its purpose is to aid readers in identifying the pages of your work in case they become misplaced, and to provide a quick reference to your paper’s title. In the 7th edition of the APA style guide, the running head is mandatory only for professional papers intended for publication, not for student papers.

APA running head example: Title page

The title page of a professional APA formatted paper should feature the running head, flush left, starting with the label “Running head:”, followed by a shortened version of your title in all capital letters.

APA running head example: Subsequent pages

On subsequent pages, the running head appears without the “Running head:” label, still in all capital letters and flush left. Below you can see an example.

APA formatting checklist

• Does your running head appear in the header, flush left, and in all caps?
• Does your running head include the label “Running head:” on the title page, and is this label absent from subsequent pages?
• If your paper’s title is over 50 characters, have you appropriately abbreviated it in your running head?
• Does the running head appear on every page of your paper?

APA running head in Word and Google Docs

Microsoft Word step-by-step

• “Insert” tab
• Select “Header”
• Choose “Edit Header”
• Type your running head, ensuring its flush left and in all caps.

Google Docs step-by-step

• Go to “Insert”
• Click “Header & Page Number”
• Select “Header” to begin formatting your running head

Abbreviating long titles for the running head

If your paper’s title exceeds 50 characters (including spaces), you’ll need to create an abbreviated version for your running head. This version should still capture the main idea of your paper, but do so in fewer characters.

The paper is titled:

• “Investigating the Potential Impacts of Prolonged Drought Conditions on Midwestern Agriculture”

It could be abbreviated in the APA running head to:

• “DROUGHT IMPACTS ON MIDWESTERN AGRICULTURE”

Is the APA running head still required in the 7th edition?

In the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual, the running head is only required for professional papers, not for student papers.

How can I format the APA running head in Word or Google Docs?

• Navigate to the “Insert” tab
• Then “Edit Header”
• Type your running head, ensuring it’s flush left and in all caps.

In Google Docs:

• Select “Insert”
• Then “Header & Page Number”
• Choose “Header”

How should I abbreviate a long title for the running head?

If your title exceeds 50 characters (including spaces), create an abbreviated version that still conveys the main idea of your paper.

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• Formatting Guides

How to Do a Running Head: APA Style 7th Edition With Examples

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The APA running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and it appears at the top of each page of your paper. It's included in the page header, aligned to the left margin, and is used to help readers identify the pages of your paper in case they get separated.

As of the 7th edition of the APA manual, the running head is required only for professional papers submitted for publication, not for student papers unless specifically requested by the instructor.

Read our article to discover what APA running head includes and how you can easily make it work!

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Emma Flores knows all about formatting standards. She shares with StudyCrumb readers tips on creating academic papers that will meet high-quality standards.

APA style paper is used to design works related to Social Studies. This paper style requires a running head. Basically, it’s a short version of an article’s title that appears at the top of each page. And usually this top line contains just two things:

These small sections are mainly used in professional manuscripts. However, a student version may go without it, unless required.

Specific requirements to APA format running heads may vary. In general, you should keep them concise and to the point. Note that this referencing style is one of the most common formats in Psychology, Sociology, Business, etc. It may be pretty challenging to grasp all APA requirements right away, but with our tips below, you can easily prepare your running head!

American Psychological Association (APA)  recommends that font for your running head should preferably be Times New Roman, 12 pt. size. But any well-readable font can be used in this section. Don't forget that all APA documents should be typed with double spacing, starting with a title page and ending with a list of sources used.  

APA format needs a caption on every page. Note that you should write "Running head" before your title on the first page. But after the APA title page , these two words do not need to be written. You should only add the abbreviated title of your work. Place it on the front sheet using this format:

Just like any other section of your paper, including section headings and table of contents APA , your header should be concise. Only a shortened version of your title should appear on the consecutive pages just like in this example below.  

If your document has page numbers, this is a perfect place to put them in. Insert the page number in the right top corner. Your running head should be left-aligned. Just in case, an expert  APA paper writer might be of use to you. How? Click on the link to find out! Promise, you won't regret it!

APA running heads are written in all capital letters on every page of your document. "NAME OF DOCUMENT" is printed without indentation at the left side in capital letters. This rule covers both all-important context words of four letters or more, and minor words of three letters or fewer. Convert case easily using our simple tool. 

