development of science and technology in india essay

Science and Technology in India, Progress, Achievements, and Concerns

Science and technology have played a pivotal role in shaping India's modern identity and driving its socio-economic development. Know all Achievements Science and Technology in India.

Table of Contents

Science and technology have played a pivotal role in shaping India’s modern identity and driving its socio-economic development. With a rich history dating back centuries, India has made significant strides in recent years, positioning itself as a global player in the field of science and technology.

Science and Technology in India

Science and technology have significantly influenced India’s development. With a rich historical legacy, India has made remarkable strides in recent times. The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has gained global acclaim with missions to the moon and Mars, while the IT and pharmaceutical sectors are thriving. These advancements have driven economic growth, improved healthcare, and strengthened the agricultural sector. However, India must address funding, education, and digital access disparities to maintain this momentum and ensure technology benefits all.

History of science and technology in India

India’s history of science and technology is a tapestry of remarkable accomplishments spanning millennia. Ancient Indian mathematicians blazed a trail with the invention of the decimal system and the concept of zero, while astronomers made precise celestial observations. The “Sushruta Samhita” demonstrated advanced surgical knowledge, and India’s metallurgical expertise was renowned. The medieval period witnessed architectural marvels like the Taj Mahal. British colonialism influenced the growth of modern scientific institutions.

Post-independence, India prioritized education and research, giving rise to institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). Contemporary India excels in space exploration, IT, pharmaceuticals, and renewable energy, solidifying its global stature in science and technology. Science and technology have always been integral to Indian culture, with a rich tradition of natural philosophy. The Indian Renaissance, coinciding with the independence struggle, saw significant progress by Indian scientists. Post-independence, the government established robust S&T infrastructure, with the Department of Science and Technology playing a pivotal role.

Role of Science & Technology in India

The role of science and technology in India is pivotal, with significant contributions to the nation’s development and progress. This role can be understood through various dimensions:

Economic Growth

Science and technology play a critical role in driving economic growth. They underpin various industries, including information technology, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and manufacturing. India’s burgeoning software and IT services sector, in particular, has led to substantial foreign exchange earnings and job creation. The advancements in these industries have significantly contributed to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and overall economic development.

Agricultural Transformation

Science and technology have been instrumental in transforming India’s agriculture sector. The Green Revolution, initiated in the mid-20th century, introduced high-yield crop varieties, modern irrigation techniques, and improved agricultural practices. These innovations increased agricultural productivity, ensuring food security for the growing population.

Healthcare Advancements

Technological advancements in the field of medicine have improved healthcare outcomes in India. Advanced medical equipment, telemedicine, and innovative treatment methods have enhanced the quality of healthcare services. India has also become a prominent player in pharmaceuticals, producing a wide range of affordable generic drugs and vaccines.

Education and Research

Science and technology have fostered a culture of innovation and research in India. The establishment of institutions like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and world-class research facilities has nurtured a new generation of scientists and engineers. These institutions have not only contributed to cutting-edge research but have also attracted international collaborations.

Space Exploration

The Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) has achieved significant milestones in space exploration. India’s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) in 2013 marked its entry into interplanetary space exploration. ISRO’s missions have contributed to advancements in communication, remote sensing, and global positioning systems, benefiting a wide range of sectors, including agriculture, disaster management, and urban planning.

Global Contributions

India has become a global contributor in science and technology. Its space missions and pharmaceutical industry have not only served domestic needs but have also had a global impact. India’s information technology sector provides crucial services to businesses and organizations around the world. The nation’s scientists and engineers are increasingly engaged in collaborative research projects with international partners, contributing to global scientific advancements.

Innovation and Entrepreneurship

Science and technology have fostered innovation and entrepreneurship. Start-ups in the technology, biotechnology, and clean energy sectors have gained prominence, attracting investments and generating job opportunities. India’s government and private sector actively support the growth of a vibrant start-up ecosystem.

Recent Developments of science and technology in India

India has a rich history of remarkable achievements in the field of science and technology, spanning from ancient innovations to modern breakthroughs. Here are some notable contributions:

Revolutionizing Agriculture

India’s Green Revolution, a monumental achievement, transformed the country’s agricultural landscape. Agro-scientists introduced high-yielding seeds, modern farming techniques, and improved irrigation practices. As a result, India became self-sufficient in food production, reducing reliance on foreign grain imports and ensuring food security.

Pioneering Satellite Communication

Under the visionary leadership of Vikram Sarabhai, India ventured into space technology. The successful launch of the Space Instructional Television Experiment (SITE) and the INSAT system in 1983 established India as a significant player in satellite communication. This achievement has had a profound impact on telecommunications, broadcasting, and weather forecasting.

Global Pharmaceutical Hub

India has earned its reputation as “the pharmacy of the world.” Government initiatives, including the establishment of Hindustan Antibiotics Limited and Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited, along with private sector contributions, have led to the production of affordable and effective drugs and vaccines with a global impact.

Indigenous Defence Advancements

The Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) has been pivotal in developing indigenous defence systems, including advanced aircraft, weaponry, tanks, electronic warfare technologies, and missile systems. India’s successful nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998 have reinforced national security and sovereignty.

Space Exploration Excellence

The establishment of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969 marked a significant milestone. ISRO’s missions, including Chandrayaan (2008) and Mangalyaan (2014), have propelled India to the forefront of space exploration. India became the first nation to reach the orbit of Mars on its maiden attempt, expanding our knowledge of celestial bodies.

Global IT Dominance

The establishment of the Department of Electronics in 1970, coupled with the emergence of public sector companies like ECIL and CMC, challenged the dominance of global IT giants. Today, India stands as the world’s largest exporter of IT services, with companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) ranking among the top 10 IT firms globally, contributing significantly to the nation’s economic growth and technological prowess.

Achievements of India in Science and Technology

In the realm of space exploration, India has achieved notable milestones through the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). ISRO has successfully launched numerous satellites for communication, Earth observation, and navigation. The Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), launched in 2013, marked a historic achievement, making India the fourth country in the world to reach Mars on its maiden attempt. Additionally, the Chandrayaan-2 mission was launched to explore the Moon, comprising an orbiter, lander, and rover.

Nuclear Technology

India has made significant strides in nuclear technology, developing capabilities for both civilian and military purposes. The Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998 demonstrated India’s nuclear capabilities to the world. The Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research (IGCAR) and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) have played pivotal roles in advancing nuclear science within the country.

Information Technology

India has established itself as a global IT hub, with companies like Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Infosys, and Wipro leading the industry. These companies have contributed to Silicon Valley and the global tech industry, while Indian engineers and entrepreneurs have made substantial contributions in the field of information technology.

Pharmaceutical and Healthcare

India is a major player in the pharmaceutical industry, producing a significant portion of the world’s generic drugs. Indian pharmaceutical companies have played a crucial role in the global fight against diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria. This contribution to healthcare has had a global impact.

Renewable Energy

India has made significant progress in the field of renewable energy, setting ambitious goals for solar and wind energy generation. The International Solar Alliance (ISA), initiated by India, promotes cooperation among countries in harnessing solar energy, contributing to sustainable development.

Biotechnology

In the field of biotechnology, India has made advancements through research institutions and companies. These advancements encompass genetic engineering, vaccine development, and crop improvement, making significant contributions to the global biotech sector.

Supercomputing

India’s indigenous supercomputer, Param, has been a valuable tool for scientific research and weather forecasting. It showcases India’s capabilities in high-performance computing.

Agriculture and Green Revolution

The Green Revolution in the 1960s and 1970s, led by scientists like Norman Borlaug, transformed agricultural practices in India. It significantly increased food production and played a crucial role in improving food security.

Space Research and Navigation

India’s space research extends to navigation with the launch of its regional satellite navigation system called NavIC. NavIC provides accurate positioning information services to users in India and neighboring regions, enhancing navigation capabilities.

Science and Innovation

Indian scientists and researchers have made substantial contributions to various scientific fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics. Their work has elevated India’s standing in the global scientific community and contributed to scientific knowledge worldwide.

Concerns in Science and Technology in India

India’s science and technology landscape faces several concerns that impact its growth and competitiveness:

Funding Challenges: The level of investment in research and development in India is often insufficient to support cutting-edge scientific endeavors and technological innovations. Inadequate funding hampers the country’s ability to tackle critical challenges and compete globally.
Educational Variability: Disparities in the quality of science and technology education across the country hinder the development of a skilled workforce. Education reform is needed to make curriculum more relevant and equip students with practical skills.
Brain Drain: The emigration of highly skilled researchers and scientists to foreign countries in pursuit of better opportunities results in a substantial loss of expertise and innovation within India.
Innovation Ecosystem: Establishing a thriving innovation ecosystem with support for startups and entrepreneurship remains a challenge. Translating research into commercially viable products or services can be difficult.
Infrastructure Gaps: Inadequate infrastructure, including state-of-the-art research facilities, hinders scientific progress and innovation.

Way Forward

To bolster India’s science and technology sector, key measures are vital. Firstly, an increase in research and development funding is imperative, with a greater budget allocation to support innovative projects and cutting-edge scientific endeavors. Concurrently, a focus on education reform is essential, enhancing the quality of science and technology education with modernized curricula and practical skill development.

Mitigating the brain drain necessitates incentives to retain talented researchers and scientists while nurturing an innovation ecosystem through support for startups and streamlined regulations promotes the commercialization of research. Infrastructure development, including state-of-the-art research facilities, will facilitate scientific progress. These measures collectively position India to contribute significantly to global scientific advancements and ensure socio-economic development.

Science and Technology in India UPSC

Science and Technology is a significant subject within the Civil Services Examination. It’s evident from the numerous questions related to this subject that appear in both the UPSC Prelims and Mains. To assist IAS aspirants in their exam preparations, this article offers downloadable PDFs of UPSC notes on Science and Technology. In the UPSC Mains, Science and Technology form part of the GS III syllabus. Additionally, science subjects such as Botany, Chemistry, and Biology are among the optional subject choices for the IAS Mains exam. These scientific subjects offer the potential for high scores, but often, aspirants face challenges in balancing static and dynamic aspects while making notes, especially when dealing with contemporary issues from the news.

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Science and Technology in India FAQs

What is the role of science and technology in modern india.

Science and technology in modern India drive economic growth, healthcare advancements, and agricultural transformation while fostering innovation, global contributions, and socio-economic development.

What is the future of science and technology in India?

India aspires for advancements in experimental physics, astrophysics, drug development, diagnostics, and biotechnology, aiming to push scientific frontiers.

How does science and technology contribute to economic growth in India?

Science and technology underpin various industries, such as information technology, pharmaceuticals, and biotechnology, contributing to GDP and job creation.

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Essay on Technology Development in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on Technology Development in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

Introduction.

India has seen rapid technology development. This growth has improved lives and boosted the economy.

Technology in Education

Technology has transformed education in India. Digital classrooms and online learning have made education accessible to everyone.

Healthcare Technology

In healthcare, technology has enabled telemedicine and e-health services. This has improved healthcare access in rural areas.

Technology in Business

Businesses have benefited from technology, with e-commerce and digital payments becoming popular. This has boosted the economy.

250 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

India, a country known for its rich cultural heritage, has been making significant strides in technology development. The rapid advancements have not only revolutionized the urban landscape but also penetrated the rural regions, transforming the nation into a digital powerhouse.

Information Technology and Software Services

India’s Information Technology (IT) sector has been a major contributor to the country’s economic growth. The IT-BPM (Business Process Management) industry has made India a global outsourcing hub, creating millions of jobs and contributing significantly to the GDP. The development of software services, IT parks, and special economic zones has fostered innovation and entrepreneurship.

Telecommunication

The telecommunication sector in India has witnessed exponential growth with the advent of affordable smartphones and cheap data services. The introduction of 4G, and the impending launch of 5G, has improved connectivity, paving the way for digital inclusivity.

Space Technology

India’s space technology, spearheaded by ISRO, has garnered international acclaim. The successful missions to the moon (Chandrayaan) and Mars (Mangalyaan) have positioned India as a formidable player in space exploration.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning

India is making significant strides in the field of AI and ML. With a plethora of startups focusing on AI-based solutions, India is poised to become a global leader in this domain.

500 Words Essay on Technology Development in India

India, a country with a rich history and a fast-growing economy, has made significant strides in the field of technology. The country’s tech development has been marked by a series of remarkable achievements, from the establishment of prestigious institutes like the Indian Institutes of Technology to the launch of the Mars Orbiter Mission. This essay delves into the development of technology in India and its implications for the country’s future.

The Emergence of the IT Sector

India’s technological journey began in earnest with the emergence of the Information Technology (IT) sector in the 1990s. The liberalization of the Indian economy played a crucial role in this development, attracting foreign investments and paving the way for the growth of IT companies. Today, India’s IT sector is a global powerhouse, contributing significantly to the country’s GDP and providing employment to millions.

Start-up Ecosystem

The start-up ecosystem in India has also witnessed exponential growth, driven by technological innovation. With the government’s supportive policies and initiatives like ‘Start-up India’, young entrepreneurs are leveraging technology to solve a myriad of problems, from healthcare to education. This has led to the birth of several unicorns and has positioned India as a global innovation hub.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite these achievements, India faces several challenges in its technological journey. Issues such as digital divide, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate investment in research and development pose significant hurdles. However, these challenges also present opportunities for growth. For instance, the digital divide can be bridged through initiatives like the Digital India campaign, which aims to make government services digitally accessible to all citizens.

If you’re looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics:

Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here .

Essay on Science and Technology

Science and technology is the ultimate need of an hour that changes the overall perspective of the human towards life. Over the centuries, there have been new inventions in the field of science and technology that help in modernizing. Right from connecting with people to using digital products, everything involves science and technology. In other words, it has made life easy and simple. Moreover, humans now have to live a simple life. There is modern equipment explored by tech experts to find something new for the future.

Science and technology have now expanded their wings to medical, education, manufacturing and other areas. Moreover, they are not limited to cities, but also rural areas for educational purposes. Every day new technologies keep coming, making life easier and more comfortable.

Brief about Science

Throughout history, science has come a long way. The evolution of the person is the contribution to science. Science helped humans to find vaccines, potions, medicines and scientific aids. Over the centuries, humans have faced many diseases and illnesses taking many lives. With the help of science, medicines are invented to bring down the effect or element of these illnesses.

Brief of Technology

The mobile, desktop or laptop which you are using for reading this essay, mobile you use for connectivity or communication or the smart technology which we use in our daily life, are a part of technology. From the machinery used in the factory to the robots created all fall under tech invention. In simpler words, technology has made life more comfortable.

Advancement in science and technology has changed the modern culture and the way we live our daily life.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Science and Technology

Science and technology have changed this world. From TV to planes, cars to mobile, the list keeps on going how these two inventions have changed the world we see through. For instance, the virtual talks we do use our mobile, which was not possible earlier. Similarly, there are electrical devices that have made life easier.

Furthermore, the transportation process we use has also seen the contribution of science and technology. We can reach our destination quickly to any part of the world.

Science and technology are not limited to this earth. It has now reached mars. NASA and ISRO have used science and technology to reach mars. Both organizations have witnessed success in sending astronauts and technologies to explore life in the mars.

Other Benefits

Life is much simpler with science and technology

Interaction is more comfortable and faster

Human is more sophisticated

Disadvantages

With the progress in science and technology, we humans have become lazier. This is affecting the human mind and health. Moreover, several semi-automatic rifles are created using the latest technology, which takes maximum life. There is no doubt that the third world war will be fought with missiles created using technology.

Man has misused the tech and used it for destructive purposes.

Man uses them to do illegal stuff.

Technology such as a smartphone, etc. hurts children.

Terrorists use modern technology for damaging work.

Science and Technology in India

India is not behind when it comes to science and technology. Over the centuries, the country has witnessed reliable technology updates giving its people a better life. The Indian economy is widely boosted with science and technology in the field of astronomy, astrophysics, space exploration, nuclear power and more. India is becoming more innovative and progressive to improve the economic condition of the nation.

The implementation of technology in the research work promotes a better life ahead. Similarly, medical science in India is progressing rapidly, making life healthy and careful. Indian scientists are using the latest technology to introduce new medical products for people and offer them at the lowest price.

The Bottom Line

The main aim of writing this essay on science and technology is to showcase how humans have evolved over the years. Since we are advancing, the science and technology industry is also advancing at a faster pace. Although there are challenges, the road ahead is exciting. From interaction to transportation and healthcare in every sector, we will witness profitable growth in science and technology.

FAQs on Science and Technology Essay

1. How technology changed humans?

Technology has certainly changed the way we live our lives. Not a single piece of technology has failed and is continuously progressing. Be it the small industry or large, technology is a boom to your society. Technology can encompass ancient technologies like calculators, calendars, batteries and others. In future, the technology worlds include Blockchain technologies, smart cities, more advanced intelligent devices, quantum computers, quantum encryption, and others. Humans are updated with technology. This is a good sign for the coming generation.

2. What are the top technologies?

In the last few years, there has been a massive update in technology. From individuals to companies, everywhere, the use of technology is required. Some of the top technologies we are witnessing are

Data Science

Internet of Things

Blockchain

Robotic Process Automation (RPA)

Virtual Reality

Edge Computing

Intelligent apps

Artificial Intelligence

Each of these technologies is in the use of daily life and even in making products. However, to use this technology, there is a requirement of skilled professionals and they need proper training to use them.

3. Is the topic Science and Technology an appropriate topic for students?

Yes, Science and Technology are one of the most important topics every student should know in their schooling. The world is growing rapidly at an increasing rate where one should be equipped with minimum knowledge about these concepts. Science and technology have become a part of everyone’s life today. Therefore understanding them is definitely important.

4. Does writing essays improve English?

Yes, of course it does. Writing is absolutely fundamental to language learning. As with anything, however, it is important to learn when and what you write. If you do it all the time, your writing might sound forced. If you only do it when you don't have anything better to do, you might find yourself procrastinating, and not do it at all. It's also a lot more effective to compose essays when you are in that mindset of an essay. So, to answer your question, yes.

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Developments in Science and Technology and their Applications and Effects in Everyday Life

Last updated on March 3, 2024 by ClearIAS Team

Science and technology have given rise to several machinery and tools in different fields.

The use of these tools and machinery has helped in reducing the time, effort, and energy required in doing different works.

Table of Contents

Introduction

Science and technology (S&T) is universally acknowledged as a crucial tool for supporting and enhancing the nation’s economic and social growth. Over the years, India has made major advancements in many fields of science and technology, and now we can be proud of its robust network of S&T institutions, skilled workforce, and cutting-edge knowledge base.

The significance of bolstering the knowledge base has grown due to the rapid pace of globalization, the quick depletion of material resources, the rising competitiveness among states, and the increasing necessity to protect intellectual property.

Strengthening application-oriented research and development (R&D) for technology generation, fostering the development of human resources, particularly by enticing bright students to pursue careers in science, encouraging research into and application of science and technology (S&T) for predicting, preventing, and mitigating natural disasters, integrating S&T developments with all facets of national activities, and utilizing S&T to improve quality of life are all priorities today.
S&T is crucial to both macroeconomic growth and the microeconomic development of business competitiveness. For science and technology, globalization and liberalization have created both great potential and significant difficulties.

Developments in Science and Technology

Indians, like people in every other region of the world, have a rich tradition of scientific thinking. Science has traditionally been characterized by a curiosity for the unknown, together with experimentation and observation. The implication that truth could only be found in the real world with all of its richness and complexity resulted from this.

