database essay example

What Is a Database?

A database is simply a structured and systematic way of storing information to be accessed, analyzed, transformed, updated and moved (to other databases). 

To begin understanding databases, consider an Excel notebook or Google sheet. Spreadsheets like these are a basic form of a table. Databases are almost exclusively organized in tables and those tables have rows and columns. So, think of a simple database as a collection of spreadsheets (or tables) joined together in a systematic way.

Database Definition

A database is a way for organizing information, so users can quickly navigate data, spot trends and perform other actions. Although databases may come in different formats, most are stored on computers for greater convenience.

Databases are stored on servers either on-premises at an organization’s office or off-premises at an organization’s data center (or even within their cloud infrastructure). Databases come in many formats in order to do different things with various types of data. 

Related Reading From Built In Experts Python Databases 101: How to Choose a Database Library

Why Do We Use Databases?

Computerized databases were first introduced to the world in the 1960s and have since become the foundation for products, analysis, business processes and more. Many of the services you use online every day (banking, social media, shopping, email) are all built on top of databases.

Today, databases are used for many reasons.

Databases Hold Data Efficiently

We use databases because they are an extremely efficient way of holding vast amounts of data and information. Databases around the world store everything from your credit card transactions to every click you make within one of your social media accounts. Given there are nearly eight billion people on the planet,  that’s a lot of data . 

Databases Allow Smooth Transactions

Databases allow access to various services which, in turn, allow you to access your accounts and perform transactions all across the internet. For example, your bank’s login page will ping a database to figure out if you’ve entered the right password and username. Your favorite online shop pings your credit card’s database to pull down the funds needed for you to buy that item you’ve been eyeing. 

Databases Update Information Quickly

Databases allow for easy information updates on a regular basis. Adding a video to your TikTok account, directly depositing your salary into your bank account or buying a plane ticket for your next vacation are all updates made to a database and displayed back to you almost instantaneously. 

Databases Simplify Data Analysis

Databases make research and data analysis much easier because they are highly structured storage areas of data and information. This means businesses and organizations can easily analyze databases once they know how a database is structured. Common structures (e.g. table formats, cell structures like date or currency fields) and common database querying languages (e.g.,  SQL ) make database analysis easy and efficient. 

What Is a Database Management System?

A database management system (DBMS) is a software package we use to create and manage databases. In other words, a DBMS makes it possible for users to actually interact with the database. In other words, the DBMS is the user interface (UI) that allows us to access, add, modify and delete content from the database. There are several types of database management systems, including relations, non-relational and hierarchical.

Evolution of Databases

Storing information is nothing new, but the rise of computers in the 1960s marked a shift toward more digital forms of databases. While working for GE, Charles Bachman created the Integrated Data Store, ushering in a new age of computerized databases. IBM soon followed suit with its Information Management System, a hierarchical database. 

In the 1970s, IBM’s Edgar F. Codd released a paper touting the benefits of relational databases, leading to IBM and the University of California, Berkeley releasing their own models. Relational databases became popular in the following years, with more businesses developing models and using Structured Query Language (SQL). Even though object-oriented databases became an alternative in the 1980s, relational databases remained the gold standard. 

The invention of the World Wide Web led to greater demand for databases in the 1990s. MySQL and NoSQL databases entered the scene, competing with the commercial databases developed by businesses. Object-oriented databases also began to replace relational databases in popularity.        

During the 2000s and 2010s, organizations began to collect larger volumes of data, and many turned to the scalability offered by NoSQL databases. Distributed databases provided another way to organize this proliferating data , storing it away in multiple locations.  

Types of Databases

There are many types of databases used today. Below are some of the more prominent ones.

1. Hierarchical Databases 

Hierarchical databases were the earliest form of databases. You can think of these databases like a simplified family tree. There’s a singular parent object (like a table) that has child objects (or tables) under it. A parent can have one or many child objects but a child object only has one parent. The benefit of these databases are that they’re incredibly fast and efficient plus there’s a clear, threaded relationship from one object to another. The downside to hierarchical databases is that they’re very rigid and highly structured. 

2. Relational Databases  

Relational databases are perhaps the most popular type of database. Relational databases are set up to connect their objects (like tables) to each other with keys. For example, there might be one table with user information (name, username, date of birth, customer number) and another table with purchase information (customer number, item purchased, price paid). In this example, the key that creates a relationship between the tables is the customer number. 

3. Non-Relational or NoSQL Databases  

Non-relational databases were invented more recently than relational databases and hierarchical databases in response to the growing complexity of web applications. Non-relational databases are any database that doesn’t use a relational model. You might also see them referred to as  NoSQL databases . Non-relational databases store data in different ways such as unstructured data, structured document format or as a graph. Relational databases are based on a rigid structure whereas non-relational databases are more flexible.

4. Cloud Databases

Cloud databases refer to information that’s accessible in a hybrid or cloud environment. All users need is an internet connection to reach their files and manipulate them like any other database. A convenience of cloud databases is that they don’t require extra hardware to create more storage space. Users can either build a cloud database themselves or pay for a service to get started.

5. Centralized Databases

Centralized databases are contained within a single computer or another physical system. Although users may access data through devices connected within a network, the database itself operates from one location. This approach may work best for larger companies or organizations that want to prioritize data security and efficiency.

6. Distributed Databases

Distributed databases run on more than one device. That can be as simple as operating several computers on the same site, or a network that connects to many devices. An advantage of this method is that if one computer goes down, the other computers and devices keep functioning.  

7. Object-Oriented Databases 

Object-oriented databases perceive data as objects and classes. Objects are specific data — like names and videos — while classes are groups of objects. Storing data as objects means users don’t have to distribute data across tables. This makes it easier to determine the relationships between variables and analyze the data. 

8. Graph Databases

Graph databases highlight the relationships between various data points. While users may have to do extra work to determine trends in other types of databases, graph databases store relationships right next to the data itself. Users can then immediately see how various data points are connected to each other.  

What Are the Components of a Database?

The components of a database vary slightly depending on whether the database is hierarchical, relational or non-relational. However, here’s a list of database components you might expect to be associated with any database.

The database schema is essentially the  design of the database . A schema is developed at the early conceptual stages of building a database. It’s also a valuable source of ongoing information for those wanting to understand the database’s design. 

Constraints and Rules

Databases use constraints to determine what types of tables can (and cannot) be stored and what types of data can live in the columns or rows of the database tables, for example. These constraints are important because they ensure data is structured, less corruptible by unsanctioned  data structures and that the database is regulated so users know what to expect. These constraints are also the reason why databases are considered rigid.

Metadata is essentially the data about the data. Each database or object has metadata, which the database software reads in order to understand what’s in the database. You can think of metadata as the database schema design and constraints combined together so a machine knows what kind of database it is and what actions can (or can’t) be performed within the database. 

Query Language

Each database can be queried. In this case, “queried” means people or services can access the database. That querying is done by way of a particular language or code snippet. The most common querying language is SQL (Structured Query Language) but there are also many other languages and even SQL variations like  MySQL , Presto and Hive.

Each database is a collection of objects. There are a few different types of objects stored within databases such as tables, views, indexes, sequences and synonyms. The most well known of these are tables, like spreadsheets, that store data in rows and columns. You may also hear the term “object instance,” which is simply an instance or element of an object. For example, a table called “Transactions” in a database is an instance of the object-type table.

