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The Syrian Refugees' Impact on Lebanon's Food Security / Noura Sakr  (Politecnico Milano)

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• Agrarian transition and food security in the Village of Nahle, Northern Bekaa / Fatima Yahfoufi Thesis. M.S. American University of Beirut. Food Security Program, 2023.
• Exploring the potential role of urban agriculture as a community engagement strategy in universities during a food security crisis: the American university of Beirut as a case study / by Melody Tamer Thesis. M.S. American University of Beirut. Food Security Program, 2022.
• The contribution of urban agriculture to food security in post-conflict Syria / by Ali Hashem Alhasan. Thesis. M.S. American University of Beirut. Food Security Program, 2021.
• Agrarian transition and food security in the village of Nabha, Central Bekaa / by Nour El Houda Amhez. Thesis. M.S. American University of Beirut. Food Security Program, 2019. ST:6925.
• Agrarian transition and food security in the village of Khreibet El Jundi, Akkar, Lebanon / by Nour El-Jundi. Thesis. M.S. American University of Beirut. Food Security Program, 2019. ST:6976.
• Assessing ecologically sound practices influencing climate change adaptation strategies and food security : a case of smallholder farmers in central Bekaa, Lebanon / by Aliaa Ahmad Al Dirani. Thesis. M.S. American University of Beirut. Food Security Program, 2019. ST:6975.
• The effectiveness of food aid on food availability and food stability among small scale pastoralist communities in Tana River County, Kenya / by Kelvin Kiragu Kimani. Thesis. M.S. American University of Beirut. Food Security Program , 2019. ST:7037.
• The role of household-level dairy preservation ("mouneh" production) in the food, protein, and nutrition security, and in the food sovereignty of Jordanian households / by Hannah Nicholson. Thesis. M.S. American University of Beirut. Food Security Program, 2019. ST:7038.
• واقع الأمن الغذائي في الأردن = Food Security Status in Jordan by جوابرة ، رنيم زياد أحمد Publication Date: 2015
• الأبعاد السياسية و الاقتصادية للأمن المائي العربي و أثره على الأمن الغذائي ( 2000 - 2013 م ) = Political and Economic Dimensions of the Arab Water Security and its Impact on Food Security 2000 - 2013 by الدغمي ، صايل رميح طنا Publication Date: 2014
• التبعية الغذائية العربية و الأمن القومي العربي : الأسباب و الآثار = Food Dependency and Arab National Security : Causes and Effects by الشوك ، رباب علي جميل أمين Publication Date: 2011

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Impacts of COVID‐19 on global poverty, food security, and diets: Insights from global model scenario analysis

David laborde.

1 Markets, Trade and Institutions Division at IFPRI, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington District of Columbia, USA

Will Martin

Associated data.

Table A2: Coverage of household surveys in POVANA database

Table A.5. Estimated Impacts of COVID‐19 on GDP and on Poverty

This study assesses the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) on poverty, food insecurity, and diets, accounting for the complex links between the crisis and the incomes and living costs of vulnerable households. Key elements are impacts on labor supply, effects of social distancing, shifts in demand from services involving close contact, increases in the cost of logistics in food and other supply chains, and reductions in savings and investment. These are examined using IFPRI's global general equilibrium model linked to epidemiological and household models. The simulations suggest that the global recession caused by COVID‐19 will be much deeper than that of the 2008–2009 financial crisis. The increases in poverty are concentrated in South Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa with impacts harder in urban areas than in rural. The COVID‐19‐related lockdown measures explain most of the fall in output, whereas declines in savings soften the adverse impacts on food consumption. Almost 150 million people are projected to fall into extreme poverty and food insecurity. Decomposition of the results shows that approaches assuming uniform income shocks would underestimate the impact by as much as one‐third, emphasizing the need for the more refined approach of this study.

1. INTRODUCTION

Global cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) worldwide have grown exponentially since February 2020, despite progress on managing this pandemic in some countries, with worldwide daily reported new cases rising from around 500 in late February to almost 600,000 by November, with the threat of further increases during the northern‐hemisphere winter. The epicenter of the pandemic shifted from China to Europe and then to the United States and Latin America, with the disease resurgent in the northern autumn. COVID‐19 is now also spreading rapidly in low‐ and middle‐income countries in Africa and Asia, many of which lack robust health systems or strong social safety nets that can soften the pandemic's public health and economic impacts.

More than half of the world population has been, still is, or is again under some form of social distancing regime designed to contain the health crisis. Business activity has fallen sharply because of a combination of policy action and personal responses designed to reduce risk of contracting the virus, with personal action probably more important than policy in reducing economic activity (Goolsbee & Syverson, 2020 ). The International Labour Organization estimates that during the first three quarters of 2020, the number of working hours worldwide declined by 17% relative to that in the last quarter of 2019; a drop equivalent to a loss of almost 500 million full‐time jobs (ILO, 2020a ). Governments in Europe, the United States, and other high‐income countries have taken unprecedented fiscal and monetary stimulus measures to compensate for the income losses of businesses and workers and contain an inevitable economic crisis. But the relief responses of low‐ and middle‐income countries have been more limited.

COVID‐19 poses a serious threat to global food security through various transmission mechanisms (Laborde, Martin, Swinnen, & Vos, 2020 ). From what is currently known, the worst of these threats is the global economic recession causing many to lose income and leaving many vulnerable people unable to afford the food they need. Income declines not only reduce demand for food but also induce shifts in the mix of products consumed, notably resulting in less consumption of more nutrient‐rich foods (like fruits, vegetables, and animal‐sourced foods) and relatively more of calorie‐rich foods (like basic grains and sugar). Other threats arise from disruptions in agricultural input markets, farm production, marketing, and distribution of food caused by the need for social distancing to combat the global health crisis.

As COVID‐19 and its economic fallout spread in the poorest parts of the world, more people have become poor and food insecure. Although some context‐specific estimates of the impacts of these shocks on poverty and food insecurity are available, it will be years before comprehensive and comparative survey‐based information on these impacts become available. A key contribution of this paper is to assess these impacts using an integrated global modeling framework that includes national and household models. In a new scenario analysis, presented in this study, we estimate that globally, absent adequate responses in poorer nations, close to 150 million more people could fall into extreme poverty (measured against the PPP$1.90 poverty line) in 2020—an increase of 20% from prepandemic levels. This, in turn, would drive up food insecurity.

Assessing the poverty impact of COVID‐19 is no trivial matter, however. This is so not only because the crisis is still unfolding and available information of its precise socioeconomic consequences is incomplete, but also because the channels of influence are multiple and interconnected globally. Although several analyses of the poverty impacts have used simple tools provided by the World Bank's PovcalNet website 1 and assumed uniform shifts in the distribution of income per country to provide estimates of the impacts on poverty (see, for example, the studies by the World Bank in Mahler, Lakner, Aguilar, & Wu, 2020 and World Bank, 2020b ; and that of UN‐WIDER by Sumner, Hoy, & Ortiz‐Juarez, 2020 ), we are concerned that this assumption fails to account for the complexity of the channels of effect and may substantially underestimate the impacts of the pandemic. Our methodology allows to account for the disproportionate impact of the pandemic on the poor (Swinnen, 2020 ), something neglected in analyses using uniform shifts in all incomes. Results from a range of studies examining the impacts of COVID‐19 on GDP and on poverty are presented in Online Appendix A.5 . This shows that estimates of the severity of the impact increased dramatically after March 2020. The results of this study fall within the range of other estimates.

In this paper, we use information on the nature of the shocks to income, the structure of the global economy, and linked household models to provide more detailed estimates of the likely implications for income distribution, poverty, and the food security of vulnerable families. The next section of the paper looks at the transmission channels from COVID‐19 to poverty and food security. The third examines our modeling framework, including the MIRAGRODEP global computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and the POVANA framework. The fourth section presents the key assumptions of the COVID‐19 scenario used in the analysis, whereas the fifth presents key results from the analysis and identifies the main transmission channels of the global macroeconomic and poverty impacts. A sixth section provides an update of the reference scenario to illustrate the sensitivity of the results to changes in key assumptions and to validate those assumptions against the most recent available evidence about observed impacts of the pandemic. The final section concludes.

2. TRANSMISSION CHANNELS OF COVID‐19′S IMPACT ON POVERTY, FOOD SECURITY, AND NUTRITION

COVID‐19 has smaller direct impacts on agricultural production than many other pandemics. The 1918 “Spanish Flu” pandemic, for example, caused substantial losses in farm output because of high morbidity and mortality among working‐age males (Schultz, 1964 ). Some other pandemics, such as Swine flu and Avian flu, have directly reduced agricultural production. By contrast, COVID‐19 involves a relatively short period of sickness for most of its victims, has its highest mortality rates among older people, many of whom have left the formal workforce, and does not directly affect crops or livestock. However, it does have substantial impacts on agriculture and food security, generally through less direct channels of influence. Therefore, it is useful to begin the discussion by laying out the channels through which COVID‐19 affects food markets and food security. We then turn to the modeling framework that we use to evaluate these impacts.

The main channels of effect between the COVID‐19 pandemic and food security are:

• income losses and demand shocks;
• food supply chain disruptions;
• consumer responses, such as hoarding, food waste, and dietary shifts;
• policy responses: hoarding at country level (food export bans) and fiscal stimulus.