In the context of research and development, communities of people, institutions, and organizations exchange visions for the future of technology. They extrapolate the concepts into the not-too-distant future based on the consensus regarding their desirability and viability.

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These goals, therefore, take on a flexible, dynamic nature and have a significant impact on how innovation processes develop. They influence the intricate multi-actor process of choosing whether to pursue particular technical choices while excluding others from research and development initiatives.

Popular visions like the “information superhighway,” the “cashless society,” or the “paperless office” gain strength by combining institutions with the experience and knowledge of the people involved, fusing what is possible with what is desired in a unique and quite effective way.

Science and Technology in Ancient and Medieval India

India has a strong scientific and technological heritage. In India, scientific advancement is an outdated practice. India has had rapid advancements in science and technology since the time of the Indus Valley Civilization . If one were to evaluate advancement in antiquity, investigations have shown that,

In India, science and religion were closely related. The various fields of science underwent several advancements in antiquity. In the fields of astronomy, mathematics, medicine, metallurgy, geography, biology, chemistry, agriculture, etc., we discover advancements in various aspects of science.

Mathematics

Ancient India’s contributions to mathematics are profound and well-documented. Aryabhata, one of the earliest Indian mathematicians, introduced the concept of zero as a number and made significant contributions to the field of trigonometry and algebra.
His most famous work, Aryabhatiya, details astronomical observations and theories that suggest the Earth’s rotation on its axis.
Another notable mathematician, Brahmagupta, provided rules for arithmetic operations involving zero and negative numbers, and he also worked on equations that were to become the basis for algebra.
Indian astronomy was highly advanced for its time, with scholars like Aryabhata and Varahamihira making significant contributions.
The concept of a heliocentric solar system, as well as the understanding of eclipses and the Earth’s orbit around the Sun, were subjects of study.
The Surya Siddhanta, a treatise on astronomy, contains remarkably accurate calculations of the lengths of the solar year and the sizes and distances of the planets from the Earth.
The craft and science of metallurgy were highly advanced in ancient India, with the most famous example being the Iron Pillar of Delhi.
This pillar is a testament to the high skill level in ironworking and corrosion resistance.
The wootz steel, produced in India since ancient times, was exported across the world and is the precursor to modern high-quality steel alloys.

Medical Science (Ayurveda)

Ayurveda , the traditional system of medicine in India, was highly developed in ancient times.
Texts like the Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita are foundational works that detail surgical procedures, medicinal plants, and a holistic approach to health and wellness.
Sushruta, known as the father of surgery, described surgical techniques and instruments that are astonishingly advanced for their time.

Architecture and Engineering

The architectural and engineering achievements of ancient and medieval India are seen in its temples, palaces, and urban planning.
The concept of Vastu Shastra, an ancient Indian science of architecture and building, guided the construction of buildings and cities harmoniously integrated with nature.
The step-wells of Gujarat and Rajasthan are examples of advanced engineering and water management systems.
The ancient Indians also made significant strides in chemistry, known as Rasashastra.
It involved the extraction of metals, the manufacture of alloys, and the preparation of medicinal compounds. This knowledge was applied in various fields, including medicine and metallurgy.
India’s contribution to textiles, particularly cotton and silk weaving and dyeing, was significant.
Techniques for spinning, weaving, dyeing, and printing were highly sophisticated, contributing to a flourishing trade both within and outside India.

Developments in Science and Technology in Modern India

The government of India has adequately acknowledged the contribution that science and technology have made to the country’s progress. The Second Five-Year Plan emphasized that “the community’s readiness to apply modern science and technology is the most significant single component in supporting economic development.”

To support emerging fields of research and technology, the Department of Science and Technology (DST) was established in 1971. At the state level, State Councils of Science and Technology have also been established.
India has advanced greatly in many other domains in addition to these important ones. These include the exploration and refinement of oil by the Oil and Natural Gas Commission and the production of solar energy by the National Committee of Environment Planning.
To control pollution in the Ganga River , the Central Ganga Authority was established. The nation currently has a solid foundation in modem technology.
The relatively strict intellectual property laws in India will help the country become a significant R&D hub.

Space Research

India’s space program, spearheaded by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), stands out as one of the most successful in the world.

ISRO’s achievements include the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan) , which made India the first Asian nation to reach Martian orbit and the first in the world to do so in its maiden attempt.
The Chandrayaan missions aimed at exploring the moon have placed India among the elite group of countries that have mastered the technology for space exploration. Additionally, ISRO has developed a series of indigenous satellites and launch vehicles, such as the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) , enhancing India’s capability in remote sensing, communication, and navigation.

Information Technology and Software Services

R&D projects are increasingly being outsourced to India. More than 1,100 R&D centers have been established by multinational corporations (MNCs), including IBM, Google, Microsoft, Intel, Lupin, Wockhardt, and others. Information and communication technologies, biotechnology, aircraft, automotive, chemicals, and materials technology are all covered by these R&D facilities.

India has emerged as a global hub for information technology (IT) and software services, contributing significantly to the global IT workforce.
Indian IT firms like Infosys, TCS, and Wipro are recognized globally for their software development, IT services, and outsourcing solutions.
The country’s IT sector has been a critical driver of economic growth, generating millions of jobs and significantly contributing to India’s GDP.

Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry

India’s biotechnology sector has grown exponentially, with advancements in genetic engineering, stem cell research, and the development of vaccines and biopharmaceuticals.
The Indian pharmaceutical industry , known as the “pharmacy of the world,” is a leader in the production of generic drugs, supplying affordable medicines to various countries.
Indian companies like Biocon and Serum Institute of India play crucial roles in drug development and vaccine production, contributing to global health initiatives.

Renewable Energy

India’s commitment to renewable energy is evident in its ambitious targets and projects in solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.
The International Solar Alliance (ISA) , co-founded by India, aims to harness solar energy globally, especially in countries rich in solar potential.
The country’s push for renewable energy is part of its broader efforts to combat climate change and reduce dependence on fossil fuels.

Nuclear and Defense Technology

India has made significant advancements in nuclear technology and defense. It has developed nuclear reactors for energy production and is a member of the select group of countries with indigenous capabilities to design and build nuclear-powered submarines.
In defense, India is focusing on self-reliance through the development of various indigenous systems, including missiles (Agni and Prithvi series), fighter jets (Tejas), and other advanced military technologies.

Digital India Initiative

The Digital India initiative aims to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy.
It focuses on improving online infrastructure, increasing internet connectivity, and making government services electronically available to citizens. This initiative has led to significant advancements in digital payments, e-governance, and internet accessibility across the country.
In terms of the number of startups , India is currently the third-largest nation. In the upcoming years, it is anticipated that this number will increase tremendously.
The Atal Innovation Mission (AIM) was established by the government to drastically change the nation’s innovation, entrepreneurship, and start-up ecosystems.

Global participation

The government is sponsoring numerous research and development programs as part of the national policy to boost scientific activities. Thus, we discover that scientific knowledge and modern technology have had an impact on practically every field, including ocean development, nuclear energy, space technology, electronics, agriculture, and industry.

Leading some groundbreaking research being done around the world are scientists from India. It has been exciting to see recent advancements in frontier science and technology made by Indian scientists.
For instance, 37 Indian scientists from nine Indian institutes were instrumental in the gravitational wave discovery that won the 2017 Physics Nobel Prize .
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) , located in the United States, discovered a neutron star merger with the assistance of Indian scientists.
Additionally, it boasts the third-largest technical and scientific labor force in the entire world.

Developments in Science and Technology-Effects in Everyday Life

Every day of the year, from the moment we wake up until the time we go to bed, science and technology have an impact on all of us. Science has given us many things, including our digital alarm clock, the weather report, the cars we drive and the buses we ride, our choice to eat a baked potato rather than fries, our cell phones, the antibiotics that treat sore throats, the clean water, and the light. Developments in Science and technology have impacted both Socialization and productivity.

Because of the internet’s strength, it is now easier to share ideas and resources and to create global communities. Without the knowledge and technologies made possible by science, the modern world would not even remotely be modern.
Science has a rising impact on people’s lives. Even while the benefits to humanity in recent decades have been unsurpassed in the history of the human species, there have been certain cases where the influence has been negative or the long-term implications raise grave concerns.
Today, there is a sizable amount of popular skepticism about science and anxiety around technology. This is partly due to the perception held by some people and communities that they will be the ones to experience the unintended negative effects of technological advancements made to benefit a wealthy minority.
Because research can effect change, scientists have a responsibility to act and speak with extreme prudence. Scientists ought to consider the social repercussions of technological applications or the dissemination of incomplete information resulting from their work, and they ought to explain to the general public and decision-makers the level of scientific uncertainty or incompleteness in their conclusions.
To help people adapt to environmental change, they should also not be afraid to fully utilize the predictive capacity of science when done right, especially in situations where there are immediate concerns like natural disasters or water shortages.
The S&T sector offers straightforward, reasonably priced scientific solutions that enable people to save time and effort and increase their revenue. Technologies provide value to the goods produced by the cottage and small-scale industries, boosting their competitiveness.
By focusing on computer literacy and making IT accessible to individuals without formal schooling, S&T can, in general, play a significant role in bringing IT to the most isolated regions of the nation.
Thus, via skill development and training that is activity-oriented, supporting the growth of entrepreneurship, and promoting self-employment using new technologies, the “problem population” can be transformed into an important “human resource.”
S&T provides solutions for short-term issues like switching to non-conventional energy sources and product packaging as well as long-term issues like drought, epidemics, drinking water shortages, nutrition, sanitation, health, and housing.
Through the use of environmentally friendly technology, S&T knowledge can be used to create ways to encourage people to develop the habit of using natural resources like wood, bamboo, medicinal plants, etc. more wisely.

Developments in Science and Technology and Society

In the past 200 years, the wealthier sectors of the human race have primarily exploited science as a tool for military might and economic advancement. It is increasingly obvious that the existing use of natural resources and growing strains on the local and regional environment cannot go on indefinitely without the breakdown of the natural support systems that enable current civilizations.

Science, which played a role in creating this scenario, now bears the primary duty of assisting societies in moving away from a fixation with growth and toward the development of an ecological and economic system that is dynamically stable and sustainable.

An alliance between contemporary technical science with the universal knowledge of indigenous societies and philosophers from all cultures can be crucial throughout this transition.

The pace of change in both natural and human conditions and problems is predicted to increase in the twenty-first century.

Scientists have a growing responsibility to work with policymakers and the general public to find and implement solutions or means of adaptation to issues that are both local and global, such as balancing the current competitive profit motive with the common good; allowing contributions from and benefits to marginalized elements of society and minority cultures; justifying current expenditures to avoid costs or damages to future generations; and rewarding scientific achievement.

There has never been a more crucial time for Developments in Science and Technology to influence and progress society and government.

Article written by Aseem Muhammed

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Science And Technology Essay

The knowledge of science is the knowledge that enlightens the route, directs one to the right path, and frees the individual from the burden of worldly responsibilities. Technology is the creation, alteration, or modification of the natural environment to fulfil reportedly unsatisfied human desires and needs. Here are a few sample essays on the topic ‘science and technology’.

100 Words Essay On Science And Technology

Technology is the practical application of science that improves the quality of life, whereas science is a systematic approach that uses observation and experimentation to gain information and develop abilities. Technology is a product of systematic research, which is what science is. Technology development usually follows scientific progress, and the latter is just a logical consequence of the former, so science and technology go hand in hand.

Today, science and technology are vitally important to a country’s overall development. These two describe the progress in nearly every field, i.e., infrastructure development, communications, defence, industrialisation, etc. Because of advancements in science and technology, the world is changing quickly and at an unprecedented rate.

200 Words Essay On Science And Technology

In order to have a strong national economy, science and technology are essential. Gross domestic product growth helps the economy advance technologically. They encourage the development of high-tech industries, boost productivity, build capital, and promote healthy global competitiveness. There is a real impact of science and technology on the agriculture industry. It goes without saying that their engagement has boosted crop yield. In addition, science and technology are assisting farmers in implementing new methods and equipment to minimise physical labour.

Medical, educational, economic, sporting, employment, tourism, and other fields are examples of science and technology. All of these developments demonstrate how equally important both are to our lives. By directly contrasting the lifestyles of the ancient world and the modern world, we can observe the differences in our way of life. The high level of scientific and technological development in medicine has made it easier to treat numerous ailments than it was before. It aids in the efficient treatment by medical professionals in the treatment of different illnesses through medications and operations and aids in the research of diseases like cancer, AIDS, diabetes, Alzheimer's, paralysis, etc.

Every day, advances in science and technology bring people closer together. In the department of transportation and telecommunication, we observe discernible development. Physical distance is no longer an obstacle thanks to the internet and the metro network. Every aspect of our lives has received a virtual makeover because of them.

500 Words Essay On Science And Technology

Science and Technology play significant roles in our daily lives. We turn out the lights at night and get out of bed when our alarm clocks ring in the morning. Science and technology have enabled us to purchase all of these luxuries. Most importantly, the development of science and technology alone is the reason we can do most things in our lives in such a short period. Without science and technology, our modern way of life is difficult to imagine. Indeed, it is now essential to our continued survival. New technologies are developing daily that make life easier and more comfortable.

We are in a scientific and technological age. Due to science and technology, many civilizations have been established. This establishment grows every day. People benefit from these, which makes life more enjoyable and relaxing.

Benefits Of Science and Technology

Considerable advantages of science and technology come to mind. They range in size from minor to significant. For instance, the morning newspaper we read, which provides us with trustworthy information, is a product of scientific advancement. Additionally, technological growth has led to the development of electrical appliances like refrigerators, conditioners, microwaves, and other items that make living easier.

Furthermore, if we consider the situation involving transportation, we see that science and technology also play a significant part in this case. Thanks to improving technology, we can travel to various parts of the world within hours. Science and technology have made it possible for a man to look beyond the Earth. The exact science and technology have enabled the establishment of satellites in orbit and the finding of new planets.

The domains of medicine and agriculture have similarly been impacted by science and technology. Millions of lives have been saved thanks to science's varied disease remedies. Technology has also improved the yield of various crops, greatly helping farmers.

India And Science And Technology

India has engaged in negotiations worldwide since the end of the British era. Science and technology have aided India's advancement since it attained independence. It is now a crucial source of innovative and fundamental scientific advancements worldwide. In other words, the Indian economy has benefited from all the remarkable scientific and technological advances made in our nation.

In the years that followed, science and technology helped advance in several sectors, including mathematics, astrophysics, space technology, nuclear energy, and more. The railway system, smartphones, the metro system, and many other innovations are excellent examples of these advancements.

Looking at the most recent accomplishment, Chandrayaan 2 was successfully launched by India. India's lunar expedition has received praise from critics all across the world. Once more, science and technology were responsible for making these accomplishments feasible.

We must acknowledge that technology and science have helped human civilization reach the highest living level and will continue to do so. However, we must use everything sparingly and in moderation. Technology and science misuse can have adverse effects and we are dealing with some of those. Therefore, we must keep an eye on usage and exercise caution while using the gift of science and technology.

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The Evolution of Science and Technology in India since Independence

2008, UNESCO History of Humanity Volume VII The Twentieth Century Edited by Sarvepalli Gopal and Sergei L. Tikhvinsky Co-edited by I. A. Abu-Lughod, G. Weinberg, I. D. Thiam and W. Tao Scientific and Cultural Development Volume VII The Twentieth Century

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This review was published in two parts. The first half (published on May 17, 2021) considered the proposal to set up a National Research Foundation, while the second reviews the draft Science, Technology and Innovation Policy document, released in December 2020 (May 18, 2021). The article closes with a reflection on the role of S&T policy documents and concludes that without a careful analysis of the factors explaining past technological failures, such exercises are not particularly useful. https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/india-national-research-foundation-draft-stip-2020-science-and-technology-policy-review/ https://science.thewire.in/the-sciences/why-2003-was-an-important-year-for-indias-st-policy-resolutions/

Sabyasachi Saha

The paper investigates the structure and functioning of the science and technology (S&T) system in India as it has evolved in the post-independence period (1947 onwards). The networks of entities involved in S&T actions, the paper argues, can be categorised, in terms of adopted approaches to agenda and priority setting and accounting for actions, into two streams. The origins and expansion of the two streams are traced. One, the ' Elite' stream (high profile and visibility linked to big industry), adopting what the paper has generically termed the 'Nehruvian' model of development, is shown to have emerged as a dominant network. The other socially powerful 'Subaltern' stream (less visible, closer to ground realities and linked to village and cottage industry), adopting the 'Gandhian' model of development, still remains dispersed and outside the consideration of high-level decision-making bodies. The paper stresses the importance of moving the support and attention from the dominant stream to efforts that attempt a synthesis between the dominant and the subaltern.

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Development of science and technology in India after Independence

Developing India the country of Kanad, Vishwamitra, C.V Raman, and last but not least, India, the country of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam. Comprising 17% of the world population, it is one of the most densely populated countries in the world. After nearly two centuries of despotic British rule, India gained independence in 1947. The British left India as a poor, dependent, underdeveloped, socially, and economically backward nation. It was the vision of Pandit Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India, and the need of India at that time that led to the foundation of the Indian Institute of Technology in 1950 after only three years of independence. These institutes, with assistance from international institutes, promoted the research in India. Nehru aimed to inculcate the scientific temper among the Indians. As per Nehru, “Science was not merely an individual’s search for truth; it was something infinitely more than that if it worked for the community”. He also aimed “to convert India’s economy into that of a modern state, and to fit her into the nuclear age and do it quickly”. The Department of scientific research and natural resources was also set up by him. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) also expanded during this time due to the initiation of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar, who is popularly known as the father of Indian research laboratories.

Development in defence technology:

Vulnerable India-China and the India-Pakistan border were the real concern for India. To secure borders, more advanced defence technology is needed. Thus, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) was set up in 1958. After its formation, it has developed several large programs and essential technology, including aircraft, small and large arms, artillery systems, electronic warfare (EW) systems, tanks, and armored vehicles, sonar systems, command and control systems, and missile systems.

Development in the nuclear energy sector:

The nuclear energy program of India has its origin in 1944. Dr. Homi Bhaba approached the Tata trust and, with their financial support, TIFR was founded in Mumbai. TIFR later conducted a number of studies in the fields of physics, nuclear energy, and cosmic rays. In 1954, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) was established by the government of India. India successfully tested the first nuclear bomb in 1974, under the guidance of nuclear physicist Raja Ramanna at Pokhran. Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam describes nuclear power as the “gateway to a prosperous future”. India is currently suffering from electricity shortages. Even now, a large number of the population lacks access to electricity. To meet the rising demand, the country will need to produce even more power as the economy grows and the population grows. Energy supplies are being exhausted to satisfy current demand. We need to produce more energy for our prosperous future. Electric energy can be generated from the heat generated by nuclear fission.

Development in space technology:

For more advanced scientific research, with the help of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai, the Indian space research organization (ISRO) was set up in 1969. Aryabhatta, the first Indian satellite, was launched by the Soviet Union in 1975. In recent times, ISRO has conducted two successful space projects, Chandrayaan, and Mangalyaan in 2008 and 2014 respectively. At present, our main priorities are Chandrayaan-3 and Gaganyaan mission”.

This is the history of scientific research programs in India, but after digging into the past, let’s come to the present. Due to the initiation and vision of some great scientists and leaders, renowned institutes have been established in India, but today, students passing from these institutes are migrating to foreign countries and many Indian researchers are working with non-Indian research centers. If this process continues, this could prove to be a huge setback for the scientific development program in India. We are not far behind in terms of ability. If we take visionary steps, we can surely get positive outcomes.

development of science and technology in india essay

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Science and Technology in Ancient India

Sub-Categories:

Science and Technology

Prelims : General Science

Mains : Achievements of Indians in Science & Technology; Indigenization of Technology and Developing New Technology.