Database Advantages

The structured nature of databases offers a range of benefits for professional and casual users alike. Below are some of the more prominent advantages:  

• Improved data sharing and handling
• Improved data storage capacity
• Improved data integrity and data security
• Reduced data inconsistency 
• Quick data access
• Increased productivity
• Improved data-driven decision making  

Database Disadvantages

Although databases can be helpful for many, there are some limitations to consider before investing in a database: 

• High complexity
• Required dedicated database management staff
• Risk of database failure​

Applications of Databases

When used correctly, databases can be a helpful tool for organizations in various industries looking to better arrange their information. Common use cases include:

• Healthcare: storing massive amounts of patient data .
• Logistics: monitoring and analyzing route information and delivery statuses.
• Insurance: storing customer data like addresses, policy details and driver history.
• Finance: handling account details, invoices, stock information and other assets.
• E-commerce: compiling and arranging data on products and customer behavior.
• Transportation: storing passengers’ names, scheduled flights and check-in status.
• Manufacturing: keeping track of machinery status and production goals.
• Marketing: collecting data on demographics, purchasing habits and website visits.
• Education: tracking student grades, course schedules and more.
• Human resources: organizing personnel info, benefits and tax information.

Future of Databases

As organizations handle increasing amounts of data, future databases must be able to keep up. Users will expect databases to be accessible across the globe and able to deal with limitless volumes of data. As a result, it’s likely that more companies will migrate their data to cloud environments. The percent of data stored in the cloud doubled between 2015 and 2022, and there’s reason to believe this percentage will only grow in the years to come. 

With the increase in data has also come a spike in cybersecurity threats , so organizations can be expected to complement their cloud environments with reinforced security measures . Databases will become more easily accessible only for authorized personnel while companies adopt tools and best practices for keeping their data out of the wrong hands.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a database and a spreadsheet.

Spreadsheets organize data into rows and columns, with each individual cell housing the actual data. Databases also employ rows and columns, but each cell contains a record of data gathered from an external table. As a result, databases provide more ways to arrange and structure information as opposed to spreadsheets.

What is the most commonly used database type?

The most commonly used database type is the relational database.

What is the definition of a database?

A database is highly organized information that is designed to be easily accessible and navigable for users. Most databases are stored on computers, making it possible to quickly analyze, transform and manipulate data in other ways.

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13 Free Essay Sample Databases to Get Inspired

Sometimes, you may lack inspiration or examples of how to fulfill the task of writing. In this case, you can use free essay sample databases. These platforms give access to thousands of excellent papers that you can learn from. There are numerous essays of different types, covering a wide variety of topics. You will find something related to your assignment!

We reviewed twelve popular essay example databases to find out how they can be helpful for you. Each of them offers an outstanding selection of writing pieces. There are papers discussing medical, political, social, cultural, personal, scientific, and many other issues. Let’s take a tour through the rank of the best platforms!

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🥇 #1 free essay sample database, 💸 best business essay examples website, 🩺 best nursing essay examples, 👍 best user-friendly service, 📝 how to use essay examples in your writing, 🥇 top-13 websites to get free college essay examples.

There are plenty of websites offering access to free paper samples online. However, many of them suggest writing pieces that don’t follow standard rules and contain numerous errors. We selected a list of top-notch university and high school essay sample databases which contain papers reviewed by experts so that you see only ones of excellent quality. Study the examples from the databases below to get inspired or learn new writing tricks. We developed a table that will help you compare all the platforms quickly.

To evaluate the effectiveness of each service, we analyzed their interface, key features, the number, and the variety of papers. Each of the platforms can be beneficial for you, so read our overview and find what best fits you!

If you can’t find the topic you need on the other platforms, try IvyPanda . This essay sample database contains the widest variety of subjects and is probably the most diverse one. You can choose from 26 topics, with each including up to 20 subcategories. There’s a slight chance you won’t find what you are looking for or anything related that can be helpful as well.

You can look for the essays by entering the keywords or searching by topics. Select whichever method is more convenient for you. In any case, the whole process won’t take too long. Some categories also present tips on writing about a particular subject, so don’t miss this.

Be mindful that when searching by keywords, the algorithm analyzes the whole writing piece so that the words you enter may appear not in the title or main topic but play a secondary role.

On a typical essay sample preview, you will see the title, subject, word & page count, and the first few sentences. This will give you an idea of what the paper looks like. As you open the essay, you will see its rating, table of contents (if there’s any), and the work itself. You can see the reference list at the bottom of the page, which can also be named “Works Cited.” This point depends on the formatting style to help you detect which one the author used. You can also learn the reading time of the work.

If you need to cite a particular essay, click on the “Cite This” button on the top of the page or scroll down to the “Cite This Paper section.”You will have five citation styles in this block: APA-6, MLA-8, Chicago (N-B), Chicago (A-D), and Harvard. Choose the one according to your task.

After each essay sample, the platform suggests related papers that you can study as well. This is particularly handy when you’re researching a specific topic and need to find as many sources as possible. And don’t forget to take a look at the reference list and read through the articles or book summaries mentioned.

Do you want to find essay examples for free on the topic you need in seconds? Well, that’s possible with the StudyCorgi . This service provides a great user experience, as it is super easy to navigate. You can search essays by topic or by keywords. There are over 3,000 writing compositions on the platforms, so you will definitely find what you need.

Study Corgi offers essays related to an extensive list of subjects and fields of study. Some of the most popular topics include:

• Art & Design
• Diet & Nutrition
• Environment
• Business & Economics

There are even interview essay examples for free. All the essays which you can find on this website are written by English-speaking students from all around the world. They have various study backgrounds; however, their works share one thing in common. The expert team highly evaluated the writings that they shared through StudyCorgi.

The StudyCorgi website has a friendly interface, so you will have a great time using it. Each essay is displayed on a separate web page, featuring the essay’s topic, word count, and upload date. There’re two options of what you can do with the essay: print it or cite.

Some writings contain subheadings, so you can easily find the section you want. There are papers of various lengths, starting from around 300 words to 5000 words. You can discover different types of essays on this platform. StudyCorgi provides its readers with cause and effect essay examples, argumentative paper samples, persuasive, descriptive, and many more kinds of writings.

StudyCorgi is a free service, and you get many perks by using it. The platform contains zero ads or annoying pop-ups, so nothing will disturb you in the process of searching for your perfect essay sample. The papers’ quality is beyond any comments, so you can stop doubting whether they are worthy samples or not. What’s more, you won’t get bored of using this platform thanks to its playful interface and an outstanding selection of essay topics. We are sure: many students spend hours exploring its most profound depths.

Business Essay

The Business Essay platform is explicitly designed for students in this field. It contains hundreds of articles on such topics as brand management, business ethics, corporate culture, decision making, e-commerce, entrepreneurship, global scale management, and many more. If you are looking for MBA essay samples, you will find this service helpful as well. It might be the largest essay sample database of essays on business major.

Like the other platforms on our list, Business Essay accepts only high-quality papers that scored excellent marks. Students from all over the world submit their essays, and the website’s team checks them, so there is no chance you will come across a paper with numerous errors and poor content. Each paper is also plagiarism-free, so don’t hesitate to reference the essays you liked.

You can find the proper essay sample by entering the keywords or searching by topics. Open the “Essay Subjects” page and find the one your assignment relates to. If you scroll down, there will be the latest essay samples submitted to the platform. When you don’t have a specific topic to write on, this section might be beneficial.

Use the papers as essay outline samples or get inspiration from the content. See how others explore and present the issue under study. It will be beneficial to analyze your colleagues’ writing approaches and techniques in their papers to boost your own skills. You learn faster when you see how things work in practice rather than in theory. That’s why it may be more effective to read through some excellent essay samples than numerous articles on how to write a paper.

Business is a diverse field of study, and it has dozens of exciting subjects to dwell on. You can write essays of different types, including argumentative, descriptive, cause & effect, compare & contrast, etc. Here are five trending topics to discuss in 2024:

• The Impact of the Pandemic on Small Businesses
• Benefits of Working Remotely
• Is User Review Crucial?
• How to Succeed in the Volatile Work Environment?
• New Technologies in Retail Supply Chains
• Is Ultimate Equity at Work Achievable?