Income losses play an important role in reducing food security during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We know from the work of Amartya Sen ( 1981 ) that food insecurity and even famines frequently are not associated with physical shortages of food. What matters more is people's ability to access food. Some of the current income declines are direct consequences of the disease, such as working time lost due to the disease; whereas others are policy responses designed to reduce the rate of disease transmission. It appears that the most important are individual responses as people try to avoid situations where they are likely to catch (or transmit) the disease (Goolsbee & Syverson, 2020 ). Because individuals consider primarily their own risk of infection, some degree of coordinated distancing is appropriate to reduce the externalities imposed on others and particularly the loss of life associated with the pandemic. These social distancing policies range from simple measures such as encouraging wearing of masks and frequent handwashing, through more intrusive policies such as restricting activities with high transmission risk, to strict lockdown requirements.

The income losses resulting from these actions are primarily outside the food system as food‐related activities have generally been designated “essential” activities exempt from being locked down, except for some restaurants and other food‐away from home outlets. Hence, most of the direct income losses are outside the agri‐food system. Unskilled workers in nonessential activities are at greatest risk of falling into unemployment because they generally do not have the telecommuting options that have greatly reduced the impact of this pandemic on overall economic activity and employment.

Food supply chain disruptions caused by COVID‐19 are also affecting food security. Staple food production in high‐income countries has been relatively little affected, whereas labor‐intensive activities in some markets and processing activities have been strongly affected by disease outbreaks. Another key point of breakdown has been in processing of some agricultural products—and particularly production of meat—where low temperatures and proximity of workers can result in very high rates of disease transmission. Other disruptions to food supply chains have come from restriction on the movement of workers, the dramatic reduction in international air travel, and slowdowns in the administrative approvals for food trade. At the consumer end, restaurant services have been particularly hard hit both by lockdown policies and by consumer risk aversion.

Most consumer responses have been consequences of the COVID shocks, but some have injected additional volatility into the system. Uncertainty about the impact of the pandemic on availability of some foods has added volatility to food demand as consumers have sought to stockpile food items, such as meat and dairy products. Another early feature of adjustment to the pandemic was increased food loss as suppliers struggled to adjust their product mix in response to shifts in final sales away from food services to consumption at home. A third feature of adjustment appears to have been a run down in financial assets as affected households seek to reduce the impact of income losses on their access to food. In one carefully studied case, Abate, de Brauw, and Hirvonen ( 2020 ) found that only a small fraction of Ethiopian households appear to have enough savings to cover more than a month's food needs. The same study tracking households during the COVID‐19 outbreak also finds that income losses and food price changes appear to have changed demand for food, with declines in consumption of nutrient‐rich products like legumes, vegetables, and dairy.

Policy responses to the pandemic also play a major role in the outcome. Although economies would likely have had substantial reductions in economic activity as people sought to avoid catching (and/or transmitting) the disease, lockdown policies appear to have increased the adverse short‐run impact on output, while—where properly implemented—reducing the rate of transmission and potentially allowing a swifter recovery. In some cases, this has had a high payoff, by sharply reducing the impact of the disease, while, in other cases, such as the United States, the opportunity to reduce the incidence of the disease to low levels in the first round was missed. Even when containment policies were initially successful, frequent resurgences of the disease suggest that the economic impacts are likely to last until effective treatments and/or vaccines are widely available.

Fiscal and monetary stimulus appears to have had a substantial impact on output levels in many of the higher income countries, with initial fiscal stimulus of around 11% of GDP in the United States and substantial stimulus packages in many other high‐income countries. 2 Although fiscal stimulus packages have been announced in many developing countries, these generally appear to be much smaller as a share of GDP than those in the higher income countries. Expansion of social protection programs has been an important element in the response with 212 countries, mostly in the developing world, introducing almost 1200 measures by September 2020. 3 About half of the social assistance measures were cash based, with most being short term in duration. In developing countries, the size and duration of such responses seems to be highly variable. As little is known so far about the precise allocation of those resources across households, we do not account for the social protection measures taken by developing countries in the scenario analysis presented below. Our focus is rather on assessing the direct impact of the crisis on poverty in the absence of such social protection measures.

Many countries implemented restrictions on food exports early in the crisis designed to avoid increases in domestic food prices (Martin & Glauber, 2020 ). Fortunately, however, these restrictions did not set off an upward price spiral of the type seen in 2007–2008 (Anderson, Ivanic, & Martin, 2014 ). Although 22 countries had announced or imposed food export restrictions, affecting around 5% of calories embedded in traded food, early in the crisis, all but one had been eliminated by the end of September. 4

3. THE MODELING FRAMEWORK

We use a global modeling framework to assess the potential impacts of the COVID‐19 crisis on global poverty and food security. Specifically, we combine two economic modeling frameworks: IFPRI's global CGE model, MIRAGRODEP, 5 and the POVANA household dataset and model. This framework has been used previously to study the impact of a macroeconomic slowdown on global poverty in Laborde and Martin ( 2018 ). The main differences between the current work and the previous study are twofold. First, the Laborde–Martin study looks at a change in economic growth projections for 2015–2030 and compared poverty outcomes in 2030, using the dynamic version of the CGE and projecting household surveys until 2030.

In the current exercise, we focus on single‐year (2020) scenario results under a range of assumptions about short‐term impacts of COVID‐19, as explained further below. Second, in Laborde and Martin ( 2018 ), alternative IMF projections for global growth are regenerated by imposing commensurate changes in total factor productivity on the corresponding MIRAGRODEP parameter values. In contrast, in the current exercise, the factors underlying the socioeconomic impacts of COVID‐19, such as health impacts, social distancing, restrictions on (labor) mobility, international transport, and the closure of some business activities, are translated into MIRAGRODEP's model terms to simulate endogenously the impacts on economic growth, incomes, employment, consumption, prices, trade, and ultimately, poverty.

The two modeling frameworks are linked in top‐down fashion; that is, the relevant results of the CGE model‐based scenario analysis are introduced, along with the direct impacts of the pandemic on households, as shocks to the household survey model to assess poverty outcomes. In addition, the health impacts of the disease on labor supply and productivity are linked to outcomes from epidemiological models. This process is summarized in Figure  1 .

Implementation of the Covid‐19 scenarios [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Source : Authors’ depiction.

The main technical features of the MIRAGRODEP and POVANA models and their linkages are summarized in Online Appendix A.1 . For the present analysis, we assume in the MIRAGRODEP model that unskilled workers are harder hit than skilled workers by social distancing measures, as skilled workers are more likely able to continue work from home. We assume further that producers have very little ability to change the capital–labor utilization ratio within a single year. Governments in high‐income countries are assumed to have put in place economic stimulus measures (see below under scenario assumptions), while—for the present analysis—those of poorer countries are assumed to have limited ability to borrow to provide such substantial stimulus, and so maintain the public deficit/surplus to GDP constant.

The POVANA household model uses data on the full income distribution for around 300,000 households. 6 Having this detail avoids having to make ex‐ante or ad‐hoc assumptions about how the economic shocks caused by COVID‐19 change the distribution of income in any given country. In our approach, real incomes of households change endogenously with the simulated changes in the full vector of changes in employment; changes in prices of goods, services, and factors (including wages); and other income determinants (productivity). Changes in poverty levels are calculated by comparing the poverty rates before and after the changes in household incomes.

Finally, the POVANA database provides information about household consumption patterns. This also allows identification of the impacts of economic shocks (like the consequences of COVID‐19) on the costs of goods consumed by the household, and particularly on the costs of food consumed. Income losses and food price shocks will disproportionately hurt poor people's food security, because they spend most of their income on food: as much as 70%. Rich people spend only a small share—perhaps around 15%—of their incomes on food (Figure  2 ). The most immediate threat of COVID‐19 to food security arises from reductions in the incomes of poor and vulnerable people. Some of these losses arise from income losses in agriculture, but a much larger share of these income losses arises from disruption to nonagricultural income sources.

Engel's law: Declining food expenditure shares with rising incomes [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Source : POVANA database. Authors’ computation. Note : The blue line represents the estimated share of food consumption in total expenditures estimated through a polynomial of degree 3 on the log of individual income household, normalized by their own country's poverty line.

4. THE COVID‐19 SCENARIO

We model a range of impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Beyond the direct effects of the disease on the ability to work, income losses arise from people's desire to avoid catching the disease and their altruistic concerns to avoid infecting other people, and from policy responses designed to reduce the adverse externalities associated with an unmitigated pandemic. No global economy‐wide model incorporating these features is available to fully assess these potential impacts and behavioral changes. Many of the changes in behavior and in the functioning of economies are not yet fully understood and their impacts on economic activity were still not fully known when preparing this scenario analysis. It is also difficult to rely on experience from past events, because no events like the COVID‐19 pandemic have occurred on this scale in today's globalized world. Therefore, we have had to make several assumptions about the responses of economic agents to this unprecedented situation.

In crafting the scenarios used here, we have based our choices on earlier work, such as the analysis we undertook in March 2020, 7 when we looked at the differential impacts on productivity and trade costs for a 1% global economic slowdown during 2020. Before looking at the specific scenario assumptions, it is important to keep in mind that the model operates on an annual time step and the impacts of any shock are calculated as the average impact for the year. Therefore, a disruption lasting 10 days is associated with a 10/365 impact and a price shock, for example, such as the decline in oil prices, must be calibrated on the shift in annual average prices and not on the “peak” value.