In Ancient India not only great accomplishments were achieved in the fields of art and architecture, literature, philosophy etc., but many natural and pure sciences also flourished and registered remarkable growth and development. In the realm of astronomy, mathematics, biological, and medical science ancient Indians made various breakthroughs.

The earliest-known dockyard , which could berth and service ships, was situated at Lothal . Indian metallurgy was very advanced. The Mehrauli iron pillar of Delhi is seven metres high and has never rusted, is a testimony to that technology.

Contribution of Ancient India to Modern Science

India has been contributing to the fields of science and technology since ancient times. Even today, what we term as ‘traditional knowledge’ is actually based on scientific reasoning. Technology is today defined as applied science, but early humans developed technologies such as stone-working, agriculture, animal husbandry, pottery, metallurgy, textile manufacturing, woodcarving, boat-making, and sailing.

The first stone tools in the Indian subcontinent go back more than two million years.
The Neolithic revolution saw the development of agriculture in parts of the Indus and the Ganges valleys, which in turn triggered the need for pots, water management, metal tools, transport, etc.
Metallurgy brought about significant changes in human society as it gave rise to an entirely new range of weapons, tools, and implements.

Metallurgy may be defined as the extraction, purification, alloying, and application of metals. Mehrgarh in Baluchistan provides the first evidence of metal in the Indian subcontinent .

Wootz steel: Wootz steel, first produced in South India around 300 BCE, was created by carburising iron under controlled conditions.

The products made of this Indian steel came to be known as Damascus swords.
Wootz steel is primarily iron containing a high proportion of carbon (1.0-1.9%).
It also spurred developments in modern metallographic studies and also qualifies as an advanced material in modern terminology since such steel are shown to exhibit super-plastic properties.
Iron Pillar of Delhi: It consists of about six tons of wrought iron . The rust-resistant quality is chiefly due to the presence of phosphorus in the iron and this element, together with iron and oxygen from the air, contributes to the formation of a thin protective passive coating on the surface, which gets reconstituted if damaged by scratching.

Lost Wax Technique: It was invented more than 5,000 years ago to create the finest level of detail in sculpting.
It is a metal casting technique in which hot metal is poured into a wax model that is 'lost' during the process.
Example: The iconic “Dancing Girl” bronze sculpture, in Mohenjo-daro , was created using the lost wax technique.

Each metal‘s properties and medicinal uses are clearly brought out within the alchemical framework of the times.
It is a specialized branch of Ayurveda dealing mainly with materials which are known as ‘Rasa dravyaas’.
Its evolution is traced to the Sage Nagarjuna.
Naagaarjuna proclaimed that the objective of the science of mercury is not limited to Alchemy (Dhaatuvaada) but also to maintain health and strengthen the body for achieving Mukti i.e. ultimate salvation.
The Ramayan and the Mahabharata mention weapons with arrowheads coated with a variety of chemicals, indicating their knowledge of Alchemy.
Kanad's atomic theory was the very first atomic theory ever proposed.
The ancient schools of Hindu Philosophical teachings known as Vaisheshika and the school of logic known as Nyaya laid the groundwork for Ayurveda.
According to Ayurveda all objects in the universe including the human body are composed of five basic elements (Panchamahabhutas) namely, Akash, Vayu, Agni, Jala and Prithvi.
With its Dravidian origin , was attributed to the reputed Siddhas, who were supposed to have evolved many life-prolonging compositions, rich in mineral medicines.
The Siddha system uses many preparations of plant and mineral origin in powder form, prepared through various procedures including calcination.
The credit for systematically presenting this goes to Patanjali .
Veterinarians were called salihotriya , after the famous horse medicine authority Salihotra , in ancient times.

Astronomy and Space

It is part of the Vedangas , and it covers a wide range of topics, including the phases of the Moon, the solar and lunar calendars, and the positions of the planets.
The observatories, or "Jantar Mantars" incorporate multiple buildings of unique form, each with a specialized function for astronomical measurement.

Aeronautics

These rockets used a special type of gunpowder, which produced a fierce bursting, odour, and smoke, as well as a terrifying noise.

Mathematics

They throw light on various significant mathematical formulae, including the value of ‘pi’ and giving a version of the Pythagoras.
Aryabhata I , invented a system of expressing numbers using consonants and vowels, which was based on the decimal place value principle.
Brahmagupta, Bhaskara I, and others provided formulas for calculating the sine of any angle without using a table.

Ancient Indian Scientists

In ancient India great luminaries cultivated sciences with their personal curiosity under active royal patronization. Following are some notable Indian scholars:

(800 BCE- 740 BCE)

- Baudhayana was the , is also known as the ‘

- He was a great scholar of philosophy, religion, mathematics, and language.

- Shulba Sutra and Shrauta Sutra.

- He is considered one of the first to discover the

This is considered an earlier statement of the Pythagorean theorem.

- is recognized as the

- He was a surgeon and philosopher who compiled a monumental treatise on surgery, ‘

- India was the first place where (developed by Sushrutha) was invented and used.

- He took surgery in ancient India to admirable heights and that era was later regarded as the .

were the first forms of the modern surgeon's spring forceps and dissection and dressing forceps. .

- Kanada was the first proponent of the ' and stated that the atom is indivisible and the world is made up of atoms.

- He also added that there are varieties of atoms that are as different as the different classes of substances.

- In 200 BCE, he wrote about , and in he describes the

- He founded the , which embodied the oldest forms of Indian science.

- Charaka is known as the

- He appears to have been a pioneer in the philosophy.

- He wrote (treatise on ayurveda) the description of a large number of diseases, causes and their treatment.

- He described the andwas the first physician who stated the concepts of

- Aryabhatta was

(mathematics and astronomy) (astronomical computations).

, according to Aryabhatta, was not only a numeral but also a

as opposed to the prevailing ideas that caused eclipses.

- Aryabhata II was a mathematician and astronomer.

- The Mahasiddhanta or Aryasiddhanta, is an astronomical compendium based on the orthodox tradition of s.

- He played a vital role in constructing a which was accurate up to

- Brahmagupta, a most accomplished mathematician, was responsible for creating good mathematics in the form of and

He was the

- He was believed to be a court astronomer to emperor .

- Bahmasphutasiddhanta (theory of “the opening of the universe”), Khandakhadyaka (astronomical calculations).

- Bhaskara I, was a mathematician and astronomer (7th century CE)

covers a wide range of topics, including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. and the which follow Aryabhata’s system of astronomy.

- Varahamihira was a renowned astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer.

(comprehensive work on astronomy, astrology, architecture, gemology, agriculture, mathematics, and gemology). (astrology) like horoscopy. (book on mathematical astronomy) that the (precession of the equinoxes) lasted for seconds.

- He first described as an attractive “Force”, which binds various things together.

- Bhaskara II was an Indian astronomer and mathematician (12th CE century)

(It contains the essence of ancient Indian astronomy and mathematics). and orbital periods of Mercury, Venus, and Mars.

- He was a chemist and an

{It deals with preparing rasa (liquids, mainly mercury)}. It is a literary piece on alchemy composed around 7th-8th century CE.

- He for the first time, not only enunciated but also propounded zinc production by a

- His efforts were focused on transforming base metals into gold.

FAQs on Science and Technology in Ancient India

How did science and technology develop during the vedic period.

In the Vedic period , Chandogya Upanishad mentions the science of numbers, known as "ganita," which encompassed astronomy, arithmetic, and algebra. Vedic literature also includes six treatises on Vedic geometry from the six Vedic schools.

Who were the ancient Indian Scientists and Mathematicians?

Some well-known ancient Indian mathematicians include Baudhayan, Aryabhatta, Brahmgupta, Bhaskaracharya, and Mahaviracharya. Some well-known scientists include Kanad, Varahamihira, and Nagarjuna.

What was the golden age of science in ancient India?

Given the significant advances made in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, science, philosophy, and religion during the Gupta Empire, the time between the fourth and sixth centuries CE are referred to as the Golden Age of science in India.

What is Alchemy?

Alchemy is an ancient practice shrouded in mystery and secrecy. Its practitioners mainly sought to turn lead into gold.

75 Years of Indian Science and Technology: A Mission in Sustainability and Self-Sufficiency

Rachana bhattacharjee.

Image for representational purposes only

At the start of India’s 75th year of Independence, Dr. Jitendra Singh, Minister of State (Independent Charge) for the Ministry of Science and Technology and Earth Sciences, said , “We are a frontline nation in various fields in the world, and a lot of credit for this goes to the hard work and dedication of our scientific fraternity. They have contributed enormously to India’s rapid ascent in the last 75 years.” A year later, as India celebrated the completion of 75 years of Independence and looked towards the future with new inspiration, this pride in the nation’s achievements, this belief in the country’s people, continued to ring true.

Indeed, in 1947, after a war for independence, India found itself socio-economically broken and in need of rapid reconstruction. The government and the people came together across various fields, and through policy and innovation, step by step, India grew stronger, achieving many milestones and becoming recognised globally.

The Foundations

The story broadly begins with the formulation of the first 5-year plan in 1951 , which focused on agriculture, science, infrastructure, and education, and importantly, on laying the foundation for fundamental research. Over the first few decades, India built and improved academic institutes, laboratories, and research centres across the country. To augment these efforts and provide direction to the research in the country, several government organisations were also set up , such as the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in 1942, the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in 1954, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) in 1958, the departments of Electronics and Science and Technology in 1971, Department of Space in 1972, and Department of Environment in 1980. In addition, in 1976, another crucial step was taken: India adopted a “scientific temper” in its Constitution , declaring the development of a scientific temper, humanism, and the spirit of inquiry to be the duty of every Indian citizen.

Agriculture

By 1976, India had already achieved two major milestones in self-sufficiency, the Green Revolution and White Revolution. In the 1960s, research on high-yielding wheat varieties at the Indian Agriculture Research Institute, supported by the indigenous development of technology such as tractors and agri-pesticides by CSIR and Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), helped India increase its wheat and rice production significantly. This enabled the country to move away from large-scale imports permanently. At the same time, Dr. Verghese Kurien and his team at Anand, Gujarat, revolutionised the milk industry and removed the need for milk imports by proving, for the first time in the world, that buffalo milk could be processed and stored as milk powder . Dr. Kurien was instrumental in creating nationwide dairy cooperatives that ensured no milk went to waste.

This was followed by the Yellow Revolution and Blue Revolution in the late 1980s, which boosted the production of edible oilseeds and made India the second largest fish producing country, respectively. In the 1990s came the Golden Revolution , which aimed at scaling up honey and horticultural production.

Through these years and into the 21st century, India has grown to become self-sufficient in the cultivation of various spices, medicinal plants, and aromatic plants that are an important presence in Indian culture and lifestyle, such as asafoetida, mentha, lavender, and saffron. And true to a legacy that began with the Green Revolution, India continues to advance in agri-genomics and genome editing to improve yields and adapt farmed varieties to the changing times.

The 1960s—the time of the Green Revolution—is also the decade in which India reached its first defence milestone: the launch of the first indigenous naval submarine, INS Kalvari . This was the start of a long list of ‘Made-in-India’ technologies not just in defence but across fields. However, in the defence sector, India went on to successfully build, test, and deploy the Agni and Prithvi missiles , supersonic fighter aircrafts such as Tejas, nuclear missiles (Pokhran II) , the world’s fastest supersonic cruise missile of its kind BrahMos , ballistic missile submarine INS Arihant , and aircraft carrier INS Vikrant , to name a few. These have been possible through the indigenous development , often from scratch, of individual state-of-the-art technologies for defence aircraft and equipment components, such as Autoclave Technology to process lightweight composites used in modern-day civil and military airframes, and head-up displays (HUDs).

In addition to aircraft, missiles, and submarines, there have been several other key developments in the recent past , such as the anti-satellite technology developed under Mission Shakti, which has made India the 4th nation to demonstrate this capability based on indigenous technology; Astra, the first indigenous beyond visual range air-to-air missile, which has placed India among a select few nations that possess this technology; the ATAGS 155 mm gun, which has the longest firing range in the world; radars like the weapon locating radar Swathi and low-level tracking radars for applications in mountains; electronic warfare systems; underwater weapons and countermeasure systems; and drones and anti-drone systems.

At present , the DRDO is conducting research on ways to integrate technologies such as quantum systems, hypersonic systems, advanced materials, and artificial intelligence into the defence sector. In fact, the Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSDTV) was successfully tested in 2020, making India the 4th country to showcase the use of this technology.

The space sector is another area where India has built technology indigenously and received global recognition. This saga begins in 1975 with the launch of Aryabhata , the first Indian satellite—which was equipped with instruments for conducting experiments in x-ray astronomy and solar physics—and the launch of SITE (Satellite Instructional Television Experiment), which brought community TV sets even in remote areas of India. These, and later, the launch of the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) and Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) in the 80s, ushered in an era of prosperity through mass communication, remote sensing, weather prediction, atmospheric and space research, and more.

In 1980, India successfully launched its first Satellite Launch Vehicle, SLV-3. In 1984, India sent Rakesh Sharma , its first astronaut, into outer space. In the 2000s, India began to build its own rockets, which not only carried indigenous satellites and research instruments, but also sent instruments from other developed nations into space. Notable among missions run by Indian rockets are Chandrayaan 1 (India’s first mission to the moon; through which India became the 4th country to send a probe to the lunar surface; and in which, India made the pathbreaking discovery of water molecules on the lunar surface), the Mars Orbiter Mission (where India became the first nation to enter the Martian orbit in its maiden attempt), launch of GSLV-D5 (which was powered by the first Indian made cryogenic engine), and the world record set by successfully placing 104 satellites in orbit during a single launch.

In addition to these missions, in the 21st century, India continues to develop its space sector through the creation of organisations like the Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe) under the Department of Space, to promote greater private and citizen participation in the sector—this has led to the successful launch of four student satellites—and institutes to train engineers for the Indian Space Programme, such as the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology in Thiruvananthapuram.

In the coming years, India is gearing up for several ambitious missions, including a soft landing on the moon (Chandrayaan 3), a human spaceflight mission (Gaganyaan), a solar mission (Aditya L1), and a Venus orbiter mission (Shukrayaan). In an exclusive interview for the PSA Office, Mr. S. Somnath, Secretary, Department of Space (DoS) and Chairperson, ISRO, talked about how these missions “define our identity as a technology-creating nation striving to lead one of the most powerful and influential space programmes in the 21st century world.” The nation also remains immersed in research to build small satellite launch vehicles, air-breathing rocket propulsion systems, reusable rocket technology, and more. “These missions are opportunities to train a young scientific workforce that looks beyond routine tasks and drives fundamental knowledge creation. We aim to involve engineers, mathematicians, astronomists, astrophysicists, and entrepreneurs for building capacity for national missions and commercial economic ventures,” said Mr. Somnath.

Societal welfare and sustainability

From the 1980s and 90s, India made many achievements in various fields of science and technology where progress was focused solely on improving lives on the ground. At the turn of the decade in the 80s, India adopted Mark-II handpumps across rural areas, countering drought in a major way. In 1983, the first Indian scientific base station was set up in Antarctica . In 1984, the setting up of C-DOT (Centre for Development of Telematics) pooled the nation’s telecom researchers and resources under one roof, kickstarting the telecom revolution. In 1986, the first Railway passenger reservation system was set up, which was the largest such project demonstrating the application potential of information technology.

The year 1986 also marked the birth of the country’s first test tube baby , Harsha; this feat, in combination with the pioneering of in vitro fertilization by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) earlier in the decade, placed India on the world map in the field of assisted reproduction. In 1991 , DNA fingerprinting was first used as evidence in a legal dispute—opening doors to new possibilities in forensics, genome research, and genetic testing in healthcare—and PARAM, India’s first supercomputer, was built. In 1998, Kalpakkam , India’s nuclear power generation and fuel reprocessing plant, was established.

Kalpakkam has gone on to achieve considerable significance in terms of the nation’s sustainability goals in the decades since its opening. Recently, it became the location for two water desalination plants built by DAE, which supply potable water to a nearby township. It is also the location for a novel sewage treatment plant by DAE. In a way, it is becoming the site that recalls the wide array of research work that the DAE conducts , from developing research nuclear reactors to discovering effective isotopes for radiotherapy, and inventing low-cost water purification systems that require no electricity.

Heading into the 21st century , India conducted its first electronic-voting-machine-based elections in 2004; developed Aadhar, a unique identification number for all residents, in 2009; was declared polio-free in 2014; and set up an arctic observation station, IndARC, in 2015. In the 2020s, the momentum continues with the development of a hydrogen-powered car , the first indigenous social humanoid robot , the first indigenous server RUDRA , a manned submersible Samudrayan , and indigenous COVID-19 vaccines , among other innovations.

Today, India has to its credit several indigenous diagnostic kits , including those for HIV; several vaccines , such as those for rotavirus, multibacillary leprosy, dengue, malaria, chikungunya, and influenza; drugs , such as anti-fungal compositions and affordable generic versions of western brands; and medical devices, such as Sohum , for the early detection of hearing impairment in children, and NeoBreath , a foot-operated resuscitation device for neonatal care. These, supported by healthcare-focused policies, have contributed greatly to the improvement in life expectancy from 32 years in 1947 to 69.4 years in 2021. They have also helped reduce maternal mortality from 2000 to 113 per 100,000 live births and infant mortality from 145 to 28.7 per 1000 live births, during the same time period.

Overall, India is one of the top nations in terms of renewable energy installations , has nurtured the 3rd largest start-up ecosystem in the world, and houses the world’s largest vaccine producer . The nation is well-known globally for participation in international mega-science projects such as the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), Large Hadron Collider (LHC, CERN), International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), and Square Kilometre Array (SKA).

On the road to India@100

The foundations set up in the early years after independence—which have been bolstered and upgraded through the establishment of new institutes and laboratories, new and evolving policies and initiatives, and new targets in the form of national goals—have played a crucial role in setting the nation’s course towards self-reliance and sustainability, resulting in the achievements we celebrate today.

With these achievements have come learnings, skill, and development, which have prepared us to take on the grand challenges that remain to be solved in our country. Now, at the beginning of what the Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi, has termed ‘Amrit Kaal ’—or the auspicious era of the 25 years remaining until India@100—several cogs have already been set in motion towards achieving India’s developmental goals. The Atal Innovation Mission has set up incubation centres for start-ups in a wide range of fields; scientific exploration missions, such as the Deep Ocean Mission or space missions have opened doors to new discoveries; the Digital India movement has been launched to develop semiconductors, spread the network of optical fibres for 5G to rural areas, and drive transformation in education, healthcare, and agriculture through digitalisation; production-linked incentive (PLI) schemes have been set up to boost manufacturing and bring in technologies from abroad; and progressive policies regarding drones have opened up a myriad of possibilities for goods deliveries, digital mapping, surveillance, and flying taxis. This list is not exhaustive.

In his speech on India’s 76th Independence Day, the Prime Minister urged the nation to work towards self-reliance in renewables in terms of harnessing solar and wind energy, producing hydrogen fuel and biofuel, and promoting electric vehicles. He emphasized the need for more sustainable practices in agriculture, such as using nanofertilizers and shifting to organic and chemical-free farming. He also hailed the technological successes of the country and highlighted our power to become a technology hub in the coming decades.

Indeed, it is only on the back of science, technology, and innovation that India will grow to become a force to reckon with on the global stage.

