Home » What is a Hypothesis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide
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Definition:
Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation.
Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments and the collection and analysis of data. It is an essential element of the scientific method, as it allows researchers to make predictions about the outcome of their experiments and to test those predictions to determine their accuracy.
Types of Hypothesis are as follows:
A research hypothesis is a statement that predicts a relationship between variables. It is usually formulated as a specific statement that can be tested through research, and it is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments.
The null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often used as a starting point for testing the research hypothesis, and if the results of the study reject the null hypothesis, it suggests that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables.
An alternative hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is a significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often used as an alternative to the null hypothesis and is tested against the null hypothesis to determine which statement is more accurate.
A directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the direction of the relationship between variables. For example, a researcher might predict that increasing the amount of exercise will result in a decrease in body weight.
A non-directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the relationship between variables but does not specify the direction. For example, a researcher might predict that there is a relationship between the amount of exercise and body weight, but they do not specify whether increasing or decreasing exercise will affect body weight.
A statistical hypothesis is a statement that assumes a particular statistical model or distribution for the data. It is often used in statistical analysis to test the significance of a particular result.
A composite hypothesis is a statement that assumes more than one condition or outcome. It can be divided into several sub-hypotheses, each of which represents a different possible outcome.
An empirical hypothesis is a statement that is based on observed phenomena or data. It is often used in scientific research to develop theories or models that explain the observed phenomena.
A simple hypothesis is a statement that assumes only one outcome or condition. It is often used in scientific research to test a single variable or factor.
A complex hypothesis is a statement that assumes multiple outcomes or conditions. It is often used in scientific research to test the effects of multiple variables or factors on a particular outcome.
Hypotheses are used in various fields to guide research and make predictions about the outcomes of experiments or observations. Here are some examples of how hypotheses are applied in different fields:
Here are the steps to follow when writing a hypothesis:
The first step is to identify the research question that you want to answer through your study. This question should be clear, specific, and focused. It should be something that can be investigated empirically and that has some relevance or significance in the field.
Before writing your hypothesis, it’s essential to conduct a thorough literature review to understand what is already known about the topic. This will help you to identify the research gap and formulate a hypothesis that builds on existing knowledge.
The next step is to identify the variables involved in the research question. A variable is any characteristic or factor that can vary or change. There are two types of variables: independent and dependent. The independent variable is the one that is manipulated or changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the one that is measured or observed as a result of the independent variable.
Based on the research question and the variables involved, you can now formulate your hypothesis. A hypothesis should be a clear and concise statement that predicts the relationship between the variables. It should be testable through empirical research and based on existing theory or evidence.
The null hypothesis is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, which is the hypothesis that you are testing. The null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variables. It is important to write the null hypothesis because it allows you to compare your results with what would be expected by chance.
After formulating the hypothesis, it’s important to refine it and make it more precise. This may involve clarifying the variables, specifying the direction of the relationship, or making the hypothesis more testable.
Here are a few examples of hypotheses in different fields:
The purpose of a hypothesis is to provide a testable explanation for an observed phenomenon or a prediction of a future outcome based on existing knowledge or theories. A hypothesis is an essential part of the scientific method and helps to guide the research process by providing a clear focus for investigation. It enables scientists to design experiments or studies to gather evidence and data that can support or refute the proposed explanation or prediction.
The formulation of a hypothesis is based on existing knowledge, observations, and theories, and it should be specific, testable, and falsifiable. A specific hypothesis helps to define the research question, which is important in the research process as it guides the selection of an appropriate research design and methodology. Testability of the hypothesis means that it can be proven or disproven through empirical data collection and analysis. Falsifiability means that the hypothesis should be formulated in such a way that it can be proven wrong if it is incorrect.
In addition to guiding the research process, the testing of hypotheses can lead to new discoveries and advancements in scientific knowledge. When a hypothesis is supported by the data, it can be used to develop new theories or models to explain the observed phenomenon. When a hypothesis is not supported by the data, it can help to refine existing theories or prompt the development of new hypotheses to explain the phenomenon.
Here are some common situations in which hypotheses are used:
Here are some common characteristics of a hypothesis:
Hypotheses have several advantages in scientific research and experimentation:
Some Limitations of the Hypothesis are as follows:
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Any research begins with a research question and a research hypothesis . A research question alone may not suffice to design the experiment(s) needed to answer it. A hypothesis is central to the scientific method. But what is a hypothesis ? A hypothesis is a testable statement that proposes a possible explanation to a phenomenon, and it may include a prediction. Next, you may ask what is a research hypothesis ? Simply put, a research hypothesis is a prediction or educated guess about the relationship between the variables that you want to investigate.
It is important to be thorough when developing your research hypothesis. Shortcomings in the framing of a hypothesis can affect the study design and the results. A better understanding of the research hypothesis definition and characteristics of a good hypothesis will make it easier for you to develop your own hypothesis for your research. Let’s dive in to know more about the types of research hypothesis , how to write a research hypothesis , and some research hypothesis examples .
Table of Contents
A hypothesis is based on the existing body of knowledge in a study area. Framed before the data are collected, a hypothesis states the tentative relationship between independent and dependent variables, along with a prediction of the outcome.
Young researchers starting out their journey are usually brimming with questions like “ What is a hypothesis ?” “ What is a research hypothesis ?” “How can I write a good research hypothesis ?”
A research hypothesis is a statement that proposes a possible explanation for an observable phenomenon or pattern. It guides the direction of a study and predicts the outcome of the investigation. A research hypothesis is testable, i.e., it can be supported or disproven through experimentation or observation.
Here are the characteristics of a good hypothesis :
A study begins with the formulation of a research question. A researcher then performs background research. This background information forms the basis for building a good research hypothesis . The researcher then performs experiments, collects, and analyzes the data, interprets the findings, and ultimately, determines if the findings support or negate the original hypothesis.
Let’s look at each step for creating an effective, testable, and good research hypothesis :
Remember that creating a research hypothesis is an iterative process, i.e., you might have to revise it based on the data you collect. You may need to test and reject several hypotheses before answering the research problem.
When you start writing a research hypothesis , you use an “if–then” statement format, which states the predicted relationship between two or more variables. Clearly identify the independent variables (the variables being changed) and the dependent variables (the variables being measured), as well as the population you are studying. Review and revise your hypothesis as needed.
An example of a research hypothesis in this format is as follows:
“ If [athletes] follow [cold water showers daily], then their [endurance] increases.”
Population: athletes
Independent variable: daily cold water showers
Dependent variable: endurance
You may have understood the characteristics of a good hypothesis . But note that a research hypothesis is not always confirmed; a researcher should be prepared to accept or reject the hypothesis based on the study findings.
Following from above, here is a 10-point checklist for a good research hypothesis :
By following this research hypothesis checklist , you will be able to create a research hypothesis that is strong, well-constructed, and more likely to yield meaningful results.
Different types of research hypothesis are used in scientific research:
A null hypothesis states that there is no change in the dependent variable due to changes to the independent variable. This means that the results are due to chance and are not significant. A null hypothesis is denoted as H0 and is stated as the opposite of what the alternative hypothesis states.
Example: “ The newly identified virus is not zoonotic .”
This states that there is a significant difference or relationship between the variables being studied. It is denoted as H1 or Ha and is usually accepted or rejected in favor of the null hypothesis.
Example: “ The newly identified virus is zoonotic .”
This specifies the direction of the relationship or difference between variables; therefore, it tends to use terms like increase, decrease, positive, negative, more, or less.
Example: “ The inclusion of intervention X decreases infant mortality compared to the original treatment .”
While it does not predict the exact direction or nature of the relationship between the two variables, a non-directional hypothesis states the existence of a relationship or difference between variables but not the direction, nature, or magnitude of the relationship. A non-directional hypothesis may be used when there is no underlying theory or when findings contradict previous research.
Example, “ Cats and dogs differ in the amount of affection they express .”
A simple hypothesis only predicts the relationship between one independent and another independent variable.
Example: “ Applying sunscreen every day slows skin aging .”
A complex hypothesis states the relationship or difference between two or more independent and dependent variables.
Example: “ Applying sunscreen every day slows skin aging, reduces sun burn, and reduces the chances of skin cancer .” (Here, the three dependent variables are slowing skin aging, reducing sun burn, and reducing the chances of skin cancer.)
An associative hypothesis states that a change in one variable results in the change of the other variable. The associative hypothesis defines interdependency between variables.
Example: “ There is a positive association between physical activity levels and overall health .”
A causal hypothesis proposes a cause-and-effect interaction between variables.
Example: “ Long-term alcohol use causes liver damage .”
Note that some of the types of research hypothesis mentioned above might overlap. The types of hypothesis chosen will depend on the research question and the objective of the study.