We distinguish four drivers of COVID‐19 impacts: domestic supply disruptions, global market disruptions, household behavioral responses, and policy responses.

4.1. Domestic supply disruptions

4.1.1. disruptions in labor markets.

We consider two broad impacts on labor markets. The first is the direct impact of mortality and morbidity on labor supply. The second is the impacts on labor supply of social distancing actions undertaken to reduce transmission of the disease. The first impact is linked to the direct impact of the disease. For our reference scenario, we use estimates provided by Imperial College London for each country (Walker et al., 2020 ). 8 Specifically, we use the “Social distancing of the whole population” scenario for all countries. As their online materials do not provide results by age cohorts, we reestimated those, following a procedure explained in Online Appendix A.3 . We note that this direct effect is generally quite small due compared to the next type of disruption.

Social distancing results in some willing workers become unable to sell their labor. In our reference scenario, we use the “social‐distancing” parameter from the Imperial College estimates as a base value, and assume that 12 weeks of confinement is imposed in each country, except in African countries, for which we limit it to 8 weeks, due to the more limited ability of poor populations to manage long periods of economic disruption; lower population densities than in South Asian countries; the younger average age of people in the region and the consequent more relaxed implementation of confinement policies. These assumptions result in reductions in labor supply of 23% in most countries or 15% in Africa. We consider that one‐third of skilled workers impacted by social distancing can continue working through telecommuting. This crude estimate is based on the ILO's early review of the impact of COVID‐19 on jobs of April 2020 (ILO, 2020b ) and Dingel and Neiman ( 2020 ). 9

4.1.2. Disruptions in specific value chains

Although agriculture and food sectors have been identified as essential in most countries, we also assume some supply disruption caused by reduced labor mobility (e.g., for seasonal migrant labor) and further, that perishable farm products suffer greater postharvest losses due to logistics problems and demand fallout. An increase in postharvest losses of perishable products (fruits, vegetables, meat, and dairy) of five points is included. Although this estimate is conjectural, anecdotal evidence suggests that losses have been substantial in some cases and minimal in others making an average loss of 5% seem a reasonable guesstimate for the present purpose of analysis

Total factor productivity in transportation is assumed to decline by 5% to capture losses of logistical efficiency. This number is extrapolated based on anecdotal evidence ranging from monitoring of GPS tracking devices on truck fleets in the United States (see the work of ATRI) 10 and from recent surveys conducted in West Africa. 11 While crude, this estimate provides at least a reasoned estimate of the extent of disruption to transportation sectors, especially in developing countries.

Because both autonomous social distancing (driven by fear of catching the disease) and lockdown policies designed to reduce externalities tend to reduce activity in high‐contact services such as restaurants, travel, bars, and gyms, we introduce a “shadow tax” 12 of 25% for both final and intermediate consumption of these services. This reduces the demand for these services, ceteris paribus , by about one‐third on average.

4.2. Global market disruptions

To capture the effects of the “oil war” between Saudi Arabia and Russia in late 2019 and early 2020 but predating COVID‐19, we introduce an exogenous expansion of the supply of oil. The combined effect of this larger supply of oil and the lower demand caused by the COVID‐19 crisis induces a drop in global real energy prices by 25% for crude oil and natural gas and 17% for refined oil and gas products. 13

The containment measures cause bottlenecks and delays in international freight and transport. In terms of the model parameters, this assumption has been translated into an increase in the average cost of international freight by 3%, not considering any feedback on energy prices. We calibrate these numbers to capture the increased time required to trade, because of logistical delays in harbors and at airports caused by new regulations, lack of inspectors, and other frictions associated with the pandemic. These lost days are converted into ad‐valorem equivalents using a procedure developed by Hummels and Schaur ( 2013 ).

4.3. Household and business responses

We assume that private sector agents and businesses reduce their savings as a coping mechanism to compensate for the adverse impact of the pandemic on current incomes. In the global CGE model, the savings reduction is defined for each country/region subject to two constraints: first, to the extent they can, private sector agents try to limit their welfare loss to 5% of initial income, but, second, they cannot cut their savings rates by more than 6% of initial income and cannot let their savings become negative. These boundaries were chosen based on changes in gross saving rates observed in previous crises. For instance, in the United States, between 2006 and 2009, the gross savings rate fell from 18.0% to 15.1%, whereas the world average declined from 26.6% to 24.1%. 14

It should be noted that MIRAGRODEP cannot fully capture the differences in savings behavior across economic agents. Typically, in contrast to the above, household savings tend to increase during recessions, which Keynes characterized as the “paradox of thrift” (Keynes, 1936 ). Although poor households may be unable to save and may even need to dispose of assets to survive, more affluent households try to save more in uncertain times, reducing consumption and thereby deepening the recession. In the United States, for instance, COVID‐19 substantially limited consumption spending, leading the personal savings rate (as a share of disposable income) to increase from around 7% in early 2020 to 32% in April to taper off to 23% in May of the same year. 15 Overall savings appear to be down, however, with the fall in corporate savings being larger than the increase in household savings, as happened during the Great Recession of 2008–2009, 16 and, as a result, investment decline as well. In MIRAGRODEP, the corporate sector is included with the household sector, so we assume that the expected impact of COVID‐19 on corporate savings predominates the aggregate impact, with overall savings declining.

The composition of food demand will also change during the recession. Households are expected to reduce demand for fresh products (such as fruits, vegetables, meats, and fish). This food demand shift is endogenous to income and price shifts in the model. The simulated impacts shown further below could underestimate the true effects, because we do not account for changes in consumer perceptions. Some recent survey‐based evidence suggests that consumers perceive fresh products as less safe in association with COVID‐19, as apparent in the study by Tamru, Hirvonen, and Minten ( 2020 ) for Ethiopia. In Europe and the United States, such perceptions plus awareness that better nourishment makes people less vulnerable to the virus have led to shifts in food demand from animal‐sourced toward plant‐based food products. 17 However, the evidence is too scarce as yet to be able to make proper assumptions about such shifts in consumer preferences, and hence, they are not accounted for in the scenario analysis.

4.4. Policy responses

Due to their limited actual role, we did not include specific export restriction measures regarding food products (see Section  2 and the IFPRI Food Trade Policy Tracker). The present scenario does account for the substantial economic stimulus packages being implemented by most high‐income countries, including significant income transfers to households. For the OECD countries, except Mexico, Chile, Israel, and Turkey, we assume a stimulus package of, on average, 3.2% of GDP. The fiscal stimulus is introduced in the form of higher net income transfers (or lower income taxes) from the government to the representative household.

Because of the paucity of information about stimulus packages in the rest of the world, and a concern that some of what is reported may be an exaggeration of the extent of new stimulus provided, we have omitted the impacts of fiscal stimulus in the rest of the world. We are thus measuring the unmitigated impact of the shock to help calibrate policy responses, rather than an assessment of the consequences after mitigation policies have been implemented.

5. SCENARIO RESULTS

5.1. global macroeconomic impacts.

Under the given assumptions, we conclude that COVID‐19 will result in a severe global recession with global GDP falling by 5% 18 in 2020. This COVID‐19 recession looks likely to be much deeper than that seen during the global financial crisis of 2008–2009. The economic fallout in the initial epicenters of the pandemic (China, Europe, and the United States) is also severely hurting net commodity‐exporting developing countries through declines in trade and other commodity prices, restrictions on international travel and freight, compounding the economic costs of poorer nations’ own COVID‐19‐related restrictions on movements of people and economic activity. We consider first the macroeconomic impacts and then the effects on poverty.

For developing countries as a group, we project the economic fallout to lead to a decline of aggregate GDP of 3.6% relative to 2019, but economies in Central Asia, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Latin America would be hit much harder due to their relatively high dependence on remittances, trade, and/or primary commodity exports. The recession is expected to be less severe in China and the rest of East Asia, where—with the present scenario assumptions—we expect the economic recovery to start sooner with the earlier lifting of containment measures.

We expect harsh economy‐wide impacts in sub‐Saharan Africa with GDP falling on average by almost 9% from the previous year, although agri‐food sectors may be spared and could even expand, as the collapse in export earnings and remittance incomes, 19 with domestic production rising in light of reduced ability to import food push. Lower labor demand in urban service sectors may push workers to return to agriculture, also contributing to greater domestic food production. With more workers in the sector, however, individual incomes would remain low.

5.2. Poverty impacts

Without social and economic mitigation measures such as fiscal stimulus and expansion of social safety nets in the global South (scenario assumption), the impact on extreme poverty (measured against the PPP$1.90 per person per day international poverty line) is devastating as shown in Figure  3 . The number of poor increases by 20% (almost 150 million people) with respect to the situation in the absence of COVID‐19, affecting urban and rural populations in Africa south of the Sahara the most, as 80 million more people join the ranks of the poor, a 23% increase. The poverty increase in rural areas is expected to be smaller than that in urban areas, partly because of the lower rate of transmission of the disease and partly because of the robustness of demand and supply for food relative to many other, more vulnerable sectors. Accordingly, we estimate that, in sub‐Saharan Africa, the number of poor people could increase by 15% in rural areas, but as much as 44% in urban areas. In this scenario, the number of poor people in South Asia is projected to increase by 15% or 42 million people.