A top of each page should be placed with a shortened version of your document title. Pay attention that it cannot exceed 50 characters, including spaces and punctuation. If your article's title exceeds this limit, you need to create a separate phrase that follows the exact style specified below. First, define the body of your title. Here is an APA running head example, if your document is titled.  

Consider using only the first or second part:

Make your choice based on which ideas and concepts are most relevant to your article. If it doesn't make sense to use part of your title, try to make a few changes or even rephrasing the whole name. Second, exclude words such as "the" or "a". Here are incorrect and correct APA running head examples:  

In this case, simply removing "the" from your title creates a perfect fit within limits of 50 characters.

How should you add an APA running head to every page? Below you will find useful tips on how to format these small sections in Microsoft Word or Google Docs. In Microsoft Word  

In Google Docs

APA running heads are requested for practical reasons. Each page should be clearly marked as part of your article. If your piece is printed on paper and different pages fall to the floor they will be messed up. But a top line on each sheet will help any reader get all pages back in the right order. Even readers viewing an electronic version of an article can appreciate clear labelings, especially if they are sorting many documents simultaneously. The APA style is considered one of the most popular when writing works on social and psychological topics. Therefore, mistakes made in this referencing style will immediately attract attention.  

• Page number
• Shorten title name.
• Choose “Insert” and click “Header or Footer”.
• Select “Different First Page”.
• Type "Running head", followed by your article’s title.
• Now go to page 2 and print your title without "Running head:."
• Then go to “Insert”, click “Page Number” and align it to the right.
• Now it's ready! To exit, close “Header and Footer”.
• Select "Different First Page".
• Insert page number by clicking on "Header and Page Number."
• Use “ Tab ” to align “Page Number” to the right.
• Now go to page 2 and print your title without "Running head:"
• Repeat step 5.
• Now it's ready! You can exit “Header and Footer”.

What Is a Running Head in APA Style?

What does apa headers format require, 1. apa running head font and size, 2. "running head:" is only on the first page, 3. left and right tops in apa headers format, 4. apa running head: capitalized, 5. don't make apa running head too long, practical tips for apa headers in microsoft word and google docs, bottom line.

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• A Running head is only required on papers being submitted for publication, and is not required for student papers unless requested by an instructor
• The running head is a shortened version the paper's full title
• Contains 50 characters max (including spaces, letters, punctuation)
• Located on every page in the header
• UPPERCASE letters
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APA Running Head

If you're wondering what a running head in APA is and how to create one, this article will answer all your questions.

What is a running head in APA style?

The running head , also called page header , is an abbreviated version of your paper's title. It appears at the top of every page of a document to identify it for readers, especially readers of a print copy of the article. The information in this blog post is based on the 7th edition of the APA Manual. There are small differences in the usage of running heads in the 6th edition.

Note: Running heads are required only for manuscripts being submitted for publication. They are not required for regular student papers according to the APA 7th edition. They can, however, still be used or requested by your instructor since the APA style only provides guidelines that can be used as needed and your school can choose whether to require running heads or not.

How to create a running head in APA style

The running head doesn't need to consist of the same words in the same order as the title. Rather, it is an abbreviated version of the title. For example, if the title of your thesis is "The relationship between sleep deprivation and student performance", your running head could simply be "SLEEP DEPRIVATION AND STUDENT PERFORMANCE".

The running head can be up to 50 characters, counting letters, punctuation, and spaces between words as characters. If the original title is already 50 characters or fewer, it can also be used as a running head.

Note: In the APA 6 version, it was necessary to write "Running head: TITLE" as a header. APA 7th does not require you to put the label "Running head" in front of the title.

Format the running head in Microsoft Word or Google Docs as follows:

• The running head goes into the page header, flush left, in all-capital letters, across from the right-aligned page number.
• Use the same running head on every page. That includes the title page.
• For APA 6 you write "Running head: TITLE" and for APA 7 only the title (omitting the phrase running head).

Frequently Asked Questions about running heads

Student papers do not need a running head in APA 7 unless the instructor requires it. In APA 6, a running head is needed for all papers.