Here are some good research hypothesis examples :
“The use of a specific type of therapy will lead to a reduction in symptoms of depression in individuals with a history of major depressive disorder.”
“Providing educational interventions on healthy eating habits will result in weight loss in overweight individuals.”
“Plants that are exposed to certain types of music will grow taller than those that are not exposed to music.”
“The use of the plant growth regulator X will lead to an increase in the number of flowers produced by plants.”
Characteristics that make a research hypothesis weak are unclear variables, unoriginality, being too general or too vague, and being untestable. A weak hypothesis leads to weak research and improper methods.
Some bad research hypothesis examples (and the reasons why they are “bad”) are as follows:
“This study will show that treatment X is better than any other treatment . ” (This statement is not testable, too broad, and does not consider other treatments that may be effective.)
“This study will prove that this type of therapy is effective for all mental disorders . ” (This statement is too broad and not testable as mental disorders are complex and different disorders may respond differently to different types of therapy.)
“Plants can communicate with each other through telepathy . ” (This statement is not testable and lacks a scientific basis.)
If a research hypothesis is not testable, the results will not prove or disprove anything meaningful. The conclusions will be vague at best. A testable hypothesis helps a researcher focus on the study outcome and understand the implication of the question and the different variables involved. A testable hypothesis helps a researcher make precise predictions based on prior research.
To be considered testable, there must be a way to prove that the hypothesis is true or false; further, the results of the hypothesis must be reproducible.
1. What is the difference between research question and research hypothesis ?
A research question defines the problem and helps outline the study objective(s). It is an open-ended statement that is exploratory or probing in nature. Therefore, it does not make predictions or assumptions. It helps a researcher identify what information to collect. A research hypothesis , however, is a specific, testable prediction about the relationship between variables. Accordingly, it guides the study design and data analysis approach.
2. When to reject null hypothesis ?
A null hypothesis should be rejected when the evidence from a statistical test shows that it is unlikely to be true. This happens when the test statistic (e.g., p -value) is less than the defined significance level (e.g., 0.05). Rejecting the null hypothesis does not necessarily mean that the alternative hypothesis is true; it simply means that the evidence found is not compatible with the null hypothesis.
3. How can I be sure my hypothesis is testable?
A testable hypothesis should be specific and measurable, and it should state a clear relationship between variables that can be tested with data. To ensure that your hypothesis is testable, consider the following:
4. How do I revise my research hypothesis if my data does not support it?
If your data does not support your research hypothesis , you will need to revise it or develop a new one. You should examine your data carefully and identify any patterns or anomalies, re-examine your research question, and/or revisit your theory to look for any alternative explanations for your results. Based on your review of the data, literature, and theories, modify your research hypothesis to better align it with the results you obtained. Use your revised hypothesis to guide your research design and data collection. It is important to remain objective throughout the process.
5. I am performing exploratory research. Do I need to formulate a research hypothesis?
As opposed to “confirmatory” research, where a researcher has some idea about the relationship between the variables under investigation, exploratory research (or hypothesis-generating research) looks into a completely new topic about which limited information is available. Therefore, the researcher will not have any prior hypotheses. In such cases, a researcher will need to develop a post-hoc hypothesis. A post-hoc research hypothesis is generated after these results are known.
6. How is a research hypothesis different from a research question?
A research question is an inquiry about a specific topic or phenomenon, typically expressed as a question. It seeks to explore and understand a particular aspect of the research subject. In contrast, a research hypothesis is a specific statement or prediction that suggests an expected relationship between variables. It is formulated based on existing knowledge or theories and guides the research design and data analysis.
7. Can a research hypothesis change during the research process?
Yes, research hypotheses can change during the research process. As researchers collect and analyze data, new insights and information may emerge that require modification or refinement of the initial hypotheses. This can be due to unexpected findings, limitations in the original hypotheses, or the need to explore additional dimensions of the research topic. Flexibility is crucial in research, allowing for adaptation and adjustment of hypotheses to align with the evolving understanding of the subject matter.
8. How many hypotheses should be included in a research study?
The number of research hypotheses in a research study varies depending on the nature and scope of the research. It is not necessary to have multiple hypotheses in every study. Some studies may have only one primary hypothesis, while others may have several related hypotheses. The number of hypotheses should be determined based on the research objectives, research questions, and the complexity of the research topic. It is important to ensure that the hypotheses are focused, testable, and directly related to the research aims.
9. Can research hypotheses be used in qualitative research?
Yes, research hypotheses can be used in qualitative research, although they are more commonly associated with quantitative research. In qualitative research, hypotheses may be formulated as tentative or exploratory statements that guide the investigation. Instead of testing hypotheses through statistical analysis, qualitative researchers may use the hypotheses to guide data collection and analysis, seeking to uncover patterns, themes, or relationships within the qualitative data. The emphasis in qualitative research is often on generating insights and understanding rather than confirming or rejecting specific research hypotheses through statistical testing.
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A research hypothesis, in its plural form “hypotheses,” is a specific, testable prediction about the anticipated results of a study, established at its outset. It is a key component of the scientific method .
Hypotheses connect theory to data and guide the research process towards expanding scientific understanding
Predictions typically arise from a thorough knowledge of the research literature, curiosity about real-world problems or implications, and integrating this to advance theory. They build on existing literature while providing new insight.
Alternative hypothesis.
The research hypothesis is often called the alternative or experimental hypothesis in experimental research.
It typically suggests a potential relationship between two key variables: the independent variable, which the researcher manipulates, and the dependent variable, which is measured based on those changes.
The alternative hypothesis states a relationship exists between the two variables being studied (one variable affects the other).
A hypothesis is a testable statement or prediction about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a key component of the scientific method. Some key points about hypotheses:
In summary, a hypothesis is a precise, testable statement of what researchers expect to happen in a study and why. Hypotheses connect theory to data and guide the research process towards expanding scientific understanding.
An experimental hypothesis predicts what change(s) will occur in the dependent variable when the independent variable is manipulated.
It states that the results are not due to chance and are significant in supporting the theory being investigated.
The alternative hypothesis can be directional, indicating a specific direction of the effect, or non-directional, suggesting a difference without specifying its nature. It’s what researchers aim to support or demonstrate through their study.
The null hypothesis states no relationship exists between the two variables being studied (one variable does not affect the other). There will be no changes in the dependent variable due to manipulating the independent variable.
It states results are due to chance and are not significant in supporting the idea being investigated.
The null hypothesis, positing no effect or relationship, is a foundational contrast to the research hypothesis in scientific inquiry. It establishes a baseline for statistical testing, promoting objectivity by initiating research from a neutral stance.
Many statistical methods are tailored to test the null hypothesis, determining the likelihood of observed results if no true effect exists.
This dual-hypothesis approach provides clarity, ensuring that research intentions are explicit, and fosters consistency across scientific studies, enhancing the standardization and interpretability of research outcomes.
A non-directional hypothesis, also known as a two-tailed hypothesis, predicts that there is a difference or relationship between two variables but does not specify the direction of this relationship.
It merely indicates that a change or effect will occur without predicting which group will have higher or lower values.
For example, “There is a difference in performance between Group A and Group B” is a non-directional hypothesis.
A directional (one-tailed) hypothesis predicts the nature of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. It predicts in which direction the change will take place. (i.e., greater, smaller, less, more)
It specifies whether one variable is greater, lesser, or different from another, rather than just indicating that there’s a difference without specifying its nature.
For example, “Exercise increases weight loss” is a directional hypothesis.
The Falsification Principle, proposed by Karl Popper , is a way of demarcating science from non-science. It suggests that for a theory or hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must be testable and irrefutable.
Falsifiability emphasizes that scientific claims shouldn’t just be confirmable but should also have the potential to be proven wrong.
It means that there should exist some potential evidence or experiment that could prove the proposition false.
However many confirming instances exist for a theory, it only takes one counter observation to falsify it. For example, the hypothesis that “all swans are white,” can be falsified by observing a black swan.
For Popper, science should attempt to disprove a theory rather than attempt to continually provide evidence to support a research hypothesis.
Hypotheses make probabilistic predictions. They state the expected outcome if a particular relationship exists. However, a study result supporting a hypothesis does not definitively prove it is true.
All studies have limitations. There may be unknown confounding factors or issues that limit the certainty of conclusions. Additional studies may yield different results.
In science, hypotheses can realistically only be supported with some degree of confidence, not proven. The process of science is to incrementally accumulate evidence for and against hypothesized relationships in an ongoing pursuit of better models and explanations that best fit the empirical data. But hypotheses remain open to revision and rejection if that is where the evidence leads.