If you would like to dive into 75 years of Indian science, technology, and innovation in further detail, read the curated list of articles below:

• Science Reporter Issue 2021 , http://nopr.niscair.res.in/jinfo/sr/2021/Science%20Reporter%20August%202021.pdf

o “Some Leaders Who Helped Shape Science in India, and Who Left us Recently” by Prof. K. VijayRaghavan o “Celebrating 75 Years of India’s S&T Journey: Major Recent Contributions of DST” by Ashutosh Sharma, Akhilesh Gupta, and Jenice Jean Goveas o “From Sounding Rocket to Launch Vehicles: Achievements of Department of Space” by K. Sivan o “Changing the Tide in Public Health Systems in 75 Years: Role of ICMR” by Balram Bhargava and Rajni Kant o “The Journey of Building Defence Technological Capability” by G. Satheesh Reddy o “75 Years of India’s Independence and 80 Years of CSIR” by Shekhar C. Mande, Geetha Vani Rayasam, and G. Mahesh o “Indian Agriculture: Journey from Begging Bowl to Sustainable Food Security” by Trilochan Mohapatra and P. K. Rout o “Department of Atomic Energy: A Proud Symbol of AatmaNirbhar Bharat” by K. N. Vyas and M. Ramanamurthi o “DBT: Building a Strong Biotechnology Research and Translation Ecosystem” by Renu Swarup and A. Vamsi Krishna o “Ministry of Earth Sciences: Contributing Towards a Weather-Ready and Climate-Smart India” by M. Rajeevan, Gopal Iyengar, and Bhavya Khanna

• “India Today 41st anniversary: A look at science and technology from 1975–2016” by India Today Desk. https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20161226-india-today-41st-anniversary-science-technology-progress-830064-2016-12-15 • “Seven defining scientific contributions that impact every Indian” by Dinesh C. Sharma for Down To Earth. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/science-technology/seven-defining-scientific-contributions-that-impact-every-indian-58467 • “India at 75 | Timeline: Science” by R. Ramachandran for Frontline. https://frontline.thehindu.com/science-and-technology/india-at-75-timeline-science-and-technology-75-years-of-independence/article65731123.ece • “India’s key scientific and technological milestones since independence” by the Ministry of Culture. https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/blogdetail.htm?67 • “India’s Scientific Growth Story” by the Embassy of India Moscow. https://www.indianembassy-moscow.gov.in/pdf/snt/India@75%20Science%20Technology%20Innovation%20Growth%20Story.pdf • “India at 75: High points in science, technology and innovation” by Shekhar Mande for The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/high-points-in-science-technology-and-innovation/article65775873.ece • “IIA explores stellar mysteries over 75 years” by the Department of Science and Technology. IIA explores stellar mysteries over 75 years | Department Of Science & Technology (dst.gov.in) • “Indian Agriculture After Independence” by H. Pathak, J. P. Mishra, and T. Mohapatra. Indian-Agriculture-after-Independence.pdf (icar.org.in) • “First in their field: women who led the way” by the Ministry of Culture. https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/blogdetail.htm?74 • “A Brief history of vaccines and vaccination in India” by Chandrakant Lahariya in the Indian Journal of Medical Research . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4078488/#:~:text=The%20Pasteur%20Institute%20of%20India,(OPV)%20in%20197030 • “English Rendering of Prime Minister’s Address from the Ramparts of Red Fort on 76th Independence Day” by Pravishti Tithi for PIB Delhi. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1851994 • “Scientific fraternity in the country celebrated 75th year of India’s Independence with the rendering of the National Anthem” by PIB Delhi. https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1745501 • Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC). https://www.psa.gov.in/pm-stiac

Rachana Bhattacharjee is an author, creative lead, and one of countless chroniclers of the information age.

The Government of India established the Office of the Principal Scientific Adviser (PSA) in November 1999. The PSA's office aims to provide pragmatic and objective advice to the Prime Minister and the cabinet in matters of Science and Technology.

[email protected]

Our Centers Delhi Bhubaneswar Lucknow

…..India's Story Of Seven And A Half Decade

The Role of Technology in Nation-Building

Categories: Science & Technology: New frontiers & Beyond, Published: 15th Mar, 2022

INTRODUCTION:

Science and Technology hold the key to the progress and development of any nation.
Technology plays a fundamental role in wealth creation , improvement of the quality of life and real economic growth and transformation in any society.
Science, technology and the development of nations and society are all proportional to each other.
Development is always linked with technological disruption, and it happens when there is an advancement in the scientific field.
Nation-building refers to how national identities are constructed and communicated. The term nation-building is often used simultaneously with state-building , democratization, modernization , political development , post-conflict reconstruction , and peacebuilding. Nation-building can take many forms, including education policies or major infrastructure development to trigger economic growth and political stability.
Nation-building is a challenge in post-colonial states, especially in territories that were primarily used by the colonial power to extract resources or obtain other economic benefits.

Let us delve into the path that India has traversed in the journey of Nation-Building.

HISORICAL PERSPECTIVE:

After nearly two centuries of despotic British rule , India gained independence in 1947. The British left India as a poor, dependent, underdeveloped, socially, and economically backward nation. A few hold this opinion that nation-building is an autonomous process that would develop itself after independence. But past and later experiences indicate that this was a complex challenge.
Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India in his address to the Indian Science Congress said, “New-born India needed inputs of science not through hollow words, but through concrete efforts directed at building the necessary infrastructure from scratch.” The cultivation of science and its benefits to humanity were crystal clear to Nehru even before independence. He became the first non-scientist to preside over the Indian Science Congress.
Some of the greatest names of the time, including Homi J Bhabha, Sir C.V. Raman, Satish Dhawan, Nalini Ranjan Sarkar, J.C. Ghosh, Meghnad Saha and S.S. Bhatnagar, were given a free hand in establishing the country’s best institutes of scientific learning. J.L. Nehru, in consultation with Bhabha, established the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) of the country on August 10, 1948, with Bhabha as its head .
In India, science and technology have been given importance in nation-building since independence with the establishment of institutes like DRDO, IITs, CSIR labs and the establishment of the Department of Science and Technology (DST).

It was the vision of Pandit Nehru, the first prime minister of independent India, and the need of India at that time that led to the foundation of the Indian Institute of Technology in 1950 after only three years of independence. These institutes, with assistance from international institutes, promoted research in India. Nehru aimed to inculcate the scientific temper among the Indians. He also aimed “ to convert India’s economy into that of a modern state, and to fit her into the nuclear age and do it quickly”. The Department of scientific research and natural resources was also set up by him.

ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Science and technology have been central to the progress and development of virtually all the nations of the world. It contributes immensely to various sectors of the economy. Science and technology are intimately connected with development because and share a symbiotic relationship . It leads to healthier, longer, wealthier and more productive lives and alleviation of poverty becomes possible. The many ways in which science and technology impact poverty alleviation across various sectors and economic growth merit attention.

- where knowledge is embedded into technological products such as tools, equipment, agro-chemicals, improved plant varieties or hybrids, improved breeds of animals and vaccines. such as technical knowledge, management skills and other processes which are needed to successfully produce products or grow crops.

ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN SPACE EXPLORATION:

Dr Vikram Sarabhai, who is considered as founding father of the Indian space programme , quickly recognised the benefits of space technologies for India . With the help of Dr Vikram Sarabhai, the Indian space research organisation (ISRO) was set up in 1969.

Since its inception, the Indian space programme had three distinct elements:

Satellites for communication and remote sensing
Space transportation system and
Application programmes.

Achievements:

Aryabhatta, the first Indian satellite , was launched by the Soviet Union in 1975.
Lately, ISRO has conducted two successful space projects, Chandrayaan, and Mangalyaan in 2008 and 2014 respectively. At present, India’s main priorities are Chandrayaan-3 and Gaganyaan mission”.
GSLV Mk III: GSLV MkIII, chosen to launch Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft, is a three-stage heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by ISRO. This was the first testing of the indigenous cryogenic engine.
Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM): Marking India's first venture into the interplanetary space, MOM will explore and observe Mars surface features, morphology, mineralogy and the Martian atmosphere.

ISRO's commercial arm, NewSpace India Limited (NSIL): NSIL, incorporated in March 2019, got mandated to undertake operational satellite missions on a demand-driven model, wherein it has the responsibility to build, launch, own and operate the satellite and provide services to its committed customer.

Application of Space Technology:

Cyclone Warning Systems: The cyclone forecast accuracy has significantly improved in recent years as has been demonstrated during cyclones Phailin (2013), Hudhud (2014), Vardah (2016), Titli (2018), Fani& Bulbul (2019) and Amphan, Nisarga&Nivar (2020) and Tauktae, Yaas, Gulaab & Shaheen and Jawad (2021).
Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS): It comprises a real-time network of seismic stations , tide gauges and a 24X7 operational tsunami warning centre to detect tsunamigenic earthquakes, monitor tsunamis and provide timely advisories to vulnerable communities.
Remote sensing applications in India now cover diverse fields such as the agricultural crop acreage and yield estimation , drought warning and assessment , flood control and damage assessment, land use/land cover mapping, wasteland management, urban development, mineral prospecting, forest survey, etc.

Space technology can provide solutions to the problems of man and society . Space technology will enable e-Education, integrated healthcare schemes and connectivity to community activities for sustainable economic development. This will lead to employment generation, higher literacy, availability of clean energy and wealth generation for the welfare of the society with improved quality of life.

Knowledge about space, gained through scientific studies can have enormous economic and social benefits that contribute to meeting many societal needs, from human security to sustainable development. It has the potential to contribute immensely toward the character building of people and thereby in nation-building.

ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE HEALTH SECTOR:

Advances in scientific knowledge and its application have helped slow the trend of high fertility, high mortality and led to increasingly better health for people in India.
In the Indian context, over the past century, science and technology provided the basis for the largest ever aggregate improvements in human health.
In 1950-51, there were 725 Primary Health Centres and in 1999, these rose to 22,446 . As per the Rural Health Statistics-2019, a total of 30,045 PHC both in rural and urban areas have been functional in the country. It marks a big achievement for India.
National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) for 2019-21 has revealed a mixed picture in terms of the health indicators in the country . On the one hand, it observes a reduction in the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) (40.7 in NFHS 4 to 35.2 in NFHS 5) and 0 (49.7 in NFHS 4 to 41.9 in NFHS 5) and on the other hand, there is an increase in anaemia among women and children, which in turn will have implications on malnutrition in the future.
The life expectancy of an average Indian was 33 years in 1951 which increased to 69.66 years in 2019.
Stronger primary health care is essential to achieving the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and universal health coverage. It contributes to the attainment of other goals beyond the health goal (SDG3).

Control of Communicable Diseases:

The number of deaths from diseases like Malaria, Smallpox, Tuberculosis, has been declined.
Smallpox: India had eradicated this disease from the country since April 1977. It was a big achievement of the health care programme .
Polio: India received 'Polio-free certification' from World Health Organization on 27 March 2014, with the last polio case being reported in Howrah in West Bengal on 13 January 2011.
Malaria : At the time of independence malaria killed more than 10 lakh people every year. It is due to development in science and technology together with better planning we were able to control it. The government took a major step to address the disease by launching the National Malaria Eradication Programme in 1958.
Tuberculosis: It is commonly called TB. To control TB, National TB Control Programme was started in 1955. A number of TB hospitals have been opened across the country. Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme was launched in April 1977. National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Elimination (2017–2025) purposes to achieve a rapid decline in the burden of TB, morbidity and mortality while working towards the elimination of TB in India by 2025.
Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM): It was launched in September 2021 is a necessary intervention to enable a National Digital Health Ecosystem. Implementation of this mission has manifold implications. Creating a digital health ecosystem , for one, will enable the creation of health provider registries, thereby aiding in the elimination of quackery . Digital prescriptions can help prevent unauthorised doctors from prescribing to patients.
The provision of a unique health ID for every individual, there are benefits of tracking patient case history, diagnostic tests taken and their reports, interval between tests, etc., all of which is irretrievable in a pen-and-paper system and lack of awareness/knowledge among patients.
With 5G on the anvil , the healthcare delivery will change forever and India may lead the way in showing the world how tech can transform healthcare and make it more outcome-driven.

Budget 2022-23 has acknowledged the real potential of information technology (IT) in addressing the gaps in the health system. Therefore, the CAPEX under the Department of Health and Family Welfare has gone up from Rs2,508 crore in FY2021-22 to Rs5,632 crore for FY2022-23 , a more than 100% increase to building strong foundations for the health system.

‘ Make in India’ initiative is encouraging domestic manufacture of medical devices and helping lower the prices patients pay for products such as stents and implants, which in the past were imported.
India’s health care industry is becoming more and more attractive for investors, with technology-led innovations.

where technology could help and facilitate targeted treatments, precision medicine and preventive care. the steady drop in the cost of computing, driven by Moore’s Law (the number of transistors on a microchip doubles every two years while the cost of computing in that period is halved). in digital communications, which along with India’s growing teledensity could expand health care access for rural India.

Telemedicine: Development in ICT and the spread of internet connection has helped education reach the corners of the nation through video lectures, interactive sessions with distantly located teachers and educators. The health sector also reaps benefits from expanding its network through Telemedicine.
CoWIN Platform: During the pandemic, the platform has proven to be successful in India where it has also handled 2.5 crore vaccinations in a day, with a load of over 800 vaccinations per second. Achieving the 100 crore vaccines milestone in record time would not have been possible for India in the absence of it.

India has made its digital platform ( CoWIN Platform) for Covid19 vaccination drive, CoWIN, open-source for all countries to access, adapt and use. This was perhaps the first time that any country is made a software platform developed by its public sector open for the world.

Covaxin: The development of Covaxin has instilled self-confidence in us that India is now much more than the pharmacy of the world. It is also a vaccine superpower.
Vocal for Patent Waiver: Despite not getting much support India's pushed for COVID vaccine patent waiver, medicines at WTO . This approach not only suggests the importance of healthcare in nation-building but also how India looks at the world as one family and translates the underlying principle of ‘ Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam’.

ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE:

Advances in science and technology have facilitated higher yields , greater efficiency and greater nutritional content . Science and technology have played an important role in India’s evolution since its independence.
India went through famine, starvation in many parts and national calamities and looked for ships to come to our ports with wheat from western countries . After Independence, India looked forward to development through Five Year Plans. Today India is in the knowledge age which provides an opportunity to become a developed nation with a strong economy.

The era of stagnation in agriculture (the 1950s): A period marked by limited or insignificant growth, agricultural production during this period witnessed.

Low growth in crop and grain production (0.4 and 0.1 percent p.a.)
Foodgrain production of 59.2 MT in 1952–53, with a yield of 579.8 kg/ha

The 1960s-1980s: A good transition from stagnancy to high agriculture production, this period was characterized by:

Pioneering work of agricultural scientists and efforts of farmers that led to the Green Revolution
High Yield Variety (HYV) of seeds , increased use of fertilizers and irrigation, resulting in a significant spike in production
Food security and reduced import of food grains

The 1980- 2000s: Surplus production and exports: During this period, India transitioned from achieving just food security to surplus production. The key highlights of this period include:

Expanding cereal production
Economic reforms introduced that provided greater encouragement to exports
Surplus of production of agricultural commodities over domestic demand
India emerged as a net exporter of agricultural products
Increase in population and strong income growth

2000 Onwards: Economic Reforms, Technological Advancements and Disruptive Transformation

2000 and beyond saw a great push to agricultural production with the introduction of supporting reforms, new policies and adoption of technology. Some key highlights from this period include:

Better technology adoption
Rise in institutional credit for agriculture
NFSM to increase the production of commodities
Schemes like National Horticulture Mission (NHM) and Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BREI) helped achieve record production.
The National Mission on Oilseeds & Oil Palm
Commodity exchanges that helped in fair pricing of commodities

Agricultural Progress under the various Five-Year Plans:

Third Plan : The Government introduced the new agricultural technology known as the Intensive Agricultural District Programme of using improved seeds, viz., High Yielding Varieties Programme (HYVP). The new agricultural technology was expected to usher in the green revolution.
Fourth Plan: A systematic effort to extend the application of science and technology to improve agricultural practices
Sixth Plan: It is hailed by the Indian Government as the second green revolution . The Second Green Revolution from 1983-84 was said to be from expansion in supplies of inputs and services to farmers, agricultural extension and better management.

Other applications of Technology in Agriculture:

India’s Rainbow Revolution: The rainbow revolution concept is a combination of Green Revolution, White Revolution, Blue Revolution, Yellow Revolution and Brown Revolution. It was after these revolutions, that Indian agriculture slowly shifted from traditional behaviour to scientific behaviour.
Soil Health Card: The campaign to provide soil health cards with nutrient information of soil would help the farmers to educate about the most viable and appropriate cropping pattern suiting the climatic conditions in the region. Shortage of infrastructure like soil testing labs is hindrances but it’s a move in the right direction.
APMC farmers go cashless (2017): In January 2017, Indore Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) adopted a cashless payment policy and farmers started accepting alternative modes of payments such as cheques and RTGS.
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evem Utthan Mahabhiyan (PM KUSUM):
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) launched the Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evem Utthan Mahabhiyan b Scheme for farmers for the installation of solar pumps and grid-connected solar and other renewable power plants in the country.

Digital Initiatives By The Indian Government in Agriculture:

E-sagu: One of the latest digital initiatives, it provides expert suggestions to the farmers. By leveraging the internet and audio-visual communication, insights from experts are provided to the farmers regularly on the various techniques to increase farm productivity
Community Radio (CR): Community Radio fulfils the information needs of the farmers using radio station facilities by providing the latest information on weather and farming practices.
Digital Green: The initiative disseminates agricultural information using online videos.
National Agriculture Market (e-NAM): It provides an e-marketing platform at the national level and supports the creation of infrastructure to enable e-marketing. The platform also ensures better price discovery, brings in transparency and empowers farmers to get fair remuneration for their produce
The Kisan Call Centre (KCC): This initiative provides information to farmers through a toll-free telephone helpline . Under this project, call centre facilities have been extended to the farmers by establishing call centres in different states so that farmers can get the information in their native language.

NEW-AGE AGRI REVOLUTION IN INDIA:

Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems :
AI Systems are helping to improve the overall harvest quality and accuracy – known as precision agriculture. AI technology helps in detecting disease in plants, pests and poor nutrition of farms. AI sensors can detect and target weeds and then decide which herbicide to apply within the region.
Accurate AI forecasts and analytical tools help farmers better plan their farming habits and help them avoid losses, while also helping them better their yields with crops that could thrive in particular weather.
Kisan Drones: It will be used to boost the agricultural sector in the country, the use of Kisan Drones will be promoted for crop assessment, digitization of land records and spraying of insecticides and nutrients.
Smart Farm Machinery: Smart Farm Machinery is about producing more with less. Smart machines and technological breakthroughs have the potential to increase output, lower costs and boost farm incomes.
Micro Irrigation: frees the farmer from vagaries of seasonal monsoon while also conserving the limited water resources. With agriculture consuming about 80 per cent of the total renewable water resources, the adoption of micro-irrigation practices will help conserve our precious water reserves and also boost yields and productivity.
Precision Farming: an approach to farm management that uses information technology to access real-time data about crops, soil, weather etc. to ensure crops and soil receive exactly what they need for optimum health and productivity.
Digitization in agriculture is catching up fast. From platforms like eNAM to projects like Agri Udaan, the commitment to the use of technologies in agriculture is strong and clear. It is now important for investors and stakeholders to utilize this opportunity and ride the tide of long-overdue digital transformation in the agriculture sector.
Earth Observation Satellites (EOS): These are nothing but another Radar Imaging Satellite (RISAT) . Land and forest mapping and monitoring, mapping of resources like water or minerals or fishes, weather and climate observations, soil assessment, and geospatial contour mapping are done through these satellites.