NursingBird

If you’re a medical student, you will benefit from trying the  NursingBird  service. The spectrum of topics that you can find here ranges from surgery to alternative medicine. You can learn about health IT, epidemiology, geriatrics, rehabilitation, oncology, and many more engaging subjects. This platform is a rare find for medical school students.   

Here, you will come across short essay examples as well as longer ones. The papers vary in their structure, formatting styles, and writing approaches. You can learn new techniques or see how to outline your paper. Experts in the medical field assess and select each of the submitted essays manually. They evaluate the papers that students from different countries submit to the platform and choose the ones with zero errors and excellent content. The essays also contain no plagiarism, so that you can refer to them in your paper with no doubt.

The easiest way to find an essay sample that you need is to type the keywords in the search bar on the main page. The results will appear in seconds. Another way of finding papers on NursingBird is to search them by topic. Open the page “Essay Subjects” and select the one your assignment relates to. There’s no single right way to do that, but both methods can be effective.

What’s utterly amazing about NursingBird is that this online essay database is free and still contains no ads. You can enjoy this superb platform with nothing disturbing you in the process. The website’s administrators understand your pain of dealing with endless popping up banners when you try to find what you need!

AssignZen  is a platform where anyone can find an essay sample they need. This website is a quick and effortless way to find inspiration for completing your writing assignment. It has a fresh and user-friendly interface that makes your experience more pleasant. 

Here, you will find writings of any educational level and on a wide variety of topics. AssignZen provides university, college, and high school essays. You can explore the subjects like design, art, tourism, politics, religion, transportation, technology, and others. Each category contains dozens of diverse papers. You may encounter multiple genres, including argumentative, free compare and contrast essay examples, reaction, and other papers. All of them are excellent representatives of their kinds. AssignZen is a great platform to discover essays on daily life issues. Also, it’s one of not so many services where you can find papers on warfare and sports.

Each essay uploaded to the AssignZen platform goes through a detailed quality check. A team of academic experts analyzes its grammatical and content aspects. Also, they check if the writing piece is plagiarism-free and meets the formatting style standards. Thanks to this, you can be sure that the essay you find here will be of outstanding quality.

Enter your key subject of the assignment in the search bar on the main page to find the paper you need. Also, you can scroll down to topics to choose from. Use whichever method seems more straightforward and more effective for you. If your assignment is rather general, searching by categories might be more beneficial because you can come across more diverse papers. However, when writing about something specific, it will be more productive to search by keywords.

This platform focuses mainly on humanitarian topics, so you can find many excellent essay samples on philosophy, sociology, social media, history, and law. Still, the papers on technology and other related topics here are also worth your attention. Check them out and get inspiration for your assignment!

If you’re looking for a simple online service to seek inspiration for your next assignment, try  123HelpMe . This platform makes the process of finding the proper essay easy and stress-free. Here, you can find works of any type and level. 123HelpMe is a free essay database college and university papers, descriptive, argumentative, reflective, creative, and other kinds of essays. Anyone can come across what they need.

The interface of the platform is playful and exciting to explore. There are no ads and no annoying pop-ups so that the website looks clean, and you don’t get disrupted when doing your work. Also, the topic navigation menu is highly convenient to use. All subjects are divided into six categories: Essay Type, Science, Business, Social Issues, Humanities, and Literature. Press “+” next to each subject to see some essays on this topic.

Another way to find what you need among 123HelpMe essays is to enter the keywords. Detect the words that describe your topic best and type them in the search bar. For instance, to find an essay about the effects of WWII, you can use write: “WWII effects” or “WWII consequences.”Keep in mind that when searching by keywords, the algorithm analyzes the title and the whole text. That’s why sometimes, the essay may not be about precisely what you need because the words you used play a secondary role in its content.

PapersGeeks

PapersGeeks is a free online essay database that offers a variety of handful resources to students worldwide. The website’s interface is clear, simple, and easy to navigate, making it easy to find the information you need.

One of the most valuable features of PapersGeeks is its extensive range of topics. The website covers everything from literature and history to medicine, science, and engineering. Whether you’re looking for information on a specific topic or want to browse through some interesting articles, PapersGeeks has you covered.

Each topic contains plenty of sample essays, which can be incredibly helpful for those struggling to get started with their own writing. All samples are submitted by students and cover a range of different paper types and formats, so there’s something for everyone. You can print any essay you like, or, if you find it useful and want to use some ideas in your paper, just head to the end of essay example, pick up the referencing style and click to copy the citation.

PapersGeeks also offers free online tools to help students improve their writing skills. These include a paraphrasing tool, essay reducer, and research title enhancer. You can use them to rephrase any text, summarize your essay or article, and pick the right title for your future paper. These tools are invaluable for anyone who wants to ensure their work is of the highest quality.

PapersGeeks is suitable for anyone interested in improving their writing skills or learning more about a particular topic. The website is beneficial for students who are looking for guidance and support with their academic work. However, the resources available on PapersGeeks can also come in handy for academics who need to write reports, proposals, or other documents.

Another easy-to-use sample resource on our list is the Bartleby essay database. This platform will help you conquer writer’s block and blank paper anxiety. It’s a website with hundreds of excellent papers in free access. The topics here range from anatomy to philosophy, and Bartleby provides a rich collection of literature essays. For instance, you may come across a free will vs determinism essay. You can find outstanding poetry and non-fiction works reviews. And there’s a lot to discover on business too! If you need ultimate inspiration, this is a proper place for getting it.

The interface of the platform is straightforward, and you can explore the database in several ways. Firstly, you can look through the list of popular works. It includes essays of different academic levels relating to various fields of study.

Secondly, you can go through the most in-demand topics on the website. This list differs from the familiar ones where you have general names of disciplines. It focuses on famous events, people, phenomena, etc., for instance, “1984,” “Abraham Lincoln,” “WWII,” “Hamlet,” “Hipaa,” “Immigration,” and so on.

The last section on the website offers to explore literary analysis. Click on the button under each of the abovementioned blocks to see more essay samples or topics. The lists may not be the most convenient option in this case; however, the variety of subjects and papers will impress anyone.

StudentShare

StudentShare  is a free online service that you can also use to find excellent college essay samples. Here, your colleagues upload their finest works to help others improve their writings or get inspiration. A professional team assesses each paper before it goes live. Experts check if the essay meets formatting, content, and grammar standards and whether it contains plagiarism. Thus, the works you can see online are all A-grade ones.  

On this website, you can adjust the already familiar search by keywords. Enter the words that best describe your topic and click on one of the options under “Search in.” The algorithm can analyze the title, the document, or both, to find what you need.  

If you’re unsure of what’s the best way to use the platform, watch a short tutorial on it. Also, you can search papers by their type. There are various kinds of essays and other task samples like math problems, thesis proposals, statistics projects, and more. Here’s a list of some genres you may encounter on this database:

• Reflection essay samples,
• Comparison and contrast essay samples,
• Rhetorical analysis essay samples,
• Descriptive essay samples,
• Analytical essay samples,
• Cause and effect essay samples,
• Argumentative essay examples,
• Narrative essay examples,
• Compare and contrast essay examples,
• Personal essay examples,
• Persuasive essay examples,
• Definition essay examples,
• Expository essay examples,
• Informative essay examples,
• Descriptive essay examples.

What’s more, StudentShare provides other free and paid services for students, such as GPA calculation, essay guiding, topic generation, and more. This platform can be the ultimate academic assistant for you.

Although the interface is a bit outdated and sometimes confusing, this database is still convenient for daily use, and you can find a proper paper relatively quickly.

UKEssays is a huge database with thousands of papers on topics from chemistry to fashion. Here, you can discover a wide variety of different academic levels, formatting styles, and types. It’s a diverse collection of essays on everyday topics, as well as more professionally specified ones. UKEssays also suggests papers on some unusual subjects, such as beauty therapy, motivation, video games, young people, theology, and more.