We can never 100% prove the alternative hypothesis. Instead, we see if we can disprove, or reject the null hypothesis.
If we reject the null hypothesis, this doesn’t mean that our alternative hypothesis is correct but does support the alternative/experimental hypothesis.
Upon analysis of the results, an alternative hypothesis can be rejected or supported, but it can never be proven to be correct. We must avoid any reference to results proving a theory as this implies 100% certainty, and there is always a chance that evidence may exist which could refute a theory.
Consider a hypothesis many teachers might subscribe to: students work better on Monday morning than on Friday afternoon (IV=Day, DV= Standard of work).
Now, if we decide to study this by giving the same group of students a lesson on a Monday morning and a Friday afternoon and then measuring their immediate recall of the material covered in each session, we would end up with the following:
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We have heard of many hypotheses which have led to great inventions in science. Assumptions that are made on the basis of some evidence are known as hypotheses. In this article, let us learn in detail about the hypothesis and the type of hypothesis with examples.
A hypothesis is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. This is the initial point of any investigation that translates the research questions into predictions. It includes components like variables, population and the relation between the variables. A research hypothesis is a hypothesis that is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis:
Following are the sources of hypothesis:
There are six forms of hypothesis and they are:
It shows a relationship between one dependent variable and a single independent variable. For example – If you eat more vegetables, you will lose weight faster. Here, eating more vegetables is an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable.
It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables. Eating more vegetables and fruits leads to weight loss, glowing skin, and reduces the risk of many diseases such as heart disease.
It shows how a researcher is intellectual and committed to a particular outcome. The relationship between the variables can also predict its nature. For example- children aged four years eating proper food over a five-year period are having higher IQ levels than children not having a proper meal. This shows the effect and direction of the effect.
It is used when there is no theory involved. It is a statement that a relationship exists between two variables, without predicting the exact nature (direction) of the relationship.
It provides a statement which is contrary to the hypothesis. It’s a negative statement, and there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables. The symbol is denoted by “H O ”.
Associative hypothesis occurs when there is a change in one variable resulting in a change in the other variable. Whereas, the causal hypothesis proposes a cause and effect interaction between two or more variables.
Following are the examples of hypotheses based on their types:
Following are the functions performed by the hypothesis:
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
What is hypothesis.
A hypothesis is an assumption made based on some evidence.
What are the types of hypothesis.
Types of hypothesis are:
Define complex hypothesis..
A complex hypothesis shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables.
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By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020
If you’re new to the world of research, or it’s your first time writing a dissertation or thesis, you’re probably noticing that the words “research hypothesis” and “scientific hypothesis” are used quite a bit, and you’re wondering what they mean in a research context .
“Hypothesis” is one of those words that people use loosely, thinking they understand what it means. However, it has a very specific meaning within academic research. So, it’s important to understand the exact meaning before you start hypothesizing.
Let’s start with the general definition of a hypothesis (not a research hypothesis or scientific hypothesis), according to the Cambridge Dictionary:
Hypothesis: an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved.
In other words, it’s a statement that provides an explanation for why or how something works, based on facts (or some reasonable assumptions), but that has not yet been specifically tested . For example, a hypothesis might look something like this:
Hypothesis: sleep impacts academic performance.
This statement predicts that academic performance will be influenced by the amount and/or quality of sleep a student engages in – sounds reasonable, right? It’s based on reasonable assumptions , underpinned by what we currently know about sleep and health (from the existing literature). So, loosely speaking, we could call it a hypothesis, at least by the dictionary definition.
But that’s not good enough…
Unfortunately, that’s not quite sophisticated enough to describe a research hypothesis (also sometimes called a scientific hypothesis), and it wouldn’t be acceptable in a dissertation, thesis or research paper . In the world of academic research, a statement needs a few more criteria to constitute a true research hypothesis .
A research hypothesis (also called a scientific hypothesis) is a statement about the expected outcome of a study (for example, a dissertation or thesis). To constitute a quality hypothesis, the statement needs to have three attributes – specificity , clarity and testability .
Let’s take a look at these more closely.
A good research hypothesis needs to be extremely clear and articulate about both what’ s being assessed (who or what variables are involved ) and the expected outcome (for example, a difference between groups, a relationship between variables, etc.).
Let’s stick with our sleepy students example and look at how this statement could be more specific and clear.
Hypothesis: Students who sleep at least 8 hours per night will, on average, achieve higher grades in standardised tests than students who sleep less than 8 hours a night.
As you can see, the statement is very specific as it identifies the variables involved (sleep hours and test grades), the parties involved (two groups of students), as well as the predicted relationship type (a positive relationship). There’s no ambiguity or uncertainty about who or what is involved in the statement, and the expected outcome is clear.
Contrast that to the original hypothesis we looked at – “Sleep impacts academic performance” – and you can see the difference. “Sleep” and “academic performance” are both comparatively vague , and there’s no indication of what the expected relationship direction is (more sleep or less sleep). As you can see, specificity and clarity are key.
A statement must be testable to qualify as a research hypothesis. In other words, there needs to be a way to prove (or disprove) the statement. If it’s not testable, it’s not a hypothesis – simple as that.
For example, consider the hypothesis we mentioned earlier:
Hypothesis: Students who sleep at least 8 hours per night will, on average, achieve higher grades in standardised tests than students who sleep less than 8 hours a night.
We could test this statement by undertaking a quantitative study involving two groups of students, one that gets 8 or more hours of sleep per night for a fixed period, and one that gets less. We could then compare the standardised test results for both groups to see if there’s a statistically significant difference.
Again, if you compare this to the original hypothesis we looked at – “Sleep impacts academic performance” – you can see that it would be quite difficult to test that statement, primarily because it isn’t specific enough. How much sleep? By who? What type of academic performance?
So, remember the mantra – if you can’t test it, it’s not a hypothesis 🙂
You’re still with us? Great! Let’s recap and pin down a clear definition of a hypothesis.
A research hypothesis (or scientific hypothesis) is a statement about an expected relationship between variables, or explanation of an occurrence, that is clear, specific and testable.
So, when you write up hypotheses for your dissertation or thesis, make sure that they meet all these criteria. If you do, you’ll not only have rock-solid hypotheses but you’ll also ensure a clear focus for your entire research project.
You may have also heard the terms null hypothesis , alternative hypothesis, or H-zero thrown around. At a simple level, the null hypothesis is the counter-proposal to the original hypothesis.
For example, if the hypothesis predicts that there is a relationship between two variables (for example, sleep and academic performance), the null hypothesis would predict that there is no relationship between those variables.
At a more technical level, the null hypothesis proposes that no statistical significance exists in a set of given observations and that any differences are due to chance alone.
And there you have it – hypotheses in a nutshell.
If you have any questions, be sure to leave a comment below and we’ll do our best to help you. If you need hands-on help developing and testing your hypotheses, consider our private coaching service , where we hold your hand through the research journey.
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Very useful information. I benefit more from getting more information in this regard.
Very great insight,educative and informative. Please give meet deep critics on many research data of public international Law like human rights, environment, natural resources, law of the sea etc
In a book I read a distinction is made between null, research, and alternative hypothesis. As far as I understand, alternative and research hypotheses are the same. Can you please elaborate? Best Afshin
This is a self explanatory, easy going site. I will recommend this to my friends and colleagues.
Very good definition. How can I cite your definition in my thesis? Thank you. Is nul hypothesis compulsory in a research?
It’s a counter-proposal to be proven as a rejection
Please what is the difference between alternate hypothesis and research hypothesis?
It is a very good explanation. However, it limits hypotheses to statistically tasteable ideas. What about for qualitative researches or other researches that involve quantitative data that don’t need statistical tests?
In qualitative research, one typically uses propositions, not hypotheses.
could you please elaborate it more
I’ve benefited greatly from these notes, thank you.
This is very helpful
well articulated ideas are presented here, thank you for being reliable sources of information
Excellent. Thanks for being clear and sound about the research methodology and hypothesis (quantitative research)
I have only a simple question regarding the null hypothesis. – Is the null hypothesis (Ho) known as the reversible hypothesis of the alternative hypothesis (H1? – How to test it in academic research?
this is very important note help me much more
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Rajiv S. Jhangiani; I-Chant A. Chiang; Carrie Cuttler; and Dana C. Leighton
Before describing how to develop a hypothesis, it is important to distinguish between a theory and a hypothesis. A theory is a coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena. Although theories can take a variety of forms, one thing they have in common is that they go beyond the phenomena they explain by including variables, structures, processes, functions, or organizing principles that have not been observed directly. Consider, for example, Zajonc’s theory of social facilitation and social inhibition (1965) [1] . He proposed that being watched by others while performing a task creates a general state of physiological arousal, which increases the likelihood of the dominant (most likely) response. So for highly practiced tasks, being watched increases the tendency to make correct responses, but for relatively unpracticed tasks, being watched increases the tendency to make incorrect responses. Notice that this theory—which has come to be called drive theory—provides an explanation of both social facilitation and social inhibition that goes beyond the phenomena themselves by including concepts such as “arousal” and “dominant response,” along with processes such as the effect of arousal on the dominant response.