Global and Regional Poverty Impacts of MIRAGRODEP‐COVID 19 scenario (April 2020) by selected regions (Absolute and percentage change from 2020 baseline values) [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Source : MIRAGRODEP and POVANA Simulations.

In both cases, the impacts on rural populations are smaller because the direct impact of COVID‐19 on agriculture is less severe than on other sectors. As these estimates refer to the numbers of extremely poor people, that is, those who typically lack the means to buy enough food, we expect a commensurate rise in the number of food‐insecure people. The ability to distinguish the reduced sensitivity of rural households to COVID‐19 is an important advantage of the more complex framework used in this study. Applying uniform income declines to the initial distribution of income will almost always result in larger poverty increases for rural people because their initial incomes are so much lower than those of urban residents in developing countries.

The estimated income declines due to COVID‐19 are much larger than seen in many earlier studies such as in Vos, Martin, and Laborde ( 2020 ), Mahler et al. ( 2020 ), and World Bank ( 2020a ) and in most of the scenarios considered in McKibbin and Fernando ( 2020 ). However, they are substantially below the (uniform) income declines of 20% considered as an upper bound in Sumner et al. ( 2020 ). The estimates in this study fall within the range of studies surveyed in Appendix Table A.5 .

5.3. Changes in diets and impacts on nutrition

The income and price changes associated with the pandemic are likely to result in some quite substantial changes in patterns of food consumption, with adverse nutritional consequences. The declines in income and supply disruptions are likely to cause quite substantial shifts in demand away from nutrient‐dense foods such as fruits and vegetables, dairy products, and meats, and toward basic staple foods such as rice, maize, and other basic grains. Figure  4 confirms this as a global pattern. The dietary shift is (on average) similar in both developed and developing regions. The changes in consumption can be considerably sharper at the country level, as shown in Figure A.4 online.

COVID‐19 impacts on diets (average effect for world) (percentage change in average global household consumption by product) [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Source : MIRAGRODEP Simulation (April 2020 scenario).

Note : Global average based on weighted changes at the estimated at the country or regional levels. Weights are based on base value of consumption, while changes are computed on the evolution of the volume of consumption for each national representative household.

5.4. Decomposition of impacts by main drivers

Given the multiple shocks used for these simulations, it is useful to understand which shocks influence the simulated outcomes the most. Not only does this provide insights into the driving forces behind both the macroeconomic and poverty outcomes, but also it allows a comparison of our approach relative to the much simpler approach of simply reducing consumption uniformly in line with the decline in GDP at constant prices used by Sumner et al. ( 2020 ), Mahler et al. ( 2020 ), and World Bank ( 2020b ). The decomposition was done by deleting one shock at a time from the full simulation and assessing the impact of that shock. Adding up these effects provides a good estimate of the total impact and allows a decomposition of the total effect into its sources.

The first three bars in Figure  5 show that the dominant influence on the loss of aggregate GDP due to the pandemic is the reductions in labor supply, both from individual health‐related responses and from social‐distancing policies. Disruptions in logistics and the savings adjustment play small to negligible roles in the declines in GDP. The second group of bars shows the decomposition for the impacts on agri‐food sector GDP. Again, reductions in supply are primarily driven by reductions in labor availability, although these are less important than for the whole economy because a large share of agricultural value‐added is treated as essential. The savings adjustment mitigates the impact on food consumption and hence also on agri‐food production.

Decomposition of the simulated macroeconomic impacts by main transmission channel [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Source : MIRAGRODEP simulations results (April 2020 scenario). Note : Each bar in the graph represents 100% of the change in each variable in the COVID‐19 scenario and shows for each driver's positive or negative contribution (in percentage shares) to the overall change.

Income losses owing to the pandemic's direct impact on people's ability to work and that of the social distancing measures also explain most of the reduction in total food consumption, compounded by supply disruptions raising the logistical costs embedded in food prices. The savings adjustment is a mitigating factor. The increases in logistical costs affect demand for fruits and vegetables most strongly, outweighing income losses through social distancing; most notably in developing countries.

The estimates in this study fall within the range of studies surveyed in Appendix Table A.5 .

Figure  5 further shows that the adjustment rule regarding private savings mitigates the macroeconomic impact of the recession on overall household consumption. 20 The mitigating effect on consumption is generally stronger developed than in developing countries whose, on average, much poorer economic actors have less capacity to absorb the shock by drawing on own savings.

These results show that different shocks have different impacts on the different outcomes, with the direct reductions in labor having the largest impacts on GDP, whereas reductions in saving have important impacts on consumption, and increases in the cost of logistics in food supply chains having the greatest impact on consumption of fruits and vegetables.

Figure  6 provides a decomposition for the total poverty impacts parallel to that for the macroeconomic impacts presented in Figure  5 . Not surprisingly, it shows that the reductions in employment and in labor supply and social distancing have the largest impacts on poverty. Logistical costs have the second largest impacts, while other influences, such as oil price changes and changes in savings and investment, reduce the total increase in poverty in several regions.

Simulated changes in extreme poverty by cause (shares of total impact) [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Source : MIRAGRODEP simulations results (April 2020 scenario).

Note : Each bar in the graph represents 100% of the change in each variable in the COVID‐19 scenario and shows for each driver's positive or negative contribution (in percentage shares) to the overall change.

To illustrate the difference between our approach and other studies assessing the poverty impact of the pandemic, we decompose in Figure  7 the change in the poverty rate into three components. The first, shown in the blue bar, is the impacts of average changes in incomes and in the cost of living on household real incomes. The second incorporates the nonneutral impacts of the COVID‐19 shocks on the cost of living to each household and the consequent impact on household incomes. The third considers, in addition, the nonneutral impact of the shocks on households’ individual incomes. It takes into account, for instance, the fact that many workers supplying unskilled labor—which is assumed to be the situation of the poorest—are unable to work remotely, and hence generally suffer greater income losses than higher income workers, both through the quantity of labor they can supply and the wage rates they receive.

Decomposing the simulated changes in extreme poverty owing to COVID‐19 by average income and distributional shock (shares of total impact) [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

It is clear from Figure  7 that the traditional estimate of the poverty impact of the pandemic—the observed changes in real incomes resulting from changes in average nominal incomes and consumer costs—explain most of the changes in poverty. At the global level, these uniform changes explain just over 110 million of the nearly 150 million increase in poverty. In sub‐Saharan Africa, both the uniform income effect and the differential impact on the incomes of the poor raise poverty, but this is substantially offset by many poor people being lifted out of poverty by declines in their idiosyncratic costs of living. This benefit, likely largely driven by declines in farm prices, explains why the increase in poverty observed in Figure  3 is so much smaller in Africa than in South Asia. The pattern for changes in rural poverty follows closely that observed for overall poverty.

6. A SCENARIO UPDATE

In previous sections, we discussed at length the analytical framework used to assess the macroeconomic and poverty impacts of the COVID‐19 crisis and described the contributions of the different drivers to the outcomes for poverty and food insecurity. That reference scenario was elaborated in April 2020, based on our observations and interpretations of the world economy, the health crisis, and the mitigation options taken up to that point in time. Although our basic methodology has not changed, new information available by the final quarter of 2020 about COVID‐19 effects on social distancing, labor supply, and policy responses differs in a number of respects from used the underpin the assumption of the original reference scenario.

To illustrate the changes in information and approach over that time, we provide an updated scenario, based on new information available for the period up to September 2020, using updated assumptions as summarized in Table  2 . For health effects, we shifted from the estimates in the epidemiological model of Imperial College (Walker et al., 2020 ) to that of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (Pearson et al., 2020 ) that provides greater detail on pandemic mitigation options adopted by countries around the world. We further rely on Google Mobility reports (Google, 2020 ) to track the evolution of social distancing intensity and the changes in face‐to‐face services (e.g., mobility to recreation location). Also, more recent macroeconomic assessments, such as the ADB Economic Outlook (ADB, 2020 ), allow us to update the assumptions about changes in consumption behavior and participation to labor markets, and the value of some specific parameters (e.g., number of workday losses) under varying mitigation strategies adopted by countries.

Comparison of key assumptions for April and September 2020 MIRAGRODEP‐COVID 19 scenarios

Macroeconomic impacts of MIRAGRODEP‐COVID 19 scenario (April 2020) by country and country group, 2020

Source : MIRAGRODEP Simulation.

Note : Regions in bold aggregated results computed postsimulations, weighted by the relevant country‐level variable. Details for rich countries are omitted. Real consumption is limited to household private consumption and defined as the equivalent variation (welfare).

Note : Regions in bold aggregated results computed postsimulations, weighted by the relevant country‐level variable. Real household consumption is measured as the “equivalent variation” of welfare. Real GDP is computed following national accounting principles. Fisher price indices between base prices and simulation prices are used. Exports of goods and services are measured FOB at constant international dollars but final export prices.

The changes in results for macroeconomic outcomes, agri‐food value‐added, and poverty are shown in Table  3 . Although the scenarios are broadly similar in terms of the nature of the drivers, the magnitudes of the shocks have been updated and made more country‐specific. The broad upshot is that the global recession is expected to be even deeper in 2020 (a 7.1% decline in global GDP instead of a 5.1% decline). The revised assumptions do not change the earlier expectation that the agri‐food sector has held up relatively well, showing resilience compared to the rest of the economy. Globally, the agri‐food sector could even expand as agricultural production has remained relatively stable, whereas costs are down with the drop in prices for manufacturing and services.