On this website, you can try browsing essay samples by the topic they relate to first. This approach can be handy if you want to discover more related papers to the subject you’re writing about. Another method of searching for the proper essay is scrolling down and typing the keywords in the search bar. Try to shorten them to two or three words maximum, so the results will be the most relevant. The website suggests how your inquiry may look like, and it is useful for you to follow it.

The results of your search are displayed on a separate web page. You will see a list of essay samples, each tab including a title and a brief piece of introduction, so you can get to know what the text is about. As you click on the paper, you see an entire work, word count, and works cited.

Among the drawbacks of this platform is an overwhelming number of ad banners, making it a bit challenging to concentrate on the essay examples and your research. Also, there are too many buttons all over the page. However, the high quality of papers and the other platform’s features makes it a handy tool to use every time you need a powerful writing sample.

SpeedyPaper

Looking for a huge essay sample database?  SpeedyPaper  has thousands of excellent texts to help you. This platform offers a wide variety of works on popular and less mundane topics. If you’re studying some unusual subjects like ethnography or forensic science, this is the right place to get inspiration!

The platform provides different approaches to exploring the database. First, you can see a search bar where you can enter two types of information regarding your needs:

• essay sample, approximate word count,
• topic description or related keywords.

Both options will lead you to relevant results. Keep in mind that you should use to many words to describe the paper you’re looking for. It’s better to make it within ten-fifteen words at the most.

Another way to explore the depth of this database is to explore the subjects. There is a list of topics under the search bar, which you can sort by the first letter, select popular ones, or view all. You can see how many essays available on the particular issue next to each category.

The essay samples cost nothing to read, so you can check out as many as you need to discover the proper ones. Analyzing how the paper’s content and structure can be beneficial to get the gist of the excellent outlining and compelling writing techniques. You can come across excellent essay conclusion examples, for instance. That’s why, although the SpeedyPapers website has some pop-ups, and the interface might be a bit outdated, the platform is still worth your time.

FreeEssay.com

FreeEssay.com  claims to have around 500,000 essays to offer you for daily inspiration. The platform collects works that students from all around the world share with their colleagues. Here, you can discover new points of view on the subjects you are studying or writing about. 

Let’s see how this service can benefit you.

The website provides quick and convenient ways to find the proper essay sample. You can search essays by keywords, entering the phrases that describe your topic in the shortest form. The second method involves exploring the list of subjects and popular papers. There are works to anyone’s taste and of any type: 5-paragraph essay samples, literary analysis, sociology, business, law, and other compositions.

Before uploading to the platform, a team of experienced academic specialists check the works submitted by the students. They choose only the A-grade papers which contain zero errors and are plagiarism-free. The service cares about your source of inspiration being trustworthy and high-quality.

On the FreeEssay database, you can find papers on major literary and cinematography pieces. You can also explore popular scientific or political issues. And the best part about it is that you shouldn’t pay anything. Like a not user-friendly interface, the minor inconveniences don’t really affect this platform is one of the best essay example collections on the web.

Last but not least, the Kibin essay platform is the twelfth best college essay sample database on our list. It’s a great place to check out if you’re stuck with the writing assignment. Here, you will find inspiration and hundreds of top-notch papers to learn from.

One of the essential features of this platform is easy navigation through the website. You can find what you need within minutes and without being disturbed by popping up ads or anything else. The interface is clean and straightforward.

There are two approaches that you can adopt when looking for a proper essay. The first is to type the keywords for your assignment in the search bar and search among the most relevant results. However, you may also encounter not 100% related to your subject texts. That can happen because the search engine detects the keywords you entered in the whole text, not paying attention to which role they play in the context. So, if you can’t find what you need using this method, you can try the second one.

Another approach to looking for samples on Kibin is to browse the list below the search bar. The papers are organized so that you can find the one you need by its type or category. For instance, you can look through the free argumentative essays examples to understand how to outline them.

In the previous section, we reviewed all twelve platforms’ primary features on our list of costless essay sample databases. Now, it’s time to move further in this adventure and take a closer look at the best of these services. Why do we think they’re the most effective ones? We evaluated their capabilities and user experience and compared them with the other websites. Also, we checked how easy it is to find what you need on each platform, and the ones below proved to be the fastest.

Let’s see which databases are on our top-of-the-line list!

Can you guess which platform has the most extensive range of topics and the largest amount of essay samples? We don’t want to challenge your curiosity, so here is the answer. The ultimate winner of this rank is IvyPanda !

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Secondly, the user-oriented interface makes the experience of using this service exceptionally pleasant. There are no ads that can disturb you and no annoying pop-ups that cover half screen– only a clean workspace and easy flow from the very beginning. You need to take just two effortless steps to find an appropriate essay sample:

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A great benefit of this platform is that your searching options are not limited to one or two. There are only a few platforms where you can find essays by their type, and hardly any services offer you to search by the number of words or pages.

When can this be helpful?

If you want to see how other students organized their lengthy papers, you may not pay much attention to its subject. In this case, it will be more time-saving to search by the particular word count. For instance, you can learn how many paragraphs to write for an introduction if your paper is over 5,000 words.

Almost all platforms of this type contain essays on business-related  topics; however, only one specializes exclusively on this subject. If you were reading our article carefully, you might already know the answer. It’s the  Business Essay  database.

This website provides costless access to hundreds of papers on various topics. Here is a list of some of them:

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Here, you can business school essay examples for any study level and of any type. There are argumentative, cause & effect, descriptive, persuasive, and many other papers. You can learn their specific features by analyzing the examples. It’s much more productive than studying theory only.

The Business Essay platform is easy to navigate and, what’s more, contains zero ads, which makes it super convenient to use. The interface, in this case, is crucial, and it’s performing its duty excellently – you can find what you need in seconds and save your time for more exciting activities.

This platform exists thanks to the hundreds of students worldwide and a team of academic professionals. The first supply their high-quality essays, while the second check them and select the best ones. You can donate your writing piece as well. Complete a short form on the website and upload the file. You will get the check report on your email. Thus, you will help thousands of students who seek inspiration on this platform daily.

The process of searching for the proper essay is fast and almost effortless. Start by typing your subject or keywords to the search bar topic, press “Enter,” and discover dozens of unique works. Another approach is exploring the list categories. Choose a subject to which your assignment relates, for instance, “Risk Management,” and see what essays about this there are.

Business Essay is a particularly useful online service for students who major in management, economics, logistics, entrepreneurship, and everything connected with this field. Use the examples from here to improve your outlining and creative skills. You can also reference papers from this platform, as they are plagiarism-free and contain top-notch content. Be sure to check related samples when reading an essay. We hope you will find more than you expected!

Healthcare and medical issues require high scrupulousness and a solemn attitude when you’re discussing them. While humanitarian students are more likely to deal with essays daily, medical students receive this kind of task less frequently. People who can write well tend to be more straightforward, can justify their decisions, and understand the relations between events better. Isn’t it crucial for writing an excellent nursing school admission essay?

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The process of using this service is as straightforward as it is. There are two routes you may take to find healthcare essay examples. The first one is to enter the keywords of your assignment in the search bar on the main page’s top. Type in the words that represent the essence of your task. For instance, if your topic sounds like “Cytarabine and Its Neurological Side Effects,” you can select only two words from this long name to find a sample: Cytarabine effects.

Another way to get a proper medical school essay examples is to look through the list of popular healthcare topics. There are thirty general categories, each of them containing dozens of papers. Tap on any your task relates to and look for what you need. This method is particularly helpful if you want to discover a work on a specific issue and other connected essays.