Outside of science, referring to an idea as a theory often implies that it is untested—perhaps no more than a wild guess. In science, however, the term theory has no such implication. A theory is simply an explanation or interpretation of a set of phenomena. It can be untested, but it can also be extensively tested, well supported, and accepted as an accurate description of the world by the scientific community. The theory of evolution by natural selection, for example, is a theory because it is an explanation of the diversity of life on earth—not because it is untested or unsupported by scientific research. On the contrary, the evidence for this theory is overwhelmingly positive and nearly all scientists accept its basic assumptions as accurate. Similarly, the “germ theory” of disease is a theory because it is an explanation of the origin of various diseases, not because there is any doubt that many diseases are caused by microorganisms that infect the body.
A hypothesis , on the other hand, is a specific prediction about a new phenomenon that should be observed if a particular theory is accurate. It is an explanation that relies on just a few key concepts. Hypotheses are often specific predictions about what will happen in a particular study. They are developed by considering existing evidence and using reasoning to infer what will happen in the specific context of interest. Hypotheses are often but not always derived from theories. So a hypothesis is often a prediction based on a theory but some hypotheses are a-theoretical and only after a set of observations have been made, is a theory developed. This is because theories are broad in nature and they explain larger bodies of data. So if our research question is really original then we may need to collect some data and make some observations before we can develop a broader theory.
Theories and hypotheses always have this if-then relationship. “ If drive theory is correct, then cockroaches should run through a straight runway faster, and a branching runway more slowly, when other cockroaches are present.” Although hypotheses are usually expressed as statements, they can always be rephrased as questions. “Do cockroaches run through a straight runway faster when other cockroaches are present?” Thus deriving hypotheses from theories is an excellent way of generating interesting research questions.
But how do researchers derive hypotheses from theories? One way is to generate a research question using the techniques discussed in this chapter and then ask whether any theory implies an answer to that question. For example, you might wonder whether expressive writing about positive experiences improves health as much as expressive writing about traumatic experiences. Although this question is an interesting one on its own, you might then ask whether the habituation theory—the idea that expressive writing causes people to habituate to negative thoughts and feelings—implies an answer. In this case, it seems clear that if the habituation theory is correct, then expressive writing about positive experiences should not be effective because it would not cause people to habituate to negative thoughts and feelings. A second way to derive hypotheses from theories is to focus on some component of the theory that has not yet been directly observed. For example, a researcher could focus on the process of habituation—perhaps hypothesizing that people should show fewer signs of emotional distress with each new writing session.
Among the very best hypotheses are those that distinguish between competing theories. For example, Norbert Schwarz and his colleagues considered two theories of how people make judgments about themselves, such as how assertive they are (Schwarz et al., 1991) [2] . Both theories held that such judgments are based on relevant examples that people bring to mind. However, one theory was that people base their judgments on the number of examples they bring to mind and the other was that people base their judgments on how easily they bring those examples to mind. To test these theories, the researchers asked people to recall either six times when they were assertive (which is easy for most people) or 12 times (which is difficult for most people). Then they asked them to judge their own assertiveness. Note that the number-of-examples theory implies that people who recalled 12 examples should judge themselves to be more assertive because they recalled more examples, but the ease-of-examples theory implies that participants who recalled six examples should judge themselves as more assertive because recalling the examples was easier. Thus the two theories made opposite predictions so that only one of the predictions could be confirmed. The surprising result was that participants who recalled fewer examples judged themselves to be more assertive—providing particularly convincing evidence in favor of the ease-of-retrieval theory over the number-of-examples theory.
The primary way that scientific researchers use theories is sometimes called the hypothetico-deductive method (although this term is much more likely to be used by philosophers of science than by scientists themselves). Researchers begin with a set of phenomena and either construct a theory to explain or interpret them or choose an existing theory to work with. They then make a prediction about some new phenomenon that should be observed if the theory is correct. Again, this prediction is called a hypothesis. The researchers then conduct an empirical study to test the hypothesis. Finally, they reevaluate the theory in light of the new results and revise it if necessary. This process is usually conceptualized as a cycle because the researchers can then derive a new hypothesis from the revised theory, conduct a new empirical study to test the hypothesis, and so on. As Figure 2.3 shows, this approach meshes nicely with the model of scientific research in psychology presented earlier in the textbook—creating a more detailed model of “theoretically motivated” or “theory-driven” research.
As an example, let us consider Zajonc’s research on social facilitation and inhibition. He started with a somewhat contradictory pattern of results from the research literature. He then constructed his drive theory, according to which being watched by others while performing a task causes physiological arousal, which increases an organism’s tendency to make the dominant response. This theory predicts social facilitation for well-learned tasks and social inhibition for poorly learned tasks. He now had a theory that organized previous results in a meaningful way—but he still needed to test it. He hypothesized that if his theory was correct, he should observe that the presence of others improves performance in a simple laboratory task but inhibits performance in a difficult version of the very same laboratory task. To test this hypothesis, one of the studies he conducted used cockroaches as subjects (Zajonc, Heingartner, & Herman, 1969) [3] . The cockroaches ran either down a straight runway (an easy task for a cockroach) or through a cross-shaped maze (a difficult task for a cockroach) to escape into a dark chamber when a light was shined on them. They did this either while alone or in the presence of other cockroaches in clear plastic “audience boxes.” Zajonc found that cockroaches in the straight runway reached their goal more quickly in the presence of other cockroaches, but cockroaches in the cross-shaped maze reached their goal more slowly when they were in the presence of other cockroaches. Thus he confirmed his hypothesis and provided support for his drive theory. (Zajonc also showed that drive theory existed in humans [Zajonc & Sales, 1966] [4] in many other studies afterward).
When you write your research report or plan your presentation, be aware that there are two basic ways that researchers usually include theory. The first is to raise a research question, answer that question by conducting a new study, and then offer one or more theories (usually more) to explain or interpret the results. This format works well for applied research questions and for research questions that existing theories do not address. The second way is to describe one or more existing theories, derive a hypothesis from one of those theories, test the hypothesis in a new study, and finally reevaluate the theory. This format works well when there is an existing theory that addresses the research question—especially if the resulting hypothesis is surprising or conflicts with a hypothesis derived from a different theory.
To use theories in your research will not only give you guidance in coming up with experiment ideas and possible projects, but it lends legitimacy to your work. Psychologists have been interested in a variety of human behaviors and have developed many theories along the way. Using established theories will help you break new ground as a researcher, not limit you from developing your own ideas.
There are three general characteristics of a good hypothesis. First, a good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable . We must be able to test the hypothesis using the methods of science and if you’ll recall Popper’s falsifiability criterion, it must be possible to gather evidence that will disconfirm the hypothesis if it is indeed false. Second, a good hypothesis must be logical. As described above, hypotheses are more than just a random guess. Hypotheses should be informed by previous theories or observations and logical reasoning. Typically, we begin with a broad and general theory and use deductive reasoning to generate a more specific hypothesis to test based on that theory. Occasionally, however, when there is no theory to inform our hypothesis, we use inductive reasoning which involves using specific observations or research findings to form a more general hypothesis. Finally, the hypothesis should be positive. That is, the hypothesis should make a positive statement about the existence of a relationship or effect, rather than a statement that a relationship or effect does not exist. As scientists, we don’t set out to show that relationships do not exist or that effects do not occur so our hypotheses should not be worded in a way to suggest that an effect or relationship does not exist. The nature of science is to assume that something does not exist and then seek to find evidence to prove this wrong, to show that it really does exist. That may seem backward to you but that is the nature of the scientific method. The underlying reason for this is beyond the scope of this chapter but it has to do with statistical theory.
A coherent explanation or interpretation of one or more phenomena.
A specific prediction about a new phenomenon that should be observed if a particular theory is accurate.
A cyclical process of theory development, starting with an observed phenomenon, then developing or using a theory to make a specific prediction of what should happen if that theory is correct, testing that prediction, refining the theory in light of the findings, and using that refined theory to develop new hypotheses, and so on.
The ability to test the hypothesis using the methods of science and the possibility to gather evidence that will disconfirm the hypothesis if it is indeed false.
Developing a Hypothesis Copyright © by Rajiv S. Jhangiani; I-Chant A. Chiang; Carrie Cuttler; and Dana C. Leighton is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
A good hypothesis possesses the following certain attributes.