The agricultural sector plays a strategic role in the process of nation-building by:

Contributing to National Income
Ensuring Source of Food Supply
Pre-Requisite for Raw Material
Provision of Surplus
Creation of Infrastructure
Helpful to Reduce Inequality
Source of foreign exchange
Employment opportunities for Rural People

Numerous raw materials, regardless of whether it’s cotton, sugar, wood, or palm oil, come from the agriculture sector. These materials are fundamental for major industries. Adequate provision of Agricultural education programmes , also helps a nation meet the challenges of food insecurity, poverty and unemployment which has posed threats to the corporate existence and stability of the nation. We need a new phase in Indian agriculture that will be defined by innovation and technology; an age where we will look to balance productivity and economics with social and environmental considerations. This age will usher in an era of unprecedented productivity and prosperity for farmers.

ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN AFFORDABLE/CLEAN ENERGY:

The power sector plays a vital role in the economic growth and human development of any country. It improves the quality of life of human beings and the biotics of this sphere. Electricity consumption is one of the most important indices for measuring the development level of a nation.
The power sector in India has grown significantly since independence, both in the Installed Capacity and Transmission & Distribution (T&D) system. The total Power Generating Capacity has increased from a meagre 1362 MW in 1947 to about 393 GW at the end of March 2021.
The Per Capita Electricity Consumption which was a mere 3 units in 1947 , has increased to 1208 units in 2019-20.

Renewable Energy (RE) Capacity of India:

Production Linked Incentive Scheme “ National Programme on High-Efficiency Solar PV Modules” was introduced to promote manufacturing of high-efficiency solar PV modules, including the upstage vertical components like cells, wafers, ingots and polysilicon in India and thus reduce the import dependence in Solar PhotoVoltaic (PV) sector.
National Hydrogen Energy Mission (NHM): India's ambitious goal of 175 GW by 2022 got an impetus in the 2021-22 budget which allocated Rs. 1500 crore for renewable energy development and NHM.
Modern clean, renewable energy technologies (e.g., solar, wind, modern biomass) need to be developed further and there needs to be an increase in the efficiency and sustainability of energy use in transportation, industry, and housing. Power is one of the most critical components of infrastructure and crucial for making the process of “nation-building” steady and sustainable.

ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN EDUCATION:

To make India a front-line country and economy , the government has launched schemes such as Digital India and Make in India , which require the education system especially higher education to gear itself to the task of realising these missions. Hence, education becomes the fuel to achieve the other goals in the process of nation-building.

“Education is the most powerful weapon, which you can use to change the world.”— Nelson Mandela

One of the core principles guiding the education system would be the ‘extensive use of technology in teaching and learning, removing language barriers, increasing access, and education planning and management.
With the internet penetration rate estimated to reach above 55 per cent by the end of 2025 in India, digitisation of education is the future of education. National Education Policy (NEP) emphasizes digitisation besides the use of technology in education. But increased use of technology in education also creates a digital divide, as not everyone has equal access to technology.

The NDEAR aims to offer distinct education ecosystem architecture for the advancement of digital infrastructure in the country and guarantee the autonomy of stakeholders, especially states and UTs.

Initiatives by the Government:

PM eVIDYA Programme: The government introduced the PM eVIDYA programme in May 2020 to make e-learning more accessible for Indian students and teachers and promote & strengthen digital education in India.
DIKSHA (Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing): National portal for school education, to offer school curriculum-based engaging learning materials to students, teachers, and parents. The portal supports >18 Indian languages and has been implemented by 35 states/UTs.
SWAYAM (Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds): It offers an integrated platform for online courses at affordable costs to all citizens, especially the underprivileged section in the country.
SWAYAM PRABHA: In 2017, SWAYAM PRABHA, a group of 34 DTH (Direct-to-Home) channels dedicated to broadcasting educational programmes 24x7, was introduced.
E-Pathshala Portal: In 2015, the government launched the ePathshala portal to build a resource store for educational videos, audios, flipbooks, etc.
NISHTHA: In FY21, the National Initiative for School Heads and Teachers’ Holistic Advancement (NISHTHA) - Phase II was launched at the secondary level to tailor modules for online education.
OLabs: To offer students a lab learning experience via the internet, the government introduced OLabs in November 2014 for those who do not have access to the physical lab.
Virtual Labs: The Government of India introduced a pilot virtual lab in 2009 and the main one in 2010 to enable undergraduate and post-graduate students (pursuing science and engineering courses) remotely access the labs and enhance their study experience.

ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN ECONOMIC GROWTH:

In economics, it is widely accepted that technology is the key driver of the economic growth of countries, regions and cities. Technological progress allows for the more efficient production of more and better goods and services, which is what prosperity depends on. The role of technology in economic development can be summarised as follows:

Time is Money: Technology can save the time it takes to produce a good or deliver a service, contributing to the overall profits of a business.
Efficiency: Technology can contribute to the efficiency of a business's output rate, allowing for larger quantities of products to be moved or of services to be rendered.
Specialization: Technology has to lead to an increase in the division of labour and specialization of jobs within a business, further contributing to the efficiency with which a business can run.
Natural Resources: Technology has a huge effect on the ability of businesses and governments to access natural resources and use them in the most effective ways possible to benefit both the business and the economy.
Industrial Expansion: Thanks to the increased efficiency of labour with the ever-improving state of technology, businesses can increase total output, which in turn leads to higher profits and greater economic development.
Research: Better technology has led to further research into nearly every sector of business and science, meaning businesses can benefit from all sorts of technological advancements.
The Internet and International Trade : Information technology is the single most important element in the success and growth of international trade and job market growth, allowing businesses to share information and conduct trade in less time than the blink of an eye.

There are three distinct pillars sustaining any nation-building process.

which also could be categorised as political leadership , and

Impact of Technology in Indian Economy:

Market Operations:

The Telecom sector constitutes a critical building block of the country’s infrastructure . Broadband wireless is going to be the order of the day and mobile money transfer and mobile commerce are going to open up endless possibilities.
Digital technology in capital markets is changing the market operations. The new technology-aided solutions are only adding to the human capacities in the capital market scenario. Machine learning and artificial intelligence are part of financial institutions among other aspects like investment trading.
Technology is further democratizing trading. Investors no longer have to rely on experts as data science produces trading strategies that resolve investment challenges.

Banking Sector:

The requirement for computerized banks in India was felt in the early 1980s. The Indian banks applied the process at the branch level. Various national committees were formed by the government to modernize the banking system in India.
In the late 1980s, the then deputy governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Dr C Rangrajan implemented the concept of core banking in India . It formed a platform for facilities like telebanking, off-site ATMs and customer terminals.
In the 1990s, core banking was transformed when private sector banks and foreign banks started having access to the Indian banking industry.

Advanced Self-Service Capabilities: With fintech banking solutions, self-service capabilities provide customers with operational processes that were previously only available via a physical branch.
Application Programming Interfaces (APIs): A decade ago, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) introduced NEFT and RTGS, followed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) introducing IMPS. This was followed by API-led banking. In a nutshell, an API is a bridge that helps banks and third parties to connect safely and leverage each other’s offerings in real-time.
Instant Payments: Point of sale or POS terminals had begun to see acceptance only around 2016, the rapid penetration of mobile internet services and demonetisation played a role in Indians’ larger acceptance of digital payments.
BHIM (Bharat Interface for Money) : It is an Indian mobile payment app developed by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), based on the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).
RuPay Payment Network: RuPay is the first of its kind global card payment network of India with wide acceptance at ATMs, Point of Sale Devices, and e-commerce platforms across the country.

The government has recently approved a Rs 1,300 crore ($170 million) plan to promote domestic RuPay debit cards and low-value digital transactions to boost their use in marginalised populations, in a move that could challenge the clout of rivals like Visa and Mastercard.

Aadhar: It is a 12-digit unique identity number that can be obtained voluntarily by the citizens of India and resident foreign nationals. Aadhaar is the world's largest biometric ID system. Today, 99% of Indian adults have an Aadhaar identity number. The government further interlinked the identity system with bank accounts and mobile numbers, resulting in the JAM (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-mobile phone) trinity. JAM has become the fundamental digital architecture ushering in holistic financial inclusion.

CONCLUSION:

Nation-building is constructing or structuring a national identity using the power and resources of the state. Nation-building aims at the unification of the people within the state so that it remains politically stable and viable in the long run. Growth in GDP is not the real measure of a nation’s progress . The aspect that matters most is the rate at which economic wealth is translated into less poverty, more opportunities, better health etc.

Technology simply put is a means of harnessing and exploiting our understanding of nature and resources to improve the human condition, the natural environment or to carry out other socio-economic activities. Therefore, science and technology (S&T) intervention becomes even more relevant for any successful economy, especially today when knowledge-based economies are emerging stronger. In a nutshell, science and technology is associated with modernity by all means and is essential to nation-building and the rapid development of their subjects.

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75 Years of Independence: The Changing Landscape of India

75 Years of Independence: The Changing Landscape of India Blogs Home

14 Aug 2022

There is an old saying that India is a new country but an ancient civilization, and this civilization has seen tremendous changes throughout its history.

From being an education hub of the world in ancient times to becoming the IT hub of the world today, the Indian landscape has come a long way. Taking 15 th August 1947 as our frame of reference, we find that there are several fields like Science and Technology, economy, and human development where India has shown remarkable progress. However, some fields like health and education still seem to be taken care of. Let us look at these aspects of Indian development individually.

The Landscape of Science and Technology

When the Britishers left India, they left behind a broken, needy, underdeveloped, and economically unstable country. After independence, India prioritized scientific research in its first five-year plan. It paved the way for prestigious scientific institutes like IITs and IISC. After just three years of independence, the Indian Institute of Technology has established in 1950. These institutions promoted research in India with the aid of foreign institutions. From launching its first satellite Aryabhatta in 1975 to being the first country to reach the orbit of Mars, India has taken confident strides in the field of space research technology, thanks to the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). We can proudly state that India is standing at par with countries like USA and China, same goes with the field of biotechnology also where India is producing vaccines for the entire world. The success of UPI is also a case study for the world with 9.36 billion transactions worth Rs. 10.2 trillion in Q1 of 2022 only.

Economic Landscape

India faced several issues following its independence, including illiteracy, corruption, poverty, gender discrimination, untouchability, regionalism, and communalism. Numerous issues have acted as major roadblocks to India's economic development. When India declared its independence in 1947, its GDP was mere 2.7 lakh crore accounting for 3% of the world GDP. In 1965, the Green Revolution was started in India by M. S. Swaminathan, the father of the Green Revolution. During the Green Revolution, there was a significant increase in the crop area planted with high-yielding wheat and rice types. From 1978–1979, the Green Revolution led to a record grain output of 131 million tonnes. India was then recognized as one of the top agricultural producers in the world. With the construction of linked facilities like factories and hydroelectric power plants, a large number of jobs for industrial workers were also generated in addition to agricultural workers.

Today India is the 5 th largest economy in the world with 147 lakh crore GDP, accounting for 8% of global GDP. In recent years, India has seen a whopping rise of 15,400% in the number of startups, which rose from 471 in 2016 to 72,993 as of June 2022. This phenomenal rise in startups has also produced millions of new jobs in the country.

Infrastructure

The India of today is different from India at the time of freedom. In the 75 years of independence, Indian Infrastructure has improved drastically. The overall length of the Indian road network has grown from 0.399 million km in 1951 to 4.70 million km as of 2015, which makes it the third largest roadway network in the world. Additionally, India's national highway system now spans 1, 37, 625 kilometres in 2021, up from 24,000 km (1947–1969).

After over 70 years of independence, India has risen to become Asia's third-largest electricity generator. It increased its ability to produce energy from 1,362 MW in 1947 to 3, 95, 600 MW. In India, the total amount of power produced increased from 301 billion units in 1992–1993 to 400990.23 MW in 2022. The Indian government has succeeded in lighting up all 18,452 villages by April 28, 2018, as opposed to just 3061 in 1950, when it comes to rural electrification.

The Landscape of Human Development

In 1947 India had a population of 340 million with a literacy rate of just 12%, today it has a population of nearly 1.4 billion and a literacy rate of 74.04%. The average life expectancy has also risen from 32 years to 70 years in 2022.

The Landscape of Education and Health

In 1947, India had a population of 340 million with a literacy rate of just 12%, today it has a population of nearly 1.4 billion and a literacy rate of 74.04%. The average life expectancy has also risen from 32 years to 70 years in 2022. Though India has shown remarkable progress In terms of literacy rate, the quality of higher education is still a cause of major concern. There is not a single Indian University or Institute in the top 100 QS World University Ranking. With the largest youth population in the world, India can achieve wonders if its youth get equipped with proper skills and education. The health, sector is also worrisome. The doctor-to-patient ratio is merely 0.7 doctors per 1000 people as compared to the WHO average of 2.5 doctors per 1000 people. A recent study shows that 65% of medical expenses in India are paid out of pocket by patients and the reason is that they are left with no alternative but to access private healthcare because of poor facilities in public hospitals.

The Political Landscape

Jawaharlal Nehru was appointed as India's first prime minister in 1947, following the end of British rule. He promoted a socialist-economic system for India, including five-year plans and the nationalization of large sectors of the economy like mining, steel, aviation, and other heavy industries. Village common areas were taken, and a massive public works and industrialization drive led to the building of important dams, roads, irrigation canals, thermal and hydroelectric power plants, and many other things. India's population surpassed 500 million in the early 1970s, but the “Green Revolution” significantly increased agricultural productivity, which helped to end the country's long-standing food problem.

From 1991 to 1996, India's economy grew quickly as a result of the policies implemented by the late Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao and his Finance Minister at the time, Dr Manmohan Singh. Poverty had decreased to about 22%, while unemployment has been continuously reducing. Growth in the gross domestic product exceeded 7%.

India's first female Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi, held office from 1966 until 1977 for three consecutive terms before serving a fourth term (1980–84). India elected Pratibha Patil as its first female president in 2007.

India's economy has expanded significantly in the twenty-first century. Under the Prime ministership of Narendra Modi (BJP), many significant changes have taken place like the scraping of Section 370, strengthening the Defence systems, creating a startup-friendly environment and much more. To expand infrastructure and manufacturing, the Modi administration launched several programs and campaigns, including “Make in India”, “Digital India”, and the “Swachh Bharat project.”

The Legal Landscape

Before independence, the Privy Council was the highest appellate authority in India. This Council was abolished as the first action following independence. The abolition of the Privy Council Jurisdiction Act was passed by the Indian Constituent Assembly in 1949 to eliminate the Privy Council's authority over appeals from India and to make provisions for outstanding appeals. It was B. R. Ambedkar's sharp legal intellect to draft a constitution for the newly sovereign country. In all executive, legislative, and judicial matters in the nation, the Constitution of India serves as the supreme law. The Indian legal system has developed into a key component of the largest democracy in the world and a pivotal front in the fight to protect constitutional rights for all citizens. Since it was first adopted in 1950, the Indian Constitution has had 105 modifications as of October 2021. The Indian Constitution is divided into 22 parts with 395 articles. Later, through various changes, further articles were added and amendments were made. According to the online repository maintained by the Legislative Department of the Ministry of Law and Justice of India as of July 2022, there are around 839 Central laws. The Indian legal system has a promising and forward-thinking future, and in the twenty-first century, young, first-generation lawyers are entering the field after graduating from the best law schools.

The Landscape of the Defence Sector

The Indian military ranked 4 of 142 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. From being defeated by the Chinese army in 1962 to becoming one of the largest defence systems in the world, India has surely learnt from its past errors. One of the reasons the Indian defence system has been able to attain its present reputation is the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) which was established in 1958. Since its founding, it has created many significant programs and critical technologies, including missile systems, small and big armaments, artillery systems, electronic warfare (EW) systems, tanks, and armoured vehicles. India began working on nuclear energy in the late 1950s and had indigenous nuclear power stations by the 1970s. India had also begun developing nuclear weapons and producing fissile material concurrently, which allowed for the purportedly harmless nuclear explosion in Pokhran in 1971. The Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP), under the direction of APJ Abdul Kalam and with the support of the Ordnance Factories, was established in 1983. In 1989, the longer-range Agni was independently designed and tested. Later, India and Russia collaborated to design and produce the Brahmos supersonic cruise missile. India currently leads several other nations in the production of defences. India is one of about a dozen nations that have built and produced their fighter jets, helicopters, submarines, missiles, and aircraft carriers.

Analyzing the different landscapes of India we find that we have come a long way in our journey but still, there is a lot to be done if we want to make India a ‘super power’. A lot will depend on our people’s willingness to change, ensuring the equal participation of women in the workforce, including marginalized communities in our economic growth, and last but not least is having a liberal and progressive and unbiased mindset.

As we are celebrating “Azaadi ka Amrit Mahotsav”, the completion of 75 years of independence can be taken as a new opportunity to build an India of our aspirations and make positive contributions to the changing landscape of India.

Aarifa Nadeem

https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/opinion/how-we-have-done-since-gaining-freedom-from-our-colonial-masters-seven-decades-ago

https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/qs-world-university-rankings-2023-top-10-universities-globally-and-top-10-in-india-1960806-2022-06-10

https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/5-reasons-why-indias-healthcare-system-is-struggling/article34665535.ece

https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/economic-survey-high-out-of-pocket-expenses-for-health-can-lead-to-poverty/article33699314.ece

https://www.mapsofindia.com/my-india/technology/development-in-india-after-independence#:~:text=Infrastructure%20Development,%2C37%2C625%20km%20(2021) .

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)#: ~:text=India%20became%20a%20sovereign%20democratic,the%2042nd%20Constitution %20Amendment%201976.

http://www.barcouncilofindia.org/about/about-the-legal-profession/history-of-the-legal-profession/

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Science and Technology Essay

Science is a systematic way which involves observation and experimentation in order to get knowledge and improve skill; whereas, technology is the practical application of science which helps in improving the quality of life. Science is a systematic study and technology is what comes out of it. Science and technology go hand in hand, that is, scientific progress is always followed by technological advancements and the latter is only the implication of former.

Today, Science and Technology plays a very significant role in the overall development of a country. The two define the progress made in almost every field i.e. infrastructure development, communications, defence, industrialization etc. the world is developing fast, at an unprecedented rate because of scientific and technological developments. Anyone who lags behind in science and technology will be left behind by ever progressive world.

Long and Short Essay on Science and Technology in English

New inventions in the field of science and technology play great role in the daily lives of people and making their life style advance.

In order to keep students up-do-date and check their general knowledge about new inventions, they are given this topic to write essay on science and technology.

Here we have provided some simple science and technology essay to help students to do better in their essay writing competition.

Science and Technology Essay 1 (100 words)

Advancement in the science and technology in many areas has made the lives of people more advance than the ancient time. Advancement in the science and technology is directly and positively affecting the people’s way of living on one hand however it is also affecting indirectly and negatively on the people’s health on the other hand. New inventions in the field of science and technology are very necessary in such a modern world for a country to be strong and well developed country than other countries. In this competitive world, we need more technology to go ahead and become a successful person in the life.

Science and Technology Essay 2 (150 words)

Development, whether it is human development or country development, is linked to the proper growth and development of the technology in many ways. Technological advancement happens when there become new inventions in the science by highly skilled and professional scientists. We can say that technology, science and development are equally proportional to each other. Development in the science and technology is very necessary for the people of any nation to go hand in hand together by the people of other countries. Development of the science and technology depends on the analysis and proper understanding of facts. Development of technology depends on the way of application of various scientific knowledge in right direction.