Poverty and macroeconomic impacts of MIRAGRODEP‐COVID 19 scenarios for 2020 (April and September 2020 scenarios)

Source : MIRAGRODEP and POVANA simulations (April and September 2020 scenarios).

The aggregate findings of the updated scenario for global poverty are practically unchanged, with the number of poor expected to rise by just under 150 million. However, the regional distribution of poverty increases differs substantially from that presented in the previous sections. In the new scenario, the economic crisis is expected to be deeper than previously anticipated in South Asia, particularly in India, and milder in Africa. As a result, this simulation projects a smaller, though still significant increase in poverty sub‐Saharan Africa (50 million instead of near 80 million) and the larger increase affecting people in South Asia (72 million instead of 42 million).

7. CONCLUSIONS

The key goal of this paper was to provide a rigorous framework to assess the risks pandemics like COVID‐19 pose to global poverty and food security. Accordingly, we first considered the nature of the relationships between the COVID‐19 pandemic and the overall economy. This made clear that the major impacts of the pandemic on poverty and food security are more likely to come from shocks to household incomes, and hence to food access, than from impacts on food markets directly. However, we recognize that there are important direct impacts of the disease on food markets, particularly in the more labor‐intensive parts of the food chain, and in areas such as food services, where the need for social distancing is sharply reducing the operation of restaurants.

Given the multiplicity of links between the pandemic, household incomes, and food security, we concluded that a framework linking economy‐wide modeling with household models was needed to capture the impacts of the shock on poverty. We used the MIRAGRODEP global CGE model linked to epidemiological models to capture the impacts on the global economy, and the POVANA household models to capture the impacts at the household level.

The simulation experiments were designed to capture the impacts of the crisis begin with the direct, thus far seemingly minor, impacts of the disease on labor supply resulting from increases in morbidity and mortality. The next key shock was the impacts of social distancing, whether undertaken out of concern about catching the disease or as part of a concerted policy of suppressing the disease—a very important channel of effect with highly specific impacts by sector and type of labor. In addition, we considered the impacts of increases in logistical costs associated with the disease.

Our initial results suggested that COVID‐19 would cause a decline in global GDP of about 5% in 2020, with a similar decline in South Asia and a larger decline (−9%) in Africa South of the Sahara, and much larger declines in global trade because of both increases in logistical costs and declines in investment as consumers and governments seek to reduce the adverse impacts of the crisis on living standards by reducing private and government savings. Consumers are also expected to have shifted their food purchases, buying less nutrient dense, but more expensive, products such as fruits and vegetables, meat, and dairy products, and buying more calorie‐rich and cheaper cereals and processed foods. In an updated scenario, however, using new information about— inter alia —the spread of COVID‐19 and related social distancing measures, particularly taking into account the reduced estimates of the spread of the disease in Africa, we expect that the global recession could be steeper than previously anticipated, driven in part by a much stronger economic decline in South Asia.

To better understand these results, we decomposed them by major drivers. The economic consequences of reduced labor supply and social distancing drive most of the impacts on GDP worldwide. Fiscal stimulus in high‐income countries and declines in private savings mitigate some, but far from all, the adverse impact on total and food consumption.

The analysis concludes that the pandemic will likely increase the number of people in poverty by about 150 million people, or 20% of current poverty levels. In our reference scenario, most of this increase in extreme poverty was expected to occur in Africa South of the Sahara and South Asia, where many people are currently close to this poverty line. An updated analysis suggests that the increase in poverty may be smaller than originally anticipated in Africa and larger in South Asia, with the global total impact remaining very similar at just under 150 million.

The analytical framework that we use captures many important nonneutralities in the effects of the crisis that are ignored in simpler analyses assuming that all incomes change equally. For example, we find that poverty increases are likely to be smaller, both in absolute numbers and relative to current poverty rates, in rural areas that are likely less hard hit by the crisis. An analysis of these poverty results suggests that accounting for just the average changes in incomes and in consumer prices would capture only about three‐quarters of the total impact of the crisis on poverty rates. Many of the impacts are nonneutral between the poor and the rich and outcomes for the poor are, on average, substantially worse for higher income and more educated people, many of whom can continue to work productively at a distance.

The actual implications of COVID‐19 for poverty and food security will depend on a wide range factors, many of which are simply unknown at this point—such as resurgence of the disease during the northern winter and spring, and the efficacy and adoption of potential vaccines. Thus, the results in this paper should not be taken in any way as a precise forecast of the outcome. Rather, the paper provides an approach for evidence‐based “what‐if” scenario analysis of the impacts of broad‐based shocks such as COVID‐19 for poverty, food insecurity, and dietary change. As such it should help better understand the relative importance of the multiple channels of transmission and inform policymakers about the socioeconomic consequences of mitigation measures taken to reduce public health risks, and hence, the potential trade‐offs between efforts to safeguard lives and those to protect livelihoods.

Supporting information

Figure A4 COVID‐19 impacts on diets in China and Nigeria

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors gratefully acknowledge helpful comments received from three anonymous reviewers and from Jo Swinnen on previous drafts of this paper. The authors are further grateful to the CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions and Markets (PIM), the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and USAID for financial support to the research that formed the basis for this paper.

Laborde, D. , Martin, W. , & Vos, R. (2021). Impacts of COVID‐19 on global poverty, food security and diets: Insights from global model scenario analysis . Agricultural Economics . 2021; 52 :375–390. 10.1111/agec.12624 [ PMC free article ] [ PubMed ] [ CrossRef ] [ Google Scholar ]

1 http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/ .

2 See https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf‐and‐covid19/Policy‐Responses‐to‐COVID‐19#I

3 See the World Bank's “living paper” at https://tinyurl.com/yd4g4z45

4 Up‐to‐date counts are available at IFPRI's food trade policy tracker.

5 Modelling International Relations under Applied General Equilibrium model enhanced for the AGRODEP modeling consortium ( http://www.agrodep.org/models/library ).

6 See Online Appendix A.2 for the coverage of the household survey data used for the present analysis.

7 https://www.ifpri.org/spotlight/ifpri‐resources‐and‐analyses‐covid‐19‐also‐known‐coronavirus

8 In the updated scenario (discussed in Section  6 ), we use alternative projections for the spread of COVID‐19 of the epidemiological model of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) (Pearson et al., 2020 ).

9 See Online Appendix A.3 for the procedure for deriving this estimate.

10 American Transportation Research Institute; see, for instance, https://tinyurl.com/yxkr92g6

11 Reuters, ‘West African food trade under strain as COVID‐19 shuts borders’, May 27, 2020. https://tinyurl.com/yxzjt9fm

12 We use a shadow tax instead of a preference shifter in the model to avoid changing the utility function that would compromise the welfare analysis.

13 For comparison, oil prices for WTI Crude contracts declined by 33% between June 2019 and June 2020 (from US$53 to US$35 per barrel) and by 35% between the start of 2020 and November 10 of the same year (from US$62 to US$40), after showing a steep decline between January and the end of April and a slow recovery. Since the model combines natural gas and crude oil into one variable, the simulated decline in global energy prices is somewhat lower than the observed 35%, given that the impact of the supply and demand shifts on the price of natural gas has been smaller than that on oil.

14 World Bank, World Development Indicators, https://databank.worldbank.org/reports.aspx?source=world‐development‐indicators# , accessed 24 July 2020.

15 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PSAVERT

16 https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/B057RC1Q027SBEA

17 https://tinyurl.com/y4w97xee

18 This decline is relative to 2019 levels. Relative to the 2020 baseline (counterfactual without the COVID‐19 shock), this implies a 7% decline in global GDP. Only in Table  1 , do we present the macroeconomic impacts relative to the previous year (for ease of comparison with other estimates and projections). All other simulation results are with respect to the 2020 baseline (counterfactual without the COVID shock).

19 Remittance incomes make up more than 10% of gross foreign exchange earnings in sub‐Saharan Africa. In the model, we assume the region's earnings from remittances drop by 8%. Recent projections project a decline of 9% for 2020 (World Bank 2020c ).

20 It is important to point out that the impact on consumption is softened further in the model estimations because GDP is measured in real terms through a Fisher index, while the impact on consumption is measured through a welfare metric (equivalent variation) typically used in CGE models.

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Fostering food and nutrition security in sub-Saharan Africa : Three case studies from Malawi

• Shannon McLaughlin
• School of Biological Sciences

Student thesis : Doctoral Thesis › Doctor of Philosophy

• Food security
• climate change
• agricultural economics
• applied economics
• econometric analysis
• Sub-Saharan Africa
• World bank dataset
• panel models
• household consumption and expenditure surveys
• living standards measurement study-integrated surveys on agriculture

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Thesis: As a result of the dawn of civilization, humanity evolved, and it benefited all of mankind, but especially the upper-class society. Despite the disadvantages that the lower-class had to endure, the advancements of civilization were favorable for society as a whole because people were able to rely on a sufficient food supply. All of society benefited from the advances of Mesopotamian Civilization, especially the upper-class because they had a food surplus which contributed to a more stable lifestyle. The […]

College Food Insecurity: how Big is the Problem?