One of the valuable attribute of a good hypothesis is to predict for future. It not only clears the present problematic situation but also predict for the future that what would be happened in the coming time. So, hypothesis is a best guide of research activity due to power of prediction.
A hypothesis must have close contact with observable things. It does not believe on air castles but it is based on observation. Those things and objects which we cannot observe, for that hypothesis cannot be formulated. The verification of a hypothesis is based on observable things.
A hypothesis should be so dabble to every layman, P.V young says, “A hypothesis wo0uld be simple, if a researcher has more in sight towards the problem”. W-ocean stated that, “A hypothesis should be as sharp as razor’s blade”. So, a good hypothesis must be simple and have no complexity.
A hypothesis must be conceptually clear. It should be clear from ambiguous information’s. The terminology used in it must be clear and acceptable to everyone.
A good hypothesis should be tested empirically. It should be stated and formulated after verification and deep observation. Thus testability is the primary feature of a good hypothesis.
If a hypothesis is relevant to a particular problem, it would be considered as good one. A hypothesis is guidance for the identification and solution of the problem, so it must be accordance to the problem.
It should be formulated for a particular and specific problem. It should not include generalization. If generalization exists, then a hypothesis cannot reach to the correct conclusions.
Hypothesis must be relevant to the techniques which is available for testing. A researcher must know about the workable techniques before formulating a hypothesis.
It should be able to provide new suggestions and ways of knowledge. It must create new discoveries of knowledge J.S. Mill, one of the eminent researcher says that “Hypothesis is the best source of new knowledge it creates new ways of discoveries”.
Internal harmony and consistency is a major characteristic of good hypothesis. It should be out of contradictions and conflicts. There must be a close relationship between variables which one is dependent on other.
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A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction of what will happen. In science, a hypothesis proposes a relationship between factors called variables. A good hypothesis relates an independent variable and a dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable depends on or is determined by what happens when you change the independent variable . While you could consider any prediction of an outcome to be a type of hypothesis, a good hypothesis is one you can test using the scientific method. In other words, you want to propose a hypothesis to use as the basis for an experiment.
A good experimental hypothesis can be written as an if, then statement to establish cause and effect on the variables. If you make a change to the independent variable, then the dependent variable will respond. Here's an example of a hypothesis:
If you increase the duration of light, (then) corn plants will grow more each day.
The hypothesis establishes two variables, length of light exposure, and the rate of plant growth. An experiment could be designed to test whether the rate of growth depends on the duration of light. The duration of light is the independent variable, which you can control in an experiment . The rate of plant growth is the dependent variable, which you can measure and record as data in an experiment.
When you have an idea for a hypothesis, it may help to write it out in several different ways. Review your choices and select a hypothesis that accurately describes what you are testing.
It's not wrong or bad if the hypothesis is not supported or is incorrect. Actually, this outcome may tell you more about a relationship between the variables than if the hypothesis is supported. You may intentionally write your hypothesis as a null hypothesis or no-difference hypothesis to establish a relationship between the variables.
For example, the hypothesis:
The rate of corn plant growth does not depend on the duration of light.
This can be tested by exposing corn plants to different length "days" and measuring the rate of plant growth. A statistical test can be applied to measure how well the data support the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is not supported, then you have evidence of a relationship between the variables. It's easier to establish cause and effect by testing whether "no effect" is found. Alternatively, if the null hypothesis is supported, then you have shown the variables are not related. Either way, your experiment is a success.
Need more examples of how to write a hypothesis ? Here you go:
Have you ever wondered what it takes to create a hypothesis? Whether you’re a student delving into scientific research or just curious about the world around you, understanding the key components of a hypothesis is essential. In this blog post, we’ll explore the three required parts of a hypothesis, breaking down their importance and providing real-world examples along the way.
A hypothesis serves as the foundation of any scientific investigation , allowing researchers to form predictions and test their ideas. But what are these three essential elements that make up a hypothesis? How do you develop a hypothesis that is effective and meaningful? Join us as we unravel the mysteries of hypothesis writing and explore the stages of hypothesis testing. By the end of this post, you’ll be equipped with the knowledge to craft your own hypotheses and embark on exciting scientific endeavors. So let’s dive in!
When it comes to hypotheses, the three key components are like the three musketeers of scientific inquiry. Each element plays an important role in shaping the hypothesis and guiding the research process. So, let’s dive into the three essential parts of a hypothesis and unravel their roles, shall we?
The first amigo of our hypothesis trio is the sneaky subject “If.” This little word sets the stage for your hypothesis, introducing the condition or factor you are exploring in your research. It’s like the Sherlock Holmes of hypotheses, searching for clues and connections. Without the “If,” our hypothesis would be as lost as a penguin in the Sahara.
Ah, the clever companion “Then” joins the hypothesis party! This element helps you establish the expected outcome based on your “If” condition. It’s the bridge that connects your hypothesis to the results you hope to find. Think of it as the conductor of a symphony, orchestrating the relationship between the “If” and the “Then” in harmonious scientific fashion.
Last but certainly not least, we have the mighty explanation “Because.” This component adds depth and substance to your hypothesis by providing a rationale or reason for your expected outcome. It’s like the wise old sage who imparts wisdom and knowledge. With the “Because” in place, your hypothesis transforms from a mere statement into a well-grounded prediction.
Now that we’ve met the three essential parts of a hypothesis, let’s see how they work together in a hypothetical example:
If eating chocolate leads to increased happiness, then individuals who consume chocolate daily because they have lower stress levels will report higher levels of satisfaction and well-being.
In this example, the “If” identifies the condition being explored (eating chocolate), the “Then” predicts the expected outcome (higher levels of satisfaction and well-being), and the “Because” provides the rationale (lower stress levels). It’s like a mini science equation, where each element contributes to the overall hypothesis.
Hypotheses are like the backbone of scientific research, guiding the direction and purpose of investigations. By understanding the three essential components – the sneaky “If,” clever “Then,” and mighty “Because” – you’re equipped to construct robust hypotheses that withstand the scrutiny of the scientific world. So, go forth and let your hypotheses shine like beacons of knowledge in the vast sea of research!
Remember, the next time you encounter a hypothesis, you’ll know its secret formula: “If” + “Then” + “Because” = scientific awesomeness!
Welcome to our comprehensive FAQ-style guide on hypotheses! If you’ve ever wondered about the key components of a hypothesis or how to develop one for your research paper, you’ve come to the right place. In this FAQ, we’ll address common questions and provide you with the information you need in a friendly, engaging, and even humorous way. So, grab a cup of coffee and let’s dive in!
A hypothesis is an essential part of the scientific method, serving as a description of the expected outcome of a research study. It must meet a few requirements to be considered valid:
Clear and Testable : A hypothesis should be formulated in a way that allows it to be empirically tested or proved wrong. Fuzzy or ambiguous hypotheses won’t hold up under scrutiny, so precision is key.
Based on Existing Knowledge : Your hypothesis should be grounded in previous research or observations. It should build upon what is already known in the field, helping to advance scientific understanding.
Specific and Measurable : A good hypothesis needs to be specific and measurable, allowing for objective evaluation. Vague statements won’t cut it – scientists want something concrete to sink their teeth into.
A valid hypothesis possesses three crucial characteristics, which we’ll explore in detail:
Dependent and Independent Variables : To create a valid hypothesis, you need to identify the dependent and independent variables. The dependent variable is the outcome you’re investigating, while the independent variable is the one manipulated to measure its effect on the dependent variable. This relationship forms the core of your hypothesis.
Directional Statement : Your hypothesis should include a directional statement that predicts the expected outcome of your research. Will the independent variable have a positive, negative, or no effect on the dependent variable? Don’t be shy – make a bold prediction!
Testability : A hypothesis must be testable through experiments or observations. This means you need to design a method to gather data and analyze whether it supports or refutes your hypothesis. It’s all about putting your hypothesis to the test and embracing scientific scrutiny.
Let’s put theory into practice with an example: – Hypothesis: “Increasing the amount of sunlight exposure will lead to faster plant growth.” – In this example, the dependent variable is plant growth, while the independent variable is the amount of sunlight exposure. The hypothesis is clear, testable, and includes a directional statement. Now go out there and test it with your green thumbs!
A good hypothesis possesses several key characteristics. Take a look at these essential traits:
Precise : A hypothesis should be clear and unambiguous to avoid misinterpretation or confusion. Leave no room for doubt!
Falsifiable : For a hypothesis to be valid, it must be capable of being disproven or proven wrong. It should be open to testing and potential refutation.
Relevant : It’s important for a hypothesis to be relevant to the research question or problem at hand. It should address a specific aspect and contribute to the existing body of knowledge.
