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Essay On 5g Technology: Free Samples Available for Students

• Updated on  
• Dec 29, 2023

Congratulations to the world on the evolution of technology; from the first general-public computer named INIAC in 1945 to 5g technology in 2022, technology has greatly improved and has eased our lives. 5g technology is the advanced version of the 4g LTE (Long Term Evolution) mobile broadband service. We have all grown up from traditional mobile top-ups to digital recharges. According to sources, 5g is 10 times faster than 4g; a 4g connection has a download speed of 1 GBPS (Gigabyte Per Sec) and 5g has 10 GBPS. Below we have highlighted some sample essay on 5g technology.

Table of Contents

• 1 Essay on 5G Technology in 250 words
• 2.0.1 Conclusion
• 3 Benefits of 5G
• 4 10 Lines to Add to Your Essay on Technology

Also Read: Short Speech on Technology for School Students Short Essay on 5g Technology

The fifth generation or 5g technology for mobile networks was deployed all over the world in 2019, with South Korea becoming the first country to adopt it on a large scale. In mobile or cellular networks, the service or operating areas are divided into geographical units termed cells. The radio waves connect all the 5g mobile devices in a cell with the telephone network and the Internet. 

5g is 10 times faster than its predecessor, 4g, and can connect more devices in a particular area. Not only this, it also introduces new technologies such as Massive MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output), beamforming, and network slicing. Before switching to 5g, make sure to remember that 5g is not compatible with 4g devices.

Also Read: Essay on Health and Fitness for Students

Essay on 5G Technology in 250 words

The fifth generation of networks is the 5G network and this network promises to bring faster internet speed, lower latency, and improved reliability to mobile devices. In India, it is expected to have a significant impact on several industries such as healthcare, education, agriculture, entertainment, etc.

5G carries a lot of features such as:-

• Higher speeds: – The 5G network will have wider bandwidth which will allow for more data to flow. Hence, it will result in higher download and upload speeds.
• More capacity :- 5G network, in comparison to 4G, will have greater capacity to hold more network devices. This is very essential as the number of network devices increases each day.
• Lower latency: – 5G network will have much lower latency. This is essential for many tasks such as video conferencing or even online gaming which is a known profession these days. 

Due to all these, a lot of things will have a positive impact. Connectivity will improve and enable even the most rural areas to become connected to the rest of the world. 5G technology will help revolutionise the healthcare industry in India in ways such as telemedicine, remote surgeries, real-time patient monitoring, etc. 

However, like any other innovation, 5G does come with some concerns. There are certain concerns regarding the security of the 5G network, hence Indian Government needs to ensure that this network is safe from all the cyber threats. Also, although not proven, there are some concerns regarding the effects of 5G radiation on health. 

There is no doubt that 5G technology holds immense potential for India. And although there are many challenges to its deployment, the Indian Government and other industry experts should work together to over come these challenges and make the most of this technology.

350 Word Essay on 5g Technology

How significantly technology has improved. 50 years back nobody would have imagined that a mobile connection would allow us to connect anywhere in the world. With 5g technology, we can connect virtually anywhere with anyone in real-time. This advanced broadband connection offers us a higher internet speed, which can reach up to two-digit gigabits per second (Gbps). This increase in internet speed is achieved through the use of higher-frequency radio waves and advanced technologies.

The world of telecommunication is evolving at a very fast pace. 3g connectivity was adopted in 2003, 4g in 2009, and 5g in 2019. the advent of 5G technology represents an enormous leap forward, promising to reshape the way we connect, communicate, and interact with the digital world. 

The 5th Generation of mobile networks stands out from its predecessors in speed, latency, and the capacity to support a larger array of devices and applications. 5g speed is one of the most remarkable features, which allows us to download large amounts of files from the internet in mere seconds. Not only this, it also allows us smoother streaming of HD content and opens the door to transformative technologies.  Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) experiences, which demand substantial data transfer rates, will become more immersive and accessible with 5G.

What is the difference between 5g and 4g?

The difference between 5g and 4g technologies clearly highlighted in their speed, latency, frequency bands, capacity and multiple other uses.

• The average downloading speed of 4g connectivity was 5 to 1000 Mbps (megabytes per sec). But with 5g, this speed increases 10 times.
• 4G networks had a latency of around 30-50 milliseconds and 5g reduces latency to as low as 1 millisecond or even less.
• 4G networks mainly use lower frequency bands below 6 GHz, but,  5g utilizes a broader range of frequencies, including lower bands (sub-6 GHz) and higher bands (millimeter waves or mmWave).
• 4g was well-suited for broadband applications like web browsing, video streaming, and voice calls. 5g is capable of supporting a large number of applications from smart cities, critical communication services, and applications that demand ultra-reliable low-latency communication.

Benefits of 5G

• Lower Latency: 5G Network will have extremely lower latency compared to that of 4G LTE. This will result in a much more smoother experience in terms of real time communication such as video conferencing or online gaming.
• Faster Speeds : 5G Network is expected to peak at high speeds of around 10 Gbps which is extremely high as compared to that of 4G LTE. This will result in high download as well as upload speeds and much smoother video streaming, etc.
• New Applications: Some applications that were not possible with 4G LTE will now be possible because of 5G such as remote surgery, augmented reality, etc.
• More Capacity: 5G bands can support Much more devices as compared to 4G LTE networks. This is extremely important as the number of connected grows everyday.

Also Read: Essay on Farmer for School Students

10 Lines to Add to Your Essay on Technology

Here are 10 simple and easy quotes on 5g technology. You can add them to your essay on 5g technology or any related writing topic to impress your readers.

• 5g technology is the fifth generation of mobile or cellular networks.
• 5g offers significantly higher download speeds, reaching several gigabits per second.
• 5g technology’s ultra-low latency is one of the most striking features, which can reduce delays to as little as 1 millisecond.
• 5G utilizes a diverse spectrum, including both lower bands (sub-6 GHz) and higher bands (mmWave).
• The increased speed and low latency of 5G support emerging technologies like augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR).
• It enables a massive Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem, connecting a vast number of devices simultaneously.
• 5G is essential for applications requiring real-time responsiveness, such as autonomous vehicles and remote surgery.
• The deployment of 5G networks is underway globally, transforming how we connect and communicate.
• Smart cities leverage 5G to enhance efficiency through interconnected systems and sensors.
• As the backbone of the digital era, 5G technology is driving innovation and shaping the future of connectivity.

Related Articles

Ans: 5g technology is the advanced generation of the 4g technology. It’s a mobile broadband service, which allows users to have faster access to the internet. Our everyday tasks on the internet will be greatly improved using 5g technology. 5g is 10 times faster than its predecessor, 4g and can connect more devices in a particular area. Not only this, it also introduces new technologies such as Massive MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output), beamforming, and network slicing. Before switching to 5g, make sure to remember that 5g is not compatible with 4g devices.

Ans: 4g technology has a download speed of 5 to 10 Gbps. This broadband service is 10 times faster than its predecessor, 4g.

Ans: 5g is an advanced version of the 4g connectivity in terms of speed, latency, frequency bands, capability, and uses. 4G networks had a latency of around 30-50 milliseconds and 5g reduces latency to as low as 1 millisecond or even less.

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Essay on 5G Technology | 5G Technology in India

This long essay on 5G Technology in English is suitable for students of classes 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10, 11, 12 and also for competitive exam aspirants. Read and enjoy the complete information about the essay on 5G Technology .

All important information regarding the Essay on 5G Technology is discussed in the article. After reading this article, we got all the important regarding What is 5G Technology, How does 5G Works, Evaluation from First Generation to Fifth Generation, the Advantages and disadvantages of 5G Technology, and the Challenges of 5G Technology.

• 1.1 Introduction
• 1.2 How does 5G Work?
• 1.3 Evaluation from First Generation to Fifth Generation
• 1.4 Advantages of 5G Technology
• 1.5 Challenges of 5G Technology
• 1.6 Conclusion

Essay on 5G Technology in English 800 Words

Introduction.

5G Technology Essay – 5G Technology is the next generation of mobile broadband that will eventually replace, or at least expand 4G LTE  connections. Long-term development (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communications for mobile devices and data terminals.

5G is a new revolutionary technology in the field of telecommunications.  This technology is set to play an unprecedented role in the field of communication in place of 4G in the future.  This technology started from the south is also being introduced in India, which will give great impetus to the important programs of India’s social, economic, defense, space, etc, and the development of the nation will be faster.

5G technology is the fifth generation of the Internet and is considered the fastest and most secure means of data transfer. Its speed will be more than about 1 Gbps, which is about ten times more than a normal wireless mobile phone. The 5G is much more powerful than its previous generations due to its high-speed data transfer and low latency.

How does 5G Work?

The transmission of the 5G network will not require any type of tower, but rather the transmission of signals through small cell stations in rooftops or electric poles.  These small cells are significantly more important because of the millimeter-wave spectrum.

Various state-of-the-art technologies under 5 G technologies, such as MIMO, TDD, etc. will be used.  Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology will provide downloading capability with an intensity of around 952 Mbps.

Evaluation from First Generation to Fifth Generation

• 1G Technology was launched in the 1980s and worked on analog radio signals and supported only voice calls.
• 2G Technology was launched in the 1990s which uses digital radio signals and supported both voice and data transmission with a Bandwidth of 64 Kbps.
• 3G Technology was launched in the 2000s with a speed of 1 Mbps to 2 Mbps and it has the ability to transmit telephone signals including digitized voice, video calls ad conferencing.
• 4G Technology was launched in 2009 with a peak speed of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps and it also enables 3D virtual reality.

Advantages of 5G Technology

Some of the important advantages of an essay on 5G technology are:-

• A committee on 5G technology was formed in India, which in its recommendation for an increase in the amount of spectrum available and a decrease in the value of spectrum in the initial allocation of 5G spectrum.
• 5G technology is expected to offer advanced mobile broadband that can meet high coverage requirements.
• If the 5G technology is successfully implemented in India, it will revolutionize the Indian telecom sector.
• This technology will accelerate the Digital India program of the Government of India, Make in India, and Ease of Doing Business. Apart from this, New India Mission, Smart City Project, Bharat Net Project, etc. can be made successful.
• The high data speed of the 5G Network might help cloud systems steam software updates, music, and navigation data.
• 5G will also facilitate the ecosystem for the Internet of Things.
• The 5G technology, called the fifth generation of the Internet, can be used to increase India’s GDP, digitize the employment generation economy, etc.
• 5G Technology will help in the country’s digital growth which will result in the rise of GDP and employment generation in the country.
• 5G technology will help to incorporate Artificial Intelligence into our daily lives.
• It is estimated that 5G technology will boost the digital economy in India, helping India achieve a $ 5 trillion economy by 2024.

Challenges of 5G Technology

Some of the challenges of the essay on 5G technology are:-

• According to information and communications technology experts, India lacks the appropriate infrastructure for 5G, and developing it is a challenge in itself.
• The proposed speed of 5G is brutal considering the inefficient technical support in most parts of the world.
• 5G connection is more expensive than the currently available network . 5G requires investors to invest more than $ 2000 billion annually, discouraging investors.
• Reliance Jio’s entry into the Indian telecom sector in 2016 has also led to a decline in revenue from other sector operators.
• The switch from 4G to 5G will be infrastructure intensive & the development of infrastructure for 5G is very expensive.

It is true that there are challenges related to infrastructure, investment, and health related to 5G technology in India right now, but the government should address these challenges as soon as possible and implement this technology in India. The introduction of 5G technologies in India, economic, socio-strategic, etc., will bring dynamism in all areas and the development of the country will be further strengthened.

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I hope you like this post “Essay on 5G Technology in India”. If you want to give any suggestions then comment below. Share this 5G Technology essay with your friends.

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Essay on 5g – Unveiling the Future: The Era of 5G Connectivity

In the fast-evolving landscape of technology, the advent of 5G stands as a milestone, promising a transformative leap in connectivity. As the fifth generation of mobile networks, 5G heralds a new era of speed, efficiency, and connectivity that has the potential to redefine how we live, work, and communicate. This essay delves into the significance of 5G, exploring its potential impact on various aspects of our lives and the technological landscape.

Quick Overview:

• 5G offers unprecedented data speeds, significantly faster than its predecessor, 4G. It provides the potential for downloading and uploading data at speeds that were once unimaginable.
• The increased bandwidth allows for seamless streaming, high-quality video calls, and rapid data transfer, enhancing the overall user experience.
• One of the defining features of 5G is its remarkably low latency, the time it takes for data to travel from the source to the destination and back.
• This low latency is critical for real-time applications, enabling advancements in technologies like augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), and autonomous vehicles.
• 5G is set to be a catalyst for the Internet of Things (IoT), connecting a vast array of devices seamlessly.
• The enhanced connectivity and low latency of 5G will enable a proliferation of smart devices, ranging from smart homes to smart cities, fostering a more connected and efficient world.
• The rollout of 5G is expected to fuel economic growth by unlocking new opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship.
• Industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, and education can leverage 5G to develop and implement cutting-edge technologies, driving productivity and competitiveness.
• Despite its promises, the implementation of 5G comes with challenges, including infrastructure development, security concerns, and ensuring equitable access.
• Addressing these challenges is crucial to realizing the full potential of 5G and ensuring that its benefits are accessible to all segments of society.

Conclusion: In conclusion, 5G technology emerges as a game-changer, poised to reshape the way we connect and interact with the digital world. Its unprecedented speed, low latency, and capacity to support a vast number of connected devices open the door to a plethora of possibilities.

As we stand on the cusp of this technological revolution, it is essential to navigate the challenges that accompany such advancements responsibly. Ensuring that the benefits of 5G are inclusive and that considerations such as security and infrastructure are adequately addressed will be instrumental in harnessing its true potential.

The era of 5G connectivity holds the promise of a more connected, efficient, and innovative world. From transforming industries to enhancing our daily lives, 5G is poised to be the backbone of the digital future, setting the stage for a new chapter in the ongoing evolution of technology.

Rahul Kumar is a passionate educator, writer, and subject matter expert in the field of education and professional development. As an author on CoursesXpert, Rahul Kumar’s articles cover a wide range of topics, from various courses, educational and career guidance.

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Essay on 5G Technology

Introduction.

The transmission of information between persons, equipment, or systems over a medium such as cables, radio, optical, or electromagnetic fields is called telecommunications. Telecommunications has risen dramatically recently, with technical advances resulting in enhanced efficiency, speed, and communication security. Adopting 5G technology is one of the most important developments in telecommunications (Yang et al., 2019). 5G is the fifth generation of wireless technology, and it is intended to deliver faster, more dependable, and more efficient communication services than its predecessors, 4G and 3G. The technology is built on standards that govern radio wave characteristics, frequency ranges, and network architecture. 5G technology uses numerous new approaches to improve communication speed and reliability, such as millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, network slicing, and edge computing. With its high-speed data transmission capabilities and low latency, 5G technology can change many sectors, from healthcare and manufacturing to entertainment and education. Although 5G technology has immense promise, it has also prompted privacy and security issues and ramifications for global competitiveness and the digital divide. This article describes 5G technology in-depth, future developments in the field, examples of corporations participating, regulatory concerns surrounding the field, and worldwide ramifications.

Background of 5G technology

In 2010, a group of different telecom corporations established the 3GPP. It was the beginning of the development of 5G technology. To specify the specifications of radio waves, frequency ranges, and network architecture, the consortium developed a set of standards for the 5G technology. Since then, 5G technology has experienced substantial growth, with major investments in the technology coming from businesses like Huawei, Qualcomm, Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung, and Intel.