The running head is a shortened form of your title that appears on the top left side of each page of your manuscript. If your original title is already 50 characters or fewer, it can be used as a running head.

The running head in APA 7 style is an abbreviated version of your paper's title. It appears at the top of every page of a document to identify it for readers, especially readers of a print copy of the article.

The running head is in all caps in APA 7. In APA 6, you write "Running head: TITLE", so the title is in all caps, but the designation "Running head" is not.

To make a running head in Microsoft Word , click on “Insert” > “Header” . The running head goes into the page header, flush left, in all-capital letters, across from the right-aligned page number. Use the same running head on every page, including the title page.

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Please note the running head is optional in a student paper. Check with your instructor to see if it's a requirement.

Inserting the Running Head

How to insert a running head and page number for APA papers in Word 2016

When APA format requires a running head at the top of the first page the following instructions will work.  These instructions assume you are adding the running head to a completed paper (or one that has at least 2 existing pages).

Follow these steps:

• Click on the Insert tab on the toolbar.
• In Header & Footer click on Header then click on Blank .
• On the first (title) page of your paper at the left margin type: ABBREVIATED TITLE IN UPPER CASE
• Tab once or twice to right margin. Click Page number then click Current position then click Plain number . 
• Close the Header & Footer .
• APA sample Title page and running head A quick PPT that demonstrates the layout of the title page, where to add page numbers and if requested, include a running head.
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• Last Updated: May 1, 2024 3:56 PM
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Crafting an Appropriate Running Title for Your Scientific Paper

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What should your approach be to crafting a running title? Should it be catchy? Abbreviated? What do editors look for?

Updated on June 10, 2014

Many journals require that a running title, also known as a running head or short title, be included in submitted manuscripts. This shortened form of the main title, usually cited at the top of each published page of an article, serves to guide readers browsing a print journal, shuffling loose printed pages, or toggling between multiple papers in PDF form. The running head may also be used in RSS feeds and mobile applications instead of the frequently more unwieldy main title.

Requirements for running titles vary between journals, but generally, they must be 50-60 characters long at most, often including spaces. To achieve brevity, these titles typically include abbreviations, even if the main title does not (or cannot , based on journal guidelines). Articles (the, a, an) may also be omitted to conserve characters, and wordy phrasing , including filler phrases , should be minimized. However, if the main title is brief enough, it can function as the running head as well.

Unlike for the manuscript title itself, being catchy is not a priority for a running title. Rather, because it is so abbreviated, clarity and accuracy should be priorities. Some also suggest that as much content as possible should be preserved from the main title, although in practice, this approach is not widespread; authors instead tend to include only what they deem most important to highlight.

The following is an example of effective title abridgment, drawn from a recently published article (Lambert et al., 2013; CC-BY license ):

• Manuscript title: Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor Is a New Target for Anti-AIDS Drug Development: Identification of DCIR/HIV-1 Inhibitors (117 ch with spaces, 103 ch without spaces)
• Running title: Inhibitors of DCIR Limit HIV-1 Infection (40 characters with spaces, 35 characters without spaces)

The authors combined a few strategies here to reduce the title length by two thirds, applying the abbreviation “DCIR,” omitting articles (“DCIR” instead of “the DCIR”), and focusing on what they judged to be the central concept (the limitation of HIV-1 infection by the inhibitors, rather than the novelty of the target, the application in drug development, or the identification process). Of course, this task may be easier for papers with a narrower and more descriptive focus, such as review articles.

We hope that this editing tip has clarified what a running title is and how to approach writing one. Please email us with any questions or comments. We wish you the best in your manuscript writing!

Michaela Panter, PhD

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Note:  This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style  can be found here .

The American Psychological Association (APA) updated its style manual in the fall of 2019. This resource presents a list of important differences between the sixth and seventh editions. It reflects the most recent printing of the manual as of January 2020. If subsequent printings are released to correct errors or misprints (as was the case for the sixth edition), this page will be updated as needed.

The seventh edition of the APA Publication Manual contains a number of updates and additions designed to make APA style more useful for students, teachers, and other educational stakeholders. While there are too many changes to list here, we’ve chosen to focus on the changes that are most pertinent to students and teachers. These include changes to the ways academic papers are formatted, changes to the ways sources are cited, and more. For a much more detailed list of   changes, consult the Introduction chapter of the APA Publication Manual (7 th ed.), which is available from the APA in PDF form here .