Logical : Logical coherence is crucial in a hypothesis. There should be a clear connection between the proposed relationship of variables and any supporting evidence or rationale.
A research hypothesis is a statement formulated to predict a possible outcome of a research study. It serves as a proposed explanation or prediction based on existing knowledge and sets the groundwork for further investigation. Research hypotheses help guide scientific research and provide a clear focus for researchers to explore.
When writing a hypothesis for a research paper, remember these steps:
Identify the Variables : Determine the dependent and independent variables in your study. The dependent variable is the outcome you’re interested in, while the independent variable is the one you’re manipulating.
Formulate a Question : Based on your research and variables, frame a clear and specific research question that links the variables together.
Craft a Statement : Turn your research question into a statement that predicts the relationship between the variables. Make it precise, testable, and include a directional statement.
Revise and Refine : Review your hypothesis for clarity, testability, and logical coherence. Refine it until it accurately represents your research expectations.
Research papers thrive on solid hypotheses, so take the time to craft yours with care!
Scientific studies come in different flavors, each serving a unique purpose:
Observational Studies : These studies involve observing and analyzing existing data or phenomena without manipulating variables. They help identify associations or relationships but can’t establish causation.
Experimental Studies : Experimental studies involve manipulating variables to observe their effects on the dependent variable. These studies allow for causal relationships to be established.
Descriptive Studies : Descriptive studies seek to describe characteristics or behaviors within a population. They often involve surveys, interviews, or observations to collect data.
Consider the nature of your research to determine which type of study is most appropriate for your hypothesis.
Developing a research hypothesis requires careful consideration and planning. Follow these steps:
Review Existing Literature : Familiarize yourself with the relevant research already conducted in your field. What questions remain unanswered? What potential gaps can you address?
Identify Variables : Determine the key variables involved in your study. Specify the independent and dependent variables that establish the relationship to be tested.
Formulate a Hypothesis : Create a clear and testable hypothesis that predicts the expected outcome. Make sure it aligns with previous research, is specific, and includes a directional statement.
Refine and Iterate : Continuously refine and iterate your hypothesis as you gather more information and insights. Adapt it based on feedback, new findings, or emerging theories.
Developing a research hypothesis is an iterative process that requires thoughtfulness and adaptability. Embrace the journey!
Hypotheses play a vital role in the research process. Here are the key needs they fulfill:
Focus : Hypotheses provide a clear focus for research efforts by highlighting the expected outcome and guiding the investigation.
Testability : Hypotheses allow researchers to design experiments and collect data to test their predictions. This allows for objective evaluation and validation.
Advancement of Knowledge : By formulating hypotheses, researchers contribute to the existing body of knowledge in their field. They add new insights and build upon previous work.
Logic and Coherence : Hypotheses drive research by providing a logical framework and rationale for conducting the study. They ensure that research efforts are purposeful and well-grounded.
Hypotheses can fall into different categories based on their nature and purpose. Here are a few common types:
Null Hypothesis : The null hypothesis states that there is no significant relationship between the variables under investigation. Researchers aim to reject this hypothesis to support their alternative hypothesis.
Alternative Hypothesis : The alternative hypothesis reflects the researcher’s prediction of a specific relationship between variables. It’s the opposite of the null hypothesis and what researchers hope to support.
Directional Hypothesis : A directional hypothesis predicts the direction of the relationship between variables. It specifies whether the effect will be positive or negative, leaving no room for ambiguity.
Non-Directional Hypothesis : In contrast, a non-directional hypothesis simply predicts that a relationship exists between variables, without specifying the direction.
Consider the specific context of your research to determine the most appropriate type of hypothesis to formulate.
The hypothesis goes through several stages in the research process:
Formulation : In this initial stage, the researcher identifies the research question, variables, and constructs a hypothesis to guide the investigation.
Design : The hypothesis helps determine the research design and methodology. It guides the selection of variables, sample size, data collection methods, and statistical analyses.
Testing : During this stage, the researcher collects and analyzes data to evaluate the hypothesis. Statistical tests are often used to determine if the data supports or refutes the hypothesis.
Conclusion : Based on the analysis of the data, the researcher draws conclusions about the hypothesis. The hypothesis is either supported or rejected, leading to further research or new questions.
Remember, the hypothesis is not a one-time thing. It evolves throughout the research process, integrating new knowledge and findings.
Hypothesis testing involves a systematic process to assess the validity of a hypothesis. Here’s a simplified overview:
State the Hypotheses : Clearly articulate the null and alternative hypotheses based on your research question and expected outcomes.
Collect Data : Gather relevant data through surveys, observations, or experiments, depending on your research design.
Analyze Data : Apply appropriate statistical analyses to your data, comparing it to the expected outcomes.
Determine Significance : Assess the statistical significance of your findings. If the p-value is below a predetermined threshold (often 0.05), you can reject the null hypothesis and support the alternative hypothesis.
Draw Conclusions : Based on the analysis, draw conclusions regarding the hypothesis and its implications for your research.
Remember, hypothesis testing is a crucial step in the scientific process, providing evidence to support or refute theories.
Hypothesis testing typically involves the following four steps:
Formulate Hypotheses : Articulate the null and alternative hypotheses that reflect your research question and predicted outcomes accurately.
Choose a Significance Level : Determine the desired level of significance (usually 0.05), representing the probability of obtaining results as extreme as those observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
Collect and Analyze Data : Gather data through experiments or observations, then analyze it using appropriate statistical tests, such as t-tests or chi-square tests.
Interpret Results : Evaluate the results and determine whether the data supports or refutes the null hypothesis. Consider the p-value, confidence intervals, and effect size when interpreting results.
Don’t let these steps intimidate you – they are the building blocks of scientific inquiry and help ensure robust conclusions.
A good hypothesis possesses several key characteristics worth mentioning:
Testability : A hypothesis needs to be testable through empirical evidence, allowing researchers to gather data and substantiate it scientifically.
Specificity : A good hypothesis is precise and specific, leaving no room for ambiguity or misinterpretation. It focuses on a well-defined relationship between variables.
Relevance : A hypothesis should address a relevant research question or problem, contributing to the existing knowledge base in the field.
Logical Coherence : There should be a logical connection between the proposed relationship and any supporting evidence or theoretical framework.
Keep these characteristics in mind when crafting your hypothesis, and you’ll be well on your way to conducting sound research.
State the Hypotheses : Clearly articulate the null and alternative hypotheses, representing the current understanding and the researcher’s prediction, respectively.
Determine the Test Statistic : Select an appropriate test statistic based on the research question and type of data you’re analyzing.
Calculate the p-value : Calculate the p-value, which represents the probability of obtaining results as extreme as those observed, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
Conclusion : Compare the calculated p-value to the predefined significance level to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. Make sure to interpret the results in the context of your research question.
These steps form the backbone of hypothesis testing, allowing you to draw meaningful conclusions based on statistical evidence.
Congratulations on making it to the end of our FAQ on the three required parts of a hypothesis! We’ve covered everything from the requirements of a hypothesis to types of hypotheses and even the stages of hypothesis testing. Armed with this knowledge, you’re ready to tackle your research projects with confidence. Remember, hypotheses are the backbone of scientific inquiry, so take your time to craft them, test them, and embrace the exciting process of discovery. Happy researching!
Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and should not be considered as professional advice. Always consult with a qualified researcher before conducting any experiments or research studies.
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Basic Elements of the Scientific Method: Hypotheses
A hypothesis states what one is looking for in an experiment. When facts are assembled, ordered, and seen in a relationship, they build up to become a theory. This theory needs to be deduced for further confirmation of the facts, this formulation of the deductions constitutes of a hypothesis. As a theory states a logical relationship between facts and from this, the propositions which are deduced should be true. Hence, these deduced prepositions are called hypotheses.
There are three major difficulties in the formulation of a hypothesis, they are as follows:
Sometimes the deduction of a hypothesis may be difficult as there would be many variables and the necessity to take them all into consideration becomes a challenge. For instance, observing two cases:
Deduction: This situation holds much more sense to the people who are in professions such as psychotherapy, psychiatry and law to some extent. They possess a very intimate relationship with their clients, thus are more susceptible to issues regarding emotional strains in the client-practitioner relationship and more implicit and explicit controls over both participants in comparison to other professions.
2. Principle: Extensive but relatively systematized data show the correlation between members of the upper occupational class and less unhappiness and worry. Also, they are subjected to more formal controls than members of the lower strata.
Deduction: There can numerous ways to approach this principle, one could go with the comparison applying to martial relationships of the members and further argue that such differential pressures could be observed through divorce rates. This hypothesis would show inverse correlations between class position and divorce rates. There would be a very strong need to define the terms carefully to show the deduction from the principle problem.