The need for communication services that are both quicker and more dependable has been a driving force behind the development of 5G technology (Attaran, 2021). Millimeter wave (mmWave) spectrum, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antennas, network slicing, and edge computing are some of the innovations implemented in 5G technology. This will allow the technology to meet the requirements of various applications, ranging from consumer devices to industrial applications. 5G technology is designed to meet the demands of various applications, from consumer devices to industrial applications. The implementation of 5G technology has huge repercussions for the world, ranging from expanding the economy and increasing international rivalry to improved data protection and privacy (Wu, 2020). It will be important for governments, international organizations, and industry stakeholders to work together to address these issues and ensure that 5G technology is deployed in a way that benefits all countries and protects the privacy and security of users. This will require close collaboration between all of these groups.

In conclusion, 5G technology is a game-changer in the sector of telecommunications because it provides communication services that are quicker, more dependable, and more efficient than their predecessors. It is anticipated that 5G technology will continue to advance and play an important part in the future of communication. This is because technology can transform a variety of different sectors.

The technology involved in the area

The 5G technology is underpinned by a set of standards that outline the characteristics of radio waves, frequency ranges, and the structure of networks. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project is a collaboration of telecommunications firms responsible for developing the standards (3GPP).

Using several novel approaches inside 5G technology contributes to an increase in both the speed and dependability of communication. One of the most important methods is the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, which works at higher frequencies than conventional radio waves. Traditional radio waves operate at lower frequencies. This spectrum offers a wider bandwidth, enabling more data to be carried out within the allotted time. Moreover, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are used in 5G technology. These antennas can send and receive several streams of data at the same time, which increases the capacity of the network as well as its overall efficiency (Jaaz et al., 2021). The 5G technology uses a network design known as network slicing, which makes it possible to create virtual networks tailored to the requirements of individual applications. This helps the technology achieve even greater performance improvements. This enables the customization of network services for particular use cases, such as low-latency connection for autonomous cars, ultra-reliable communication for industrial applications, and fast internet speeds for general users.

Last but not least, the implementation of edge computing is made possible by 5G technology. Edge computing enables data to be processed closer to the end user, reducing latency and improving the network’s overall performance. This method also makes it possible to design new applications, such as augmented reality and virtual reality, that call for real-time processing and minimal latency.

As compared to the technologies that came before it, 5G technology offers a tremendous leap forward in wireless communication because it enables communication services that are quicker, more dependable, and more efficient. Its primary characteristics, including the use of mmWave spectrum, MIMO antennas, network slicing, and edge computing, were developed to cater to the requirements of a diverse array of applications, ranging from consumer devices to industrial devices applications.

Description of 5G Technology

5G is the fifth generation of wireless technology and is expected to deliver communication services that are faster, more dependable, and more efficient than its predecessors, including 4G and 3G. A collection of standards that govern the properties of radio waves, frequency ranges, and network architecture serve as the foundation for this technology. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a coalition of telecommunications firms responsible for developing these standards. This consortium comprises companies such as Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung, and Huawei. Using several novel approaches inside 5G technology contributes to an increase in both the speed and dependability of communication. Using the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, which works at higher frequencies than conventional radio waves, is one of the most important methods (Zheng et al.,2020). Traditional radio waves operate at lower frequencies. This spectrum offers a wider bandwidth, enabling more data to be carried out within the allotted time. Moreover, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are used in 5G technology. These antennas can send and receive several streams of data at the same time, which increases the capacity of the network as well as its overall efficiency.

In order to provide a more in-depth explanation of what the 5G technology is and how it works, it is essential to understand the primary characteristics that set it apart from the wireless technology of earlier generations. First, the fifth-generation (5G) wireless technology is planned to function at frequencies far higher than its predecessors. This will allow it to accomplish significantly faster data transfer rates. Conventional radio waves, utilized in 4G and 3G technology, run at frequencies below 6 GHz (Dragičević et al., 2019). On the other hand, 5G technology works in the frequency range of 24-40 GHz (mmWave spectrum) and functions at lower frequencies below 6 GHz. This higher frequency range makes it possible to transmit larger quantities of data in a shorter length of time, which ultimately results in communication that is both quicker and more dependable.

Second, the multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antennas used by 5G technology contribute to an improvement in both the capacity and efficiency of the networks. MIMO antennas make it possible to send and receive several streams of data simultaneously, which helps alleviate congestion on the network and improves its overall performance. This method also makes it possible to install tiny cells, which can therefore be positioned closer to customers, enhancing coverage and capacity in places with a high population density.

Finally, 5G technology uses a network design known as network slicing, which makes it possible to create virtual networks tailored to the needs of certain applications. This enables the customization of network services for particular use cases, such as low-latency connection for autonomous cars, ultra-reliable communication for industrial applications, and fast internet speeds for general users (Zhang, 2019). Last but not least, the implementation of edge computing is made possible by 5G technology. Edge computing enables data to be processed closer to the end user, reducing latency and improving the network’s overall performance. This method also makes it possible to design new applications, such as augmented reality and virtual reality, that call for real-time processing and minimal latency.

Future Trends in 5G Technology

5G technology is the most recent wireless technology that intends to deliver communication services that are quicker, more dependable, and more efficient compared to those provided by its predecessors. It is based on a set of standards produced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), a partnership of telecommunications firms. These standards describe the characteristics of radio waves, frequency bands, and network architecture. It runs on these parameters.

Using the millimeter-wave (mmWave) spectrum, which functions at higher frequencies than conventional radio waves, is one of the most important improvements that 5G technology brings. This spectrum offers a wider bandwidth, enabling more data to be carried out within the allotted time. Moreover, multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antennas are used in 5G technology. These antennas can send and receive several streams of data at the same time, which increases the capacity of the network as well as its overall efficiency ((Zhang, 2019). As we look to the future, the 5G technology can potentially transform many different sectors thanks to its ability to transmit data at high speed and with low latency. The application of 5G technology in the Internet of Things (IoT), a network of linked devices, sensors, and systems, is one of the most important phenomena. Implementing 5G technology may make it possible for various devices and systems to communicate in real time, resulting in improved automation and optimization of operations.

The development of virtual and augmented reality apps is yet another key trend associated with 5G technology. Thanks to the high-speed data transmission and low-latency capabilities of 5G technology, it is now feasible to stream high-quality video and other multimedia material to devices that support virtual and augmented reality (Dragičević et al., 2019). This will provide consumers with an immersive experience. This technology can potentially transform several sectors, including gaming, entertainment, and education. It will provide users with an unparalleled degree of involvement and engagement.

In conclusion, 5G technology is a game-changer in the sector of telecommunications because it provides communication services that are quicker, more dependable, and more efficient than their predecessors. It is anticipated that 5G technology will continue to advance and play an important part in shaping the future of communication due to its revolutionary potential across various sectors.

Companies Involved in 5G Technology

Several firms are working on developing and implementing 5G technology. One of the most significant investors in 5G technology is the Chinese multinational telecoms equipment and consumer electronics business Huawei. Huawei is one of the top corporations in this sector. Many nations, like China and the United Kingdom, already have networks that Huawei has installed using the 5G standard. They have been at the vanguard of the development of 5G technology and have been working on various 5G-enabled products, including smartphones, tablets, and home routers, amongst other things.

In addition, the American multinational semiconductor and telecoms equipment giant Qualcomm has significant holdings in 5G technology and is a major investor in the sector (Grimes and Du, 2020). They are one of the most prominent providers of 5G modems and have formed strategic alliances with several other businesses to facilitate the creation of products that are 5G-enabled. Its Snapdragon platform is a well-liked option among smartphone makers, and they have also been working on other 5G-enabled devices, including laptops and goods for the smart home market. Ericsson is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications business that has been developing and implementing 5G technology since its conception. The company is headquartered in Stockholm, Sweden. Ericsson has formed strategic alliances with several of the world’s most prominent telecoms firms to build and roll out 5G networks in nations all over the globe.

Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunication, information technology, and consumer electronics business that has been active in developing 5G technology since the idea was first conceived. Nokia was founded in 1865 and is headquartered in Espoo, Finland. Nokia has created a variety of 5G technologies and solutions, including 5G radios and base stations, and has worked with several of the most prominent telecoms firms in the world to implement 5G networks everywhere in the globe. A multinational business based in South Korea called Samsung has been active in researching and developing 5G technology ever since it was first conceived. Samsung has created various 5G products and solutions, including 5G smartphones, modems, and base stations, and has teamed with several of the most prominent telecoms firms in the world to install 5G networks everywhere.

Intel is a global technology business based in the United States that has been actively contributing to the advancement of 5G technology ever since it was first conceived. Intel has created a wide variety of 5G technologies and solutions, including 5G modems and semiconductors, and has teamed with several of the world’s most prominent telecoms firms to create and implement 5G networks all around the globe. AT&T is a multinational American telecommunications firm based in the United States and has been actively engaged in the rollout of 5G networks in that country. AT&T has formed strategic alliances with several other businesses to produce 5G-enabled products and has started the rollout of 5G networks in several locations around the United States.

Overall, these firms and others are working together to accelerate the development and deployment of 5G technology, which is anticipated to have a big influence on a wide range of sectors, including education and entertainment, in addition to healthcare and manufacturing.

Regulatory Issues Surrounding 5G Technology

As a result of the fact that it is anticipated that the implementation of 5G technology would allow the flow of massive volumes of data between devices and networks, privacy and security concerns have been raised in response to these developments. One of the key causes for worry is the possibility that 5G networks would be hacked, which would risk the privacy and confidentiality of sensitive information. Hackers would likely target 5G networks as they become more popular to take advantage of any weaknesses inside the infrastructure. In response to these concerns, governments and regulatory agencies all over the globe are now working to put into place mechanisms that will protect the safety of 5G networks and their users’ privacy. For instance, the European Union has passed legislation that compels enterprises that deal in telecommunications to conform to stringent data privacy and security requirements. These policies have been put in place.

The possibility of using 5G technology for monitoring and tracking presents yet another key challenge for regulators in relation to this emerging technology. There are worries that 5G networks might be exploited by governments or other groups to monitor people’s actions, especially in countries with authoritarian regimes. These concerns are particularly prevalent in countries where internet access is restricted. Because of this, there have been demands for there to be more openness and accountability in the process of developing and deploying 5G networks. Several countries have also passed restrictions that prohibit using 5G technology in certain sensitive applications, such as military or defense-related operations. These regulations have been implemented to prevent the technology from being used to compromise national security. The fierce rivalry among telecom providers to develop 5G networks presents another regulatory challenge to 5G technology (Chen et al.,2022). As a result of this rivalry, concerns have been raised over the dominance of particular corporations and the possibility of anti-competitive activity. Concerns for a nation’s safety have led to the imposition of bans or limitations on the use of products manufactured by certain businesses, such as Huawei, in several nations, including the United States. This has resulted in disputes between nations and enterprises, which may affect the overall deployment of 5G networks worldwide.

The regulatory challenges surrounding 5G technology are complex and multidimensional. They will need constant coordination between governments, regulatory agencies, and industry stakeholders to guarantee this game-changing technology’s responsible development and deployment.

Global Implications for 5G Technology

The implementation of 5G technology will have enormous repercussions worldwide, especially in relation to economic expansion and the level of international rivalry. As a result of its capacity to transmit data at a fast speed and its low latency, 5G technology has the potential to give rise to brand-new business sectors and prospects, in addition to enhancing the operational effectiveness of pre-existing company sectors. For instance, the introduction of 5G technology may pave the way for the development of driverless cars, smart cities, and remote medical care, all of which have the potential to enhance patient outcomes while simultaneously lowering associated costs.

The rollout of 5G technology also has repercussions for international commerce and collaboration to consider. The rush to roll up 5G networks has ratcheted the level of competitiveness on the world stage, notably between the United States and China (Capri, 2020). Concerns have been made in the United States over China’s ability to dominate 5G technology. As a result, limits have been imposed on the usage of equipment manufactured by Chinese businesses such as Huawei. This has resulted in tensions between the two nations, and there are fears that the rivalry may result in the fragmentation of the worldwide market for telecommunications services.2ti

In addition, the introduction of 5G technology has repercussions for online safety and personal information confidentiality. Because of the proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors, there is a greater possibility that private and sensitive information might be exposed. Governments and international organizations are collaborating to design legislation and standards for 5G networks to ensure that these networks are safe and that users’ privacy is protected.

In addition, the rollout of 5G technology can narrow the digital gap between rich nations and underdeveloped ones. However, there are fears that the high cost of building 5G networks might widen the digital gap. This would mean that only wealthy nations would have access to the advantages of 5G technology. To solve this problem, national governments and international organizations are collaborating on developing legislation and financing mechanisms that will make the 5G technology available in all nations (Cohen and Fontaine, 2020). In general, the implementation of 5G technology has enormous repercussions for the world, ranging from the expansion of the economy and increased international rivalry to increased concerns about data privacy. It will be important for governments, international organizations, and industry stakeholders to work together to address these issues and ensure that 5G technology is deployed in a way that benefits all countries and protects the privacy and security of users. This will require close collaboration between all of these groups.

The implementation of 5G technology marks a significant step forward in telecommunications. 5G technology will provide communication services that are quicker, more dependable, and more efficient than their predecessors. Its primary characteristics, which include the use of mmWave spectrum, MIMO antennas, network slicing, and edge computing, were developed to cater to the requirements of a diverse selection of applications (Zhang, 2019). It is anticipated that the 5G technology will play a vital part in the future of communication and will change a variety of sectors with its high-speed data transfer capabilities and reduced latency as it continues to improve. Nevertheless, the deployment of this has given rise to concerns over privacy and security, and there is also the possibility of ramifications regarding global competitiveness and the digital divide. It will be essential for governments, international organizations, and industry players to collaborate to guarantee that the rollout of 5G technology will be carried out in a manner that benefits all nations and preserves the users’ right to privacy as well as their security.

In conclusion, 5G technology is a game-changing innovation in the sector of telecommunications because it enables communication services that are quicker, more dependable, and more efficient than those provided by its predecessors. It is anticipated that 5G technology will continue to advance and play an important part in the future of communication. This is because technology can transform a variety of different sectors. Huawei, Qualcomm, Ericsson, Nokia, Samsung, and Intel are among the businesses contributing to the research and development of 5G technology and its eventual implementation. In addition, the rollout of 5G technology has prompted worries about privacy and security issues, in addition to those regarding competitiveness and the possibility of anti-competitive activity. In addition, the implementation of 5G technology has important repercussions for the whole world, which range from the expansion of the economy and increased international competitiveness to improvements in data protection and privacy. Governments, international organizations, and industry players must work together to guarantee that the 5G technology is implemented in a manner that benefits all nations and protects the privacy and security of users. This can only be accomplished via collaboration.

Attaran, M. (2021). The impact of 5G on the evolution of intelligent automation and industry digitization.  Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing , 1-17.

Capri, A. (2020). Semiconductors at the heart of the US-China tech war.  Hinrich Foundation , 22.

Chen, H., Li, L., & Chen, Y. (2022). Sustainable growth research–A study on the telecom operators in China.  Journal of Management Analytics ,  9 (1), 17-31.

Cohen, J., & Fontaine, R. (2020). Uniting the Techno-Democracies: How to Build Digital Cooperation.  Foreign Aff. ,  99 , 112.

Dragičević, T., Siano, P., & Prabaharan, S. S. (2019). Future generation 5G wireless networks for smart grid: A comprehensive review.  Energies ,  12 (11), 2140.

Grimes, S., & Du, D. (2020). China’s emerging role in the global semiconductor value chain.  Telecommunications Policy , 101959.