For your convenience, locations in the print versions of the sixth and seventh editions of the APA manual associated with each change are provided below where possible.

Paper Formatting (Chapter 2)

The title page (2.3).

The newest edition of the APA manual recommends different title pages for students and professionals. Professional title pages include:

• the title of the paper,
• the name of each author of the paper,
• the affiliation for each author,
• an author note (if desired),
• a running head (which also appears on the following pages,
• a page number (which also appears on the following pages.

Students are directed to follow their instructors’ directions with regards to title page formatting. If no directions are given, students may use the APA-specified title page for students, which includes:

• the affiliation for each author (typically the school being attended),
• the course number and name for which the paper is being written (use the format used by the school or institution (e.g., ENGL 106),
• the course instructor’s name and title (ask for the instructor’s preferred form if possible; e.g., some instructors may prefer “Dr.,” “Ms.,” “Mrs.,” “Mr.,” or a different title),
• the assignment’s due date written in the format most common in your country (e.g., either January 3, 2020, or 3 January 2020 may be appropriate),

Note also that student papers now lack a running head.

Heading Levels (2.27)

Headings are used to help guide the reader through a document. The levels are organized by levels of subordination. In general,   each distinct section of   an academic paper should start with a level one heading.

The seventh edition changes only level three, four, and five headings. All headings are now written in title case (important words capitalized) and boldface. Headings are distinguished only by the use of italics, indentation, and periods.

Sixth Edition (3.03)

Seventh Edition (2.27)

For example, in a scientific report following APA style, a report contains three sections: Method, Results, and Discussion. Each of these sections start with level 1 headings:

Method  (Level 1)

Site of Study  (Level 2)

Participant Population  (Level 2)

Teachers  (Level 3)

Students  (Level 3)

Results  (Level 1)

Spatial Ability  (Level 2)

Test One  (Level 3)

     Teachers with Experience.  (Level 4)

     Teachers in Training.  (Level 4)

     Graduate Teaching Assistants . (Level 5)

Test Two  (Level 3)

Kinesthetic Ability  (Level 2)

Other Paper Format Changes

A handful of additional formatting changes are recommended in the seventh edition. These include the following:

• Running heads are no longer required for student papers.
• The running head is written in all capital letters. The running head should either be identical to the paper’s title, or a shortened form of the title that conveys the same idea. However, running heads should not exceed 50 characters (including spaces and punctuation).
• The section labels for abstracts and reference lists follow the conventions for level one headings (i.e., in addition to being centered and written in title case, they are also in boldface).
• Font guidelines are now somewhat looser in order to account for differences in computer specifications and users’ accessibility needs. So long as the same font is used throughout the text of the paper, a variety of fonts are acceptable.

Writing Style and Grammar (Chapter 4)

The most important changes here relate to pronoun usage, though it may bear mentioning that the APA has endorsed the "singular they"  on its website  for years prior to the release of the new manual:

• For instance, rather than writing "I don't know who wrote this note, but he or she has good handwriting," you might write something like "I don't know who wrote this note, but they have good handwriting."
• Additionally, “they” should be used for a person who uses “they” as their personal pronoun. In both cases, derivatives of “they,” like “them,” “their,” “themselves,” and so on should also be used accordingly. Plural verbs should be used when "they" is referring to a single person or entity (e.g., use "they are a kind friend" rather than "they is a kind friend").
• The manual also advises against anthropomorphizing language. Thus, non-human relative pronouns like “that,” and “which” are recommended for animals and inanimate objects, rather than “who.”

Bias-Free Language (Chapter 5)

The seventh edition of the manual updates guidelines for writing about “age, disability, gender, racial and ethnic identity, and sexual orientation” to bring them in line with current best practices. The guidelines are too extensive to reproduce here, but a few of the most important and general instructions are described below. Consult chapter 5 of the APA Publication Manual (7 th ed.) for more details.