Working while attending college or university is also associated with food insecurity. 4,5,9 Higher rates of food insecurity have been reported among students working longer hours. 4,5 Rates of food insecurity for students working over 20 hours per week have ranged from 38-46%. 4,5 In addition, university students who live off campus and those who do not have a meal plan tend to have an increased risk for food insecurity as compared to students living on campus and those with […]

Food Insecurities on Development in Early Childhood

Food and nutrition is a known fact of being a key player in the development of children and adolescents. Starting at a young age, lack of nutrients hinders many parts of a child’s growth. This can result in neuro-cognitive, emotional, academic, etc. delays as well as be a precursor to developing other disorders and health conditions. Early childhood and food security is a cornerstone for living a healthy and functional adolescent and adult life. When that is compromised, a generational […]

Human Impact to Climate in African Continent

Humans in the quest for development and survival have consistently caused irreparable damage to the planet. Everything that makes development possible and life worth living is extracted from nature. These consistent activities that is extracting from nature have caused mass extinction of plants and animal species, pollution of water bodies, gradually causing harmful change in the atmosphere, land degradation and other immutable bearings. These happenings are termed as Anthropocene. Simply, the age which human activities have been the major effect […]

Food Waste Due to Poor Products

The idea of food aid originated from the excess amount of agricultural commodities around the time of the Great Depression. There was an abundance of food during this time, so the Food Stamp Act of 1964 was created in hopes to counteract this and to also assist those in need, or those that would be considered “food insecure.” Food insecurity is divided into two different types, low and very low, and is defined by The United States Department of Agriculture […]

Starvation in the World

Starvation has been a constant problem throughout the ages. It is a problem that should and can be solved easily, yet there are still over one billion undernourished people worldwide. What is extremely sad is that With the world population being over seven trillion people, the Earth produces more than enough food for this amount of people, yet there are still hungry, malnourished people all around the globe? You can blame three key factors for this, food shortages, climate and […]

Reducing Food Waste in Australia

Reducing food Waste by 20% in a year through Changing Food Practices and Behavior amongst Young Adults (18-24 years old) in New South Wales. Food waste is a growing national problem in Australia. It accounts to a billion worth of food waste each year. It is wasted through production, retail, and consumer wastes. Food insecurity and obesity cohabit in this problem. Food insecurity exists when there is limited or uncertain access to nutritious and safe food. Obesity in this context […]

AB-1747 Bill and the Republican Party’s Stance on Student Food Assistance

Republican: the bill AB-1747 food assistance: higher education students.Bill AB-1747 food assistance: higher education students is a bill about college students who have low income and are entitled to help from food assistance. The food assistance, SNAP, supplemental nutrition assistance Program, also known as CalFresh in California was introduced to supplement college students hunger. The students with low income are expected to pay a little amount of money to be eligible for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance program to qualify for food […]

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Food security'

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Gabbert, Silke, and Hans-Peter Weikard. "Food deficits, food security and food aid : concepts and measurement." Universität Potsdam, 1998. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2006/858/.

Duncan, Jessica. "The reformed Committee on World Food Security and the global governance of food security." Thesis, City University London, 2014. http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/3511/.

Mannette, Jessica. "Food Security in Urban New Zealand: Food Waste, Food Utopias, and Food Values." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/40383.

Parnell, Winsome R., and n/a. "Food security in New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Human Nutrition, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070426.162526.

Butrico, Gina Marie. "Food Security and Identity: Iceland." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1374943947.

MANE, ERDGIN. "Microeconometric analysis of food security." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/207736.

Raedeke, Maurine A. "Food security, nutrition and health of food pantry participants." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4839.

Korale, Gedara Pradeepa. "Food Market Integration and Food Security in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366843.

Esamwata, Joab O. "Exporting food, importing food aid? : Kenya and food security in the world food system." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18698.

Drewett, Jessica. "Student food security: the (dis)connection between student food experiences, sustainability and green spaces from the lens of food security." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29622.

Cochrane, Logan. "Strengthening food security in rural Ethiopia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61073.

Long, Lauren Christine. "Food security and family well-being." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/long/LongL0507.pdf.

Kersten, Larissa C. S. K. "Food security and Preferential Trade Agreements." Thesis, University of Essex, 2018. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22837/.

Al-Azri, Masoud. "Modelling crop diseases for food security." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/44777/.

McQueary, Brandy Jeanette. "Cincinnati Food Security: A Community Assessment." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc//view?acc_num=ucin1211996556.

Taylor, Nicole. "The Public Market System of New Orleans: Food Deserts, Food Security, and Food Politics." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/250.

Smith, Kara C. 1974. "The Lane County Food Policy Council and Re-framing Food Security." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7889.

Adjapong, Frederick Kwaku. "Linking Food Security Governance and Changing Food Security Priorities: A Case Study of the Northern Region of Ghana." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou162885878645884.

González, Calabuig Andreu. "Electronic Tongues for food and security applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/643301.

Jeanty, Pierre Wilner. "Two essays on environmental and food security." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1164833528.

Lambden, Allison Jill. "Food security of Canadian Arctic indigenous women." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99342.

Bajželj, Bojana. "Land use, food security and climate change." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2015. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709356.

Malan, LP, and Rooyen EJ van. "Community partnerships- enhancing municipal food security policy." Journal of Public Administration, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001174.

Williams, Dana M. "Food security and access in Akron, Ohio." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1107371980.

Solaroli, Laura <1983&gt. "Assessing Food Security in Selected Mediterranean Countries." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6659/1/TESI_PhD_Laura_Solaroli_1.pdf.

Solaroli, Laura <1983&gt. "Assessing Food Security in Selected Mediterranean Countries." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6659/.

Chen, Jinzhou <1995&gt. "Food Security Drivers: the case of China." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16756.

Tincani, Lucrezia Stella. "Resilient livelihoods : adaptation, food security and wild foods in rural Burkina Faso." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/13609/.

Zhao, Ke. "Australian water security and Asian food security: complexity and macroeconomics of sustainability." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12771.

O'Hare-Gordon, Meagan Ann. "School-Based Food Programming in the Northwest Territories: Working Towards More than Just Food Security." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35258.

Whiting, Erin Feinauer. "Understanding reservation hunger food acquisition and food security among the northern Cheyenne /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4444.

Webb-Yeates, Morgan. "Food Defense Among Meat Processing and Food Service Establishments in Kentucky." TopSCHOLAR®, 2013. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1249.

Gendron, Danielle Renee. "Eating Gitxaała, being Gitxaała : food and cultural security." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/57890.

Stokes, Hamish Maynard. "Food security debate : limited logic and partial truths /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09ars8743.pdf.

Wright, Helena Louise. "Effective finance for food security under climate change." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/43800.

Tiwasing, Pattanapong. "Nutrition, labour productivity and food security in Thailand." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3412.

Yobom, Oudah. "Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security in Sahel." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UBFCG001.

Johnson, Michelle. "Measurement of household food security in rural Ecuador." The Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407147571.

Kane, Kathleen Joanne. "Diet quality and Food Security of Cancer Patients." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1524141604292618.

Nakabo, Ssewanyana Sarah. "Women and household food security in rural Uganda." Thesis, Faculty of Agriculture, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14527.

Kankwamba, Henry [Verfasser]. "Economic disruptions, markets and food security / Henry Kankwamba." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1225793084/34.

Delbourg, Esther. "Achieving water security through cooperation and food trade." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX077/document.

Foord, Wayne. "Energy scarcity and food security : strategies for transition to resilient food system governance." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.705918.

Yao, Ruoxue. "Trends in beverage consumption among U.S. food secure and food insecure adults: NHANES 2001-2010." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384869898.

Reynolds, Stuart David. "Resilience to food insecurity: Measuring access to food in the urban environment." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geography, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9454.

Chhabra, Surbhi. "Social Capital, Social Support, and Food Insecurity in Food Pantry Users." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1342540700.

Munim, Khandaker Mohammed Ashraful. "Salinity intrusion and food security : evidence from three food systems in south-western Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.634213.

Mwakatoga, Joyce Donald. "Improving Food Production and Food Security in Tanzania through a Youth DevelopmentProgram in Agriculture." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469199250.

Grutzmacher, Stephanie Kristen. "Influence of food-related life skills on food security of rural, low-income families." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/1463.

Vermeulen, Hester. "A balanced food basket approach to monitor food affordability in South Africa." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73175.

Food Insecurity and What We Can Do to Help Essay (Speech)

• General Purpose: To persuade
• Specific Purpose: To persuade listeners that the food insecurity issue is severe and that everyone can contribute to its solution.
• Time: ~ 8 min.

Introduction

• Imagine a day when you have little strength and energy – you feel weakness and soreness – the feelings are rather unpleasant. Now imagine that you feel this discomfort and lack of strength every day.
• In a world where for many people, any food is within walking distance and abundantly presented on supermarket shelves, it is easy to forget how many people are still starving. Moreover, hunger in its usual understanding of lack of food is only part of the problem. Some families are forced to choose cheap and low-quality food, only worsening their health. This problem usually intersects with others – frequent diseases and chronic conditions, high medical expenses, moral oppression, and similar issues.
• Tie to the audience: This is not just a problem on remote continents about which reporters talk. People suffering from food insecurity can live in your community. Moreover, an irresponsible attitude and nature can lead to consequences for each of us.
• Thesis Statement: The problem of food insecurity today is not in the amount of food but its availability. It affects people’s life quality and social development, but there are several measures that each of us can take.
• Thus, I want to talk to you today about the very problem of food insecurity, its causes and consequences, and what individuals can do to help.