Jaaz, Z. A., Khudhair, I. Y., Mehdy, H. S., & Al Barazanchi, I. (2021, October). Imparting full-duplex wireless cellular communication in 5G network using apache spark engine. In  2021 8th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics (EECSI)  (pp. 123-129). IEEE.

Wu, X. (2020). Technology, power, and uncontrolled great power strategic competition between China and the United States.  China International Strategy Review ,  2 (1), 99-119.

Yang, P., Xiao, Y., Xiao, M., & Li, S. (2019). 6G wireless communications: Vision and potential techniques. IEEE Network, 33(4), 70-75.

Zhang, S. (2019). An overview of network slicing for 5G.  IEEE Wireless Communications ,  26 (3), 111-117.

Zheng, S., Hou, D., Wang, C., Zhou, P., Chen, J., & Hong, W. A 24.25–30 GHz radio frequency up‐down converter with harmonic distortions rejection for 5G millimeter wave radio channel emulator applications.  Microwave and Optical Technology Letters .

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5G, explained

Feb 13, 2020

Most Americans have yet to use a 5G-connected device, but the next-generation cellular network is already generating buzz. Ads and headlines tout a 5G revolution that will change the way people live and work, through unprecedented digital speeds, reduced lag, and better connectivity for a broader range of devices. Some say it’ll spur a fourth industrial revolution.

With experts expecting 5G to become widely available in the next few years, the full business impact of the network has yet to be seen. What’s clear is that it’s ripe with opportunity for fields as varied as entertainment, manufacturing, health care, and retail. Successful enterprises will tap 5G to boost “internet of things” applications, virtual and augmented reality, and larger-scale robot and drone deployments.

“What does this mean? It depends who you are,” said MIT electrical engineering and computer science professor Muriel Médard . For users, which includes most businesses, “it’s likely you’ll get a rich set of offerings, and you’ll get better coverage,” said Médard, who leads the Network Coding and Reliable Communications Group at MIT’s Research Laboratory for Electronics.

As the first 5G symbols begin to pop up on cellphones, it’s time for businesses to think about how to harness the possibilities. “If you’re a business leader looking to use this network to provide some new services for customers, or if [you] would like to create some new value that’s not possible today … all of this is possible with 5G,” said Athul Prasad, a student in the MIT Sloan Fellows program who is on sabbatical from Nokia, where he was the head of 5G business modeling and analytics.

Companies that embrace 5G early stand to gain, said Diego Fernandez Bardera, a principal consultant at Ericsson who focuses on 5G and the internet of things. Some 73% of 4G first-movers grew their market share after their 4G launch, and a 5G first-mover likewise will benefit, said Bardera, a graduate of the MIT Sloan Fellows program. “I urge organizations and the whole ecosystem, from industry partners to universities, to have discussions across business and operational domains to better understand how 5G will transform their industries.”  

Here’s what businesses need to know to set themselves on a course for 5G success:

From 1G to 5G

5G is the fifth-generation cellular network, as formally defined by global standards agencies . New networks have emerged roughly every 10 years since 1980, when 1G came on the scene with large cellphones that only made phone calls. Later, 2G introduced messaging, 3G brought access to the internet, and 4G, which emerged around 2009, brought a leap in data download speeds, allowing users to do things like stream movies on mobile devices.

The official definition of 5G specifies higher speeds and lower latency — the lag time between when a device asks for information and when it receives it, Médard explained. The network will use higher-frequency radio waves in addition to the range of frequencies already used, and will work with smaller, more closely distributed wireless access points instead of large, dispersed cell towers.

5G is also expected to include a suite of hybrid technologies that will facilitate seamless transitions between different Wi-Fi networks or from cellular networks to Wi-Fi, and allow networks to more easily take advantage of unused extra bandwidth.

5G should allow for higher connectivity — that is, more devices connected to a network — and significantly higher download speeds. Speed isn’t the only improvement, though.

Consistency will be key, Médard said. 5G will allow small, consistent amounts of data to be accessed on a regular basis. “If you have needs such as streaming, gaming, even more if you go to something like virtual reality, you don't need a huge amount of data delivered to you at once,” she said. “What you may need is a more modest amount, but reliably delivered, and delivered with shorter delays.”

Experts expect 20 billion connected IoT devices by 2023.

Augmented reality — overlaying virtual information over a live view of the world — and virtual reality both need reliable, low latency networks to be effective, which makes them prime use cases for 5G. (Beyond being inconvenient, high latency while using virtual reality devices can cause motion sickness.)

Shorter range radio waves and cell towers that cover smaller areas will also improve location tracking . That opens the way for businesses to use geolocation to their competitive advantage, though some advocates have pointed out it also raises privacy concerns .

Speedier and more reliable communication and reduced lag times will enable new IoT use cases that are more widely and easily deployed, according to industry experts. While some companies are already using connected sensors in the field, 5G is expected to bring the internet of things into the mainstream with new uses and massive connectivity.

Experts expect 20 billion connected IoT devices by 2023 — representing millions of usually low-cost devices with long battery lives that can transmit non-delay-sensitive data, Bardera said. 5G will also allow what’s called ultra reliable and low latency connectivity, which is required for critical applications like traffic safety, remote surgery, or precise positioning for industrial uses.

For firms, opportunities abound

Industries considered most likely to be transformed by 5G include media and entertainment, manufacturing, retail, health care, hospitality, finance, and shipping and transportation. And the new network stands to enable or improve technologies as far-ranging as holograms, artificial intelligence and machine learning, industrial robots, drones, and smart cities, buildings, and homes.

“When you think about 5G you should think, ‘Well, what doesn’t really work on 4G?'” said Nicola Palmer, senior VP of technology and product development at Verizon, who spoke on a 5G panel at the 2019 MIT Platform Summit .

For example, computer vision, augmented reality, and virtual reality for health care don’t work on 4G networks, she noted. “How do you really tie into those capabilities in a way that creates value for enterprise and consumers alike?” 5G is a key part of the answer. Bardera said organizations approaching 5G should first assess its potential in relation to their specific industry, business, and market. From there they can select and prioritize the most suitable use cases in terms of business impact, time to market, and investment required.

Some industries are already test-driving 5G internet of things ideas for business purposes. For example, in the oil and gas industry, a Houston telecommunications company recently partnered with Nokia to bid on bringing 5G to several oil and gas fields. Other companies are developing “smart harbors” in Germany and China that include automated ship-to-shore crane lifts and sensors with real-time traffic monitoring. A mobile company in South Korea is at work building a 5G infrastructure for a smart traffic system in Seoul. Ericsson has embraced new industrial IoT uses, such as increased assembly and testing efficiency at a plant in Estonia through the use of augmented and virtual reality, Bardera said. And Nokia and ARENA2036 have announced an automotive research partnership at a factory in Germany to validate 5G use cases. 

5G will also make it easier to upgrade facilities or establish new plants. “Factories tend to have a lot of wires, which limits their mobility,” said Prasad. Wired factories are costly to upgrade, he said, but those costs will diminish with wireless sensors.

In entertainment, a 2019 Deloitte Mobile Trends survey predicted 5G could have a large impact on digital entertainment, especially among younger consumers, who said they plan to use 5G to consume media with virtual and augmented reality and that they’d likely play more mobile video games using 5G. Virtual and augmented reality with 5G can be used to train surgeons, truck drivers , and other employees in high-risk professions, as well as for videoconferencing, improved online and physical retail experiences, tourism, and education.

And on the farm, 5G innovations include sensors that control a smart feeding system and open curtains depending on the weather. And a herd of dairy cows in rural England were given 5G-connected devices on their collars that connected to a robotic milking system.

One cutting-edge technology that won’t rely on 5G is autonomous vehicles, according to MIT senior lecturer Nick Pudar,  the former director of corporate strategy at General Motors Co. Pudar said vehicles must be able to make driving decisions without relying on external connections, which may or may not be available. But 5G connectivity will allow vehicles to collect data about car maintenance, road conditions, weather and traffic that can lead to higher quality maps and congestion planning, he said. 

When to expect 5G

A 5G forecast released last year predicted 5G connections around the world will grow from 10 million in 2019 to more than 1 billion in 2023.

5G is already available in limited areas in the United States and worldwide. Experts estimate that 77 service providers worldwide launched 5G commercially by the end of 2019, Bardera said, with coverage and availability varying by country or region. In South Korea, the world’s largest 5G market, there are more than 3 million subscribers, he said.

AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile and Verizon, the four largest U.S. carriers, have all rolled out some   5G service to consumers, mostly in select areas of certain cities, and all of the carriers promise more is on the way.

5G devices are slowly coming out, with expensive 5G cellphones for sale. Industry experts predict that Apple could introduce its first 5G-capable phones in 2020. Major Android equipment manufacturers have announced flagship 5G mobile devices, with many already shipping.

73% of 4G first-movers grew their market share after their 4G launch.

5G also requires infrastructure, including the installation of new wireless access points that are closer together. A host of companies are also working on providing 5G hardware and equipment. The U.S. government has cited concerns that Chinese technology company Huawei, which is providing 5G infrastructure in several countries, could give the Chinese government a “back door” to the networks and access to data and information. The United States has lobbied other countries not to use Huawei, though the United Kingdom recently agreed to have the company build part of its 5G network.

There are other concerns, perhaps perceived, to overcome. Critics are raising alarms about radio waves causing cancer and other health problems. Some cities have resisted the installation of 5G poles, and politicians have introduced resolutions urging formal study into its health implications. But a widely cited study that says 5G might be harmful has been debunked .

5G will boost security in some ways, with encrypted data, segmented networks, and user authentication, but also has security vulnerabilities , including potential spying and attacks. The increase in connected devices also creates more targets and attacks on vital connected systems could become more chaotic and consequential.

Experts are estimating a widespread rollout between 2021 and 2024. “I think it’s dependent on forward-looking industries to lean in,” Palmer said. “The examples are out there … leaning in will dictate how fast it happens.”

Prasad agreed. “I think that by 2021 that's kind of the timeline where we are thinking that it would be getting more and more wide-scale,” he said.

What’s certain is that 5G is on the way — with 6G already waiting in the wings — which means businesses should start preparing for what it might bring. Just as Uber, Netflix, and Spotify were enabled by 4G’s use of data and streaming, new or established companies could prove to be the winners in a 5G world, according to Prasad.

“It’s kind of a low-risk investment,” Prasad said, pointing out that the mobile ecosystem enabled by 4G created around $4 trillion in new economic value. “I think 5G could create even more value.”

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Essay about the Technology of 5G. The development of new technologies is turning into a critically significant and essential component of our personal evolution.  These advancements also make it possible for us to complete our tasks more quickly, conveniently, and effectively than ever before. However, we must also teach ourselves how to apply these technological advances to our own advantage in a variety of ways before we can fully take use of them.  One illustration of this progression in our technological capabilities is the 5g technology, which is available to us and can be used to make our internet connection more rapid.

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When someone refers to “5G technology,” they are actually referring to the phrase “fifth generation of technology.” There have been a total of five generations of technology developed up until this point, ranging from 1g to 5g, and each of these generations has demonstrated that it can be of significant benefit to people. 

The most recent generation of technology, which is known as 5g, was developed in the year 2017. In addition, our government has begun to accept members of this new generation in a more gradual manner, and the amount of digitization that takes place inside its operations is increasing on an annual basis. This progression of generations is highly effective and has also become increasingly significant to us in the performance of various duties, which ultimately leads to a reduction in the quantity of labor that we need to complete.

Essay on 5g technology in India 200 words

The majority of the time, this kind of technology is implemented in a variety of devices to conduct communications, and its implementation enables wireless technology. Radio waves and other kinds of radio frequencies are the types of waves that are responsible for the development of this technology.  When it comes to the speed of data transmission and communications, this generation of technology is superior to the previous one, known as 4G technology, both in terms of its digital sophistication and its advancement.

If Mukesh Ambani is successful in bringing this technology to market in our country in the latter part of 2021, it will unquestionably make all of our procedures and speeds significantly better. The majority of individuals favor this generation of technology over its previous iteration because of the increased data speed and the corresponding increase in communication speed. 

Although in many countries, the cost of this technology is more than that of 4G technology, in other countries, it is cheaper than it was in the past; the characteristics of 5G technology remain the same in each of these countries. This method does not require the transmission of signals from several enormous towers; rather, it can send signals using straightforward electric poles and stations.

5g technology essay 250 words

The first generation of technology, which enables us to make voice calls, was introduced in the 1980s and was based on analog radio transmissions. This technology was launched. Then, in the 1990s, 2G was introduced, which is built on the digital version of radio signals and can assist us in both the transfer of data and with a lower bandwidth requirement. 

The third-generation mobile network, or 3G, was introduced in the 2000s. It is capable of delivering a data transfer speed of one to two megabits per second to us, and it also enables us to make video conversations. The most recent iteration of 4G, which debuted in 2009, is capable of delivering bandwidth of 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps and performs quite well in virtual reality.

The next generation of mobile broadband, known as 5G Technology, will eventually supersede or, at the very least, increase the capabilities of 4G LTE connections. LTE, which stands for “long-term development,” is a standard for wireless broadband communications that can be used by mobile devices and data terminals.

The fifth-generation wireless network, also known as 5G, is a game-changing innovation in the realm of telecommunications. In the near future, this technology will be used in place of 4G, and it will play a role in the communication industry that has never been seen before. This technology was first developed in the southern hemisphere, and it is now also being implemented in India.  This will provide a significant boost to important programs in India’s social, economic, defense, and space sectors, among others, thereby accelerating the nation’s overall rate of development.

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Essay on 5g technology 300 words

The transmission of signals for the 5G network will not require any kind of tower; instead, the transmission of signals through small cell stations can be placed on rooftops or electric poles. As a direct result of the millimetre-wave spectrum, the significance of these minor cells has dramatically increased.

It is planned to make use of a wide variety of cutting-edge technologies that fall under the category of 5G technologies. These technologies include MIMO, TDD, and others. The Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology will be able to deliver a downloading capability, including an intensity of around 952 Mbps. The first generation of technology, known as 1G, was introduced in the 1980s. It was dependent on analog radio transmissions and could only handle voice communications.

The second-generation technology, or 2G, was introduced in the 1990s. It was based on digital radio signals and permitted the transmission of voice calls as well as data at a bandwidth of 64 kilobits per second. In the 2000s, the third-generation (3G) technology was introduced with a transmission speed ranging from one megabit per second (Mbps) to two megabits per second (Mbps), and it was able to send telephone signals such as digitized voice calls, video calls, and conferencing.

The fourth-generation cellular network, or 4G Technology, was introduced in 2009 with a peak speed ranging from 100 megabits per second to one gigabit per second. It also supports 3D virtual reality. There are indeed issues linked to infrastructure, investment, and health in relation to 5G technology in India right now; however, the government should overcome these challenges as soon as feasible and deploy this technology in India.  As a result of India’s adoption of 5G technology, the country’s economic, socio-strategic, and other sectors are going to experience a surge of vitality, and the country’s overall progress will be pushed even further.

5g technology essay 500 words

INTRODUCTION

The fifth generation of mobile broadband, or 5G, is currently under development. It is eventually going to take the place of the existing 4G LTE mobile broadband connection. Download speeds that are exponentially quicker than before. Increased uploading and downloading speeds. It is anticipated that latency will significantly improve. (The amount of time that passes while wireless devices are attempting to communicate with a wireless network is referred to as ‘latency.’)