Too bored scrolling monotonous essay databases? We know two platforms that will change your experience of using this type of service. These are  StudyCorgi  and  AssignZen ! They will make the process of working on your paper funnier and less tiring.

The first thing to mention about these websites is their well-thought interfaces. The information is located, so it’s easy to find what you need quickly. Also, the design of both platforms is playful and bright so that you enjoy the process of working with them. On the top of the websites’ main pages, you can see a search bar to type in the keywords and find a proper essay. Then, you can scroll down, read about these platforms and discover the recently uploaded paper. If you go further, you will see a list of popular topics.

As you open any category or search essays by subject, you will see dozens of works displayed on separate tab each. The tab’s information includes the paper’s title, word count, uploading date, and a short piece of text so you can get a clue what the essay is about. The paper page includes the work itself and an essay subjects menu, so you can promptly jump to another topic if needed.

Before being posted on the platform, each essay on both platforms should pass a quality check by a team of academic experts. They analyze its grammar, content, formatting, and scan for plagiarism. The monitors will accept not every work submitted by other students, so you needn’t worry about the quality of the essays you encounter on StudyCorgi and AssignZen. All of them can benefit you in different ways!

Do you know what blank paper anxiety is? If you’re familiar with this issue, essay sample databases will be helpful for you. Sometimes, when you see the assignment, you have no idea of how to fulfill it. Then, you’re just staring at the blank page and wait for inspiration to come. If this happens to you even once in a semester, we have a solution. Discover free writing examples online to save your time and effort.

College Essay Samples as a Source of Inspiration and Knowledge

It’s a helpful thing to bear in mind: you can find an excellent paper written on the topic you’re assigned in 95% of cases. So, if you don’t manage to find good examples, maybe, you’re searching in the wrong place? The platforms like Ivy Panda, Study Corgi, or the others from the list above are the ones that will surely help you.

Why is it handy to see the writing examples? You can learn a lot from them, from structure to tone of voice and vocabulary use. They will also help you understand how different citation styles work in actual cases. For instance, how you should cite a YouTube video according to the APA style.

What’s more, checking college essay samples can impact your creativity . You may notice exciting writing techniques and tricks and learn them for further use. Although the essay outline standards are relatively low-key, there’s enough space for experiments, and students often play around with sectioning their papers. The more samples you look through, the more approaches you get to know, which increases your creative skills.

One of the main concerns regarding essay databases is the quality of the writings . However, you needn’t worry about this when speaking of the platforms e reviewed. All of them employ teams of academic experts who check the works being uploaded on the websites. You will come across the best essays only, which scored at least B+.

Essay Outline: Samples to Learn the Paper Structure

There are lots of things to learn from sample essays. One of the most obvious and most accessible to comprehend is the paper structure. It’s the first thing that catches your eye when scrolling through the paper.

Some essays have separate sections with titles, while others may not. Both approaches are applicable; however, you should consult your tutor about which one is preferable in your type of task.

When each section has a title, the paper is easier to read because you don’t have to deal with a massive text block at once. Still, for the shorter writings, you may not need to do this.

The primary paper’s outline includes three parts. Some of them may be trickier than others, so be sure to find good essay introduction samples. By studying these, you will learn how to write compelling thesis statements and readdress them in your writing piece’s final section. Another thing to look at is the essay hook examples. These are sentences that grab readers’ attention and engage them in the topic under study. Here is an excellent sample of how you can place a hook in the introduction:

The highlighted piece plays a crucial role in this paragraph because it addresses the readers and makes them think of these questions’ answers. This rhetorical figure is a type of hook that is relatively popular and highly effective.

Essay Samples: Learn the Formatting Rules

Apart from essay outlining, there is another aspect that is easy to fail if you lack experience. Now, let’s talk about formatting styles.

Basically, there are four most common ones: APA, MLA, Harvard, and Chicago. All of them got their names from famous universities or associations. Formatting styles differ mainly in the citation approaches and the treatment of reference lists.

Let’s review some of their key features:

• The APA style helps unify the headings, abbreviations, tone, statistics presentation, construction of figures, and citing references. It’s common for papers on social science, business, and nursing.
• MLA is mainly used by researchers in the field of literature. It helps improve the lengthy essay’s readability and prevents plagiarism by locating the information quickly.
• The Chicago style is popular among art, history, and humanities scientists. Additionally to the bibliography rules, it contains proofreading and editing mechanics.
• Researchers from such fields as sociology, technology, and natural sciences often use the Harvard formatting style . One of its main features is using the author-date method for in-text citations.

The theory is hard to comprehend without practice, so don’t hesitate to check the essay sample databases and find the writing pieces in the style you need!

Today, you’ve learned about some of the most helpful platforms, with hundreds of college essay examples available for free. You don’t need to choose just one of them because they are all worth your attention! Try each of the websites, and you will undoubtedly find something handy. These essay databases will help you get ultimate inspiration and improve your writing skills.

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Database Application (DBMS) Project Essay

Introduction.

Technology has resulted to an immense change in the manner in which organisations increase the effectiveness of their human resource functions. The concepts of human resource systems were first established at general motors’ in 1950s.

Since then, “HRIS have advanced from a basic process to convert manual information keeping systems into computerised systems to the HR information systems that are used today” (Friesen 2003, p.28). This change has been associated with the need to integrate various functions of HR to a common platform.

The aftermath is the emergence of a third generation HRIS that is computerised. This generation “has taken HR data systems far beyond being mere data repositories by creating tools with which human resource professionals could do much more” (Byars, 2004).

Additionally, the generation comprises of self-contained feature-rich and broad-based human resource information systems. The purpose of this paper is to provide a plan and a set of recommendations that would identify protocols and parameters for devising a HR DBMS in an industry of tertiary education.

The organisation considered is a university undergoing an immense growth and needs to recruit 500 staff within a year. It also needs to “identify the performance and skill profiles of present employees for later possible redundancies” (Hagood & Friedman 2002, p.544).

Setting plan for HR DBMS

To set a plan for setting recommendations critical in identification of parameters and protocols for coming up with HR DBMS in a university undergoing tremendous growth requires that a consideration be made of the characteristics of a credible HR data base.

It is however crucial to note that, even with the inclusion of computer applications in automation and integration of human resource functions within an organisation, the traditional function of HR has not changed. Consequently, an ample HR database needs to have the capacity to house all these functions from which the developed HR software can process the data to yield HR organisational decisions.

A database having all the requisite concerns of the HR is also critical in ensuring that HR realises its auditing and metrics development that are vital for standardisation rapidly.

A credible HR database also needs to provide HRIS with the capacity to “provide real-time people information to non –HR processes systems as well standardise and automate key HR process and policies” (Hagood & Friedman 2002, p.544). Arguably, such a database needs to be customised to ensure cute automation of various workflows coupled with myriads of HR competences.

This is right from the fundamental information of an employee stored as an individual entity within the database to facilitate the overall decisions vital in setting the overall workforce’s compensation mechanisms, training and education, and in the generation of payrolls.

Design modifications to undertake organisational operations

In planning for a HRIS, a number of factors are vital for consideration. In its actual nature, human resource information system is meant to enhance the enforcement of disciplines in the derivation of HR policies coupled with processes.

Arguably, “organisations, which have been working on agile decision making mechanisms initially find implementation a challenge since the flexibility of decision making as per circumstances is significantly reduced” (Uyen 2005, p.7).

Consequently, the most vital elements that HR database developers need to pay credible attention to while planning for a HRIS in a university undergoing rapid growth is the magnitude of strategic maturity desired to be realised through the system being developed.

Among the factors considered in the development of a credible HRIS includes identification of processes that are desired to get automated and reports that are anticipated to be realised through processing of the data contained in the database.

They also include the magnitude of information security required, the necessity of conducting an improvement of processes of the HR to match the market requirement, the anticipated decision making, and the business units supported by the system.