There are many ways to classify hypotheses, but it seems adequate to distinguish to separate them on the basis of their level of abstraction. They can be divided into three broad levels which will be increasing in abstractness.
“The general culture in which a science develops furnishes many of its basic hypotheses” holds true as science has developed more in the West and is no accident that it is a function of culture itself. This is quite evident with the culture of the West as they read for morals, science and happiness. After the examination of a bunch of variables, it is quite easy to say that the cultural emphasis upon happiness has been productive of an almost limitless range.
Analogies are a source of useful hypotheses but not without its dangers as all variables may not be accounted for it as no civilization has a perfect system.
Hypotheses are also the consequence of personal, idiosyncratic experience as the manner in which the individual reacts to the hypotheses is also important and should be accounted for in the experiment.
Also Read: Research Methods – Basics
Goode, W. E. and P. K. Hatt. 1952. Methods in Social Research.New York: McGraw Hill. Chapters 5 and 6. Pp. 41-73
Concept, Characteristics, Types and Sources of Hypothesis in Research Methodology
Back to: Introduction to Educational Research Methodology
A hypothesis is used for explaining a phenomenon. Hypothesis is essential to discover cause-and-effect relationships. It provides direction for research and prevents from collecting unnecessary and useless data.
Selection of a research problem highly depends on the researcher’s knowledge, skills and motivation on the subject matter. To develop a proper hypothesis, the researcher needs to have a high interest in the topic. The level of expertise on the topic is very crucial as well. The researcher needs to make sure that there is enough data available on the topic before getting started. Controversial and narrow topics should be avoided.
1. It states what findings are going to be done through the research.
2. It guides data collection and interpretation.
3. It helps in designing the research and what results can be expected.
4. It is helpful in acquiring useful and relevant data.
5. It helps in doing valid and reasonable research.
6. It helps in data analysis and interpretation.
7. It is helpful for discovering relationships between variables and theoretical guidelines.
1. simple hypothesis.
It portrays the relationship between two variables, that is independent variable or cause and dependent variable or effect.
This hypothesis contains several dependent and independent variables.
This hypothesis is used to prove that there is no relationship between dependent and independent variables. It rejects the relationship between variables.
As the name suggests, numerous hypothesis are put forward and the most effective one is chosen from them. If one hypothesis is rejected, another is taken to be tested.
1. personal experiences .
One can get a lot of information from their own experiences in life. Personal experiences can be an important source of hypothesis.
Looking at the previous works on the topic of hypothesis will be beneficial in making it of good quality.
The creative thinking of researchers can help in preparing a good hypothesis. A researchers’ thinking process can be another source of hypothesis.
A hypothesis needs earlier evidence and should be testable. The hypothesis should be stated clearly and briefly for readers to understand it easily. To develop a hypothesis, the researcher needs to have an extensive and broad knowledge on the topic and look deeply into the past articles and journals on the same topic. The researcher should be able to limit the problem while formulating the hypothesis.
Hypothesis is a testable statement that explains what is happening or observed. It proposes the relation between the various participating variables. Hypothesis is also called Theory, Thesis, Guess, Assumption, or Suggestion. Hypothesis creates a structure that guides the search for knowledge.
In this article, we will learn what is hypothesis, its characteristics, types, and examples. We will also learn how hypothesis helps in scientific research.
Table of Content
Hypothesis meaning, characteristics of hypothesis, sources of hypothesis, types of hypothesis, simple hypothesis, complex hypothesis, directional hypothesis, non-directional hypothesis, null hypothesis (h0), alternative hypothesis (h1 or ha), statistical hypothesis, research hypothesis, associative hypothesis, causal hypothesis, hypothesis examples, simple hypothesis example, complex hypothesis example, directional hypothesis example, non-directional hypothesis example, alternative hypothesis (ha), functions of hypothesis, how hypothesis help in scientific research.
A hypothesis is a suggested idea or plan that has little proof, meant to lead to more study. It’s mainly a smart guess or suggested answer to a problem that can be checked through study and trial. In science work, we make guesses called hypotheses to try and figure out what will happen in tests or watching. These are not sure things but rather ideas that can be proved or disproved based on real-life proofs. A good theory is clear and can be tested and found wrong if the proof doesn’t support it.
A hypothesis is a proposed statement that is testable and is given for something that happens or observed.
Here are some key characteristics of a hypothesis:
Hypotheses can come from different places based on what you’re studying and the kind of research. Here are some common sources from which hypotheses may originate:
Here are some common types of hypotheses:
Simple Hypothesis guesses a connection between two things. It says that there is a connection or difference between variables, but it doesn’t tell us which way the relationship goes.
Complex Hypothesis tells us what will happen when more than two things are connected. It looks at how different things interact and may be linked together.
Directional Hypothesis says how one thing is related to another. For example, it guesses that one thing will help or hurt another thing.
Non-Directional Hypothesis are the one that don’t say how the relationship between things will be. They just say that there is a connection, without telling which way it goes.
Null hypothesis is a statement that says there’s no connection or difference between different things. It implies that any seen impacts are because of luck or random changes in the information.
Alternative Hypothesis is different from the null hypothesis and shows that there’s a big connection or gap between variables. Scientists want to say no to the null hypothesis and choose the alternative one.
Statistical Hypotheis are used in math testing and include making ideas about what groups or bits of them look like. You aim to get information or test certain things using these top-level, common words only.
Research Hypothesis comes from the research question and tells what link is expected between things or factors. It leads the study and chooses where to look more closely.
Associative Hypotheis guesses that there is a link or connection between things without really saying it caused them. It means that when one thing changes, it is connected to another thing changing.
Causal Hypothesis are different from other ideas because they say that one thing causes another. This means there’s a cause and effect relationship between variables involved in the situation. They say that when one thing changes, it directly makes another thing change.
Following are the examples of hypotheses based on their types:
Hypotheses have many important jobs in the process of scientific research. Here are the key functions of hypotheses:
Researchers use hypotheses to put down their thoughts directing how the experiment would take place. Following are the steps that are involved in the scientific method:
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A hypothesis is a testable statement serving as an initial explanation for phenomena, based on observations, theories, or existing knowledge. It acts as a guiding light for scientific research, proposing potential relationships between variables that can be empirically tested through experiments and observations.
The hypothesis must be specific, testable, falsifiable, and grounded in prior research or observation, laying out a predictive, if-then scenario that details a cause-and-effect relationship. It originates from various sources including existing theories, observations, previous research, and even personal curiosity, leading to different types, such as simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, and alternative hypotheses, each serving distinct roles in research methodology .
The hypothesis not only guides the research process by shaping objectives and designing experiments but also facilitates objective analysis and interpretation of data , ultimately driving scientific progress through a cycle of testing, validation, and refinement.
What is a hypothesis.
A guess is a possible explanation or forecast that can be checked by doing research and experiments.
The components of a Hypothesis are Independent Variable, Dependent Variable, Relationship between Variables, Directionality etc.
Testability, Falsifiability, Clarity and Precision, Relevance are some parameters that makes a Good Hypothesis
You cannot prove conclusively that most hypotheses are true because it’s generally impossible to examine all possible cases for exceptions that would disprove them.
Hypothesis testing is used to assess the plausibility of a hypothesis by using sample data
Yes, you can change or improve your ideas based on new information discovered during the research process.
Hypotheses are used to support scientific research and bring about advancements in knowledge.
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Hypothesis is a predictive statement which is unproven or a presumption to be proved or disproved about any factor. This statement can be tested and verified by scientific methods and is related to the independent factor of a dependent factor. Example of simple hypothesis- Consumption of fast food everyday leads to obesity.
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Key Terms: Hypothesis Meaning, Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis, Simple Hypothesis, Complex Hypothesis
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A hypothesis statement is an assumption that is made based on some evidence. Hypothesis is the starting point of investigation which translates the research questions into assuming predictions. Components of hypotheses are variables, variable relations, population. A research hypothesis is used to test the relationship between two or more variables.
Examples of Hypothesis based on their types-
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The various types of Hypothesis are-
Simple Hypothesis defines the relation between the two variables such as independent and dependent variables. For example – If you exercise, you will lose weight faster. Here, exercising is an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable.
Complex Hypothesis contains more than one variable, which makes the hypothesis more complex and harder to understand. It shows the relationship between two or more dependent variables and two or more independent variables. Eating healthy food and exercising leads to weight loss, glowing skin, and reduces the risk of heart disease.
Null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis which predicts that there is no relationship between the two variables at test. It provides a statement which is always contrary to the hypothesis. It’s a negative statement, and there is no relationship between independent and dependent variables. The symbol is denoted by “HO”.