EXCEPTIONAL RATES OF DATA TRANSFER

This new generation of technology has a data transfer or network speed of roughly 20 gigabytes per second, making it significantly faster than any of the previous generations. We can obtain this data or network speed if we use this new technology.  Because of this, we are able to either download or upload files at a speed of 10 gigabytes per second (GB/s), which is very quick; furthermore, because of this, we are able to quickly do our work at a very quick pace.

PROGRESS IN THE FIELD OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY

We are able to make rapid strides forward in a variety of digital fields in our nation of India thanks to this cutting-edge new technology, which will also help our country’s overall development efforts.  Because of the speed at which it operates and the variety of characteristics it possesses, we are able to observe the beginning of a new era of technology, either in a contemporary manner or within the context of the wireless component of our progression.

EXCEPTIONALLY HIGH LEVELS OF CONNECTEDNESS THROUGHOUT THE BOARD

The connections that we are able to form via the use of this new technology are also going to be of assistance to us, which is something that cannot be said about any technology that was developed in previous generations.  We can handle up to one million connections per square kilometer, which is really astounding much like the internet speed of this technology that I said earlier in my essay about 5G technology.

EXCEPTIONALLY LOW LEVELS OF LATENCY

This technology not only gives you access to the quickest Speed for data transfer, but it also gives you access to very low latency. This latency is a phrase that is used to describe the speed required to deliver a whole data packet from one device to another device.  This speed, which can take up to one millisecond and is required for all tasks relating to this technology, is referred to as latency.

THE ADVANTAGES THAT CAN BE GAINED FROM USING 5G TECHNOLOGY

As a result of the fact that technological progress is essential, as we discussed in the section of this essay devoted to 5G technology titled “5G Will Provide a High Internet Speed as well as a Better and More Secure Network to Transmit Data on a Large Scale,” 5G will deliver not only a faster internet connection but also an improved and much more. This 5th generation of technology also offers low latency for the transmission of data packets from one device to another device with the assistance of various applications. The latency offered by this technology, which is mostly 1 millisecond, is significantly lower than the latency offered by the 4th generation of technology, which was 50 milliseconds.

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Study and Investigation on 5G Technology: A Systematic Review

Ramraj dangi.

1 School of Computing Science and Engineering, VIT University Bhopal, Bhopal 466114, India; [email protected] (R.D.); [email protected] (P.L.)

Praveen Lalwani

Gaurav choudhary.

2 Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark; moc.liamg@7777yrahduohcvaruag

3 Department of Information Security Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si 31538, Korea

Giovanni Pau

4 Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy; [email protected]

Associated Data

Not applicable.

In wireless communication, Fifth Generation (5G) Technology is a recent generation of mobile networks. In this paper, evaluations in the field of mobile communication technology are presented. In each evolution, multiple challenges were faced that were captured with the help of next-generation mobile networks. Among all the previously existing mobile networks, 5G provides a high-speed internet facility, anytime, anywhere, for everyone. 5G is slightly different due to its novel features such as interconnecting people, controlling devices, objects, and machines. 5G mobile system will bring diverse levels of performance and capability, which will serve as new user experiences and connect new enterprises. Therefore, it is essential to know where the enterprise can utilize the benefits of 5G. In this research article, it was observed that extensive research and analysis unfolds different aspects, namely, millimeter wave (mmWave), massive multiple-input and multiple-output (Massive-MIMO), small cell, mobile edge computing (MEC), beamforming, different antenna technology, etc. This article’s main aim is to highlight some of the most recent enhancements made towards the 5G mobile system and discuss its future research objectives.

1. Introduction

Most recently, in three decades, rapid growth was marked in the field of wireless communication concerning the transition of 1G to 4G [ 1 , 2 ]. The main motto behind this research was the requirements of high bandwidth and very low latency. 5G provides a high data rate, improved quality of service (QoS), low-latency, high coverage, high reliability, and economically affordable services. 5G delivers services categorized into three categories: (1) Extreme mobile broadband (eMBB). It is a nonstandalone architecture that offers high-speed internet connectivity, greater bandwidth, moderate latency, UltraHD streaming videos, virtual reality and augmented reality (AR/VR) media, and many more. (2) Massive machine type communication (eMTC), 3GPP releases it in its 13th specification. It provides long-range and broadband machine-type communication at a very cost-effective price with less power consumption. eMTC brings a high data rate service, low power, extended coverage via less device complexity through mobile carriers for IoT applications. (3) ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) offers low-latency and ultra-high reliability, rich quality of service (QoS), which is not possible with traditional mobile network architecture. URLLC is designed for on-demand real-time interaction such as remote surgery, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, industry 4.0, smart grids, intelligent transport system, etc. [ 3 ].

1.1. Evolution from 1G to 5G

First generation (1G): 1G cell phone was launched between the 1970s and 80s, based on analog technology, which works just like a landline phone. It suffers in various ways, such as poor battery life, voice quality, and dropped calls. In 1G, the maximum achievable speed was 2.4 Kbps.

Second Generation (2G): In 2G, the first digital system was offered in 1991, providing improved mobile voice communication over 1G. In addition, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) and Global System for Mobile (GSM) concepts were also discussed. In 2G, the maximum achievable speed was 1 Mpbs.

Third Generation (3G): When technology ventured from 2G GSM frameworks into 3G universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) framework, users encountered higher system speed and quicker download speed making constant video calls. 3G was the first mobile broadband system that was formed to provide the voice with some multimedia. The technology behind 3G was high-speed packet access (HSPA/HSPA+). 3G used MIMO for multiplying the power of the wireless network, and it also used packet switching for fast data transmission.

Fourth Generation (4G): It is purely mobile broadband standard. In digital mobile communication, it was observed information rate that upgraded from 20 to 60 Mbps in 4G [ 4 ]. It works on LTE and WiMAX technologies, as well as provides wider bandwidth up to 100 Mhz. It was launched in 2010.

Fourth Generation LTE-A (4.5G): It is an advanced version of standard 4G LTE. LTE-A uses MIMO technology to combine multiple antennas for both transmitters as well as a receiver. Using MIMO, multiple signals and multiple antennas can work simultaneously, making LTE-A three times faster than standard 4G. LTE-A offered an improved system limit, decreased deferral in the application server, access triple traffic (Data, Voice, and Video) wirelessly at any time anywhere in the world.LTE-A delivers speeds of over 42 Mbps and up to 90 Mbps.

Fifth Generation (5G): 5G is a pillar of digital transformation; it is a real improvement on all the previous mobile generation networks. 5G brings three different services for end user like Extreme mobile broadband (eMBB). It offers high-speed internet connectivity, greater bandwidth, moderate latency, UltraHD streaming videos, virtual reality and augmented reality (AR/VR) media, and many more. Massive machine type communication (eMTC), it provides long-range and broadband machine-type communication at a very cost-effective price with less power consumption. eMTC brings a high data rate service, low power, extended coverage via less device complexity through mobile carriers for IoT applications. Ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) offers low-latency and ultra-high reliability, rich quality of service (QoS), which is not possible with traditional mobile network architecture. URLLC is designed for on-demand real-time interaction such as remote surgery, vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication, industry 4.0, smart grids, intelligent transport system, etc. 5G faster than 4G and offers remote-controlled operation over a reliable network with zero delays. It provides down-link maximum throughput of up to 20 Gbps. In addition, 5G also supports 4G WWWW (4th Generation World Wide Wireless Web) [ 5 ] and is based on Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) protocol. 5G provides unlimited internet connection at your convenience, anytime, anywhere with extremely high speed, high throughput, low-latency, higher reliability and scalability, and energy-efficient mobile communication technology [ 6 ]. 5G mainly divided in two parts 6 GHz 5G and Millimeter wave(mmWave) 5G.

6 GHz is a mid frequency band which works as a mid point between capacity and coverage to offer perfect environment for 5G connectivity. 6 GHz spectrum will provide high bandwidth with improved network performance. It offers continuous channels that will reduce the need for network densification when mid-band spectrum is not available and it makes 5G connectivity affordable at anytime, anywhere for everyone.

mmWave is an essential technology of 5G network which build high performance network. 5G mmWave offer diverse services that is why all network providers should add on this technology in their 5G deployment planning. There are lots of service providers who deployed 5G mmWave, and their simulation result shows that 5G mmwave is a far less used spectrum. It provides very high speed wireless communication and it also offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next generation mobile network.

The evolution of wireless mobile technologies are presented in Table 1 . The abbreviations used in this paper are mentioned in Table 2 .

Summary of Mobile Technology.

Table of Notations and Abbreviations.

1.2. Key Contributions

The objective of this survey is to provide a detailed guide of 5G key technologies, methods to researchers, and to help with understanding how the recent works addressed 5G problems and developed solutions to tackle the 5G challenges; i.e., what are new methods that must be applied and how can they solve problems? Highlights of the research article are as follows.

• This survey focused on the recent trends and development in the era of 5G and novel contributions by the researcher community and discussed technical details on essential aspects of the 5G advancement.
• In this paper, the evolution of the mobile network from 1G to 5G is presented. In addition, the growth of mobile communication under different attributes is also discussed.
• This paper covers the emerging applications and research groups working on 5G & different research areas in 5G wireless communication network with a descriptive taxonomy.
• This survey discusses the current vision of the 5G networks, advantages, applications, key technologies, and key features. Furthermore, machine learning prospects are also explored with the emerging requirements in the 5G era. The article also focused on technical aspects of 5G IoT Based approaches and optimization techniques for 5G.
• we provide an extensive overview and recent advancement of emerging technologies of 5G mobile network, namely, MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), mmWave, Internet of Things (IoT), Machine Learning (ML), and optimization. Also, a technical summary is discussed by highlighting the context of current approaches and corresponding challenges.
• Security challenges and considerations while developing 5G technology are discussed.
• Finally, the paper concludes with the future directives.

The existing survey focused on architecture, key concepts, and implementation challenges and issues. In contrast, this survey covers the state-of-the-art techniques as well as corresponding recent novel developments by researchers. Various recent significant papers are discussed with the key technologies accelerating the development and production of 5G products.

2. Existing Surveys and Their Applicability

In this paper, a detailed survey on various technologies of 5G networks is presented. Various researchers have worked on different technologies of 5G networks. In this section, Table 3 gives a tabular representation of existing surveys of 5G networks. Massive MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beamforming, and MEC are the six main pillars that helped to implement 5G networks in real life.

A comparative overview of existing surveys on different technologies of 5G networks.

2.1. Limitations of Existing Surveys

The existing survey focused on architecture, key concepts, and implementation challenges and issues. The numerous current surveys focused on various 5G technologies with different parameters, and the authors did not cover all the technologies of the 5G network in detail with challenges and recent advancements. Few authors worked on MIMO (Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access) NOMA, MEC, small cell technologies. In contrast, some others worked on beamforming, Millimeter-wave (mmWave). But the existing survey did not cover all the technologies of the 5G network from a research and advancement perspective. No detailed survey is available in the market covering all the 5G network technologies and currently published research trade-offs. So, our main aim is to give a detailed study of all the technologies working on the 5G network. In contrast, this survey covers the state-of-the-art techniques as well as corresponding recent novel developments by researchers. Various recent significant papers are discussed with the key technologies accelerating the development and production of 5G products. This survey article collected key information about 5G technology and recent advancements, and it can be a kind of a guide for the reader. This survey provides an umbrella approach to bring multiple solutions and recent improvements in a single place to accelerate the 5G research with the latest key enabling solutions and reviews. A systematic layout representation of the survey in Figure 1 . We provide a state-of-the-art comparative overview of the existing surveys on different technologies of 5G networks in Table 3 .

Systematic layout representation of survey.

2.2. Article Organization

This article is organized under the following sections. Section 2 presents existing surveys and their applicability. In Section 3 , the preliminaries of 5G technology are presented. In Section 4 , recent advances of 5G technology based on Massive MIMO, NOMA, Millimeter Wave, 5G with IoT, machine learning for 5G, and Optimization in 5G are provided. In Section 5 , a description of novel 5G features over 4G is provided. Section 6 covered all the security concerns of the 5G network. Section 7 , 5G technology based on above-stated challenges summarize in tabular form. Finally, Section 8 and Section 9 conclude the study, which paves the path for future research.

3. Preliminary Section

3.1. emerging 5g paradigms and its features.

5G provides very high speed, low latency, and highly salable connectivity between multiple devices and IoT worldwide. 5G will provide a very flexible model to develop a modern generation of applications and industry goals [ 26 , 27 ]. There are many services offered by 5G network architecture are stated below:

Massive machine to machine communications: 5G offers novel, massive machine-to-machine communications [ 28 ], also known as the IoT [ 29 ], that provide connectivity between lots of machines without any involvement of humans. This service enhances the applications of 5G and provides connectivity between agriculture, construction, and industries [ 30 ].

Ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC): This service offers real-time management of machines, high-speed vehicle-to-vehicle connectivity, industrial connectivity and security principles, and highly secure transport system, and multiple autonomous actions. Low latency communications also clear up a different area where remote medical care, procedures, and operation are all achievable [ 31 ].

Enhanced mobile broadband: Enhance mobile broadband is an important use case of 5G system, which uses massive MIMO antenna, mmWave, beamforming techniques to offer very high-speed connectivity across a wide range of areas [ 32 ].

For communities: 5G provides a very flexible internet connection between lots of machines to make smart homes, smart schools, smart laboratories, safer and smart automobiles, and good health care centers [ 33 ].

For businesses and industry: As 5G works on higher spectrum ranges from 24 to 100 GHz. This higher frequency range provides secure low latency communication and high-speed wireless connectivity between IoT devices and industry 4.0, which opens a market for end-users to enhance their business models [ 34 ].

New and Emerging technologies: As 5G came up with many new technologies like beamforming, massive MIMO, mmWave, small cell, NOMA, MEC, and network slicing, it introduced many new features to the market. Like virtual reality (VR), users can experience the physical presence of people who are millions of kilometers away from them. Many new technologies like smart homes, smart workplaces, smart schools, smart sports academy also came into the market with this 5G Mobile network model [ 35 ].

3.2. Commercial Service Providers of 5G

5G provides high-speed internet browsing, streaming, and downloading with very high reliability and low latency. 5G network will change your working style, and it will increase new business opportunities and provide innovations that we cannot imagine. This section covers top service providers of 5G network [ 36 , 37 ].

Ericsson: Ericsson is a Swedish multinational networking and telecommunications company, investing around 25.62 billion USD in 5G network, which makes it the biggest telecommunication company. It claims that it is the only company working on all the continents to make the 5G network a global standard for the next generation wireless communication. Ericsson developed the first 5G radio prototype that enables the operators to set up the live field trials in their network, which helps operators understand how 5G reacts. It plays a vital role in the development of 5G hardware. It currently provides 5G services in over 27 countries with content providers like China Mobile, GCI, LGU+, AT&T, Rogers, and many more. It has 100 commercial agreements with different operators as of 2020.

Verizon: It is American multinational telecommunication which was founded in 1983. Verizon started offering 5G services in April 2020, and by December 2020, it has actively provided 5G services in 30 cities of the USA. They planned that by the end of 2021, they would deploy 5G in 30 more new cities. Verizon deployed a 5G network on mmWave, a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave is a faster and high-band spectrum that has a limited range. Verizon planned to increase its number of 5G cells by 500% by 2020. Verizon also has an ultra wide-band flagship 5G service which is the best 5G service that increases the market price of Verizon.