• Use “person-first” language whenever possible. For instance, “a man with epilepsy” is generally preferable to “an epileptic” or “an epileptic man.”
• Similarly, avoid using adjectives as nouns to describe groups of people (e.g., “the poor”). Instead, use these adjectives to describe specific nouns or use descriptive noun phrases (e.g., “people living in poverty”).
• Use specific labels rather than general ones when possible. For example, “cisgender men” is more specific than “men.” Similarly, “Korean Americans” is more specific than “Asian Americans” or “Asians.”
• When describing differences between groups of people, focus on the qualities that are relevant to the situation at hand. For example, in a study of sex chromosome-linked illnesses, study participants’ biological sexes are probably relevant, while participants’ sexual orientations are probably not.
• In general, respect the language that people use to refer to themselves, and understand that the language used to refer to certain groups of people can and does change over time. Recognize also that group members may not always express total agreement about this language.

Mechanics of Style (Chapter 6)

In terms of mechanics, the seventh edition of the APA Publication Manual contains a variety of minor changes from the sixth edition. Two of the most important are the following:

• Use one space after a period at the end of a sentence unless an instructor or publisher dictates otherwise.
• Use quotation marks around linguistic examples rather than highlighting these examples with italics. For example, one might write that a computer user should press the “F” key, rather than press the F  key. Similarly, one might write about study participants who have to choose between the choices “agree,” “disagree,” and “other,” rather than the choices agree , disagree , and other .

This chapter also contains expanded guidelines that clarify a variety of mechanical issues, like whether certain proper nouns should be capitalized. The guidelines are too extensive to reproduce here, so consult chapter 6 for additional information.

Tables and Figures (Chapter 7)

Though the formatting for tables and figures has not dramatically changed from the sixth edition, a few relevant changes are as follows:

• Tables and figures are now formatted in parallel—in other words, they use consistent rules for titles, notes, and numbering.
• Tables and figures may now be presented either in the text of the document or after the reference list on separate pages.

In-Text Citations (Chapter 8)

Changes and updates to in-text citation procedure in the seventh edition include the following:

• Example: Fannon, Chan, Ramirez, Johnson, and Grimsdottir (2019) and Fannon, Chan, Montego, Daniels, and Miller (2019) can be cited as (Fannon, Chan, Ramirez, et al., 2019) and (Fannon, Chan, Montego, et al., 2019), respectively.
• If the information has been recorded (e.g., as an audio file or an interview transcript), follow the ordinary directions for citing the appropriate form of media.
• Example: Following a series of conversations with Joseph Turnipseed (Tulalip Nation, lives in Portland, Oregon, personal communication, September 2017), we discovered connections between…
• In both cases, capitalize not only the name of indigenous groups and nations (e.g., Crow, Seminole, Narragansett), but also most terms derived from indigenous culture (e.g., Oral Tradition, Elder, Traditional Knowledge, Vision Quest).
• Finally, work closely with indigenous keepers of traditional knowledge to ensure that the knowledge is reproduced only with the permission of relevant indigenous stakeholders.
• If attributing the quote to a pseudonym, enclose the name in quotation marks the first time you use it. After the first time, do not use quotation marks.

Reference List (Chapter 9)

Reference list entries are handled largely the same in the seventh edition as they are in the sixth edition, barring a few important changes. Most pertain to electronic sources.

• In the seventh edition, up to 20 authors should now be included in a reference list entry. For sources with more than 20 authors, after the 19 th  listed author, any additional authors' names are replaced with an ellipsis (…) followed by the final listed author's name. Do not place an ampersand before the final author's name.
• Digital object identifiers (DOIs) and URLs are now both presented as hyperlinks for electronic sources.
• The label “DOI:” is no longer used for entries that include a DOI.
• The words “Retrieved from” (preceding the URL or DOI) are now only used when a retrieval date is also provided in the citation.
• Note that, though database/archive information is typically not included in citation entries, it should be included when writers need to cite sources that are only available within a certain database.

Politicians and dog experts vilify South Dakota governor after she writes about killing her dog

P oliticians and dog experts are criticizing South Dakota Gov. Kristi Noem after she wrote in a new book about killing a rambunctious puppy . The story — and the vilification she received on social media — has some wondering whether she's still a viable potential running mate for presumptive Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump.

Experts who work with hunting dogs like Noem’s said she should have trained — not killed — the pup, or found other options if the dog was out of control.