Directional hypothesis predicts the positivity or negativity of an effect prior to the test being conducted.
Non- Directional hypothesis doesn’t predict the positivity or negativity of the effect of an independent variable on the dependent variable.
Logical Hypothesis cannot be tested but it has some logical basis in support of our assumptions.
Statistical hypothesis makes use of representative statistical models to come to a conclusion about broader populations.
The sources of hypothesis are-
Following are the functions performed by the hypothesis statement-
Ques. What is the Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory? (5 marks)
Ans. The key difference between Hypothesis and theory is-
Hypothesis is considered as an unproven statement which is still being tested or an assumption. | Theories are scientifically tested and proved. |
Hypothesis depends upon suggestions, predictions or possibilities. | Theories have evidence hence, it is verified. |
Hypothesis can or cannot be proved true, so the result is not verified. | Theories can be assumed to be true, so its result is always verified. |
Hypotheses are based on a limited amount of data. | It is based on a very wide set of data and research. |
Hypothesis is the verification of common principles through experiments and multiple tests, and this type of system may be applied to different types of situations. | Theories are based on accurate research and are limited to that time only. |
Ques. What is Simple Hypothesis? (3 marks)
Ans. A simple hypothesis predicts a relationship between two variables, which means that one variable has an effect on the other variable.
Example: The more hours spent studying for an exam results in higher grades.
Here, the hours spent studying is the independent variable and grades is the dependent variable. The independent variable is manipulated and the dependent variable is measured to see how it affects the independent variable change.
Ques. What is Complex Hypothesis? (3 marks)
Ans. A complex hypothesis includes two or more independent variables or two or more dependent variables. In the first case of two or more variables.
For example, the hypothesis might be that more hours studying and more classes attended lead to higher grades; in the second case of dependent variable being more, then the hypothesis might be that more hours studying lead to higher grades and a shorter amount of time required to write the exam.
Ques. What is the hypothesis and how is it tested? (4 marks)
Ans. A hypothesis is a prediction of what you expect the dependent variable to be. In good science, the hypothesis is advanced before the data are gathered (or at least before they are examined).
A hypothesis does not attempt to explain data, that is the role of theory.
Hypotheses are tested by surveys & experiments which is quantitative research. The way this is done is by comparing the hypothesis with a null (no difference). Inferential statistics are used to decide whether or not to reject the null. Inferential statistics include
Ques. What is the role of hypothesis in science? (3 marks)
Ans. The scientific method starts by proposing a hypothesis, which is an assertion on how something works.
Ques. Give an example of a simple hypothesis? (1 mark)
Ans. Consumption of sugary processed drinks daily results in obesity. This is an example of a simple hypothesis.
Ques. What are the Characteristics of Hypothesis? (3 marks)
Ans . In relational hypothesis, it states the relationship between two variables.
Ques. What are Independent and dependent variables? (3 marks)
Ans. An independent variable stands on its own and is not changed by any other variables. Whereas, The dependent variable depends on other factors
The independent variable always causes a change in the dependent variable, Whereas, the dependent variable cannot cause a change on the independent variable.
For Example- If you exercise daily, you will lose weight and skin will glow. Here, exercising is the independent variable and loosing weight dependent variable.
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1. find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm., 2. what are the necessary conditions for autotrophic nutrition and what are its byproducts, 3. write the balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. (a) calcium hydroxide + carbon dioxide \(→\) calcium carbonate + water (b) zinc + silver nitrate \(→\) zinc nitrate + silver (c) aluminium + copper chloride \(→\) aluminium chloride + copper (d) barium chloride + potassium sulphate \(→\) barium sulphate + potassium chloride, 4. an electric bulb is rated 220 v and 100 w. when it is operated on 110 v, the power consumed will be –, 5. explain the following in terms of gain or loss of oxygen with two examples each. (a) oxidation (b) reduction, 6. you must have seen tarnished copper vessels being cleaned with lemon or tamarind juice. explain why these sour substances are effective in cleaning the vessels..
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Which of the Following Makes a Good Hypothesis. A good hypothesis is characterized by: Testability: The ability to form experiments or gather data to support or refute the hypothesis. Falsifiability: The potential for the hypothesis's predictions to be proven wrong based on empirical evidence.
A good hypothesis has the following characteristics. Ability To Predict One of the most valuable qualities of a good hypothesis is the ability to anticipate the future. It not only clarifies the current problematic scenario, but also predicts what will happen in the future. As a result of the predictive capacity, hypothesis is the finest ...
hypothesis. science. scientific hypothesis, an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. The two primary features of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability and testability, which are reflected in an "If…then" statement summarizing the idea and in the ...
Developing a hypothesis (with example) Step 1. Ask a question. Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project. Example: Research question.
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test ...
3. Simple hypothesis. A simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example, "Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking. 4.
At the primary level, a hypothesis is the possible and probable explanation of the sequence of happenings or data. Sometimes, hypothesis may emerge from an imagination, common sense or a sudden event. Hypothesis can be a probable answer to the research problem undertaken for study. 4. Hypothesis may not always be true.
Definition: Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation. Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments ...
Here are some good research hypothesis examples: "The use of a specific type of therapy will lead to a reduction in symptoms of depression in individuals with a history of major depressive disorder.". "Providing educational interventions on healthy eating habits will result in weight loss in overweight individuals.".
Examples. A research hypothesis, in its plural form "hypotheses," is a specific, testable prediction about the anticipated results of a study, established at its outset. It is a key component of the scientific method. Hypotheses connect theory to data and guide the research process towards expanding scientific understanding.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis. There are three general characteristics of a good hypothesis. First, a good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. We must be able to test the hypothesis using the methods of science and if you'll recall Popper's falsifiability criterion, it must be possible to gather evidence that will disconfirm ...
There are three general characteristics of a good hypothesis. First, a good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. We must be able to test the hypothesis using the methods of science, and it must be possible to gather evidence that will disconfirm the hypothesis if it is indeed false. Second, a good hypothesis must be logical.
Following are the characteristics of the hypothesis: The hypothesis should be clear and precise to consider it to be reliable. If the hypothesis is a relational hypothesis, then it should be stating the relationship between variables. The hypothesis must be specific and should have scope for conducting more tests.
A research hypothesis (also called a scientific hypothesis) is a statement about the expected outcome of a study (for example, a dissertation or thesis). To constitute a quality hypothesis, the statement needs to have three attributes - specificity, clarity and testability. Let's take a look at these more closely.
Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis. There are three general characteristics of a good hypothesis. First, a good hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. We must be able to test the hypothesis using the methods of science and if you'll recall Popper's falsifiability criterion, it must be possible to gather evidence that will disconfirm ...
A hypothesis should be so dabble to every layman, P.V young says, "A hypothesis wo0uld be simple, if a researcher has more in sight towards the problem". W-ocean stated that, "A hypothesis should be as sharp as razor's blade". So, a good hypothesis must be simple and have no complexity. Clarity. A hypothesis must be conceptually clear.
A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction of what will happen. In science, a hypothesis proposes a relationship between factors called variables. A good hypothesis relates an independent variable and a dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable depends on or is determined by what happens when you change the independent variable.
A valid hypothesis possesses three crucial characteristics, which we'll explore in detail: Dependent and Independent Variables: To create a valid hypothesis, you need to identify the dependent and independent variables. The dependent variable is the outcome you're investigating, while the independent variable is the one manipulated to ...
The Characteristics for Usable Hypotheses. The criteria for judging a hypothesis as mentioned below: Complete Clarity: A good hypothesis should have two main elements, the concepts should be clearly defined and they should be definitions which are communicable and accepted by a larger section of the public. A lot of sources may be used and ...
Characteristics of Hypothesis . 1. It states what findings are going to be done through the research. 2. It guides data collection and interpretation. 3. It helps in designing the research and what results can be expected. 4. It is helpful in acquiring useful and relevant data. 5. It helps in doing valid and reasonable research.
Testable: An idea (hypothesis) should be made so it can be tested and proven true through doing experiments or watching. It should show a clear connection between things. Specific: It needs to be easy and on target, talking about a certain part or connection between things in a study. Falsifiable: A good guess should be able to show it's wrong. This means there must be a chance for proof or ...
Some of the characteristics of the hypothesis are being: Hypothesis should be clear and precise. If the hypothesis is not clear and precise, the inferences drawn on its basis cannot be taken as reliable. Hypothesis should be capable of being tested. In a swamp of untestable hypotheses, many a time the research programs have bogged down.
The various types of Hypothesis are-. 1. Simple Hypothesis. Simple Hypothesis defines the relation between the two variables such as independent and dependent variables. For example - If you exercise, you will lose weight faster. Here, exercising is an independent variable, while losing weight is the dependent variable. 2.