Nokia: Nokia is a Finnish multinational telecommunications company which was founded in 1865. Nokia is one of the companies which adopted 5G technology very early. It is developing, researching, and building partnerships with various 5G renders to offer 5G communication as soon as possible. Nokia collaborated with Deutsche Telekom and Hamburg Port Authority and provided them 8000-hectare site for their 5G MoNArch project. Nokia is the only company that supplies 5G technology to all the operators of different countries like AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile US and Verizon in the USA, Korea Telecom, LG U+ and SK Telecom in South Korea and NTT DOCOMO, KDDI, and SoftBank in Japan. Presently, Nokia has around 150+ agreements and 29 live networks all over the world. Nokia is continuously working hard on 5G technology to expand 5G networks all over the globe.

AT&T: AT&T is an American multinational company that was the first to deploy a 5G network in reality in 2018. They built a gigabit 5G network connection in Waco, TX, Kalamazoo, MI, and South Bend to achieve this. It is the first company that archives 1–2 gigabit per second speed in 2019. AT&T claims that it provides a 5G network connection among 225 million people worldwide by using a 6 GHz spectrum band.

T-Mobile: T-Mobile US (TMUS) is an American wireless network operator which was the first service provider that offers a real 5G nationwide network. The company knew that high-band 5G was not feasible nationwide, so they used a 600 MHz spectrum to build a significant portion of its 5G network. TMUS is planning that by 2024 they will double the total capacity and triple the full 5G capacity of T-Mobile and Sprint combined. The sprint buyout is helping T-Mobile move forward the company’s current market price to 129.98 USD.

Samsung: Samsung started their research in 5G technology in 2011. In 2013, Samsung successfully developed the world’s first adaptive array transceiver technology operating in the millimeter-wave Ka bands for cellular communications. Samsung provides several hundred times faster data transmission than standard 4G for core 5G mobile communication systems. The company achieved a lot of success in the next generation of technology, and it is considered one of the leading companies in the 5G domain.

Qualcomm: Qualcomm is an American multinational corporation in San Diego, California. It is also one of the leading company which is working on 5G chip. Qualcomm’s first 5G modem chip was announced in October 2016, and a prototype was demonstrated in October 2017. Qualcomm mainly focuses on building products while other companies talk about 5G; Qualcomm is building the technologies. According to one magazine, Qualcomm was working on three main areas of 5G networks. Firstly, radios that would use bandwidth from any network it has access to; secondly, creating more extensive ranges of spectrum by combining smaller pieces; and thirdly, a set of services for internet applications.

ZTE Corporation: ZTE Corporation was founded in 1985. It is a partially Chinese state-owned technology company that works in telecommunication. It was a leading company that worked on 4G LTE, and it is still maintaining its value and doing research and tests on 5G. It is the first company that proposed Pre5G technology with some series of solutions.

NEC Corporation: NEC Corporation is a Japanese multinational information technology and electronics corporation headquartered in Minato, Tokyo. ZTE also started their research on 5G, and they introduced a new business concept. NEC’s main aim is to develop 5G NR for the global mobile system and create secure and intelligent technologies to realize 5G services.

Cisco: Cisco is a USA networking hardware company that also sleeves up for 5G network. Cisco’s primary focus is to support 5G in three ways: Service—enable 5G services faster so all service providers can increase their business. Infrastructure—build 5G-oriented infrastructure to implement 5G more quickly. Automation—make a more scalable, flexible, and reliable 5G network. The companies know the importance of 5G, and they want to connect more than 30 billion devices in the next couple of years. Cisco intends to work on network hardening as it is a vital part of 5G network. Cisco used AI with deep learning to develop a 5G Security Architecture, enabling Secure Network Transformation.

3.3. 5G Research Groups

Many research groups from all over the world are working on a 5G wireless mobile network [ 38 ]. These groups are continuously working on various aspects of 5G. The list of those research groups are presented as follows: 5GNOW (5th Generation Non-Orthogonal Waveform for Asynchronous Signaling), NEWCOM (Network of Excellence in Wireless Communication), 5GIC (5G Innovation Center), NYU (New York University) Wireless, 5GPPP (5G Infrastructure Public-Private Partnership), EMPHATIC (Enhanced Multi-carrier Technology for Professional Adhoc and Cell-Based Communication), ETRI(Electronics and Telecommunication Research Institute), METIS (Mobile and wireless communication Enablers for the Twenty-twenty Information Society) [ 39 ]. The various research groups along with the research area are presented in Table 4 .

Research groups working on 5G mobile networks.

3.4. 5G Applications

5G is faster than 4G and offers remote-controlled operation over a reliable network with zero delays. It provides down-link maximum throughput of up to 20 Gbps. In addition, 5G also supports 4G WWWW (4th Generation World Wide Wireless Web) [ 5 ] and is based on Internet protocol version 6 (IPv6) protocol. 5G provides unlimited internet connection at your convenience, anytime, anywhere with extremely high speed, high throughput, low-latency, higher reliability, greater scalablility, and energy-efficient mobile communication technology [ 6 ].

There are lots of applications of 5G mobile network are as follows:

• High-speed mobile network: 5G is an advancement on all the previous mobile network technologies, which offers very high speed downloading speeds 0 of up to 10 to 20 Gbps. The 5G wireless network works as a fiber optic internet connection. 5G is different from all the conventional mobile transmission technologies, and it offers both voice and high-speed data connectivity efficiently. 5G offers very low latency communication of less than a millisecond, useful for autonomous driving and mission-critical applications. 5G will use millimeter waves for data transmission, providing higher bandwidth and a massive data rate than lower LTE bands. As 5 Gis a fast mobile network technology, it will enable virtual access to high processing power and secure and safe access to cloud services and enterprise applications. Small cell is one of the best features of 5G, which brings lots of advantages like high coverage, high-speed data transfer, power saving, easy and fast cloud access, etc. [ 40 ].
• Entertainment and multimedia: In one analysis in 2015, it was found that more than 50 percent of mobile internet traffic was used for video downloading. This trend will surely increase in the future, which will make video streaming more common. 5G will offer High-speed streaming of 4K videos with crystal clear audio, and it will make a high definition virtual world on your mobile. 5G will benefit the entertainment industry as it offers 120 frames per second with high resolution and higher dynamic range video streaming, and HD TV channels can also be accessed on mobile devices without any interruptions. 5G provides low latency high definition communication so augmented reality (AR), and virtual reality (VR) will be very easily implemented in the future. Virtual reality games are trendy these days, and many companies are investing in HD virtual reality games. The 5G network will offer high-speed internet connectivity with a better gaming experience [ 41 ].
• Smart homes : smart home appliances and products are in demand these days. The 5G network makes smart homes more real as it offers high-speed connectivity and monitoring of smart appliances. Smart home appliances are easily accessed and configured from remote locations using the 5G network as it offers very high-speed low latency communication.
• Smart cities: 5G wireless network also helps develop smart cities applications such as automatic traffic management, weather update, local area broadcasting, energy-saving, efficient power supply, smart lighting system, water resource management, crowd management, emergency control, etc.
• Industrial IoT: 5G wireless technology will provide lots of features for future industries such as safety, process tracking, smart packing, shipping, energy efficiency, automation of equipment, predictive maintenance, and logistics. 5G smart sensor technology also offers smarter, safer, cost-effective, and energy-saving industrial IoT operations.
• Smart Farming: 5G technology will play a crucial role in agriculture and smart farming. 5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation, pest, insect, and electricity control.
• Autonomous Driving: The 5G wireless network offers very low latency high-speed communication, significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects, and other vehicles running on the road. 5G’s low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is essential for autonomous vehicles, decision-making is done in microseconds to avoid accidents.
• Healthcare and mission-critical applications: 5G technology will bring modernization in medicine where doctors and practitioners can perform advanced medical procedures. The 5G network will provide connectivity between all classrooms, so attending seminars and lectures will be easier. Through 5G technology, patients can connect with doctors and take their advice. Scientists are building smart medical devices which can help people with chronic medical conditions. The 5G network will boost the healthcare industry with smart devices, the internet of medical things, smart sensors, HD medical imaging technologies, and smart analytics systems. 5G will help access cloud storage, so accessing healthcare data will be very easy from any location worldwide. Doctors and medical practitioners can easily store and share large files like MRI reports within seconds using the 5G network.
• Satellite Internet: In many remote areas, ground base stations are not available, so 5G will play a crucial role in providing connectivity in such areas. The 5G network will provide connectivity using satellite systems, and the satellite system uses a constellation of multiple small satellites to provide connectivity in urban and rural areas across the world.

4. 5G Technologies

This section describes recent advances of 5G Massive MIMO, 5G NOMA, 5G millimeter wave, 5G IOT, 5G with machine learning, and 5G optimization-based approaches. In addition, the summary is also presented in each subsection that paves the researchers for the future research direction.

4.1. 5G Massive MIMO

Multiple-input-multiple-out (MIMO) is a very important technology for wireless systems. It is used for sending and receiving multiple signals simultaneously over the same radio channel. MIMO plays a very big role in WI-FI, 3G, 4G, and 4G LTE-A networks. MIMO is mainly used to achieve high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency but it was not up to the mark MIMO provides low throughput and very low reliable connectivity. To resolve this, lots of MIMO technology like single user MIMO (SU-MIMO), multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) and network MIMO were used. However, these new MIMO also did not still fulfill the demand of end users. Massive MIMO is an advancement of MIMO technology used in the 5G network in which hundreds and thousands of antennas are attached with base stations to increase throughput and spectral efficiency. Multiple transmit and receive antennas are used in massive MIMO to increase the transmission rate and spectral efficiency. When multiple UEs generate downlink traffic simultaneously, massive MIMO gains higher capacity. Massive MIMO uses extra antennas to move energy into smaller regions of space to increase spectral efficiency and throughput [ 43 ]. In traditional systems data collection from smart sensors is a complex task as it increases latency, reduced data rate and reduced reliability. While massive MIMO with beamforming and huge multiplexing techniques can sense data from different sensors with low latency, high data rate and higher reliability. Massive MIMO will help in transmitting the data in real-time collected from different sensors to central monitoring locations for smart sensor applications like self-driving cars, healthcare centers, smart grids, smart cities, smart highways, smart homes, and smart enterprises [ 44 ].

Highlights of 5G Massive MIMO technology are as follows:

• Data rate: Massive MIMO is advised as the one of the dominant technologies to provide wireless high speed and high data rate in the gigabits per seconds.
• The relationship between wave frequency and antenna size: Both are inversely proportional to each other. It means lower frequency signals need a bigger antenna and vise versa.

Pictorial representation of multi-input and multi-output (MIMO).

• MIMO role in 5G: Massive MIMO will play a crucial role in the deployment of future 5G mobile communication as greater spectral and energy efficiency could be enabled.

State-of-the-Art Approaches

Plenty of approaches were proposed to resolve the issues of conventional MIMO [ 7 ].

The MIMO multirate, feed-forward controller is suggested by Mae et al. [ 46 ]. In the simulation, the proposed model generates the smooth control input, unlike the conventional MIMO, which generates oscillated control inputs. It also outperformed concerning the error rate. However, a combination of multirate and single rate can be used for better results.

The performance of stand-alone MIMO, distributed MIMO with and without corporation MIMO, was investigated by Panzner et al. [ 47 ]. In addition, an idea about the integration of large scale in the 5G technology was also presented. In the experimental analysis, different MIMO configurations are considered. The variation in the ratio of overall transmit antennas to spatial is deemed step-wise from equality to ten.

The simulation of massive MIMO noncooperative and cooperative systems for down-link behavior was performed by He et al. [ 48 ]. It depends on present LTE systems, which deal with various antennas in the base station set-up. It was observed that collaboration in different BS improves the system behaviors, whereas throughput is reduced slightly in this approach. However, a new method can be developed which can enhance both system behavior and throughput.

In [ 8 ], different approaches that increased the energy efficiency benefits provided by massive MIMO were presented. They analyzed the massive MIMO technology and described the detailed design of the energy consumption model for massive MIMO systems. This article has explored several techniques to enhance massive MIMO systems’ energy efficiency (EE) gains. This paper reviews standard EE-maximization approaches for the conventional massive MIMO systems, namely, scaling number of antennas, real-time implementing low-complexity operations at the base station (BS), power amplifier losses minimization, and radio frequency (RF) chain minimization requirements. In addition, open research direction is also identified.

In [ 49 ], various existing approaches based on different antenna selection and scheduling, user selection and scheduling, and joint antenna and user scheduling methods adopted in massive MIMO systems are presented in this paper. The objective of this survey article was to make awareness about the current research and future research direction in MIMO for systems. They analyzed that complete utilization of resources and bandwidth was the most crucial factor which enhances the sum rate.

In [ 50 ], authors discussed the development of various techniques for pilot contamination. To calculate the impact of pilot contamination in time division duplex (TDD) massive MIMO system, TDD and frequency division duplexing FDD patterns in massive MIMO techniques are used. They discussed different issues in pilot contamination in TDD massive MIMO systems with all the possible future directions of research. They also classified various techniques to generate the channel information for both pilot-based and subspace-based approaches.

In [ 19 ], the authors defined the uplink and downlink services for a massive MIMO system. In addition, it maintains a performance matrix that measures the impact of pilot contamination on different performances. They also examined the various application of massive MIMO such as small cells, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) schemes, massive MIMO IEEE 802, 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) specifications, and higher frequency bands. They considered their research work crucial for cutting edge massive MIMO and covered many issues like system throughput performance and channel state acquisition at higher frequencies.

In [ 13 ], various approaches were suggested for MIMO future generation wireless communication. They made a comparative study based on performance indicators such as peak data rate, energy efficiency, latency, throughput, etc. The key findings of this survey are as follows: (1) spatial multiplexing improves the energy efficiency; (2) design of MIMO play a vital role in the enhancement of throughput; (3) enhancement of mMIMO focusing on energy & spectral performance; (4) discussed the future challenges to improve the system design.

In [ 51 ], the study of large-scale MIMO systems for an energy-efficient system sharing method was presented. For the resource allocation, circuit energy and transmit energy expenditures were taken into consideration. In addition, the optimization techniques were applied for an energy-efficient resource sharing system to enlarge the energy efficiency for individual QoS and energy constraints. The author also examined the BS configuration, which includes homogeneous and heterogeneous UEs. While simulating, they discussed that the total number of transmit antennas plays a vital role in boosting energy efficiency. They highlighted that the highest energy efficiency was obtained when the BS was set up with 100 antennas that serve 20 UEs.

This section includes various works done on 5G MIMO technology by different author’s. Table 5 shows how different author’s worked on improvement of various parameters such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, and spectral efficiency with 5G MIMO technology.

Summary of massive MIMO-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.2. 5G Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)

NOMA is a very important radio access technology used in next generation wireless communication. Compared to previous orthogonal multiple access techniques, NOMA offers lots of benefits like high spectrum efficiency, low latency with high reliability and high speed massive connectivity. NOMA mainly works on a baseline to serve multiple users with the same resources in terms of time, space and frequency. NOMA is mainly divided into two main categories one is code domain NOMA and another is power domain NOMA. Code-domain NOMA can improve the spectral efficiency of mMIMO, which improves the connectivity in 5G wireless communication. Code-domain NOMA was divided into some more multiple access techniques like sparse code multiple access, lattice-partition multiple access, multi-user shared access and pattern-division multiple access [ 52 ]. Power-domain NOMA is widely used in 5G wireless networks as it performs well with various wireless communication techniques such as MIMO, beamforming, space-time coding, network coding, full-duplex and cooperative communication etc. [ 53 ]. The conventional orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) used by 3GPP in 4G LTE network provides very low spectral efficiency when bandwidth resources are allocated to users with low channel state information (CSI). NOMA resolved this issue as it enables users to access all the subcarrier channels so bandwidth resources allocated to the users with low CSI can still be accessed by the users with strong CSI which increases the spectral efficiency. The 5G network will support heterogeneous architecture in which small cell and macro base stations work for spectrum sharing. NOMA is a key technology of the 5G wireless system which is very helpful for heterogeneous networks as multiple users can share their data in a small cell using the NOMA principle.The NOMA is helpful in various applications like ultra-dense networks (UDN), machine to machine (M2M) communication and massive machine type communication (mMTC). As NOMA provides lots of features it has some challenges too such as NOMA needs huge computational power for a large number of users at high data rates to run the SIC algorithms. Second, when users are moving from the networks, to manage power allocation optimization is a challenging task for NOMA [ 54 ]. Hybrid NOMA (HNOMA) is a combination of power-domain and code-domain NOMA. HNOMA uses both power differences and orthogonal resources for transmission among multiple users. As HNOMA is using both power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA it can achieve higher spectral efficiency than Power-domain NOMA and code-domain NOMA. In HNOMA multiple groups can simultaneously transmit signals at the same time. It uses a message passing algorithm (MPA) and successive interference cancellation (SIC)-based detection at the base station for these groups [ 55 ].