Moreover, according to Wojcik (2004), other factors include “people who need to run the systems and their internal capability, the monetary and man power investment needed to be made when planning the HRIS and knowing the way out of the legacy systems when migrating to the new system” (p.19).

Once all these factors are given ample consideration, it becomes critical to consider the specific design modifications required to undertake and address recruitment, training and development, career planning, performance review, occupational health, and safety operations within the tertiary educational industry.

Recruitment and selection

There are main changes to the design of recruitment and selection while deriving a new HRIS in a tertiary education. One is to ensure online recruiting and selection becomes the central methodology of the HR department.

This change is credible since it would aid an “organisation to garner potential candidates for available positions within minimal time and cost” (Avison & Fitzgerald 2003, p.79). Redesigning the recruitment and selection this way can help the university to recruit 500 employees within the available time span of 12 months.

Training and development

Training and development encompasses one of the noble obligations of HR in an organisation. To enhance the effectiveness of this task, a change is required to incorporate a LMS (learning management system) as an integral part of HR system developed in the university.

According to Conway and Monks (2008), A LMS facilitates “HR to track education, qualifications and skills of the employees, as well as outlining what training courses, books, CDs, web based learning or materials that are available to develop necessary skills” (p.73).

Consequently, it would become possible to utilise the employees’ information stored in the HR database “to offer various courses during particular sessions in which all the delegates coupled with the resources used in the training process are managed and mapped on to a common information system” (Walker 1982, p.56). Such a system would also permit the HR to authenticate training budgets and appraisal metrics.

Career planning

At the heart of organisational success rests the need for HR to conduct research on the emerging needs of further career development among the employees to ensure that the organisation benefits from the most recent technological development. For the university’s case, this may include the emergence of new research methods or new disciplines within the areas of specialisation of tutors.

The desired alteration of the HRIS is to incorporate mechanisms of tracking the profiles of the existing university human resource and match them with the possible emerging career opportunities. This is followed by subsequent placement of these employees to such opportunities.

Performance review

A performance review module is necessary for incorporation as a design modification for the HRIS utilised in the university. Such a system deserves to garner and process information related to work efforts, which are then merged with the established remuneration procedures adopted by the university.

The results obtained from analysis conducted by performance review module could be credible in basing decisions on possible redundancies of the employees within the university.

Occupational health and safety

In addition to the discussed roles of HR in an organisation, it is also the role of the department to ensure that the employees’ occupational health and safety issue are proactively managed to enhance the productivity of the workforce.

The modification changes in the new HRIS system ensure that the system facilitates quick querying of teaching and non-teaching staff concerns of their safety and occupational health on an online environment. This is anticipated to boost morale of the workforce since such concerns may act as stressors.

Role of IT in assisting to design modifications to undertake organisational operations

In enhancing a practical realisation of the above modification changes, IT personnel play critical roles. In this regard, Broderick and Boudreau (1992) reckon, “HR executives depend on internal or external IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRIS” (p.6).

Therefore, the IT team is charged with development of a database with field taking in data relevant to the mandates of HR department within an organisation. These include “payrolls, time attendance, appraisal performance, benefit administration, recruiting, performance record, employees’ self-service, and scheduling and absence management” (Sandberg 2000, p.13).

This information is necessary for making sure that human resource accomplishes its tasks, which not only entails the management of the workforce but also in aiding to create business intelligence and tracking the resource available to an organisation to make it more productive, cost effective, and fostering the brand.

More importantly, the role of the IT is to develop the software entities for processing various HR-related data besides integrating these entities into a common platform that enables the HR to make compound decisions.

Avison, E & Fitzgerald, G 2003, Information Systems Development: Methodologies, Techniques and Tools , McGraw-Hill, London.

Broderick, R & Boudreau, J 1992, ‘Human resource management, information Technology, and the competitive edge’, Academy of Management Executive , vol.6 no. 2, pp. 7–17.

Byars, L & Rue, W 2004, Human Resource Management , The McGraw-Hill Companies, London.

Conway, E & Monks, K 2008, ‘HR practices and commitment to change: an employee-level Analysis’, Human Resource Management Journal , vol. 18 no.1, pp. 72–89.

Friesen, B 2003, ‘Is your client ready for e-HR?’, Consulting to Management , vol.14 no.3, pp. 27-33.

Hagood, W & Friedman, L 2002, ‘Using the balanced scorecard to measure the performance of your HR information system’, Public Personnel Management , vol. 31 no. 4, pp. 543-558.

Sandberg, J 2000, ‘Understanding Human Competence at Work: An Interpretative Approach’, Academy of Management Journal , vol.43 no.1, pp. 9–25.

Uyen ,V 2005, ‘Contracting out HRIS easy call at Terasen Pipelines’, Canadian HR Reporter , vol. 18 no. 4, pp. 5-9.

Walker, J 1982 , HRIS Development: A Project Team Guide to Building an Effective Personnel Information System , Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.

Wojcik, J 2004, ‘Toshiba Employee Handbook Goes Online, Business Insurance ’, vol. 38 no.49, pp. 18-23.

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IvyPanda. (2019, April 11). Database Application (DBMS) Project. https://ivypanda.com/essays/database-application-dbms-project/

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Database Management Systems (DBMS), Essay Example

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The course topic I have selected to investigate for this week’s discussion is database management systems (DBMS). The most common type of search engines that are used today are crawler-based search engines, which create their listings automatically by allowing their software to search the web and list its findings to comprise a database. Search engines that use this technique include Google, AllTheWeb, and AltaVista. The first search that I conducted on Google simply included the search term “DBMS” and the first website that it listed was a Wikipedia page. This is because this is the most visited and linked to website on the topic. Wikipedia briefly explained that there are four different types of DBMS, including hierarchal, network, relational, and object-oriented. Other search engines utilize human-powered directories, and these include Yahoo directory, Open Directory, and LookSmart. These search engines are useful when a user is interested in a particular topic and wishes to retrieve a description of the information during the search. A majority of technology and science databases, such as PubMed, also use this method. Thus, results retrieved are more relevant. A Yahoo directory search of “DBMS” brought up a definition of the term on a website call “Techterms.com”. It reads “Stands for “Database Management System.” In short, a DBMS is a database program.” This search result is more relevant than the first, as the Wikipedia article only listed types of DBMS rather explaining what DBMS actually is. Meta-search engines include Dogpile, Mamma, and Metacrawler, and search several keywords at the same time. These engines are ideal for saving time because the user can search several different search engines by using them. A search of “DBMS” on Dogpile brought up the main hits from both the Google search and the Yahoo directory search. Although DBMS is a somewhat common term, it can be expected that this is a reasonable search method when a term has less relevant pages and a more thorough search is therefore required.

Ultimately, I prefer Google for simple knowledge searches, Yahoo directory to answer specific research questions, and Dogpile to acquire information about uncommon topics. The search results I encountered were expected because I searched using one term rather than several. If I had searched more than one term using Dogpile, it is likely that I would have received results pertaining to both topics at once and both topics individually. In Yahoo directory, the results would have only pertained to one topic. Fortunately, I did not encounter any problems during this exercise.

Stanger J, Kozakis KA. (2012). Internet Business Associate Academic Student Guide. Tempe,  AZ: Certification Partners, LLC.