In order to enhance the economy and betterment of the people of any nation, up-to-date knowledge, technology, science, and engineering are the fundamental requisites. A nation can be backward and the chances of being developed country become minimal in the lack of science and technology.

Science and Technology Essay 3 (200 words)

As we all know that we live in the age of science and technology. The life of every one of us is highly depends on the scientific inventions and modern day technologies. Science and technology has changed the lives of people to a great extent. It has made life easy, simple and fast. In the new era, the science development has become a necessity to finish the era of bullock cart and bring the trend of motorized vehicles.

Science and technologies have been implemented to the every aspect of modernization in every nation. Modern gadgets have been introduced to every walk of life and have solved almost all the problems. It was not possible to have all the benefits of it without implementing it in the sectors like medicines, education, infrastructure, electricity, aviation, information technology and other field.

What improvement we are seeing in our life on daily basis is because of the science and technologies. For the proper growth and development of the country, it is very necessary to go science and technology hand in hand. Villages are getting developed to towns and towns to cities thus expanding the greater horizons of economy. Our country India is a fast developing country in the sense of science and technology.

Science and Technology Essay 4 (250 words)

Science and technology has become a debated topic in the society. On one hand, it is necessary for the modern life where other countries are continuously developing in the field of science and technology. It becomes very necessary for other countries too to grow in the same way to be strong and well developed like other countries for the future safety and security. It is science and technology which helps other weak countries to develop and be strong.

We have to take support of science and technology forever to improve the way of life for the betterment of mankind. If we do not take the help of technologies such as computer, internet, electricity, etc we cannot be economically strong in the future and would be backward forever even we cannot survive in such a competitive and technological world.

Advancement in the field of medical, agriculture, education, economy, sports, games, jobs, tourism, etc are the examples of science and technology. All such advancements show us that how both are equally beneficial for our life. We can see a clear difference in our life style while matching the ancient and modern way of life. High level of scientific and technological advancement in the field of medicine has made easy the treatment of various lethal diseases which was earlier not possible. It has helped a lot to the doctors to find effective ways to cure diseases through medicine or operations as well as research vaccines to cure diseases such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Leukemia, etc.

Science and Technology Essay 5 (300 words)

The implication of science and technology to the people’s life is very old from the time of Indus Valley Civilization. It was almost first invention when came to know about fire and wheel. Both of the inventions are considered as the mother of all the technological innovations of the modern time. Through the invention of fire people knew about the power of energy first time. Since then, people’s curiosity was increased and they started trying their hard to research about various measures to make life style easy and simple.

India is a most famous country all over the world from the ancient time however after its slavery by the British rule, it had lost its recognition and strength. After getting freedom in 1947, it again had started getting its lost recognition in the crowd. It is the science and technology which has helped India to get its real recognition all over the world. India has become a highly growing country through the new inventions in science and technological advancement. Science and technologies are playing great role in meeting the needs and requirements of the modern people.

Some examples of the advancement in the technologies are establishment of railway system, metro system, railway reservation system, internet, super computers, mobiles, smart phones, online access of people in almost every area, etc. Government of India is creating more opportunity to the space organization and several academic institutions (Indian Association for the Advancement of Science) for the better technological growth and development in the country. Some of the renowned scientists of the India who have made possible the technological advancement in India (through their notable scientific researches in the various fields) are Sir J. C. Bose, S. N. Bose, C. V. Raman, Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, Srinivasa Ramanujan, father of India’s nuclear power, Dr. Har Govind Singh Khorana, Vikram Sarabhai, etc.

Science and Technology Essay 6 (400 words)

Science and technology plays vital role in the modern life and profoundly influenced the course of human civilization. Technological advancement in the modern life has provided us lots of remarkable insights all over the world. Scientific revolutions has taken its full speed from the 20 th century and has become more advance in the 21 st century. We have entered to the new century in new ways and with all the arrangements for well being of the people. Modern culture and civilization has become dependent over the science and technologies as they have become integral part of life according to the need and requirement of the people.

India has become an important source of the creative and foundational scientific developments and approaches all across the world. All the great scientific discoveries and technological achievements in our country have improved the Indian economic status and have created many new ways to the new generations to grow in the technologically advanced environment. There are many new scientific researches and development have been possible in the field of Mathematics, Architecture, Chemistry, Astronomy, Medicine, Metallurgy, Natural Philosophy, physics, agriculture, health care, pharmaceuticals, astrophysics, nuclear energy, space technology, applications, defense research, biotechnology, information technology, electronics, oceanography and other areas.

Introduction of scientific researches, ideas and techniques to the field of education has brought a huge level of positive change in the new generation and provided them variety of new and innovative opportunities to work in the field of their own interest. Modem science in India has been awakened by the continuous and hard efforts of the outstanding scientists. Scientists in India are great who have made possible the scientific advances of highest international calibre.

Technological development in any filed enhances the economy of any nation. In order to improve the power of science and technology in India, Indian government has made Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in the year 1942 and Board of Scientific and Industrial Research in the year 1940. In order to emphasize the growth of science and technology in the country, Indian government has established a chain of national laboratories and research institutes in various regions.

After the independence, our country has been involved in the promotion of spread of science for the national development. Variety of policies made by the government has emphasized the self-sufficiency and sustainable growth and development all through the country. Both science and technology have impacted the economic growth and social development in the country in extraordinary manner.

Essay on Science and Technology for Students in 1300 Words

In this article, we have published an essay on science and technology for students in 1300 words.

Scientific advances picked up their full tilt in the 20th generation and became more rapid in the 21st generation. We are now entering a new century with structures for the benefit of new ways or men.

Table of Contents

Throughout the world’s history, science may have come a long way. Some of the elements we know about are the discovery of a person’s evolution. Science was instrumental in providing people with answers in common questions as well as providing solutions to many of the issues we face each day.

It also helps its employer to limit the number of losses caused by paying more money for manual labor, and that this helps since machines will also be extremely efficient and price-effective.

Aspects of Science & Technology

Likewise, science and technology also influenced the scientific and agriculture sectors. The numerous treatments that are found for illnesses have saved millions of lives by research. The development has improved the output of different crops to the advantage of farmers in large part.

Advantages & Disadvantages of Science and Technology

Use apps, you can find your daily work simpler. You need to learn about every division of existence, such as industry, schooling, safety, and connectivity, etc. and figure out how to use and utilize technology.

Disadvantages

Science & technology in india.

India is in negotiations all over the planet since before the British rule. Since freedom, it is the modern technology that enabled India to progress over time. It has become a vital hub of innovative and ground-breaking scientific advances around the globe. In other terms, the Indian economy has been boosted by all the tremendous scientific and technological achievements of our world.

The implementation of academic research, innovations, and methods in the education field also brought a massive shift in the future generation but has provided several new and creative opportunities in their very own interest.

Looking at the most recent accomplishment, India has launched Chandrayaan 2. The lunar discovery of India also received critical acclaim from around the globe. Once again, success has been made possible by scientific and technological.

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role of science and technology in development of india upsc

Role of Science & Technology in development of India | UPSC – IAS

Table of Contents

India’s development in the fields of science and technology

Science and technology are widely acknowledged to be essential components of social and economic development. Scientific knowledge and new technologies can help tackle many of the problems that affect countries. Some of the global challenges science and technology could solve are as follows:-

Providing Safe drinking-water and food supplies
Grid-scale energy storage
Energy-efficient desalination
Cleaning up of Ocean
Embodied Artificial Intelligence
Universal flu vaccine
Earthquake prediction
Carbon sequestration

The World Bank’s World Development Report states that “Today’s most technologically advanced economics are truly knowledge – based creating millions of knowledge related jobs in an array of disciplines that have emerged overnight,” and also says that ” the need for developing countries to increase their capacity to use knowledge cannot be overstated.”

Scientific and technological knowledge,
Physical capital,
Human capital,
Technological progress,
Increase in labour force,
Foreign investment and foreign trade.

Of these – Scientific and technological knowledge is the most important factor in economic development. And also considered as a critical determinant of economic growth. It is in this perspective that improving this capacity has become a prerequisite for sustained economic growth and improved quality of life. In the present context, the most important aspect of knowledge, of course is scientific and technological knowledge.

Developed vs Developing countries in science and technology | UPSC – IAS

While it is clear that the ability of a society to produce, select, adapt, and commercialise knowledge is critical for sustained economic growth and improved quality of life, in this respect the developing countries are in a disadvantageous situation.

Today, a handful of the world’s richest countries produce the overwhelming majority of new scientific and technological knowledge, and they derive great benefit from its use.
Countries in this exclusive group enjoy the fruits or a virtuous circle, in which the concrete benefits or research help produce the wealth and public support needed to continue the investigation of science’s “endless frontiers.”
Their technological edge is the key to the continued dominance of the developed countries in the world economy. Whether it is Nobel Prizes in scientific areas or patents and new products, it is the developed countries that are dominant.

Meanwhile most other nations struggle with varying degrees of success, to establish scientific and technological research systems that can invigorate their economies and provide solutions to their social needs.

Unfortunately for developing countries the logic of S&T research system favours the scientifically strong to become stronger. Countries that want to improve their S&T capacity have lo make extra efforts to gain and maintain the “critical mass” beyond which benefits can start to accrue. Another difficulty is that this process is long term and full of uncertainty, and scarce resources arc under pressure from a variety of competing needs.

There are other problem as well. Within developed countries, there is a widespread consensus that government policies should support R&D activities, whether in the public or the private sector. In many developing countries, however, doubts remain over whether such policies are needed. Several countries feel that they can’t afford to fritter away scarce resources on exotic research.

Nature of technological knowledge base needed for development

Role of science and technology in development of a country needs two types of knowledge; These knowledge Considered critical for development of countries.

Typically developing countries have less of this know-bow than industrial countries, and within developing countries the poor have less than the non-poor. These unequal distributions across and within countries are called knowledge gaps.
We call the difficulties posed by incomplete knowledge of attributes as information problems. Mechanisms to alleviate infonnation problems, such as product standards, training certificates, and credit reports, are fewer and weaker in developing countries. Information problems and the resulting market failures especially hurt the poor.

Despite the difficulties that we have mentioned earlier, there are some reasons to hope that aspiring countries can make progress in closing the gaps that separate them from scientifically-advanced countries.

First , new information and communications technologies are providing unprecedented access to existing knowledge, and are virtually erasing the disadvantages of physical distance as a factor for research collaboration.
Second , more is being learned about the process of innovation, and the policies and practices that make investments in S&T effective.
Third , the international scientific community is by nature open, and marked by a culture of freely sharing basic knowledge. Within the community, tremendous goodwill exists to help strengthen science throughout the world. Among the developing countries, India with its tremendous manpower and institutional resources is in a good position to close the technological gap and emerge as a S&T power with a developed economy.

Significance of domestic technology base | UPSC – IAS

On another level, domestic technology recognizes the use of applied science to construct homes to achieve a particular goal, such as energy efficiency or self-sufficiency.

Technological know-how can to some extent be bought or transferred from the developed countries. But this is not always either feasible or even desirable.
Countries also need to develop their own technological base especially if they are large countries like India. At the same time, it also has to be appreciated that the most important technological breakthroughs occur because scientists are investigating nature-not because they are looking for applications of their research [e.g., Faraday’s and Maxwell’s work was pure science, but it facilitated Marconi’s and others’ work on wireless communication].
However , because it is increasingly true that new technologies often give rise to new sciences and disciplines [e.g., chemical engineering]. it is most accurate to view science and technology as intertwined. According to many experts, this intertwining is the principal reason why technology is advanced through the work of academic researchers.
It is also the principal reason why, in many fields, university research is an important contributor to technological advance, and universities as well as corporate labs are essential parts of the innovation system. Thus the problems that originate in industry are not explored only by industrial scientists. They feed into, and stimulate, the entire scientific community.”
This provides the rationale for developing countries like india to emphasise basic science along with technology. India is too big a country to absent itself from any field of Science and Technology.
Recognising that basic research is the foundation on which all technologies stand, that basic research is also a cultural necessity in any civilised country and that scientists must have the freedom to work on important problems of their choice, support to basic research needs to be substantially stepped up.

Role of Science and Technology in India | UPSC – IAS

Science and technology (S&T) is widely recognised as an important tool for fostering and strengthening the economic and social development of the country. India has made significant progress in various spheres of science and technology over the years and now has a strong network of S&T institutions, trained manpower and-an innovative knowledge base. The twenty first century marks the beginning of the knowledge era.

Given the rapid pace of globalization, fast-depleting material resources, increasing competition among nations and the growing need to protect intellectual property, the importance of strengthening the knowledge base is an important issue that has been recognised in India.
Major scientific discoveries in quick succession, new technologies arising out of these discoveries, a range of products and services based on these technologies. A technology driven economy across the world, all characterise this knowledge era.
Scientific knowledge and expertise, high technology industrial infrastructure and skilled work force are the strengths of a country in the knowledge era. Following sustained efforts over period since independence and a more focused thrust during the recent period in higher education, scientific research, and technology development, the country has now attained a recognised potential lo emerge as a Global player in the knowledge era.
At the same time modem technology development is increasingly becoming dependent on research inputs from a large number of disciplines. A seamless and multi-sectoral now of technologies and inputs from scientists and engineers from various disciplines is essential for making a visible societal impact and economic prosperity.

Efforts are being made to identify those S&T area, cutting across the traditional divides of sciences, engineering and medicine, where investments can pay rich dividends.

One of the areas of weakness of Indian science in the past has been the lack of effective technology transfer mechanisms. Although we have a few success stories in Atomic Energy, Space, CSIR, etc . where there was successful interaction between academia (including both the university system and the national laboratory system) and industry, in general this has been lacking. Even in these cases the driving force for these interactions came from mission-oriented agencies.
Globalisation and liberalisation have thrown up immense opportunities as well as some new challenges for S&T. ln an increasingly competitive world, Indian industry needs the support of indigenous S&T in a big way. Technology transfer to domestic companies from abroad is becoming more difficult because foreign companies can set up industries here and are, therefore, less willing to share technologies.
Even in joint ventures, foreign companies are often trying to buy out the Indian partners. Secondly, Indian companies are becoming more and more globally competitive.
Indian industry in the future will, therefore, have no option but to invest more and more in Indian R&D for new technology development.
lt is against this background that it is being increasingly recognised that greater coordination and cooperation between industry on the one hand and the R&D/academic institutions on the other, is necessary for facing emerging challenges and taking advantage of the opportunities offered.
If industry begins to interact actively with academia, it can also play a greater role in guiding academic activities in the direction of industry interests, be it human resource development, R&D prioritisation, or the choice of areas of international cooperation.

S&T Role at the macro level

S&T management should focus on meeting the needs of the nation (including industry) and encompass a wide spectrum of activities, namely:-

Basic research,
Applied research,
Technology transfer,
design, development, fabrication, tests and trials,
Manufacturing, marketing, maintenance and product support during tile life cycle.

S&T Role at the micro level

R&D institutions and the academia must move to couple R&D and Engineering so that the indigenous technology can meet the specific requirements of the Indian industry. In order to strengthen the interface between industry, R&D and academia and to enhance the level of industry participation, appropriate steps need to be taken at various levels by all concerned – Government, industry associations, R&D institutions and universities.

Given the range of problems involved with the development of S&T in the nation, it is important to take stock of the situation and develop strategies and plan to address them.
It is important to find ways and means of strengthening the S&T system and also make efforts to provide synergy between S&T infrastructure and industry to tackle key issues affecting S&T including the education and research systems.

Society aspects of science & technology in india

Science and technology (S&T) is widely recognised as an important tool for fostering and strengthening the economic and social development of the country. There is an urgent need to make efforts to ensure that appropriate research outputs, which can be pot to use for the benefit of society, are generated and reach the people. It is, therefore, essential to evolve a mechanism and identify programmes for application of Science & Technology for .

Improving the quality of life of the people (particularly the weaker sections and women).
For the development of rural areas to reduce regional imbalances and
For inculcating scientific awareness among the masses.

CSIR Milestones and Key Achievements | UPSC – IAS

CSIR was established by the Government of India in September 1942 as an autonomous body that has emerged as the largest research and development organisation in India . The research and development activities of CSIR include:- Aerospace engineering, Structural engineering, Environmental science, Ocean sciences, Life sciences, Metallurgy, Petroleum, Chemicals, Leather, Food and Mining.

Developed India’s first synthetic drug, methaqualone in 1950.
Developed Optical Glass at CGCRI for defence purposes.
Developed first Indian tractor Swaraj in 1967 completely based on indigenous know-how.
Achieved the first breakthrough of flowering of Bamboo within weeks as against twenty years in nature.
First to analyse genetic diversity of the indigenous Andamanese tribes and to establish their origin out of Africa 60,000 years ago.
Developed the first transgenic Drosophila model for drug screening for cancer in humans .
Invented, once a week non-steroidal family planning pill Saheli and non-steroidal herbal pill for asthma called Asmon.
Designed India’s first ever parallel processing computer, Flosolver.
Rejuvenated India’s one-hundred-year-old refinery at Digboi using the most modern molecular distillation technology.
With TCS, developed a versatile portable PC-based software ‘Bio-Suite’ for bioinformatics .
Design of 14 seater plane ‘ SARAS ‘.
Established first ever in the world ‘Traditional Knowledge Digital Library’ accessible in five international languages, English, German, French, Japanese and Spanish.
Successfully challenged the grant of patent in the US for use of haldi ( turmeric ) for wound healing and neem as insecticide .
In 2007, under the NMITLI program, began the study of Sepsivac , a drug for gram-negative sepsis.
In 2009, completed the sequencing of the Human Genome .
In 2011, successfully tested India’s 1st indigenous civilian aircraft, NAL NM5 made in association with National Aerospace Laboratories and Mahindra Aerospace .
In 2020, initiated clinical trials to evaluate Sepsivac’s efficacy to reduce mortality rate in COVID – 19 patients.

Conclusion and A Way forward | UPSC – IAS

India must try to become “Global innovation Leader” across the board in all S&T areas. India will certainly become a ”Developed Country” sooner or later, but we can achieve this much faster if we use ‘technology foresight’ to make the right technology choices and introduce ‘coherent synergy’ in our S&T efforts. Technology Foresight helps in the selection of critical technologies for development at any point of time. india is a large country and its technology requirements also correspondingly span a wide range from nuclear to rural. It has to continue to develop strategic technologies- in nuclear, space and defence related areas.

The sustained efforts over years since independence and a more focused thrust during the recent period in higher education, scientific research, and technology development, India has now attained a recognised potential to emerge as a Global player in the knowledge era.
We now need to focus on enlarging the pool of scientific manpower and strengthening the S&T infrastructure and converting our potential into reality, pushing india into the knowledge era as a global player and raising the Indian economy to the level of developed nations.

Technologies related to energy security, food and nutritional security, health and water security, environmental security, advanced manufacturing and processing, advanced materials, etc., are all important for us. So are the so-called “knowledge based” technologies (Information Technology, particularly hardware, Nanotechnology. particularly Nanoelectronics; Biotechnology; and convergence of these technologies like Nanobiotechnology for drug delivery.

Scientific knowledge and expertise,
High technology industrial infrastructure and
A technically skilled workforce are the currencies of the knowledge era.

Role of Science in Making India for Students and Children

500+ words essay on role of science in making india.