Noem has tried to reframe the story from two decades ago as an example of her willingness to make tough decisions. She wrote on social media that the 14-month-old wirehaired pointer named Cricket had shown aggressive behavior by biting.

“As I explained in the book, it wasn’t easy,” she said on X. “But often the easy way isn’t the right way.”

Still, Democrats and even some conservatives have been critical.

“This story is not landing. It is not a facet of rural life or ranching to shoot dogs,” conservative commentator Tomi Lahren posted online.

Several posters described Noem as Cruella de Vil, the villain from the Disney classic “101 Dalmatians.” A meme features a series of dogs offering looks of horror.

“I’m not sure which thing she did was stupider: The fact that she murdered the dog, or the fact that she was stupid enough to publish it in a book,” said Joan Payton, of the German Wirehaired Pointer Club of America. The club itself described the breed as “high-energy,” and said Noem was too impatient and her use of a shock collar for training was botched.

But South Dakota Democratic Senate Minority Leader Reynold Nesiba considered the disclosure more calculated than stupid. He said the story has circulated for years among lawmakers that Noem killed a dog in a “fit of anger” and that there were witnesses. He speculated that it was coming out now because Noem is being vetted as a candidate for vice president.

“She knew that this was a political vulnerability, and she needed to put it out there, before it came up in some other venue," he said. “Why else would she write about it?”

In her soon-to-be-released book, “No Going Back: The Truth on What’s Wrong with Politics and How We Move America Forward,” of which The Guardian obtained a pre-release copy, Noem writes that she took Cricket on a bird hunting trip with older dogs in hopes of calming down the wild puppy. Instead, Cricket chased the pheasants, attacked a family's chickens during a stop on the way home and then “whipped around to bite me," she wrote.

Noem's spokesperson didn't immediately respond to questions from The Associated Press about whether the dog actually bit her or just tried to do so, or whether Noem had to seek medical treatment. The book's publisher declined to provide AP an advance copy of the book.

Afterward, Noem wrote, she led Cricket to a gravel pit and killed her. She said she also shot a goat that the family owned, saying it was mean and liked to chase her kids.

The response to the story was swift: “Post a picture with your dog that doesn’t involve shooting them and throwing them in a gravel pit. I’ll start,” Democratic Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz posted on X. The post included a photo of him feeding ice cream off a spoon to his Labrador mix named Scout.

President Joe Biden’s reelection campaign added a photo of the president strolling on the White House lawn with one of his three German Shepherds. Two of Biden's dogs, Major and Commander, were removed following aggressive behavior, including toward White House and Secret Service personnel. The oldest, Champ, died.

Democrat Hillary Clinton reposted a 2021 comment in which she warned, “Don’t vote for anyone you wouldn’t trust with your dog.” She added Monday, “Still true.”

Conservative political commentator Michael Knowles said on his titular podcast that while Noem could have handled the situation differently, “there is nothing wrong with a human being humanely killing an animal.” He later added: “Fifty years ago, this political story would not have made anyone in most of America bat an eyelash. And the fact that it does today tells you something, not about the changing morality of putting down a farm animal, but about the changing politics of America.”

He later said that the story is “extremely stupid and insignificant” because Noem doesn’t have a chance of being selected as Trump’s running mate.

Payton, who is a delegate to the American Kennel Club and lives in Bakersfield, California, said the situation was a mess from beginning to end.

“That was a puppy that had no experience, obviously no training,” she said. “If you know a minuscule amount about a bird dog, you don’t take a 14 month old out with trained adult dogs and expect them to perform. That’s not how it works.”

The club itself said puppies learn best by hunting one-to-one with their owners, not with other dogs.

When problems arose she should have called the breeder, Payton said, or contacted rescue organizations that find new homes for the breed.

Among those groups is the National German Wirehaired Pointer Rescue, which called on Noem in a Facebook post to take accountability for her “horrific decision” and to educate the public that there are more humane solutions.

“Sporting breeds are bred with bird/hunting instincts but it takes training and effort to have a working field dog,” the group's Board of Directors wrote in the post.

Payton described Cricket as nothing more than “a baby,” saying the breed isn't physically mature until it is 2 years old and not fully trained it's 3- to 5-years old.