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Over time, the way that female heroines are portrayed in movies has changed dramatically. Gone are the days when these characters are weak, helpless damsels in distress; instead, they are strong, independent women who identify with feminist principles. This change has improved storytelling, but it has also had a significant impact on how society views gender roles and female empowerment. We can examine the varied ways that female heroes are portrayed and how they influence viewers and society as a […]

Defining Heroism: Perspectives Across Cultures and Contexts

Defining heroism is akin to trying to capture the essence of a kaleidoscope; the moment you think you have it, the perspective shifts, revealing a new, equally vibrant configuration. This elusive quality transcends time, geography, and culture, manifesting in myriad forms that reflect the values and historical context of each society. Heroism, at its core, is the act of rising above oneself for the greater good, a concept as old as humanity itself but as diverse as the human race. […]

On the Road Full Book Summary

Diving into "On the Road" is like grabbing a backpack, throwing caution to the wind, and hitchhiking across the soul of post-war America. Jack Kerouac, the maestro behind this timeless piece, didn’t just write a novel; he spun a yarn that wrapped itself around the hearts of the Beat Generation and beyond. This isn’t your standard narrative; it's a wild ride with Sal Paradise, our guide through a world brimming with the raw essence of life, jazz, and the pursuit […]

Definition of Heroism in a Man by Nina Cassian

In "Definition of Heroism in a Man" by Nina Cassian, the exploration into the nuances of heroism is as profound as it is poignant. Cassian, through her distinctive voice and emotive diction, unravels the layers of what it means to be a hero, particularly focusing on the male perspective. This exploration is not just a mere analysis but an intimate journey into the ethos that defines heroism beyond the traditional paradigms of strength and valor. Cassian's work is a refreshing […]

The Heroes of the Trojan War: Hector & Achilles

In the tapestry of Greek mythology, few tales are as vividly colored or as densely populated with legendary figures as that of the Trojan War. Among the myriad of warriors, two heroes stand out for their valor, prowess, and the tragic depth of their narratives: Hector of Troy and Achilles of Greece. Their stories, interwoven through the ancient epic of Homer's Iliad, offer not only thrilling accounts of heroic deeds but also profound insights into the human condition. Hector, the […]

Antigone the Tragic Hero

In the rich tapestry of classical literature, Sophocles' "Antigone" stands out as a compelling exploration of the tragic hero archetype. At the heart of this narrative is Antigone herself, a character whose depth, determination, and tragic flaw encapsulate the essence of Greek tragedy. Through Antigone's story, Sophocles crafts a narrative that is as relevant today as it was in ancient Greece, offering profound insights into the nature of justice, duty, and the human spirit. Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus, is […]

Alvin York: a Famous War Hero

Within the annals of military history, certain names resonate with the spirit of valor and selflessness, and Alvin York is undoubtedly one of those. Born in the rural settings of Pall Mall, Tennessee, in 1887, York's journey from a humble farmer to a renowned war hero is not just a testament to the man himself but also a reflection of the complex interplay between personal conviction and national duty. Alvin York's life before World War I was marked by simplicity […]

Hugh Glass: a Tragic Hero

In the annals of American frontier legends, few stories captivate the imagination quite like that of Hugh Glass. His tale is one of survival against overwhelming odds, a testament to human resilience and sheer willpower. But beyond the adventure and the thrill, Glass's story also presents a complex character study of a tragic hero, a man who walked the thin line between survival and vengeance, between humanity and the wild. Hugh Glass's journey began in 1823 when he joined a […]

Who is Gilgamesh a Hero

In the rich tapestry of ancient mythology, few figures are as towering and enigmatic as Gilgamesh. Hailing from the dusty annals of Sumerian legends, Gilgamesh is a character that blends the threads of history and myth into a vivid portrayal of heroism, friendship, and the human condition. But who exactly is Gilgamesh, and why has his story endured through millennia, captivating scholars and lay readers alike? Gilgamesh, according to the epic that bears his name, was a king of Uruk, […]

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Wells Fargo: Corporate Governance

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Risk Management in an Organisational Setting

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Effective Leadership and Employee Motivation

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Corporate Social Responsibility

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Essays on Database Management System

34 samples on this topic

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A database forms a significant constituent of the information system, particularly in business-oriented systems. As a consequence, the process of developing database system is a component of system development. The division of the development process into a collection of steps or phases is a core feature of software engineering. Each of the phases focuses on a single aspect of the development. Development life cycle is the process software, or a database system undergoes from planning to its implementation. It is imperative to check each phase or step for correctness before moving to the next phase (Bestavros, Lin & Son, 2012).

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Database technology has formed an important aspect of data management at Google. There are many requirements that require data storage at Google and are the reason why there is a big data store for the company. It is important for the company to undertake data storage.

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MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications)

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

The MLA Handbook highlights principles over prescriptive practices. Essentially, a writer will need to take note of primary elements in every source, such as author, title, etc. and then assort them in a general format. Thus, by using this methodology, a writer will be able to cite any source regardless of whether it’s included in this list.

However, this guide will highlight a few concerns when citing digital sources in MLA style.

Best Practices for Managing Online Sources

Because online information can change or disappear, it is always a good idea to keep personal copies of important electronic information whenever possible. Downloading or even printing key documents ensures you have a stable backup. You can also use the Bookmark function in your web browser in order to build an easy-to-access reference for all of your project's sources (though this will not help you if the information is changed or deleted).

It is also wise to keep a record of when you first consult with each online source. MLA uses the phrase, “Accessed” to denote which date you accessed the web page when available or necessary. It is not required to do so, but it is encouraged (especially when there is no copyright date listed on a website).

Important Note on the Use of URLs in MLA

Include a URL or web address to help readers locate your sources. Because web addresses are not static (i.e., they change often) and because documents sometimes appear in multiple places on the web (e.g., on multiple databases), MLA encourages the use of citing containers such as Youtube, JSTOR, Spotify, or Netflix in order to easily access and verify sources. However, MLA only requires the www. address, so eliminate all https:// when citing URLs.

Many scholarly journal articles found in databases include a DOI (digital object identifier). If a DOI is available, cite the DOI number instead of the URL.

Online newspapers and magazines sometimes include a “permalink,” which is a shortened, stable version of a URL. Look for a “share” or “cite this” button to see if a source includes a permalink. If you can find a permalink, use that instead of a URL.

Abbreviations Commonly Used with Electronic Sources

If page numbers are not available, use par. or pars. to denote paragraph numbers. Use these in place of the p. or pp. abbreviation. Par. would be used for a single paragraph, while pars. would be used for a span of two or more paragraphs.

Basic Style for Citations of Electronic Sources (Including Online Databases)

Here are some common features you should try to find before citing electronic sources in MLA style. Not every web page will provide all of the following information. However, collect as much of the following information as possible:

• Author and/or editor names (if available); last names first.
• "Article name in quotation marks."
• Title of the website, project, or book in italics.
• Any version numbers available, including editions (ed.), revisions, posting dates, volumes (vol.), or issue numbers (no.).
• Publisher information, including the publisher name and publishing date.
• Take note of any page numbers (p. or pp.) or paragraph numbers (par. or pars.).
• DOI (if available, precede it with "https://doi.org/"), otherwise a URL (without the https://) or permalink.
• Date you accessed the material (Date Accessed). While not required, saving this information it is highly recommended, especially when dealing with pages that change frequently or do not have a visible copyright date.

Use the following format:

Author. "Title." Title of container (self contained if book) , Other contributors (translators or editors), Version (edition), Number (vol. and/or no.), Publisher, Publication Date, Location (pages, paragraphs and/or URL, DOI or permalink). 2 nd container’s title , Other contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication date, Location, Date of Access (if applicable).

Citing an Entire Web Site

When citing an entire website, follow the same format as listed above, but include a compiler name if no single author is available.

Author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site. Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), DOI (preferred), otherwise include a URL or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

Editor, author, or compiler name (if available). Name of Site . Version number, Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), date of resource creation (if available), URL, DOI or permalink. Date of access (if applicable).

The Purdue OWL Family of Sites . The Writing Lab and OWL at Purdue and Purdue U, 2008, owl.english.purdue.edu/owl. Accessed 23 Apr. 2008.