Highlights of 5G NOMA technology as follows:

Pictorial representation of orthogonal and Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA).

• NOMA provides higher data rates and resolves all the loop holes of OMA that makes 5G mobile network more scalable and reliable.
• As multiple users use same frequency band simultaneously it increases the performance of whole network.
• To setup intracell and intercell interference NOMA provides nonorthogonal transmission on the transmitter end.
• The primary fundamental of NOMA is to improve the spectrum efficiency by strengthening the ramification of receiver.

State-of-the-Art of Approaches

A plenty of approaches were developed to address the various issues in NOMA.

A novel approach to address the multiple receiving signals at the same frequency is proposed in [ 22 ]. In NOMA, multiple users use the same sub-carrier, which improves the fairness and throughput of the system. As a nonorthogonal method is used among multiple users, at the time of retrieving the user’s signal at the receiver’s end, joint processing is required. They proposed solutions to optimize the receiver and the radio resource allocation of uplink NOMA. Firstly, the authors proposed an iterative MUDD which utilizes the information produced by the channel decoder to improve the performance of the multiuser detector. After that, the author suggested a power allocation and novel subcarrier that enhances the users’ weighted sum rate for the NOMA scheme. Their proposed model showed that NOMA performed well as compared to OFDM in terms of fairness and efficiency.

In [ 53 ], the author’s reviewed a power-domain NOMA that uses superposition coding (SC) and successive interference cancellation (SIC) at the transmitter and the receiver end. Lots of analyses were held that described that NOMA effectively satisfies user data rate demands and network-level of 5G technologies. The paper presented a complete review of recent advances in the 5G NOMA system. It showed the comparative analysis regarding allocation procedures, user fairness, state-of-the-art efficiency evaluation, user pairing pattern, etc. The study also analyzes NOMA’s behavior when working with other wireless communication techniques, namely, beamforming, MIMO, cooperative connections, network, space-time coding, etc.

In [ 9 ], the authors proposed NOMA with MEC, which improves the QoS as well as reduces the latency of the 5G wireless network. This model increases the uplink NOMA by decreasing the user’s uplink energy consumption. They formulated an optimized NOMA framework that reduces the energy consumption of MEC by using computing and communication resource allocation, user clustering, and transmit powers.

In [ 10 ], the authors proposed a model which investigates outage probability under average channel state information CSI and data rate in full CSI to resolve the problem of optimal power allocation, which increase the NOMA downlink system among users. They developed simple low-complexity algorithms to provide the optimal solution. The obtained simulation results showed NOMA’s efficiency, achieving higher performance fairness compared to the TDMA configurations. It was observed from the results that NOMA, through the appropriate power amplifiers (PA), ensures the high-performance fairness requirement for the future 5G wireless communication networks.

In [ 56 ], researchers discussed that the NOMA technology and waveform modulation techniques had been used in the 5G mobile network. Therefore, this research gave a detailed survey of non-orthogonal waveform modulation techniques and NOMA schemes for next-generation mobile networks. By analyzing and comparing multiple access technologies, they considered the future evolution of these technologies for 5G mobile communication.

In [ 57 ], the authors surveyed non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) from the development phase to the recent developments. They have also compared NOMA techniques with traditional OMA techniques concerning information theory. The author discussed the NOMA schemes categorically as power and code domain, including the design principles, operating principles, and features. Comparison is based upon the system’s performance, spectral efficiency, and the receiver’s complexity. Also discussed are the future challenges, open issues, and their expectations of NOMA and how it will support the key requirements of 5G mobile communication systems with massive connectivity and low latency.

In [ 17 ], authors present the first review of an elementary NOMA model with two users, which clarify its central precepts. After that, a general design with multicarrier supports with a random number of users on each sub-carrier is analyzed. In performance evaluation with the existing approaches, resource sharing and multiple-input multiple-output NOMA are examined. Furthermore, they took the key elements of NOMA and its potential research demands. Finally, they reviewed the two-user SC-NOMA design and a multi-user MC-NOMA design to highlight NOMA’s basic approaches and conventions. They also present the research study about the performance examination, resource assignment, and MIMO in NOMA.

In this section, various works by different authors done on 5G NOMA technology is covered. Table 6 shows how other authors worked on the improvement of various parameters such as spectral efficiency, fairness, and computing capacity with 5G NOMA technology.

Summary of NOMA-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.3. 5G Millimeter Wave (mmWave)

Millimeter wave is an extremely high frequency band, which is very useful for 5G wireless networks. MmWave uses 30 GHz to 300 GHz spectrum band for transmission. The frequency band between 30 GHz to 300 GHz is known as mmWave because these waves have wavelengths between 1 to 10 mm. Till now radar systems and satellites are only using mmWave as these are very fast frequency bands which provide very high speed wireless communication. Many mobile network providers also started mmWave for transmitting data between base stations. Using two ways the speed of data transmission can be improved one is by increasing spectrum utilization and second is by increasing spectrum bandwidth. Out of these two approaches increasing bandwidth is quite easy and better. The frequency band below 5 GHz is very crowded as many technologies are using it so to boost up the data transmission rate 5G wireless network uses mmWave technology which instead of increasing spectrum utilization, increases the spectrum bandwidth [ 58 ]. To maximize the signal bandwidth in wireless communication the carrier frequency should also be increased by 5% because the signal bandwidth is directly proportional to carrier frequencies. The frequency band between 28 GHz to 60 GHz is very useful for 5G wireless communication as 28 GHz frequency band offers up to 1 GHz spectrum bandwidth and 60 GHz frequency band offers 2 GHz spectrum bandwidth. 4G LTE provides 2 GHz carrier frequency which offers only 100 MHz spectrum bandwidth. However, the use of mmWave increases the spectrum bandwidth 10 times, which leads to better transmission speeds [ 59 , 60 ].

Highlights of 5G mmWave are as follows:

Pictorial representation of millimeter wave.

• The 5G mmWave offer three advantages: (1) MmWave is very less used new Band, (2) MmWave signals carry more data than lower frequency wave, and (3) MmWave can be incorporated with MIMO antenna with the potential to offer a higher magnitude capacity compared to current communication systems.

In [ 11 ], the authors presented the survey of mmWave communications for 5G. The advantage of mmWave communications is adaptability, i.e., it supports the architectures and protocols up-gradation, which consists of integrated circuits, systems, etc. The authors over-viewed the present solutions and examined them concerning effectiveness, performance, and complexity. They also discussed the open research issues of mmWave communications in 5G concerning the software-defined network (SDN) architecture, network state information, efficient regulation techniques, and the heterogeneous system.

In [ 61 ], the authors present the recent work done by investigators in 5G; they discussed the design issues and demands of mmWave 5G antennas for cellular handsets. After that, they designed a small size and low-profile 60 GHz array of antenna units that contain 3D planer mesh-grid antenna elements. For the future prospect, a framework is designed in which antenna components are used to operate cellular handsets on mmWave 5G smartphones. In addition, they cross-checked the mesh-grid array of antennas with the polarized beam for upcoming hardware challenges.

In [ 12 ], the authors considered the suitability of the mmWave band for 5G cellular systems. They suggested a resource allocation system for concurrent D2D communications in mmWave 5G cellular systems, and it improves network efficiency and maintains network connectivity. This research article can serve as guidance for simulating D2D communications in mmWave 5G cellular systems. Massive mmWave BS may be set up to obtain a high delivery rate and aggregate efficiency. Therefore, many wireless users can hand off frequently between the mmWave base terminals, and it emerges the demand to search the neighbor having better network connectivity.

In [ 62 ], the authors provided a brief description of the cellular spectrum which ranges from 1 GHz to 3 GHz and is very crowed. In addition, they presented various noteworthy factors to set up mmWave communications in 5G, namely, channel characteristics regarding mmWave signal attenuation due to free space propagation, atmospheric gaseous, and rain. In addition, hybrid beamforming architecture in the mmWave technique is analyzed. They also suggested methods for the blockage effect in mmWave communications due to penetration damage. Finally, the authors have studied designing the mmWave transmission with small beams in nonorthogonal device-to-device communication.

This section covered various works done on 5G mmWave technology. The Table 7 shows how different author’s worked on the improvement of various parameters i.e., transmission rate, coverage, and cost, with 5G mmWave technology.

Summary of existing mmWave-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.4. 5G IoT Based Approaches

The 5G mobile network plays a big role in developing the Internet of Things (IoT). IoT will connect lots of things with the internet like appliances, sensors, devices, objects, and applications. These applications will collect lots of data from different devices and sensors. 5G will provide very high speed internet connectivity for data collection, transmission, control, and processing. 5G is a flexible network with unused spectrum availability and it offers very low cost deployment that is why it is the most efficient technology for IoT [ 63 ]. In many areas, 5G provides benefits to IoT, and below are some examples:

Smart homes: smart home appliances and products are in demand these days. The 5G network makes smart homes more real as it offers high speed connectivity and monitoring of smart appliances. Smart home appliances are easily accessed and configured from remote locations using the 5G network, as it offers very high speed low latency communication.

Smart cities: 5G wireless network also helps in developing smart cities applications such as automatic traffic management, weather update, local area broadcasting, energy saving, efficient power supply, smart lighting system, water resource management, crowd management, emergency control, etc.

Industrial IoT: 5G wireless technology will provide lots of features for future industries such as safety, process tracking, smart packing, shipping, energy efficiency, automation of equipment, predictive maintenance and logistics. 5G smart sensor technology also offers smarter, safer, cost effective, and energy-saving industrial operation for industrial IoT.

Smart Farming: 5G technology will play a crucial role for agriculture and smart farming. 5G sensors and GPS technology will help farmers to track live attacks on crops and manage them quickly. These smart sensors can also be used for irrigation control, pest control, insect control, and electricity control.

Autonomous Driving: 5G wireless network offers very low latency high speed communication which is very significant for autonomous driving. It means self-driving cars will come to real life soon with 5G wireless networks. Using 5G autonomous cars can easily communicate with smart traffic signs, objects and other vehicles running on the road. 5G’s low latency feature makes self-driving more real as every millisecond is important for autonomous vehicles, decision taking is performed in microseconds to avoid accidents [ 64 ].

Highlights of 5G IoT are as follows:

Pictorial representation of IoT with 5G.

• 5G with IoT is a new feature of next-generation mobile communication, which provides a high-speed internet connection between moderated devices. 5G IoT also offers smart homes, smart devices, sensors, smart transportation systems, smart industries, etc., for end-users to make them smarter.
• IoT deals with moderate devices which connect through the internet. The approach of the IoT has made the consideration of the research associated with the outcome of providing wearable, smart-phones, sensors, smart transportation systems, smart devices, washing machines, tablets, etc., and these diverse systems are associated to a common interface with the intelligence to connect.
• Significant IoT applications include private healthcare systems, traffic management, industrial management, and tactile internet, etc.

Plenty of approaches is devised to address the issues of IoT [ 14 , 65 , 66 ].

In [ 65 ], the paper focuses on 5G mobile systems due to the emerging trends and developing technologies, which results in the exponential traffic growth in IoT. The author surveyed the challenges and demands during deployment of the massive IoT applications with the main focus on mobile networking. The author reviewed the features of standard IoT infrastructure, along with the cellular-based, low-power wide-area technologies (LPWA) such as eMTC, extended coverage (EC)-GSM-IoT, as well as noncellular, low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies such as SigFox, LoRa etc.

In [ 14 ], the authors presented how 5G technology copes with the various issues of IoT today. It provides a brief review of existing and forming 5G architectures. The survey indicates the role of 5G in the foundation of the IoT ecosystem. IoT and 5G can easily combine with improved wireless technologies to set up the same ecosystem that can fulfill the current requirement for IoT devices. 5G can alter nature and will help to expand the development of IoT devices. As the process of 5G unfolds, global associations will find essentials for setting up a cross-industry engagement in determining and enlarging the 5G system.

In [ 66 ], the author introduced an IoT authentication scheme in a 5G network, with more excellent reliability and dynamic. The scheme proposed a privacy-protected procedure for selecting slices; it provided an additional fog node for proper data transmission and service types of the subscribers, along with service-oriented authentication and key understanding to maintain the secrecy, precision of users, and confidentiality of service factors. Users anonymously identify the IoT servers and develop a vital channel for service accessibility and data cached on local fog nodes and remote IoT servers. The author performed a simulation to manifest the security and privacy preservation of the user over the network.

This section covered various works done on 5G IoT by multiple authors. Table 8 shows how different author’s worked on the improvement of numerous parameters, i.e., data rate, security requirement, and performance with 5G IoT.

Summary of IoT-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.5. Machine Learning Techniques for 5G

Various machine learning (ML) techniques were applied in 5G networks and mobile communication. It provides a solution to multiple complex problems, which requires a lot of hand-tuning. ML techniques can be broadly classified as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning. Let’s discuss each learning technique separately and where it impacts the 5G network.

Supervised Learning, where user works with labeled data; some 5G network problems can be further categorized as classification and regression problems. Some regression problems such as scheduling nodes in 5G and energy availability can be predicted using Linear Regression (LR) algorithm. To accurately predict the bandwidth and frequency allocation Statistical Logistic Regression (SLR) is applied. Some supervised classifiers are applied to predict the network demand and allocate network resources based on the connectivity performance; it signifies the topology setup and bit rates. Support Vector Machine (SVM) and NN-based approximation algorithms are used for channel learning based on observable channel state information. Deep Neural Network (DNN) is also employed to extract solutions for predicting beamforming vectors at the BS’s by taking mapping functions and uplink pilot signals into considerations.

In unsupervised Learning, where the user works with unlabeled data, various clustering techniques are applied to enhance network performance and connectivity without interruptions. K-means clustering reduces the data travel by storing data centers content into clusters. It optimizes the handover estimation based on mobility pattern and selection of relay nodes in the V2V network. Hierarchical clustering reduces network failure by detecting the intrusion in the mobile wireless network; unsupervised soft clustering helps in reducing latency by clustering fog nodes. The nonparametric Bayesian unsupervised learning technique reduces traffic in the network by actively serving the user’s requests and demands. Other unsupervised learning techniques such as Adversarial Auto Encoders (AAE) and Affinity Propagation Clustering techniques detect irregular behavior in the wireless spectrum and manage resources for ultradense small cells, respectively.