In the last few years, science has helped a lot in the development of India. Science has contributed to all the sectors. Science has improved the global economy, increased employment opportunities, saved millions of lives and has played a major role in a lot of industries. Science is very important for the growth and development of India. It even plays a key role in our daily lives. Every country should invest as much as possible in research and development for scientific technologies. In this essay on the role of science in making India we will see how science has helped India to grow in different sectors.

How Indian Scientists have Helped India Grow?

When it comes to Indian Scientists, the first name comes to my mind is CV Raman. CV Raman was the first Asian who won the Nobel Prize. His work was related to light and sound. He investigated that when light passes through a transparent material, some of the deflected light waves see the change in its amplitude and wavelength.

APJ Abdul Kalam is the second name that comes in my mind in Indian Scientists. APJ Abdul Kalam worked as an Aerospace engineer with ISRO and DRDO. He was also president of India from 2002 to 2007. Abdul Kalam contributed a lot to Aerospace. One of the contributions is deploying Rohini Satellite near Earth’s orbit. A few more names are Homi Bhabha, Visvesvaraya, V Radhakrishnan, Satyendra Nath Bose and many more…

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

How has Science Increased Employment Opportunities?

Whenever any new technology is discovered it leads to new industries. For example, if any new scientific device is invented it will require eligible professionals to control the device. Such inventions help in increasing employment opportunities. This also helps in growth in many businesses which in turn develops the Indian economy.

Curing Diseases and Saving Lives

In the last few years, medical science has evolved so much and saved billions of lives. New technologies like wireless brain sensors, artificial organs, smart inhalers, robotic surgery, virtual reality are making work easier for thousands of doctors around the world. And also these technologies are saving millions of lives and curing diseases.

Role in Agriculture Sector

Science has played a very major role in the Agriculture sector. Food is one of the basic needs of our lives. And science has now invented so many new agriculture techniques which have increased production drastically. The old mundane techniques farmers used to follow was very slow, expensive, and required too much effort.

Science has made everything a lot easier for farmers. Improved facilities in irrigation, modern fertilizers, advanced equipment, and pesticides are all helping farmers to work faster, and save more money.

Science has helped us a lot in many ways and it will keep helping. Everyone should not only invest as much as possible in science and technology but also should stay aware of all new technologies developed around the world.

FAQs on Science

Q.1 Why is Science important in daily lives?

A – Science plays an important role in our daily lives, for example, what medicines are you taking, the food you eat, the equipment you use for cooking, clothes you are wearing and much more.

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Essay on Science and Technology in English for Children & Students

Table of Contents

Science and Technology Essay: Science is a systematic way that involves observation and experimentation to get knowledge and improve skills, whereas technology is the practical application of science that helps improve the quality of life. Science is a systematic study, and technology is what comes out of it. Science and technology go hand in hand; that is, technological advancements always follow scientific progress, and the latter is only the implication of the former.

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Target Exam ---

Today, Science and Technology play a very significant role in the overall development of a country. The two define the progress made in almost every field, i.e., infrastructure development, communications, defence, industrialization, etc. the world is developing fast, at an unprecedented rate, because of scientific and technological developments. The ever-progressive world will leave behind anyone who lags behind in science and technology.

Long and Short Essay on Science and Technology in English

New inventions in science and technology play a great role in people’s daily lives and advance their lifestyles.

To keep students up-to-date and check their general knowledge about new inventions, they are given the topic to write essays on science and technology.

Here we have provided some simple science and technology essays to help students to do better in their essay writing competition.

Essay on Science and Technology 100 words

Advancement in science and technology in many areas has made the lives of people more advanced than the ancient time. Advancement in science and technology is directly and positively affecting people’s way of living on the one hand; however, it is also affecting indirectly and negatively the people’s health on the other hand. New inventions in science and technology are necessary in such a modern world for a country to be strong and more well-developed than others. In this competitive world, we need more technology to go ahead and become successful people in life.

Essay on Science and Technology 150 words

Human or country development is linked to technology’s proper growth and development in many ways. Technological advancement happens when there become new inventions in science by highly skilled and professional scientists. We can say that technology, science, and development are equally proportional. Development in science and technology is necessary for the people of any nation to go hand in hand with the people of other countries. The development of science and technology depends on the analysis and proper understanding of facts. The development of technology depends on the way of application of various scientific knowledge in the right direction.

To enhance the economy and the betterment of the people of any nation, up-to-date knowledge, technology, science, and engineering are the fundamental requisites. A nation can be backward, and the chances of being a developed country become minimal in the lack of science and technology.

Essay on Science and Technology 200 words

We all know that we live in the age of science and technology. The life of every one of us is highly dependent on scientific inventions and modern-day technologies. Science and technology have changed the lives of people to a great extent. It has made life easy, simple, and fast. In the new era, the science development has become a necessity to finish the era of bullock carts and bring the trend of motorized vehicles.

Science and technology have been implemented in every aspect of modernization in every nation. Modern gadgets have been introduced to every walk of life and have solved almost all problems. It was impossible to have all its benefits without implementing it in sectors like medicine, education, infrastructure, electricity, aviation, information technology, and other fields.

What improvement we see in our life daily is because of science and technology. For the proper growth and development of the country, it is very necessary to go science and technology hand in hand. Villages are getting developed into towns and cities, thus expanding the greater horizons of the economy. Our country India is fast developing in the sense of science and technology.

Essay on Science and Technology 250 words

Science and technology have become a debated topic in society. On the one hand, it is necessary for the modern life where other countries continuously develop in science and technology. It becomes necessary for other countries to grow in the same way to be strong and well-developed as other countries for future safety and security. It is science and technology which helps other weak countries to develop and be strong.

We have to take support science and technology forever to improve the way of life for the betterment of humanity. Suppose we do not take the help of technologies such as computers, the internet, electricity, etc. In that case, we cannot be economically strong in the future and will be backward forever, even if we cannot survive in such a competitive and technological world.

Advancements in medicine, agriculture, education, economy, sports, games, jobs, tourism, etc., are the examples of science and technology. All such advancements show us how both are equally beneficial for our life. We can see a clear difference in our lifestyle while matching the old and modern way of life. High level of scientific and technological advancement in medicine has made treating various lethal diseases easy, which was not possible earlier. It has helped doctors find effective ways to cure diseases through medicine or operations and research vaccines to cure diseases such as cancer, AIDS, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, Leukemia, etc.

Essay on Science and Technology 300 words

The implication of science and technology in people’s life is very old from the time of Indus Valley Civilization. It was almost first invention when came to know about fire and wheel. Both of these inventions are considered the mother of all the technological innovations of modern times. Through the invention of fire, people first knew about the power of energy. Since then, people’s curiosity has increased, and they have started trying hard to research various measures to make life easy and simple.

India has been the most famous country in the world since ancient times; however, after its slavery under British rule, it lost its recognition and strength. After getting freedom in 1947, it again had started getting its lost recognition in the crowd. It is the science and technology which has helped India to get real recognition all over the world. India has become a highly growing country through new inventions in science and technological advancement. Science and technologies play a great role in meeting the needs and requirements of modern people.

Some examples of technological advancement are establishing the railway system, metro system, railway reservation system, internet, supercomputers, mobiles, smartphones, online access for people in almost every area, etc. The government of India is creating more opportunities for space organizations and several academic institutions (Indian Association for the Advancement of Science) for better technological growth and development in the country. Some of the renowned scientists of the India who have made possible the technological advancement in India (through their notable scientific research in various fields) are Sir J. C. Bose, S. N. Bose, C. V. Raman, Dr. Homi J. Bhabha, Srinivasa Ramanujan, father of India’s nuclear power, Dr. Har Govind Singh Khorana, Vikram Sarabhai, etc.

Essay on Science and Technology 400 words

Science and technology play vital roles in modern life and profoundly influence the course of human civilization. Technological advancement in modern life has provided us lots of remarkable insights all over the world. Scientific revolutions have taken their full speed from the 20 th century and have become more advanced in the 21 st century. We have entered the new century in new ways and with all the arrangements for people’s well-being. Modern culture and civilization have become dependent on science and technologies as they have become an integral part of life according to the need and requirements of the people.

India has become an important source of creative and foundational scientific developments and approaches all across the world. All the great scientific discoveries and technological achievements in our country have improved the Indian economic status and have created many new ways for the new generations to grow in the technologically advanced environment. There are many new scientific types of research and development have been possible in the field of Mathematics, Architecture, Chemistry, Astronomy, Medicine, Metallurgy, Natural Philosophy, physics, agriculture, health care, pharmaceuticals, astrophysics, nuclear energy, space technology, applications, defense research, biotechnology, information technology, electronics, oceanography, and other areas.

The introduction of scientific research, ideas, and techniques to the field of education has brought a huge positive change in the new generation and provided them with various new and innovative opportunities to work in the field of their interest. Modem science in India has been awakened by outstanding scientists’ continuous and hard efforts. Scientists in India are great and have made possible scientific advances of the highest international calibre.

Technological development in any field enhances the economy of any nation. In order to improve the power of science and technology in India, the Indian government made the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1942 and the Board of Scientific and Industrial Research in 1940. In order to emphasize the growth of science and technology in the country, Indian government has established a chain of national laboratories and research institutes in various regions.

After independence, our country has been involved in the promotion of the spread of science for national development. A variety of policies made by the government have emphasized self-sufficiency and sustainable growth and development throughout the country. Science and technology have impacted the country’s economic growth and social development in an extraordinary manner.

Essay on Science and Technology FAQs

What is science and technology in essay.

Science and technology in an essay explore how we understand the world science and apply that knowledge to create tools and solve problems technology.

What is science and technology in a short note?

Science studies the natural world, while technology uses that knowledge to make our lives better through inventions and innovations.

What are the important points of science and technology?

Science seeks to understand the natural world. Technology applies scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. Both play crucial roles in advancing society and improving our lives.

What is a good topic for science and technology?

Topics like artificial intelligence, renewable energy, or genetic engineering are engaging subjects to explore the latest advancements and impacts of science and technology.

What is science and technology essay writing?

It's the art of crafting an essay to discuss scientific discoveries and technological advancements, their importance, and their influence on society.

Why is the topic of science and technology important?

Understanding and discussing science and technology is essential because they shape our world, impact our lives, and drive progress in various fields.

An essay on science and technology delves into how we explore and apply knowledge to innovate, solve problems, and improve our way of life.

What is science essay in simple words?

A science essay explains discoveries and facts about how the world works, often involving experiments and research to better understand nature and the universe.

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Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains (2013-2022)

Science and technology, science and technology questions in upsc mains 2022.

Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race?
What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines?

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2021

How is the S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (Answer in 150 words)
What are the research and developmental achievements in applied biotechnology? How will these achievements help to uplift the poorer sections of society? (Answer in 250 words)
The Nobel Prize in Physics in 2014 was jointly awarded to Akasaki, Amano, and Nakamura for the invention of Blue LEDs in 1990s. How has this invention impacted the everyday life of human beings? (Answer in 250 words)

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2020

What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in the health sector?
How is science interwoven deeply with our lives? What are the striking changes in agriculture triggered off by science-based technologies?
COVID-19 pandemic has caused unprecedented devastation worldwide. However, technological advancements are being availed readily to win over the crisis. Give an account of how technology was sought to aid the management of the pandemic.

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2019

What is India’s plan to have its own space station and how will it benefit our space programme?
How can biotechnology help to improve the living standards of farmers?
Give an account of the growth and development of nuclear science and technology in India. What is the advantage of a fast breeder reactor programme in India?
How is the Government of India protecting traditional knowledge of medicine from patenting by pharmaceutical companies?

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2018

Discuss the work of ‘Bose-Einstein Statistics’ done by Prof. Satyendra Nath Bose and show how it revolutionized the field of Physics.
Why is there so much activity in the field of biotechnology in our country? How has this activity benefitted the field of biopharma?
With growing energy needs should India keep on expanding its nuclear energy programme? Discuss the facts and fears associated with nuclear energy.

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2017

Stem cell therapy is gaining popularity in India to treat a wide variety of medical conditions including leukaemia, Thalassemia, damaged cornea and several burns. Describe briefly what stem cell therapy is and what advantages it has over other treatments?
India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions, both in terms of technology and logistics? Explain critically

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2016

What is allelopathy? Discuss its role in major cropping systems of irrigated agriculture.
Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development?
Why is nanotechnology one of the key technologies of the 21st century? Describe the salient features of Indian Government’s Mission on Nanoscience and Technology and the scope of its application in the development process of the country.

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2015

How can the ‘Digital India’ programme help farmers to improve farm productivity and income? What steps has the Government taken in this regards?
To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry?
What do you understand by ‘Standard Positioning Systems’ and ‘Protection Positioning Systems’ in the GPS era? Discuss the advantages India perceives from its ambitious IRNSS programme employing just seven satellites.
What are the areas of prohibitive labour that can be sustainably managed by robots? Discuss the initiatives that can propel research in premier research institutes for substantive and gainful innovation.
Discuss the advantage and security implications of cloud hosting of servers vis-a-vis in-house machine-based hosting for government businesses.
India’s Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL) which has a database containing formatted information on more than 2 million medicinal formulations is proving a powerful weapon in the country’s fight against erroneous patents. Discuss the pros and cons of making this database publicly available under open-source licensing.

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2014

Can overuse and the availability of antibiotics without doctor’s prescription, the contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved.
Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, because a career in science is not as attractive as our business operations, engineering or administration, and the universities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically comment.
In a globalised world, intellectual property rights assume significance and are a source of litigation. Broadly distinguish between the terms – copyrights, patents and trade secrets.

Science and Technology Questions in UPSC Mains 2013

Bringing out the circumstances in 2005 which forced an amendment to the section 3(d) in Indian Patent Law, 1970, discuss how it has been utilized by the Supreme Court in its judgement in rejecting Novartis’ patent application for ‘Glivec’. Discuss briefly the pros and cons of the decision.
What do you understand by Fixed-Dose drug Combinations (FDCs)? Discuss their merits and demerits.
What is a digital signature? What does its authentication mean? Give various salient built-in features of a digital signature.
How does 3D printing technology work? List out the advantages and disadvantages of the technology.
What is an FRP composite material? How are they manufactured? Discuss their application in the aviation and automobile industries.

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Election latest: Farage on defensive after supporters caught on camera making racist, murderous and homophobic remarks

Rishi Sunak has spoken out after a Reform UK supporter was filmed making racist comments about him - with party leader Nigel Farage forced on to the defensive. Meanwhile, Sir Keir Starmer has distanced himself from a Labour colleague's previous criticism of Donald Trump.

Friday 28 June 2024 15:17, UK

General Election 2024

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Sunak: Farage supporter using racial slur 'makes me angry'
Farage on defensive after supporters filmed making racist, murderous and homophobic comments
Police 'urgently assessing' comments to see if 'criminal offences' committed
Reform UK racism and homophobia scandal: What do we know?
Starmer says he would resign if Labour lost badly
Analysis : Sunak's tetchiness over betting scandal speaks volumes
PM accuses Farage of Putin 'appeasement'
Rylan would 'love' to get into politics
Politics at Jack and Sam's : The last weekend
Live reporting by Ben Bloch

Election essentials

Manifesto pledges: Conservatives | Greens | Labour | Lib Dems | Plaid | Reform | SNP
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How to watch election on Sky News

Last night, Channel 4 broadcast a report in which a Reform UK campaigner called Rishi Sunak a "P***".

Asked about this today, the prime minister told broadcasters: "Well, my two daughters have to see and hear Reform people who campaign for Nigel Farage calling me an effing 'P***'.

"It hurts, and it makes me angry, and I think he has some questions to answer.

"And I don't repeat those words lightly. I do so deliberately because this is too important not to call out clearly for what it is."

Asked about repeating the word the Reform supporter used, he said: "I hate having to do it, I chose my words deliberately, I hate having to repeat them, absolutely hate it.

"But I also think it's important to call this out for what it is and be clear about what it is."

We've just had a statement from Essex Police after Reform activists were heard using a racial slur about the prime minister and using homophobic language.

The force said in a statement: "We are aware of comments made during a Channel 4 News programme and we are urgently assessing them to establish if there are any criminal offences."

The footage, captured by an undercover Channel 4 reporter in Clacton, where Mr Farage is a candidate, showed Reform campaigner Andrew Parker calling Mr Sunak a "P***", and suggesting migrants should be used as "target practice".

He also described Islam as a "disgusting cult".

Another canvasser described the Pride flag as "degenerate" and suggested members of the LGBT community were paedophiles.

Mr Farage has sought to distance himself from the inflammatory comments, saying he was "dismayed" by the "appalling sentiments" expressed.

By Megan Harwood-Baynes , digital investigations reporter

Reform and Labour have bought up advertising on two major national news sites in a bid to sway voters in the remaining days before the general election.

When looking at MailOnline, Nigel Farage's stern face beams down from both the main banner and the left of the site.

Their manifesto - which have they been calling their "contract" with the public - is pasted down the side of the news website.

Meanwhile, Labour, perhaps in a bid to emulate 1992's "It's the Sun Wot Won It" front page, have pasted their advertising all over The Sun online.

With a countdown to 4 July, they also bemoan "14 years of Tory chaos".

Crucially, neither of these papers have openly endorsed a candidate, although a regular reader may be forgiven for not noticing this nuance.

In 1992, The Sun claimed credit for the victory of the Conservative Party, after openly campaigning to drive voters away from the then-Labour leader Neil Kinnock.

It is regularly cited as demonstrative of the influence the tabloid press could have over politicians and elections.

So far, the Daily Telegraph has come out in support of the Tories, while the Guardian, Daily Mirror, Economist, New Statesman and Daily Record have all backed the Labour Party.

The Times, The Sun and the Daily Mail have not endorsed anyone, and the Daily Star has taken the unusual (but perhaps unsurprising) approach of supporting Count Binface, labelling him the "most sane politician in the UK".

And while the Mirror has already backed Labour, and despite - at first glance - appearing to be plastered with advertising for the party, the red banners promising "change" are actually for coffee brand Nespresso.

Sky News has been looking at the advertising as part of the Online Election project - a Sky News initiative to cover how the campaign is playing out online, led by Tom Cheshire , Online Campaign correspondent .

We also found one party has been dominating social media - but it's not the one spending the most.

Reform UK has been dominating, with its page growing by more than 32,000 followers over the course of the campaign.

Meanwhile, the Tories have only seen 596 new followers.

Sixteen of the top 20 most-loved posts were also from Mr Farage.

And for some Tories, the only brand has been seen as so bad, that some have ditched it altogether .

There has been uproar today about comments made by Reform UK supporters.

So what do we know?

Channel 4 publishes expose

On Thursday evening, Channel 4 publish an article about racism and homophobia being used by Reform UK canvassers.

This included undercover footage of a man called Andrew Parker in Mr Farage's constituency, who used a racial slur about Rishi Sunak.

He also said young army recruits should be sent to "f****** just shoot" migrants arriving on the beach in Kent.

Another Reform supporter made homophobic comments, describing the Pride flag as "degenerate" and suggesting members of the LGBT community were paedophiles.

Party leader Nigel Farage said he was "dismayed" by the comments.

Allegations of impropriety

By Friday morning, Mr Farage and his deputy Richard Tice were challenging the reporting, alleging that Mr Parker was an actor and insisting the whole thing "stinks".

Sky News spoke to Mr Parker. He says that while he has worked as an actor, he was volunteering for Reform.

He denied taking money, and said he supported Mr Farage.

Channel 4 also said they did not pay anyone and stood by their reporting.

Sunak reacts

At 1pm, Mr Sunak reacted to what had been said.