[Transition into the body of speech: I will begin with what is food security and insecurity and why it is so important.].

• Description of Problem: Food insecurity is “a lack of consistent access to enough food for an active, healthy life” ( What is Food Insecurity? para. 2). Although the problem is closely related to hunger, this is a different concept since hunger refers to physical sensations, and insecurity refers to the lack of available resources and does not always imply hunger. Another phenomenon that helps to understand the problem better is food swamp – areas in which unhealthy food, such as fast food, is more accessible and common than a healthy one (Caspi para. 17).
• Besides the daily feeling of hunger or weakness, food insecurity negatively affects physical and mental health and development, especially in children.
• People experiencing food insecurity are more likely to suffer from chronic conditions such as diabetes, blood pressure problems, anemia, and similar issues ( Compromises and Coping Strategies para. 5). Without enough energy and health, they cannot improve their life quality.
• Example, Narrative, or Testimony: Quality food is an essential condition for maintaining a person’s intellectual and physical abilities.
• Extent of Problem: Some households often have a difficult choice between quality food and other vital needs.
• According to the United Nations, the number of people suffering from the problem in the world reaches 690 million inhabitants, or almost 9% ( Goal 2: Zero Hunger para. 1).
• In America, one in nine citizens experience food insecurity problems, equating to 37 million people, of which 11 million are children ( What is Food Insecurity? para. 1).
• More than 60% of American citizens facing food insecurity are forced to choose between food and utilities, healthcare, or transportation ( Compromises and Coping Strategies para 2). To save money, about 80% of affected people choose unhealthy food ( Compromises and Coping Strategies para. 4).
• At the same time, about 1.3 billion tonnes of food, a third of all food produced for people, is wasted every year (Depta para. 2).
• Who is Affected: Food insecurity can affect adults, children, people of different nationalities – all low-income citizens. It can be caused by economic instability, extreme weather events such as drought or flooding, armed conflicts, and similar problems ( Global Report on Food Crises 2021 para. 2-3).

Example/Narrative and/or Facts/Statistics: Nevertheless, the representation of the problem reflects the general picture of the population – African Americans and Hispanics suffer more (Caspi para. 14). Injustice is associated with general discriminatory practices and their consequences – difficulties accessing opportunities, lack of affordable housing, and other problems.

[Transition: As you can see, the reasons for food insecurity are deep, and states should devote part of their activities to its solution. However, each person can also take several measures to help improve the situation.]

Satisfaction

• How Solution Satisfies Need: A responsible attitude towards the environment will slow climate change, giving time to solve problems in the long term. Charity will have an effect in the short term, as it will provide the necessary resources to those who need them.
• How Solution can be Implemented: To take action, you need awareness of the problem and solutions and participation in charitable organizations’ work.
• Step 1 of Plan: Responsible attitude to the environment involves recycling, not pollution of nature, saving natural resources, and similar measures that everyone can learn.
• Step 2 of Plan: It is necessary to prevent the excessive purchase of food and its throwing out by planning meals and supporting local producers.
• Step 3 of Plan: Participation in charity can be different – volunteering or making donations. You only need to find suitable initiatives in your area using the Internet.

[Transition: Thus, you can start solving global problems with small steps but achieve great results.]

Visualization

• Describe Expected Results of Action: The more people learn about the problem and take action, the greater their effect. In particular, responsible food consumption and the purchase will reduce surplus production and use resources in less affluent areas. Taking care of the environment will also slow climate change. Finally, helping people get the nutrition necessary for a healthy life will improve the nation’s health and well-being.
• Describe Consequences of Inaction: If the problem is ignored, the number of people who do not receive the necessary nutrition will increase. Their oppressed condition will prevent them from showing their potential and talents and investing it in the development of society. Moreover, we contribute to inequality, discrimination, environmental degradation, and other related issues by ignoring the problem.

[Transition: In conclusion]

• Brakelight: In conclusion, as you see, the solution to global problems is the shared responsibility of each of us.
• Summary: I provided to you information about what food insecurity is, its danger, the reasons, and how to deal with it. The inaccessibility of quality food negatively affects people’s health and well-being and can be triggered by poverty, environmental disasters, inequality, and other causes.
• Tie Back to the Audience: Although it may seem that the responsibility lies with others – politicians, corporations, international organizations, everyone makes a choice – whether or not to help.
• Concluding Remarks:

CALL TO ACTION: I encourage you to be responsible in your lifestyle, help others and take care of your health.

Works Cited

Caspi, Caitlin. “What is Food Insecurity?” The Conversation , 2021, Web.

“Compromises and Coping Strategies.” Feeding America , Web.

Depta, Laura. “Global Food Waste and its Environmental Impact.” Reset , 2018, Web.

“Global Report on Food Crises 2021.” Reliefweb , 2021, Web.

“Goal 2: Zero Hunger.” United Nations , Web.

“What is Food Insecurity?” Hunger + Health , Web.

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IvyPanda. (2022, August 25). Food Insecurity and What We Can Do to Help. https://ivypanda.com/essays/food-insecurity-persuasive-speech/

"Food Insecurity and What We Can Do to Help." IvyPanda , 25 Aug. 2022, ivypanda.com/essays/food-insecurity-persuasive-speech/.

IvyPanda . (2022) 'Food Insecurity and What We Can Do to Help'. 25 August.

IvyPanda . 2022. "Food Insecurity and What We Can Do to Help." August 25, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/food-insecurity-persuasive-speech/.

1. IvyPanda . "Food Insecurity and What We Can Do to Help." August 25, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/food-insecurity-persuasive-speech/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Food Insecurity and What We Can Do to Help." August 25, 2022. https://ivypanda.com/essays/food-insecurity-persuasive-speech/.

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Food Security Research Papers, Thesis, Dissertations, Projects for Students and Researchers

Whether you are an undergrad or postgraduate student or researcher working on food security research, this may be helpful.

The United Nation’s Committee on World Food Security defines food security as all people of the world having access to safe, sufficient and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary need for an active/healthy life.

For anyone doing research on food security;

• food security research papers
• food security project 
• food security thesis and dissertations

Whether you are looking for food security research topics or wish to glean relevant materials for your topic the above links will prove useful. You may also go through some of the selected food security research papers thesis, projects below.

Some Food Security Research Papers

Improvement of food security in Nigeria

Food security is made up of two words “food” and “secure”, meaning “securing of food”.The opposite of food security is food insecurity. It is a sad situation of limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate or safe food.Different countries have different methods of combating food insecurity. For Nigeria, sustainable agricultural intervention by all stakeholders is the key. Having seen the aftermath of food insecurity, the question then is what is the way forward in improving food security in Nigeria? | See full document

Food Security; Improving Food Security and Livelihoods

Food security, as defined by the United Nations’ Committee on World Food Security, means that all people, at all times, have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their food preferences and dietary needs for an active and healthy life.

Food security exists when “all people, at all times have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life”. Close to 800 million individuals do not have access to enough food, 2 billion individuals experience key micronutrient deficiencies, and; 60% of individuals in low-income countries are food insecure. | See full document

Food Security in Nigeria: A Case Study of President Buhari’s Agricultural Policy (2015- 2018)

Squealing to the discovery of petroleum, Nigeria has rapidly grown into a major food importing nation as the government has become neglectful of the agricultural sector since petroleum is considered a more viable resource for economic development. This situation quickly polarized the nation into high and low income groups. Unfortunately, while only small fraction of the population benefited from the oil wealth, the population suffered the misfortune of food insecurity as they can hardly afford the rising prices of imported foods. However, this paper highlights the important role the Buhari’s regime have played in revamping the agricultural sector in overturning the food insecurity problems that befell Nigeria and the coping strategies. | See full document

Analysis of Food Security Among Farming Households in Imo State

Prevalence of food insecurity has remained a concern in Imo State and indeed the Sub-Saharan Africa. Hence, this study investigated the analysis of food security among farming households in Imo State, Nigeria. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used to select 144 farmers for this study. Information on the objectives of this study was elicited from the sampled respondents through a well- structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Food security index and Probit regression model. | See full document

Gender Differentials in Rural Households’ Food Security Coping Strategies in South-Western Nigeria

The study was carried out to investigate gender differences in rural households’ food security coping strategies in South-Western Nigeria. A multi stage sampling technique was used in selecting 252 respondents utilized for the study. A well-structured questionnaire was used to elicit information from them. The result shows that the females were older than the male with a mean age of 50 and 45 years respectively. Most of the male respondents were married as against the females. | See full document

Food Security: A Means to Sustainable Economic Growth

No doubt, no matter the development and height any person can scale, food will always remain relevant. The last thing that will get off anybody’s budget is food. It is a life-long essential and it will remain relevant as long as life remains. The paper exposes how important food security is and how food security can bring about sustainable economy growth. The paper recommends that public policy makers must as a matter of urgency see food security as a vital means to sustainable economic growth and as such develop sufficient political will to achieve increased food production; evolve food policy and eventually attain food security for all. | See full document

See thousands of food security research papers

Some Food Security Thesis

Food security thesis are postgraduate thesis written on food security and related topics. We have a lot of them on Afribary. Some of the available thesis include;

Relative Effect of Food and Cash Remittances on Household Food Security

Considerable policy consensus concerning cash remittance as an operational model in the household food security policy dialogue has been established, yet, little knowledge base exists with regard to food remittances and its effect on food security. In view of this, the study focused on food remittance against the backdrop of remittance and food security. Specifically, the study examined spatial variability in food security outcomes across districts in Ghana, the impact of food remittance on household food security and the relative effect of food and cash remittance on household food security. View full document

Determinants Of Food Security Status Of Smallholder Farming Households In The Wa West And Sissala West Districts Of The Upper West Region Of Ghana

Smallholder farmers play a vital role in food production in Ghana. However, their households are major casualties of food insecurity despite their efforts in food production. This study sought to identify the determinants of food security status and describe the coping strategies used among smallholder farming households in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The study calculated a food security index (FSI) to determine the food security status of households in the study area. View full document.