In case of an uncertain environment in the 5G wireless network, reinforcement learning (RL) techniques are employed to solve some problems. Actor-critic reinforcement learning is used for user scheduling and resource allocation in the network. Markov decision process (MDP) and Partially Observable MDP (POMDP) is used for Quality of Experience (QoE)-based handover decision-making for Hetnets. Controls packet call admission in HetNets and channel access process for secondary users in a Cognitive Radio Network (CRN). Deep RL is applied to decide the communication channel and mobility and speeds up the secondary user’s learning rate using an antijamming strategy. Deep RL is employed in various 5G network application parameters such as resource allocation and security [ 67 ]. Table 9 shows the state-of-the-art ML-based solution for 5G network.

The state-of-the-art ML-based solution for 5G network.

Highlights of machine learning techniques for 5G are as follows:

Pictorial representation of machine learning (ML) in 5G.

• In ML, a model will be defined which fulfills the desired requirements through which desired results are obtained. In the later stage, it examines accuracy from obtained results.
• ML plays a vital role in 5G network analysis for threat detection, network load prediction, final arrangement, and network formation. Searching for a better balance between power, length of antennas, area, and network thickness crossed with the spontaneous use of services in the universe of individual users and types of devices.

In [ 79 ], author’s firstly describes the demands for the traditional authentication procedures and benefits of intelligent authentication. The intelligent authentication method was established to improve security practice in 5G-and-beyond wireless communication systems. Thereafter, the machine learning paradigms for intelligent authentication were organized into parametric and non-parametric research methods, as well as supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning approaches. As a outcome, machine learning techniques provide a new paradigm into authentication under diverse network conditions and unstable dynamics. In addition, prompt intelligence to the security management to obtain cost-effective, better reliable, model-free, continuous, and situation-aware authentication.

In [ 68 ], the authors proposed a machine learning-based model to predict the traffic load at a particular location. They used a mobile network traffic dataset to train a model that can calculate the total number of user requests at a time. To launch access and mobility management function (AMF) instances according to the requirement as there were no predictions of user request the performance automatically degrade as AMF does not handle these requests at a time. Earlier threshold-based techniques were used to predict the traffic load, but that approach took too much time; therefore, the authors proposed RNN algorithm-based ML to predict the traffic load, which gives efficient results.

In [ 15 ], authors discussed the issue of network slice admission, resource allocation among subscribers, and how to maximize the profit of infrastructure providers. The author proposed a network slice admission control algorithm based on SMDP (decision-making process) that guarantees the subscribers’ best acceptance policies and satisfiability (tenants). They also suggested novel N3AC, a neural network-based algorithm that optimizes performance under various configurations, significantly outperforms practical and straightforward approaches.

This section includes various works done on 5G ML by different authors. Table 10 shows the state-of-the-art work on the improvement of various parameters such as energy efficiency, Quality of Services (QoS), and latency with 5G ML.

The state-of-the-art ML-based approaches in 5G technology.

4.6. Optimization Techniques for 5G

Optimization techniques may be applied to capture NP-Complete or NP-Hard problems in 5G technology. This section briefly describes various research works suggested for 5G technology based on optimization techniques.

In [ 80 ], Massive MIMO technology is used in 5G mobile network to make it more flexible and scalable. The MIMO implementation in 5G needs a significant number of radio frequencies is required in the RF circuit that increases the cost and energy consumption of the 5G network. This paper provides a solution that increases the cost efficiency and energy efficiency with many radio frequency chains for a 5G wireless communication network. They give an optimized energy efficient technique for MIMO antenna and mmWave technologies based 5G mobile communication network. The proposed Energy Efficient Hybrid Precoding (EEHP) algorithm to increase the energy efficiency for the 5G wireless network. This algorithm minimizes the cost of an RF circuit with a large number of RF chains.

In [ 16 ], authors have discussed the growing demand for energy efficiency in the next-generation networks. In the last decade, they have figured out the things in wireless transmissions, which proved a change towards pursuing green communication for the next generation system. The importance of adopting the correct EE metric was also reviewed. Further, they worked through the different approaches that can be applied in the future for increasing the network’s energy and posed a summary of the work that was completed previously to enhance the energy productivity of the network using these capabilities. A system design for EE development using relay selection was also characterized, along with an observation of distinct algorithms applied for EE in relay-based ecosystems.

In [ 81 ], authors presented how AI-based approach is used to the setup of Self Organizing Network (SON) functionalities for radio access network (RAN) design and optimization. They used a machine learning approach to predict the results for 5G SON functionalities. Firstly, the input was taken from various sources; then, prediction and clustering-based machine learning models were applied to produce the results. Multiple AI-based devices were used to extract the knowledge analysis to execute SON functionalities smoothly. Based on results, they tested how self-optimization, self-testing, and self-designing are done for SON. The author also describes how the proposed mechanism classifies in different orders.

In [ 82 ], investigators examined the working of OFDM in various channel environments. They also figured out the changes in frame duration of the 5G TDD frame design. Subcarrier spacing is beneficial to obtain a small frame length with control overhead. They provided various techniques to reduce the growing guard period (GP) and cyclic prefix (CP) like complete utilization of multiple subcarrier spacing, management and data parts of frame at receiver end, various uses of timing advance (TA) or total control of flexible CP size.

This section includes various works that were done on 5G optimization by different authors. Table 11 shows how other authors worked on the improvement of multiple parameters such as energy efficiency, power optimization, and latency with 5G optimization.

Summary of Optimization Based Approaches in 5G Technology.

5. Description of Novel 5G Features over 4G

This section presents descriptions of various novel features of 5G, namely, the concept of small cell, beamforming, and MEC.

5.1. Small Cell

Small cells are low-powered cellular radio access nodes which work in the range of 10 meters to a few kilometers. Small cells play a very important role in implementation of the 5G wireless network. Small cells are low power base stations which cover small areas. Small cells are quite similar with all the previous cells used in various wireless networks. However, these cells have some advantages like they can work with low power and they are also capable of working with high data rates. Small cells help in rollout of 5G network with ultra high speed and low latency communication. Small cells in the 5G network use some new technologies like MIMO, beamforming, and mmWave for high speed data transmission. The design of small cells hardware is very simple so its implementation is quite easier and faster. There are three types of small cell tower available in the market. Femtocells, picocells, and microcells [ 83 ]. As shown in the Table 12 .

Types of Small cells.

MmWave is a very high band spectrum between 30 to 300 GHz. As it is a significantly less used spectrum, it provides very high-speed wireless communication. MmWave offers ultra-wide bandwidth for next-generation mobile networks. MmWave has lots of advantages, but it has some disadvantages, too, such as mmWave signals are very high-frequency signals, so they have more collision with obstacles in the air which cause the signals loses energy quickly. Buildings and trees also block MmWave signals, so these signals cover a shorter distance. To resolve these issues, multiple small cell stations are installed to cover the gap between end-user and base station [ 18 ]. Small cell covers a very shorter range, so the installation of a small cell depends on the population of a particular area. Generally, in a populated place, the distance between each small cell varies from 10 to 90 meters. In the survey [ 20 ], various authors implemented small cells with massive MIMO simultaneously. They also reviewed multiple technologies used in 5G like beamforming, small cell, massive MIMO, NOMA, device to device (D2D) communication. Various problems like interference management, spectral efficiency, resource management, energy efficiency, and backhauling are discussed. The author also gave a detailed presentation of all the issues occurring while implementing small cells with various 5G technologies. As shown in the Figure 7 , mmWave has a higher range, so it can be easily blocked by the obstacles as shown in Figure 7 a. This is one of the key concerns of millimeter-wave signal transmission. To solve this issue, the small cell can be placed at a short distance to transmit the signals easily, as shown in Figure 7 b.

Pictorial representation of communication with and without small cells.

5.2. Beamforming

Beamforming is a key technology of wireless networks which transmits the signals in a directional manner. 5G beamforming making a strong wireless connection toward a receiving end. In conventional systems when small cells are not using beamforming, moving signals to particular areas is quite difficult. Beamforming counter this issue using beamforming small cells are able to transmit the signals in particular direction towards a device like mobile phone, laptops, autonomous vehicle and IoT devices. Beamforming is improving the efficiency and saves the energy of the 5G network. Beamforming is broadly divided into three categories: Digital beamforming, analog beamforming and hybrid beamforming. Digital beamforming: multiuser MIMO is equal to digital beamforming which is mainly used in LTE Advanced Pro and in 5G NR. In digital beamforming the same frequency or time resources can be used to transmit the data to multiple users at the same time which improves the cell capacity of wireless networks. Analog Beamforming: In mmWave frequency range 5G NR analog beamforming is a very important approach which improves the coverage. In digital beamforming there are chances of high pathloss in mmWave as only one beam per set of antenna is formed. While the analog beamforming saves high pathloss in mmWave. Hybrid beamforming: hybrid beamforming is a combination of both analog beamforming and digital beamforming. In the implementation of MmWave in 5G network hybrid beamforming will be used [ 84 ].

Wireless signals in the 4G network are spreading in large areas, and nature is not Omnidirectional. Thus, energy depletes rapidly, and users who are accessing these signals also face interference problems. The beamforming technique is used in the 5G network to resolve this issue. In beamforming signals are directional. They move like a laser beam from the base station to the user, so signals seem to be traveling in an invisible cable. Beamforming helps achieve a faster data rate; as the signals are directional, it leads to less energy consumption and less interference. In [ 21 ], investigators evolve some techniques which reduce interference and increase system efficiency of the 5G mobile network. In this survey article, the authors covered various challenges faced while designing an optimized beamforming algorithm. Mainly focused on different design parameters such as performance evaluation and power consumption. In addition, they also described various issues related to beamforming like CSI, computation complexity, and antenna correlation. They also covered various research to cover how beamforming helps implement MIMO in next-generation mobile networks [ 85 ]. Figure 8 shows the pictorial representation of communication with and without using beamforming.

Pictorial Representation of communication with and without using beamforming.

5.3. Mobile Edge Computing

Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) [ 24 ]: MEC is an extended version of cloud computing that brings cloud resources closer to the end-user. When we talk about computing, the very first thing that comes to our mind is cloud computing. Cloud computing is a very famous technology that offers many services to end-user. Still, cloud computing has many drawbacks. The services available in the cloud are too far from end-users that create latency, and cloud user needs to download the complete application before use, which also increases the burden to the device [ 86 ]. MEC creates an edge between the end-user and cloud server, bringing cloud computing closer to the end-user. Now, all the services, namely, video conferencing, virtual software, etc., are offered by this edge that improves cloud computing performance. Another essential feature of MEC is that the application is split into two parts, which, first one is available at cloud server, and the second is at the user’s device. Therefore, the user need not download the complete application on his device that increases the performance of the end user’s device. Furthermore, MEC provides cloud services at very low latency and less bandwidth. In [ 23 , 87 ], the author’s investigation proved that successful deployment of MEC in 5G network increases the overall performance of 5G architecture. Graphical differentiation between cloud computing and mobile edge computing is presented in Figure 9 .

Pictorial representation of cloud computing vs. mobile edge computing.

6. 5G Security

Security is the key feature in the telecommunication network industry, which is necessary at various layers, to handle 5G network security in applications such as IoT, Digital forensics, IDS and many more [ 88 , 89 ]. The authors [ 90 ], discussed the background of 5G and its security concerns, challenges and future directions. The author also introduced the blockchain technology that can be incorporated with the IoT to overcome the challenges in IoT. The paper aims to create a security framework which can be incorporated with the LTE advanced network, and effective in terms of cost, deployment and QoS. In [ 91 ], author surveyed various form of attacks, the security challenges, security solutions with respect to the affected technology such as SDN, Network function virtualization (NFV), Mobile Clouds and MEC, and security standardizations of 5G, i.e., 3GPP, 5GPPP, Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN), European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). In [ 92 ], author elaborated various technological aspects, security issues and their existing solutions and also mentioned the new emerging technological paradigms for 5G security such as blockchain, quantum cryptography, AI, SDN, CPS, MEC, D2D. The author aims to create new security frameworks for 5G for further use of this technology in development of smart cities, transportation and healthcare. In [ 93 ], author analyzed the threats and dark threat, security aspects concerned with SDN and NFV, also their Commercial & Industrial Security Corporation (CISCO) 5G vision and new security innovations with respect to the new evolving architectures of 5G [ 94 ].

AuthenticationThe identification of the user in any network is made with the help of authentication. The different mobile network generations from 1G to 5G have used multiple techniques for user authentication. 5G utilizes the 5G Authentication and Key Agreement (AKA) authentication method, which shares a cryptographic key between user equipment (UE) and its home network and establishes a mutual authentication process between the both [ 95 ].

Access Control To restrict the accessibility in the network, 5G supports access control mechanisms to provide a secure and safe environment to the users and is controlled by network providers. 5G uses simple public key infrastructure (PKI) certificates for authenticating access in the 5G network. PKI put forward a secure and dynamic environment for the 5G network. The simple PKI technique provides flexibility to the 5G network; it can scale up and scale down as per the user traffic in the network [ 96 , 97 ].

Communication Security 5G deals to provide high data bandwidth, low latency, and better signal coverage. Therefore secure communication is the key concern in the 5G network. UE, mobile operators, core network, and access networks are the main focal point for the attackers in 5G communication. Some of the common attacks in communication at various segments are Botnet, message insertion, micro-cell, distributed denial of service (DDoS), and transport layer security (TLS)/secure sockets layer (SSL) attacks [ 98 , 99 ].

Encryption The confidentiality of the user and the network is done using encryption techniques. As 5G offers multiple services, end-to-end (E2E) encryption is the most suitable technique applied over various segments in the 5G network. Encryption forbids unauthorized access to the network and maintains the data privacy of the user. To encrypt the radio traffic at Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer, three 128-bits keys are applied at the user plane, nonaccess stratum (NAS), and access stratum (AS) [ 100 ].

7. Summary of 5G Technology Based on Above-Stated Challenges

In this section, various issues addressed by investigators in 5G technologies are presented in Table 13 . In addition, different parameters are considered, such as throughput, latency, energy efficiency, data rate, spectral efficiency, fairness & computing capacity, transmission rate, coverage, cost, security requirement, performance, QoS, power optimization, etc., indexed from R1 to R14.

Summary of 5G Technology above stated challenges (R1:Throughput, R2:Latency, R3:Energy Efficiency, R4:Data Rate, R5:Spectral efficiency, R6:Fairness & Computing Capacity, R7:Transmission Rate, R8:Coverage, R9:Cost, R10:Security requirement, R11:Performance, R12:Quality of Services (QoS), R13:Power Optimization).

8. Conclusions

This survey article illustrates the emergence of 5G, its evolution from 1G to 5G mobile network, applications, different research groups, their work, and the key features of 5G. It is not just a mobile broadband network, different from all the previous mobile network generations; it offers services like IoT, V2X, and Industry 4.0. This paper covers a detailed survey from multiple authors on different technologies in 5G, such as massive MIMO, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), millimeter wave, small cell, MEC (Mobile Edge Computing), beamforming, optimization, and machine learning in 5G. After each section, a tabular comparison covers all the state-of-the-research held in these technologies. This survey also shows the importance of these newly added technologies and building a flexible, scalable, and reliable 5G network.