He repeated the word used by Mr Parker - "P***" - and said it "hurts" and makes him "angry".

He also said his two daughters had to hear it being said.

Sir Keir Starmer earlier declined to say that Mr Farage was racist - but said the words used were.

Farage doubles down

Fifteen minutes later, Mr Farage appeared on ITV show Loose Women.

He doubled down on his suggestion that the incident had somehow been staged, without providing details.

The Reform leader says he had previously met Mr Parker - and claimed the man was putting on "an act right from the start".

Mr Farage said: "I have to tell you, this whole thing was a complete and total set-up, I have no doubt about that."

By Darren McCaffrey, political correspondent, in Teeside

I've spent much of the last five weeks with the prime minister, dozens of visits, dozens of questions. But I've never seen him as angry as today.

The broadcast last night of a Reform canvasser making a targeted racist slur against the prime minister has left Rishi Sunak not just angry - but hurt too.

When asked why he had deliberately decided to repeat the slur itself in an interview, he said it was not something he wanted to do.

"I hate it, I hate having to do it, I choose my words deliberately, I hate it, but I have to call it out for what it is," he said.

On a personal level, this clearly matters to the prime minister and his desire to protect his family.

He has mentioned his daughters having to hear racism like this several times.

Politically, the Conservatives are hoping that this will also make voters think twice about Reform and about Nigel Farage.

When I asked Mr Sunak if he would now describe Reform as a racist party - he wouldn't go that far, but suggested "Nigel Farage has questions to answer".

Reform UK leader Nigel Farage is appearing on ITV's Loose Women.

He doubles down on the suggestions that Channel 4 - or a production company - paid a Reform supporter to say racist things about the prime minister.

Andrew Parker, referred to Rishi Sunak as a "P***" and said young army recruits should be sent to "f****** just shoot" migrants arriving on the beach in Kent.

Mr Parker has spoken to Sky News and denied he took any money, while praising Mr Farage.

He has worked as an actor but says he was volunteering when he was caught on undercover camera making the remarks.

Mr Farage claimed "no one speaks" how the man spoke in the footage and that he was putting on an accent.

Mr Parker used the same voice as he did in the Channel 4 video when he spoke to Sky.

The Reform UK leader adds that the whole thing was "a set up" - and that "something is wrong here".

Asked about other Reform supporters who were seen making homophobic comments, Mr Farage says the group were "drunk" after watching the football, and were "vulgar" and "wrong" and "gone" from the party.

Following on from its reporting last night - and claims from Reform that the man involved might have been paid - Channel 4 has defended its expose.

A spokesperson said in a statement: "We strongly stand by our rigorous and duly impartial journalism which speaks for itself.

"We met Mr Parker for the first time at Reform UK party headquarters, where he was a Reform party canvasser.

"We did not pay the Reform UK canvasser or anyone else in this report. Mr Parker was not known to Channel 4 News and was filmed covertly via the undercover operation."

Yesterday, Channel 4 news published a report in which Reform UK activist Andrew Parker was captured by an undercover reporter posing as a canvasser in Clacton, Essex, where leader Nigel Farage is a candidate.

Mr Parker used a racial slur to refer to the prime minister, and said the army should "just shoot" migrants crossing the Channel.

Since the report came out, it emerged that Mr Parker had previously worked as an actor.

This fact was used by Mr Farage and Reform deputy leader Richard Tice to suggest what happens "does not add up" and "stinks".

However, Sky News has now spoken to Mr Parker - and he denies being a paid actor.

He says he was "just a volunteer" delivering leaflets - and that he still supports Mr Farage and thinks he is "a brilliant guy".

Mr Parker denied that he had put on a "rough voice" - adding that he feels like he was "set up" and "goaded on" by the undercover journalist, and he was using his natural accent.

He added that he first joined the campaign after Mr Farage launched it in Clacton.

Acting, he says, makes up a small portion of his income and he can't remember his last job in the sector.

He denies being racist, saying his word choice was partially down to his age.

"It's the sort of language we use. There's no racism at all in it. I am a decent guy to be honest," he told Sky.

Reform has not contacted him since, he says.

Read more and see the other candidates for Clacton here:

We've got six days to go until the election - and today is a bit quieter than some of the other days on the campaign trail.

Here's everything you need to know this lunchtime:

Sir Keir Starmer spoke to the BBC for a phone in interview;
He confirmed he would stand down as leader if Labour lost the election badly;
Sir Keir also described the reported comments made by a Reform campaigner as ' racist ' - but did use the label to describe Nigel Farage;
He would not comment on the US debate overnight - instead saying he would work with whoever is president if he is PM.

👉 Tap here to follow Politics at Jack and Sam's wherever you get your podcasts 👈

Junior doctors in Wales have accepted a pay offer from the Welsh administration there;
Rylan Clark revealed the changes he would make to the political system;
And Education Secretary Gillian Keegan admitted no poll was showing a good outcome for the Conservatives.

Stay with us throughout the afternoon as we keep you up to date on the latest developments.

And don't forget, Politics Hub is live from 7pm.

Following the news that the Labour run Welsh administration - which is not currently undergoing an election - agreed a pay rise for junior doctors, the Tory group for the nation have responded.

Sam Rowlands the shadow minister for health, said: "The Welsh Labour government has acted shamefully throughout this episode.

"By only releasing the funds for a pay deal when it was politically advantageous to do so, Labour have caused the strikes which led to missed operations, extra pressure on our NHS and undue stress on Wales' consultants, SAS doctors and junior doctors.

"The Welsh Conservatives will never play politics with the Welsh NHS."

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Scientific breakthroughs: 2024 emerging trends to watch

December 28, 2023

Across disciplines and industries, scientific discoveries happen every day, so how can you stay ahead of emerging trends in a thriving landscape? At CAS, we have a unique view of recent scientific breakthroughs, the historical discoveries they were built upon, and the expertise to navigate the opportunities ahead. In 2023, we identified the top scientific breakthroughs , and 2024 has even more to offer. New trends to watch include the accelerated expansion of green chemistry, the clinical validation of CRISPR, the rise of biomaterials, and the renewed progress in treating the undruggable, from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases. To hear what the experts from Lawrence Liverpool National Lab and Oak Ridge National Lab are saying on this topic, join us for a free webinar on January 25 from 10:00 to 11:30 a.m. EDT for a panel discussion on the trends to watch in 2024.

The ascension of AI in R&D

While the future of AI has always been forward-looking, the AI revolution in chemistry and drug discovery has yet to be fully realized. While there have been some high-profile set-backs , several breakthroughs should be watched closely as the field continues to evolve. Generative AI is making an impact in drug discovery , machine learning is being used more in environmental research , and large language models like ChatGPT are being tested in healthcare applications and clinical settings.

Many scientists are keeping an eye on AlphaFold, DeepMind’s protein structure prediction software that revolutionized how proteins are understood. DeepMind and Isomorphic Labs have recently announced how their latest model shows improved accuracy, can generate predictions for almost all molecules in the Protein Data Bank, and expand coverage to ligands, nucleic acids, and posttranslational modifications . Therapeutic antibody discovery driven by AI is also gaining popularity , and platforms such as the RubrYc Therapeutics antibody discovery engine will help advance research in this area.

Though many look at AI development with excitement, concerns over accurate and accessible training data , fairness and bias , lack of regulatory oversight , impact on academia, scholarly research and publishing , hallucinations in large language models , and even concerns over infodemic threats to public health are being discussed. However, continuous improvement is inevitable with AI, so expect to see many new developments and innovations throughout 2024.

‘Greener’ green chemistry

Green chemistry is a rapidly evolving field that is constantly seeking innovative ways to minimize the environmental impact of chemical processes. Here are several emerging trends that are seeing significant breakthroughs:

Improving green chemistry predictions/outcomes : One of the biggest challenges in green chemistry is predicting the environmental impact of new chemicals and processes. Researchers are developing new computational tools and models that can help predict these impacts with greater accuracy. This will allow chemists to design safer and more environmentally friendly chemicals.
Reducing plastics: More than 350 million tons of plastic waste is generated every year. Across the landscape of manufacturers, suppliers, and retailers, reducing the use of single-use plastics and microplastics is critical. New value-driven approaches by innovators like MiTerro that reuse industrial by-products and biomass waste for eco-friendly and cheaper plastic replacements will soon be industry expectations. Lowering costs and plastic footprints will be important throughout the entire supply chain.
Alternative battery chemistry: In the battery and energy storage space, finding alternatives to scarce " endangered elements" like lithium and cobalt will be critical. While essential components of many batteries, they are becoming scarce and expensive. New investments in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries that do not use nickel and cobalt have expanded , with 45% of the EV market share being projected for LFP in 2029. Continued research is projected for more development in alternative materials like sodium, iron, and magnesium, which are more abundant, less expensive, and more sustainable.
More sustainable catalysts : Catalysts speed up a chemical reaction or decrease the energy required without getting consumed. Noble metals are excellent catalysts; however, they are expensive and their mining causes environmental damage. Even non-noble metal catalysts can also be toxic due to contamination and challenges with their disposal. Sustainable catalysts are made of earth-abundant elements that are also non-toxic in nature. In recent years, there has been a growing focus on developing sustainable catalysts that are more environmentally friendly and less reliant on precious metals. New developments with catalysts, their roles, and environmental impact will drive meaningful progress in reducing carbon footprints.
Recycling lithium-ion batteries: Lithium-ion recycling has seen increased investments with more than 800 patents already published in 2023. The use of solid electrolytes or liquid nonflammable electrolytes may improve the safety and durability of LIBs and reduce their material use. Finally, a method to manufacture electrodes without solvent s could reduce the use of deprecated solvents such as N-methylpyrrolidinone, which require recycling and careful handling to prevent emissions.

Rise of biomaterials

New materials for biomedical applications could revolutionize many healthcare segments in 2024. One example is bioelectronic materials, which form interfaces between electronic devices and the human body, such as the brain-computer interface system being developed by Neuralink. This system, which uses a network of biocompatible electrodes implanted directly in the brain, was given FDA approval to begin human trials in 2023.

Bioelectronic materials: are often hybrids or composites, incorporating nanoscale materials, highly engineered conductive polymers, and bioresorbable substances. Recently developed devices can be implanted, used temporarily, and then safely reabsorbed by the body without the need for removal. This has been demonstrated by a fully bioresorbable, combined sensor-wireless power receiver made from zinc and the biodegradable polymer, poly(lactic acid).
Natural biomaterials: that are biocompatible and naturally derived (such as chitosan, cellulose nanomaterials, and silk) are used to make advanced multifunctional biomaterials in 2023. For example, they designed an injectable hydrogel brain implant for treating Parkinson’s disease, which is based on reversible crosslinks formed between chitosan, tannic acid, and gold nanoparticles.
Bioinks : are used for 3D printing of organs and transplant development which could revolutionize patient care. Currently, these models are used for studying organ architecture like 3D-printed heart models for cardiac disorders and 3D-printed lung models to test the efficacy of drugs. Specialized bioinks enhance the quality, efficacy, and versatility of 3D-printed organs, structures, and outcomes. Finally, new approaches like volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) of pristine silk- based bioinks are unlocking new frontiers of innovation for 3D printing.

To the moon and beyond

The global Artemis program is a NASA-led international space exploration program that aims to land the first woman and the first person of color on the Moon by 2025 as part of the long-term goal of establishing a sustainable human presence on the Moon. Additionally, the NASA mission called Europa Clipper, scheduled for a 2024 launch, will orbit around Jupiter and fly by Europa , one of Jupiter’s moons, to study the presence of water and its habitability. China’s mission, Chang’e 6 , plans to bring samples from the moon back to Earth for further studies. The Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) mission by Japan’s JAXA plans to bring back samples from Phobos, one of the Mars moons. Boeing is also expected to do a test flight of its reusable space capsule Starliner , which can take people to low-earth orbit.

The R&D impact of Artemis extends to more fields than just aerospace engineering, though:

Robotics: Robots will play a critical role in the Artemis program, performing many tasks, such as collecting samples, building infrastructure, and conducting scientific research. This will drive the development of new robotic technologies, including autonomous systems and dexterous manipulators.
Space medicine: The Artemis program will require the development of new technologies to protect astronauts from the hazards of space travel, such as radiation exposure and microgravity. This will include scientific discoveries in medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and countermeasures.
Earth science: The Artemis program will provide a unique opportunity to study the Moon and its environment. This will lead to new insights into the Earth's history, geology, and climate.
Materials science: The extreme space environment will require new materials that are lightweight, durable, and radiation resistant. This will have applications in many industries, including aerospace, construction, and energy.
Information technology: The Artemis program will generate a massive amount of data, which will need to be processed, analyzed, and shared in real time. This will drive the development of new IT technologies, such as cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and machine learning.

The CRISPR pay-off

After years of research, setbacks, and minimal progress, the first formal evidence of CRISPR as a therapeutic platform technology in the clinic was realized. Intellia Therapeutics received FDA clearance to initiate a pivotal phase 3 trial of a new drug for the treatment of hATTR, and using the same Cas9 mRNA, got a new medicine treating a different disease, angioedema. This was achieved by only changing 20 nucleotides of the guide RNA, suggesting that CRISPR can be used as a therapeutic platform technology in the clinic.

The second great moment for CRISPR drug development technology came when Vertex and CRISPR Therapeutics announced the authorization of the first CRISPR/Cas9 gene-edited therapy, CASGEVY™, by the United Kingdom MHRA, for the treatment of sickle cell disease and transfusion-dependent beta-thalassemia. This was the first approval of a CRISPR-based therapy for human use and is a landmark moment in realizing the potential of CRISPR to improve human health.

In addition to its remarkable genome editing capability, the CRISPR-Cas system has proven to be effective in many applications, including early cancer diagnosis . CRISPR-based genome and transcriptome engineering and CRISPR-Cas12a and CRISPR-Cas13a appear to have the necessary characteristics to be robust detection tools for cancer therapy and diagnostics. CRISPR-Cas-based biosensing system gives rise to a new era for precise diagnoses of early-stage cancers.

MIT engineers have also designed a new nanoparticle DNA-encoded nanosensor for urinary biomarkers that could enable early cancer diagnoses with a simple urine test. The sensors, which can detect cancerous proteins, could also distinguish the type of tumor or how it responds to treatment.

Ending cancer

The immuno-oncology field has seen tremendous growth in the last few years. Approved products such as cytokines, vaccines, tumor-directed monoclonal antibodies, and immune checkpoint blockers continue to grow in market size. Novel therapies like TAC01-HER2 are currently undergoing clinical trials. This unique therapy uses autologous T cells, which have been genetically engineered to incorporate T cell Antigen Coupler (TAC) receptors that recognize human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) presence on tumor cells to remove them. This could be a promising therapy for metastatic, HER2-positive solid tumors.

Another promising strategy aims to use the CAR-T cells against solid tumors in conjunction with a vaccine that boosts immune response. Immune boosting helps the body create more host T cells that can target other tumor antigens that CAR-T cells cannot kill.

Another notable trend is the development of improved and effective personalized therapies. For instance, a recently developed personalized RNA neoantigen vaccine, based on uridine mRNA–lipoplex nanoparticles, was found effective against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Major challenges in immuno-oncology are therapy resistance, lack of predictable biomarkers, and tumor heterogenicity. As a result, devising novel treatment strategies could be a future research focus.

Decarbonizing energy

Multiple well-funded efforts are underway to decarbonize energy production by replacing fossil fuel-based energy sources with sources that generate no (or much less) CO2 in 2024.

One of these efforts is to incorporate large-scale energy storage devices into the existing power grid. These are an important part of enabling the use of renewable sources since they provide additional supply and demand for electricity to complement renewable sources. Several types of grid-scale storage that vary in the amount of energy they can store and how quickly they can discharge it into the grid are under development. Some are physical (flywheels, pumped hydro, and compressed air) and some are chemical (traditional batteries, flow batteries , supercapacitors, and hydrogen ), but all are the subject of active chemistry and materials development research. The U.S. government is encouraging development in this area through tax credits as part of the Inflation Reduction Act and a $7 billion program to establish regional hydrogen hubs.

Meanwhile, nuclear power will continue to be an active R&D area in 2024. In nuclear fission, multiple companies are developing small modular reactors (SMRs) for use in electricity production and chemical manufacturing, including hydrogen. The development of nuclear fusion reactors involves fundamental research in physics and materials science. One major challenge is finding a material that can be used for the wall of the reactor facing the fusion plasma; so far, candidate materials have included high-entropy alloys and even molten metals .

Neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative diseases are a major public health concern, being a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. While there is currently no cure for any neurodegenerative disease, new scientific discoveries and understandings of these pathways may be the key to helping patient outcomes.

Alzheimer’s disease: Two immunotherapeutics have received FDA approval to reduce both cognitive and functional decline in individuals living with early Alzheimer's disease. Aducannumab (Aduhelm®) received accelerated approval in 2021 and is the first new treatment approved for Alzheimer’s since 2003 and the first therapy targeting the disease pathophysiology, reducing beta-amyloid plaques in the brains of early Alzheimer’s disease patients. Lecanemab (Leqembi®) received traditional approval in 2023 and is the first drug targeting Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology to show clinical benefits, reducing the rate of disease progression and slowing cognitive and functional decline in adults with early stages of the disease.
Parkinson’s disease: New treatment modalities outside of pharmaceuticals and deep brain stimulation are being researched and approved by the FDA for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease symptoms. The non-invasive medical device, Exablate Neuro (approved by the FDA in 2021), uses focused ultrasound on one side of the brain to provide relief from severe symptoms such as tremors, limb rigidity, and dyskinesia. 2023 brought major news for Parkinson’s disease research with the validation of the biomarker alpha-synuclein. Researchers have developed a tool called the α-synuclein seeding amplification assay which detects the biomarker in the spinal fluid of people diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease and individuals who have not shown clinical symptoms.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS): Two pharmaceuticals have seen FDA approval in the past two years to slow disease progression in individuals with ALS. Relyvrio ® was approved in 2022 and acts by preventing or slowing more neuron cell death in patients with ALS. Tofersen (Qalsody®), an antisense oligonucleotide, was approved in 2023 under the accelerated approval pathway. Tofersen targets RNA produced from mutated superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) genes to eliminate toxic SOD1 protein production. Recently published genetic research on how mutations contribute to ALS is ongoing with researchers recently discovering how NEK1 gene mutations lead to ALS. This discovery suggests a possible rational therapeutic approach to stabilizing microtubules in ALS patients.

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Science and Technology in India, Progress, Achievements
India's history of science and technology is a tapestry of remarkable accomplishments spanning millennia. Ancient Indian mathematicians blazed a trail with the invention of the decimal system and the concept of zero, while astronomers made precise celestial observations. The "Sushruta Samhita" demonstrated advanced surgical knowledge, and ...
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Essay on Science and Technology in 100 Words. Everything we do, every breath we take, every move we make, every interaction with any object, and even the thoughts we have, and the dreams we see, all involve science. Similarly, as the world is progressing, technology is getting intertwined with even the basic aspects of our lives.
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From this conference's accepted recommendations there emerged the national Committee on science and technology (nCst) with a mandate to plan for the next phase of india's science and technology development. it did so, but now in a radically changed context of politicaleconomy,7 a change brought about in part by a ive-fold increase, since ...
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For the proper growth and development of the country, it is very necessary to go science and technology hand in hand. Villages are getting developed into towns and cities, thus expanding the greater horizons of the economy. Our country India is fast developing in the sense of science and technology. Essay on Science and Technology 250 words
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Science and Technology in India, Progress, Achievements, and Concerns

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