Felluga, Dino. Guide to Literary and Critical Theory . Purdue U, 28 Nov. 2003, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/theory/. Accessed 10 May 2006.

Course or Department Websites

Give the instructor name. Then list the title of the course (or the school catalog designation for the course) in italics. Give appropriate department and school names as well, following the course title.

Felluga, Dino. Survey of the Literature of England . Purdue U, Aug. 2006, web.ics.purdue.edu/~felluga/241/241/Home.html. Accessed 31 May 2007.

English Department . Purdue U, 20 Apr. 2009, www.cla.purdue.edu/english/. Accessed 31 May 2015.

A Page on a Web Site

For an individual page on a Web site, list the author or alias if known, followed by an indication of the specific page or article being referenced. Usually, the title of the page or article appears in a header at the top of the page. Follow this with the information covered above for entire Web sites. If the publisher is the same as the website name, only list it once.

Lundman, Susan. “How to Make Vegetarian Chili.”  eHow , www.ehow.com/how_10727_make-vegetarian-chili.html. Accessed 6 July 2015.

“ Athlete's Foot - Topic Overview. ”   WebMD , 25 Sept. 2014, www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/tc/athletes-foot-topic-overview.

Citations for e-books closely resemble those for physical books. Simply indicate that the book in question is an e-book by putting the term "e-book" in the "version" slot of the MLA template (i.e., after the author, the title of the source, the title of the container, and the names of any other contributors).

Silva, Paul J.  How to Write a Lot: A Practical Guide to Productive Academic Writing. E-book, American Psychological Association, 2007.

If the e-book is formatted for a specific reader device or service, you can indicate this by treating this information the same way you would treat a physical book's edition number. Often, this will mean replacing "e-book" with "[App/Service] ed."

Machiavelli, Niccolo.  The Prince , translated by W. K. Marriott, Kindle ed., Library of Alexandria, 2018.

Note:  The MLA considers the term "e-book" to refer to publications formatted specifically for reading with an e-book reader device (e.g., a Kindle) or a corresponding web application. These e-books will not have URLs or DOIs. If you are citing book content from an ordinary webpage with a URL, use the "A Page on a Web Site" format above.

An Image (Including a Painting, Sculpture, or Photograph)

Provide the artist's name, the work of art italicized, the date of creation, the institution and city where the work is housed. Follow this initial entry with the name of the Website in italics, and the date of access.

Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV . 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid. Museo Nacional del Prado , www.museodelprado.es/en/the-collection/art-work/the-family-of-carlos-iv/f47898fc-aa1c-48f6-a779-71759e417e74. Accessed 22 May 2006.

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine . 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The Artchive , www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

If the work cited is available on the web only, then provide the name of the artist, the title of the work, and then follow the citation format for a website. If the work is posted via a username, use that username for the author.

Adams, Clifton R. “People Relax Beside a Swimming Pool at a Country Estate Near Phoenix, Arizona, 1928.” Found, National Geographic Creative, 2 June 2016, natgeofound.tumblr.com/.

An Article in a Web Magazine

Provide the author name, article name in quotation marks, title of the web magazine in italics, publisher name, publication date, URL, and the date of access.

Bernstein, Mark. “ 10 Tips on Writing the Living Web. ”   A List Apart: For People Who Make Websites , 16 Aug. 2002, alistapart.com/article/writeliving. Accessed 4 May 2009.

An Article in an Online Scholarly Journal

For all online scholarly journals, provide the author(s) name(s), the name of the article in quotation marks, the title of the publication in italics, all volume and issue numbers, and the year of publication. Include a DOI if available, otherwise provide a URL or permalink to help readers locate the source.

Article in an Online-only Scholarly Journal

MLA requires a page range for articles that appear in Scholarly Journals. If the journal you are citing appears exclusively in an online format (i.e. there is no corresponding print publication) that does not make use of page numbers, indicate the URL or other location information.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no. 2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Article in an Online Scholarly Journal That Also Appears in Print

Cite articles in online scholarly journals that also appear in print as you would a scholarly journal in print, including the page range of the article . Provide the URL and the date of access.

Wheelis, Mark. “ Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention. ”   Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

An Article from an Online Database (or Other Electronic Subscription Service)

Cite online databases (e.g. LexisNexis, ProQuest, JSTOR, ScienceDirect) and other subscription services as containers. Thus, provide the title of the database italicized before the DOI or URL. If a DOI is not provided, use the URL instead. Provide the date of access if you wish.

Alonso, Alvaro, and Julio A. Camargo. “ Toxicity of Nitrite to Three Species of Freshwater Invertebrates. ”   Environmental Toxicology, vol. 21, no. 1, 3 Feb. 2006, pp. 90-94. Wiley Online Library , https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20155. Accessed 26 May 2009.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal, vol. 50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest , https://doi.org/10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

E-mail (including E-mail Interviews)

Give the author of the message, followed by the subject line in quotation marks. State to whom the message was sent with the phrase, “Received by” and the recipient’s name. Include the date the message was sent. Use standard capitalization.

Kunka, Andrew. “ Re: Modernist Literature. ”  Received by John Watts, 15 Nov. 2000.

Neyhart, David. “ Re: Online Tutoring. ” Received by Joe Barbato, 1 Dec. 2016.

A Listserv, Discussion Group, or Blog Posting

Cite web postings as you would a standard web entry. Provide the author of the work, the title of the posting in quotation marks, the web site name in italics, the publisher, and the posting date. Follow with the date of access. Include screen names as author names when author name is not known. If both names are known, place the author’s name in brackets.

Author or compiler name (if available). “Posting Title.” Name of Site , Version number (if available), Name of institution/organization affiliated with the site (sponsor or publisher), URL. Date of access.

Salmar1515 [Sal Hernandez]. “Re: Best Strategy: Fenced Pastures vs. Max Number of Rooms?” BoardGameGeek , 29 Sept. 2008, boardgamegeek.com/thread/343929/best-strategy-fenced-pastures-vs-max-number-rooms. Accessed 5 Apr. 2009.

Begin with the user's Twitter handle in place of the author’s name. Next, place the tweet in its entirety in quotations, inserting a period after the tweet within the quotations. Include the date and time of posting, using the reader's time zone; separate the date and time with a comma and end with a period. Include the date accessed if you deem necessary.

@tombrokaw. “ SC demonstrated why all the debates are the engines of this campaign. ”   Twitter, 22 Jan. 2012, 3:06 a.m., twitter.com/tombrokaw/status/160996868971704320.

@PurdueWLab. “ Spring break is around the corner, and all our locations will be open next week. ”   Twitter , 5 Mar. 2012, 12:58 p.m., twitter.com/PurdueWLab/status/176728308736737282.

A YouTube Video

Video and audio sources need to be documented using the same basic guidelines for citing print sources in MLA style. Include as much descriptive information as necessary to help readers understand the type and nature of the source you are citing. If the author’s name is the same as the uploader, only cite the author once. If the author is different from the uploader, cite the author’s name before the title.

McGonigal, Jane. “Gaming and Productivity.” YouTube , uploaded by Big Think, 3 July 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkdzy9bWW3E.

“8 Hot Dog Gadgets put to the Test.” YouTube, uploaded by Crazy Russian Hacker, 6 June 2016, www.youtube.com/watch?v=WBlpjSEtELs.

A Comment on a Website or Article

List the username as the author. Use the phrase, Comment on, before the title. Use quotation marks around the article title. Name the publisher, date, time (listed on near the comment), and the URL.

Not Omniscient Enough. Comment on “ Flight Attendant Tells Passenger to ‘Shut Up’ After Argument Over Pasta. ”  ABC News, 9 Jun 2016, 4:00 p.m., abcnews.go.com/US/flight-attendant-tells-passenger-shut-argument-pasta/story?id=39704050.

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