“This was a person that I had thought was a pretty good lady up until now," she said. "She was somebody that I would have voted for. But I think she may have shot herself in the foot.”

This story was first published on April 29, 2024. It was updated on April 30, 2024, to correct the spelling of Tomi Lahren's name. She is Tomi Lahren, not Tomi Lahrenco.

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The Sphinx of King Taharqo Statue Research Paper

Description

The Sphinx of King Taharqo is a statue with a lion’s body and a man’s head, created from myths and legends. The sphinx was built around roughly 680 BCE by the Kushites. It was discovered at Kawa, northern Sudan, in the Temple of Amun, where Francis Llewellyn Griffith excavated it in 1932, and it now resides at the British Museum (Crabben 2022). The sphinx is a granite statue, most probably the granite gneiss, which is sandy grey. Granite, using which the Sphinx of King Taharqo was sculpted, was mined from granite quarries at Tombos. Compared to the sphinx at Giza, it is minimal, about a size of a spaniel, with a height of 40.6cm and a width of 73cm. It is famous for its projection of both Egyptian and Kushite elements.

The lion part of the statue is done in a typical Egyptian style, like the grand sphinx itself. Tace of the artifact is the Sudanese resemblance of the Tahsrqo, the black king, the fourth pharaoh to rule over the combined kingdoms of Kush and Egypt. Many sculptures found from this early Kushite period, such as this sphinx, are characterized by a realism appeal which often does little to flatter the individual portrayed. The form of the lion’s mane and his ears closely resemble elements found on Ancient Egyptian sphinxes as far back as the 12 th Dynasty, which is about a thousand years before. The Sphinx of Taharqo wears a skull cap, double-uraeus, and a cartouche on the breast. The sphinx is decorated with engraved designs, and a rosette occupies the base. There are hieroglyphics and symbols on the artifact that make clear that it is a genuine and legitimate portrait of the great King Taharqo.

Cultural and Historical Importance of the Piece

For many years, Egypt was in control and would harass the Kushites. They would take precious metals such as gold from the Kushites and anything else they needed. However, power and control changed around 730 BC, when the Kushites took control of Egypt and established a rival in religion, architecture, and art practices. King Tahraqu absorbed and adopted Egyptian customs rather than pushing Kushites’ customs on them. Taharqo worshipped the Egyptian God Amun and built pyramids on the Egyptian Model (“Sphinx of Taharqo” 2022). The sphinx, as a whole, represents the fusion of the Egyptian and the Kushite culture during the shift of power. By adapting to the Egyptian culture, King Taharqo had an easier time keeping control and strengthening the political power of the large new kingdom. Having the face of Taharqo on the sphinx is a symbol of a new national identity.

Taharqo ordered the creation of a sphinx with his image and declared it would remain in the recently restored Temple of Amun. Because only rulers and priests were allowed into the temple, only people in positions of authority could see the sphinx sculpture. When Kushites encountered it in an inner sanctuary, its black African traits would have comforted them, while its distinctively Egyptian iconography would have made Egyptians feel well at home. Although the statue has a few Egyptian features and characteristics, it is a statement of the Kushite’s authority and power. The Egyptians used sphinx to symbolize power and wealth, and by creating their own, Kushites showed power not only on their own but also the morph of both cultures.

Crabben, Jan van der. 2022.” Taharqa Sphinx .” World History Encyclopedia . World history organization, Web.

“ Sphinx of Taharqo ” 2022. 100 Objects British Museum. Web.

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IvyPanda. (2024, May 6). The Sphinx of King Taharqo Statue. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-sphinx-of-king-taharqo-statue/

"The Sphinx of King Taharqo Statue." IvyPanda , 6 May 2024, ivypanda.com/essays/the-sphinx-of-king-taharqo-statue/.

IvyPanda . (2024) 'The Sphinx of King Taharqo Statue'. 6 May.

IvyPanda . 2024. "The Sphinx of King Taharqo Statue." May 6, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-sphinx-of-king-taharqo-statue/.

1. IvyPanda . "The Sphinx of King Taharqo Statue." May 6, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-sphinx-of-king-taharqo-statue/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "The Sphinx of King Taharqo Statue." May 6, 2024. https://ivypanda.com/essays/the-sphinx-of-king-taharqo-statue/.

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