Food Security In The Semi-Arid Machakos County: A Case Study Of Mwala Sub-County

Ensuring food security is a global significant challenge despite struggles to increase agricultural productivity, food distribution and identify appropriate policy interventions to cub food shortage. The recent recurrent incidences of food deficit in Kenya have placed the nation among the 20 most food insecure countries in the world. Food insecurity in the country is a prevalent issue since approximately 84% the country’s landmass is covered by arid and semi-arid land. View full document.

The Nexus Between Usaid-Funded Food Security Programs And Positive Peace: A Case Of Ensure Program, Buhera

This research constitutes one of the first attempts to provide a comprehensive review of the circular relationship between food security and positive peace. It offers some insights on the impact of food security on positive peace and its related development outcomes and how the absence of positive peace contributes to food insecurity. This way it is possible to look beyond income, entitlements or livelihoods related-frameworks as the drivers of food insecurity. View full document

Assessing The Food Security Status Of Smallholder Farm Households In The Northern Region Of Ghana

Smallholder farmers play a vital role in food production especially through subsistence farming. However, their households are major casualties of food insecurity despite their efforts in food production. This study seek to assess the food security status, factors influencing household food security status and coping strategies used among smallholder farm households in West Mamprusi (WMD) and Mamprugu Moaduguri (MMD) Districts in the Northern region of Ghana. The study used the COC, HDDS and HFCS methods to explore the food security status of households in the study area. View full document

The Contribution Of Self Help Groups To Household Food Security In Kakamega Central District, Kenya

Food security is the first of the eight Millennium Development Goals, which seeks to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger by the year 2015. Despite Kakamega Central District having so many SHGs, studies have shown that food insecurity was on the rise. The study examined the contribution of SHGs to household food security by comparing the food security status between members and non members of SHGs. View full document

Institutional Determinants Of Food Security In Tanzania: A Case Study Of Singida Region

Food insecurity is relatively high in Singida Region although there has been an influx of development related institutions, some of which deal with food security. The extent to which the two were linked was empirically unknown. Therefore, the research for this thesis was conducted in Iramba and Singida Districts of Singida Region to determine the role of institutions in improving food security. View full document

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Some Food Security Dissertations 

Food Security Policies And Nutrition In Zimbabwe; Case Study Of Mashonaland Central Province: 2000 To 2015

The paper examines the role of food security policies that have been inaugurated or put in place to ensure food security and nutrition in Zimbabwe since 2000 till date. Such an idea has been necessitated culminating from Zimbabwe experiencing severe food shortage of crop and meet production due to continued early termination of rains (droughts), effects of the fast track land reform, banning of humanitarian aid societies, reduced socio-economic development, increased mortality and mobility among others. View full document

Impact Of Agricultural Adaptation Strategies To Climate Change And Variability On Food Security In Mwanga District, Tanzania

Climate change and variability (CCV) has posed great challenges on agriculture around the world. In response, the farmers and the Tanzanian government have employed different adaptation strategies to cope with this problem. However, Mwanga among other districts are still faced with the problem of food insecurity as a result of impacts of CCV on food crop production. View full document

Contribution Of International Organisations In Enhancing Food Security A Case Of World Food Programme In Chamwino District, Dodoma

This study focused on the contribution of international organizations in enhancing food security: A case of World Food Programme in Chamwino District, Dodoma. The general objective of this study was to assess the contribution of World Food Programme in enhancing Food Security. The study specifically intended to (a) determine various strategies used by World Food Programme to solve food insecurity in Chamwino District, (b) examine how WFP strategies contribute to solving household food insecurity in the study area, (c) assess people‟s perception of strategies used by WFP to solve food insecurity in the study area. View full document

Effects Of Local Government In Promoting Food Security In Tanzania: A Case Of Manyoni District

This study was set to examine the effect of local Government of Tanzania in promoting food security at the household level a case study of Manyoni district. Specific objectives were to examine the strategy used by local government in promoting food security at the household‟s level, to determine the challenges facing local government in promoting food security to the household‟s level and to analyze the achievement of local government reached in promoting food security at household level. View full document

The Efficacy Of Prison Farms Towards Food Security At Chikurubi Maximum Prison

The research sought to find out the contribution of Chikurubi Farm Prison Towards Food Security in the ZPCS. The ZPCS has been affected by food insecurity and due to several factors that include the nation’s economic problems and successive droughts. The concept of food insecurity caused immense suffering to inmates. This has caused the student to research how Chikurubi Farm Prison can contribute to food security in the ZPCS. This research sought to explain the food security situation in the ZPCS. View full document

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Search for dissertations about: "thesis in food security"

Showing result 1 - 5 of 113 swedish dissertations containing the words thesis in food security .

1. Engagement with Fungi-Based Food : Recovery and Valorization of Resources for Food

Author : Coralie Hellwig ; Kamran Rousta ; Marianne Thomsen ; Högskolan i Borås ; [] Keywords : TEKNIK OCH TEKNOLOGIER ; ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ; sustainable lifestyles ; fungi ; resource recovery ; sustainable food ; food waste reduction ; Resource Recovery ; Resursåtervinning ;

Abstract : There has been an increasing demand for more sustainable food and ways of encouraging individuals to lead more sustainable lives. This thesis seeks to contribute to understanding human engagement with fungi-based food in a multidisciplinary manner by complementing resource recovery with an occupational perspective that sheds light on aspects that encourage or discourage individuals from engaging with this food. READ MORE

2. Producing Food, Security, and the Geopolitical Subject

Author : Jiayi Zhou ; Eva Lövbrand ; Malin Mobjörk ; Björn-Ola Linnér ; Jonna Nyman ; Linköpings universitet ; [] Keywords : SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP ; SOCIAL SCIENCES ; Food security ; Russia ; United Nations ; Security ; Discourse ; Geo-politics ;

Abstract : This study uses food as a lens through which to empirically and theoretically problematize the concept of security. Food – its supply, provision, and access – is situated at the center of several interconnected crises, from environmental and climatic upheaval to growing geopolitical turbulence and great power competition. READ MORE

3. Food for Naught : The politics of food in agricultural modernization for African smallholder food security

Author : Cheryl Sjöström ; LUCSUS ; [] Keywords : SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP ; SOCIAL SCIENCES ; global food system ; smallholder food security ; sub-Saharan Africa ; agricultural modernization ; critical discourse analysis ; power ; politics of food ; Millennium Villages Project ; Malawi ;

Abstract : Why is there hunger in sub-Saharan Africa? What forces drive the global food system? What is the global food system? To approach these questions, this study investigates power and politics in food, in its production and in its organization. Proceeding from a critical realist approach, focus of this study is on the challenge of African smallholder food insecurity and how it is presented as part of a dominant discourse of agricultural modernization. READ MORE

4. Fields of Gold : The Bioenergy Debate in International Organizations

Author : Magdalena Kuchler ; Björn-Ola Linnér ; Johan Hedrén ; Eva Friman ; Linköpings universitet ; [] Keywords : SAMHÄLLSVETENSKAP ; SOCIAL SCIENCES ; bioenergy ; biofuels ; debate ; discourse ; concept ; international organizations ; international relations ; FAO ; IEA ; IPCC ; energy security ; climate change ; food security ; food vs. fuel ; bioenergi ; biobränsle ; debatt ; diskurs ; begrepp ; internationella organisationer ; internationella relationer ; FAO ; IEA ; IPCC ; energisäkerhet ; klimatförändringar ; livsmedelssäkerhet ;

Abstract : The concept of producing energy from biomass has, for the last two decades, occupied attention of policy-makers, private industries, researchers and civil societies around the world. The highly contested and contingent character of the biofuel production, its entanglement in the nexus of three problematic issues of energy, climate and agriculture, as well as its injection into the current socioeconomic arrangements, is what makes it timely to analyse. READ MORE

5. Child nutrition in rural Nicaragua : Population-based studies in a transitional society

Author : Mariela Contreras ; Eva-Charlotte Ekström ; Anders Hjern ; Christel Larsson ; Uppsala universitet ; [] Keywords : autonomy ; education ; feeding practices ; food security ; nutritional status ; social support ; Nutrition ; Nutrition ;

Abstract : Emerging favourable as well as unfavourable nutrition patterns are observed in societies undergoing rapid social and economic change. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the associations between household and maternal resources and infant and young child feeding habits and nutritional status in rural Nicaragua, a low-income transitional society. READ MORE

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