9. Future Findings

This article covers a detailed survey on the 5G mobile network and its features. These features make 5G more reliable, scalable, efficient at affordable rates. As discussed in the above sections, numerous technical challenges originate while implementing those features or providing services over a 5G mobile network. So, for future research directions, the research community can overcome these challenges while implementing these technologies (MIMO, NOMA, small cell, mmWave, beam-forming, MEC) over a 5G network. 5G communication will bring new improvements over the existing systems. Still, the current solutions cannot fulfill the autonomous system and future intelligence engineering requirements after a decade. There is no matter of discussion that 5G will provide better QoS and new features than 4G. But there is always room for improvement as the considerable growth of centralized data and autonomous industry 5G wireless networks will not be capable of fulfilling their demands in the future. So, we need to move on new wireless network technology that is named 6G. 6G wireless network will bring new heights in mobile generations, as it includes (i) massive human-to-machine communication, (ii) ubiquitous connectivity between the local device and cloud server, (iii) creation of data fusion technology for various mixed reality experiences and multiverps maps. (iv) Focus on sensing and actuation to control the network of the entire world. The 6G mobile network will offer new services with some other technologies; these services are 3D mapping, reality devices, smart homes, smart wearable, autonomous vehicles, artificial intelligence, and sense. It is expected that 6G will provide ultra-long-range communication with a very low latency of 1 ms. The per-user bit rate in a 6G wireless network will be approximately 1 Tbps, and it will also provide wireless communication, which is 1000 times faster than 5G networks.

Acknowledgments

Author contributions.

Conceptualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. data gathering: R.D., G.C., P.L, I.Y. funding acquisition: I.Y. investigation: I.Y., G.C., G.P. methodology: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P., survey: I.Y., G.C., P.L, G.P., R.D. supervision: G.C., I.Y., G.P. validation: I.Y., G.P. visualization: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L. writing, original draft: R.D., I.Y., G.C., P.L., G.P. writing, review, and editing: I.Y., G.C., G.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

This paper was supported by Soonchunhyang University.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

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Essay On 5G Technology (Fifth Generation Technology) In 1000+ Words

Essay On 5G Technology (Fifth Generation)

Hello Friend, In this post “ Essay On 5G Technology (Fifth Generation Technology) In 1000+ Words “, we will read about 5G Technology as an Essay in detail with its all aspects.

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Introduction

5G is the next generation of mobile standards defined by the International Telecommunication Union .

The ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations for Information and Communications Technology responsible for the allocation of global radio spectrum and the development of its key standards.

5G technolog y can provide data speeds of 10 Gbps and above and it will be about 20 times faster than 4G .

In addition to the data rate, 5G will reduce latency and energy savings, and mass device connectivity will be possible.

This will pave the way for next-generation applications such as autonomous vehicles, smart homes, and cities, virtual reality applications, the Internet of Things, and large-scale machine-to-machine communication for industries .

The main differences between 3G, 4G, and 5G

3G technology is a third-generation mobile phone service that offers faster speeds, higher frequency, and better bandwidth than the second generation .

At the same time, 4G technology is the fourth generation technology of mobile service , which is completely based on Internet Protocol. In this, voice, data, and multimedia can be sent and received at the same speed.

5G will be many times faster, smarter, and technically efficient than 4G . 5G is a mixture of telecom/telecom technology , which generates very little radiation while using very little energy and provides very high data speeds through extensive connectivity.

It is also designed as a network for the Internet of Things (IoT) . This will not only connect people but also utility machines, industrial equipment, automobiles, city infrastructure, public safety, etc .

On a 3G network , consumers can transmit data at 2 megabytes in seconds while 4G technology speeds up to 100mbps.

The higher the bandwidth, the higher the data transfer speed. A government panel report states that peak network data speeds with 5G are expected to be in the range of 220 gigabits per second (Gbps) .

3G technology works on the wide-area network concept while 4G technology works on the concept of local area network.

5G networks can run on the 3400 MHz, 3500 MHz, and 3600 MHz bands , but the 3500 MHz bands are considered ideal.

In addition, the millimeter-wave spectrum can play an important role in 5G. Millimeter waves operate at 30 to 300 GHz frequencies . Till now these waves are used in satellite networks and radar systems .

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Features Of 5G (Essay On 5G Technology)

• High data rate (1Gbps for hotspots, download speed 100Mbps and upload speed of 50Mbps for wide-area coverage).
• Comprehensive connectivity (1 million connections per square kilometer area)
• Ultra-low-latency (1 millisecond), high reliability (99.999% for mission critical “ultra-reliable” communication).
• Mobility at high speed (up to 500 km / h speed i.e, for the high-speed train).
• It will still take a long time for this technology to turn into reality, but it has enough potential to completely change our current mode of interaction with wireless devices.

Key Pillar Of 5G technology

• Augmented mobile broadband

A dedicated mobile brand band is helpful to provide ultra-high-speed internet service in densely populated urban areas. Apart from this it is also capable of providing virtual reality and augmented reality services.

• Massive Machine Type Communication

It can also provide internet service to a large number of connected devices. This enables a high density of connectivity in IoT and for Smart City, Smart Power Grid, Smart Industries, etc .

• Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication

This meets the stringent requirement to reduce the delay to as low as 1 millisecond. This technology enables communication in mission-critical applications and thus makes application possible in robotics and autonomous vehicles .

Benefits of 5G Technology & Advantages Of 5G

• Fast internet speed

Currently, the 4G network is capable of achieving a maximum download speed of one gigabyte per second. With 5G this speed can be increased to 10 gigabytes per second.

• Ultra-low latency

Latency refers to the time it takes to send a data packet from one device to another. The latency rate in 4G is 50 milliseconds while 5G can have up to 1 millisecond.

• Well connected world

5G will provide capacity and bandwidth as per user requirements for adjusting technologies like the internet of things . Thus, it will help in the adoption of artificial intelligence .

According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Committee on Digital Economic Policy , the implementation of 5G technology will help increase GDP , create jobs, and make the economy digital .

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Potential Benefits Of 5G In India

The cumulative economic impact of 5G on India could reach the US $ 1 trillion by 2035 .

This will help to incorporate artificial intelligence into our lives and enable seamless data exchange to smart devices to provide an environment for the Internet of Things (IoT) .

5G can enable improvements in the entire value chain, from agriculture to smart irrigation, better monitoring of soil and crop, and livestock management .

5G will enable the use of robotics for precision manufacturing, especially where humans cannot perform these tasks safely or accurately.

In health care, 5G can enable more effective telepathy delivery, remote control of surgical robotics, and wireless monitoring of critical data.

According to a World Bank report , the implementation of 5G in India will accelerate economic growth by 13.8%. It will facilitate automation through the Internet of Things in smart manufacturing.

With the help of 5G, the use of virtual reality and robotics in health education, etc. will be possible. The Smart City and Digital India programs will get a boost.

5G will bring a digital revolution in rural India through initiatives such as smart village application cloud solutions to improve productivity in areas such as agriculture, MSME, banking, etc.

Conclusion (Essay On 5G Technology)

According to the GSMA Intelligence report released in May 2019 by the global telecom industry body, India will have 92 crore unique mobile subscribers by the year 2025. In India, 5G connections are projected to reach 88 million by 2025.

Currently, the number of mobile subscribers is calculated based on the number of SIMs issued but the number of actual mobile subscribers is not known due to the possibility of one customer having multiple SIMs .

Therefore, efforts are being intensified to determine the number of people who are truly connected or mobile consumers.

However, according to the latest data, India’s total wireless subscriber base as of 31 March 2019 is 116 crore while wireless tally density is 886.

By 2025 , India alone will make up about a quarter of the world’s new mobile subscribers.

However, the emergence of a 5G ecosystem in India will depend on the ability of telecom operators to invest in networks that will need favorable support on policy and regulatory fronts.

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Essay on 5G in India

Students are often asked to write an essay on 5G in India in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on 5G in India

Introduction to 5g.

5G, the fifth generation of mobile networks, promises faster data speeds and better connectivity. In India, it’s still under testing.

Benefits of 5G in India

5G can transform India digitally. Faster internet means better communication, improved online education, and advanced healthcare services.

Challenges for 5G in India

India faces challenges in 5G implementation, like high costs, need for new infrastructure, and ensuring rural coverage.

Despite challenges, 5G could bring significant positive changes to India. It’s an exciting future to look forward to!

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250 Words Essay on 5G in India

Introduction.

5G, the fifth generation of mobile networks, is anticipated to revolutionize India’s digital landscape. Its potential to offer high-speed internet connectivity, low latency, and improved bandwidth promises to redefine user experience and foster digital innovation.

5G and Digital India

The advent of 5G aligns with the Indian government’s ‘Digital India’ initiative, aiming to transform the nation into a digitally empowered society. 5G could enhance e-governance, digital payments, and e-learning, thus democratizing digital access across urban and rural India.

5G and Indian Economy

5G is expected to generate a new wave of economic growth. It could unlock numerous opportunities in sectors like healthcare, agriculture, and manufacturing, leading to job creation and contributing to India’s GDP.

5G and Technological Innovation

5G is predicted to stimulate technological innovation, facilitating the development of smart cities, IoT, AI, and AR/VR applications. It could also catalyze the evolution of Industry 4.0 in India.

Challenges in 5G Adoption

However, 5G adoption in India faces challenges. Infrastructure development, spectrum allocation, and high deployment costs are significant hurdles. Ensuring digital literacy and bridging the digital divide are additional concerns.

Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of 5G for India are immense. With strategic planning, robust infrastructure, and inclusive policies, India can leverage 5G to transform its digital economy and societal fabric.

500 Words Essay on 5G in India

5G, the fifth generation of wireless communication technology, promises to revolutionize the digital landscape in India. This technology offers faster data speeds, lower latency, and the ability to connect more devices simultaneously, thus providing a more seamless and efficient digital experience.

Current State of 5G in India

India is currently in the early stages of 5G adoption. The government has shown proactiveness in preparing for this technological leap. The Department of Telecommunications has already allotted 5G trial spectrum to telecom operators and technology companies, encouraging them to test the effectiveness and potential of 5G technology.

However, the rollout of 5G in India faces several challenges. These include the high cost of 5G spectrum, inadequate infrastructure, and the need for massive investment in fiberization.

Impact of 5G on Indian Economy

The introduction of 5G is expected to have a significant impact on the Indian economy. It is predicted to contribute significantly to India’s GDP and create millions of new jobs across various sectors. It can transform industries such as healthcare, agriculture, education, and entertainment, enabling services like telemedicine, precision agriculture, virtual and augmented reality, and more.

5G and Digital India Initiative

The 5G technology aligns perfectly with the Indian government’s ‘Digital India’ initiative, which aims to transform India into a digitally empowered society. 5G can significantly enhance the reach and effectiveness of digital services offered by the government, ensuring that the benefits of digitalization reach every corner of the country.

5G and Smart Cities

5G is a key enabler for the development of smart cities in India. It can support various smart city applications like intelligent traffic management, smart grids, and public safety solutions. By providing high-speed, reliable, and low-latency connections, 5G can ensure the smooth functioning of these applications, making our cities smarter and more efficient.

While the journey towards 5G in India is fraught with challenges, the potential benefits it offers make it a worthy pursuit. The government, telecom operators, and technology companies need to work together to overcome the hurdles and ensure a smooth transition to 5G. The successful implementation of 5G will not only transform the digital landscape of India but also play a crucial role in the country’s socio-economic development.

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Essay on 5G: Impact of 5G Technology on Various Industries

India has recently introduced 5G network technology , which allows people to access high-speed internet. As a result, writing an essay about 5G technology has become an important topic for both academic and competitive exams. Let’s take a look at an essay on 5G technology in English.

• 1 Explanation of 5G Technology
• 2 Reasons for its significance
• 3 Brief history of 5G
• 4 The Advantages of 5G Technology
• 5 How 5G Technology Will Affect Various Industries
• 6 The Challenges and Risks of 5G Technology
• 7 Conclusion

Explanation of 5G Technology

5G technology is the fifth-generation wireless technology that is designed to provide faster and more reliable internet connectivity to users. It is an advanced wireless network that is built on the existing 4G technology, but with more advanced features and capabilities. 5G technology uses higher frequency bands and advanced antenna technologies to provide faster data transfer rates, lower latency, and higher capacity.

Reasons for its significance

The significance of 5G technology lies in its ability to provide faster and more reliable internet connectivity to users. It has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with the previous generations of wireless technology. 5G technology is expected to bring about significant improvements in areas such as healthcare, education, transportation, manufacturing, entertainment, agriculture, and retail.

Brief history of 5G

The development of 5G technology began in the early 2010s, with the aim of providing faster and more reliable internet connectivity to users. The first 5G networks were launched in 2019, and since then, several countries have rolled out their 5G networks. The adoption of 5G technology is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years, as more devices become compatible with the technology.

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The Advantages of 5G Technology

Increased Speed and Connectivity: One of the main advantages of 5G technology is its ability to provide faster data transfer rates than previous generations of wireless technology. With 5G, users can download and upload data at speeds of up to 20 Gbps, which is significantly faster than the maximum speed of 4G technology. This increased speed and connectivity will enable new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology.

Lower Latency and Energy Consumption: Another advantage of 5G technology is its lower latency, which means that there is less delay in data transfer between devices. This is important for applications that require real-time data transfer, such as autonomous vehicles and remote surgery. In addition, 5G technology is designed to be more energy-efficient than previous generations of wireless technology, which will help to reduce the carbon footprint of the telecommunications industry.

Higher Capacity and Reliability: 5G technology is designed to provide higher capacity and reliability than previous generations of wireless technology. This means that more devices can be connected to the network at the same time, without compromising the speed or quality of the connection. In addition, 5G technology is more reliable than previous generations of wireless technology, which means that there is less downtime and fewer dropped connections.

Improved Network Slicing Capabilities: 5G technology has improved network slicing capabilities, which means that the network can be divided into multiple virtual networks that can be customized to meet the specific needs of different applications. This will enable new applications and services that require specific network configurations, such as virtual reality and augmented reality.

How 5G Technology Will Affect Various Industries

Healthcare: 5G technology is expected to bring about significant improvements in healthcare, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology. For example, 5G technology can be used to provide remote healthcare services, such as remote surgery and telemedicine. In addition, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time monitoring of patients, which can help to improve the quality of care and reduce healthcare costs.

Education: 5G technology is expected to revolutionize the way we learn, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology. For example, 5G technology can be used to provide remote learning services, such as online classes and virtual reality simulations. In addition, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time collaboration between students and teachers, which can help to improve the quality of education.

Transportation: 5G technology is expected to bring about significant improvements in transportation, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology. For example, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time traffic monitoring and management, which can help to reduce congestion and improve safety. In addition, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time communication between vehicles, which can help to prevent accidents and improve the efficiency of transportation systems.

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Manufacturing: 5G technology is expected to revolutionize the way we manufacture goods, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology. For example, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time monitoring and control of manufacturing processes, which can help to improve the quality of products and reduce manufacturing costs. In addition, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time communication between machines, which can help to improve the efficiency of manufacturing processes.

Entertainment: 5G technology is expected to bring about significant improvements in entertainment, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology. For example, 5G technology can be used to provide high-quality streaming of video and audio content, which can help to improve the user experience. In addition, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time gaming experiences, which can help to improve the quality of entertainment.

Agriculture: 5G technology is expected to revolutionize the way we grow and harvest crops, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology. For example, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time monitoring of crops, which can help to improve the quality and yield of crops. In addition, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time communication between farmers and agricultural equipment, which can help to improve the efficiency of farming operations.

Retail: 5G technology is expected to bring about significant improvements in retail, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology. For example, 5G technology can be used to provide real-time inventory management and tracking, which can help to improve the efficiency of retail operations. In addition, 5G technology can be used to provide personalized shopping experiences, which can help to improve the user experience.

The Challenges and Risks of 5G Technology

Security Risks: One of the main challenges of 5G technology is its potential security risks. 5G technology is more vulnerable to cyber attacks than previous generations of wireless technology, due to its increased connectivity and complexity. In addition, 5G technology is more susceptible to interference from other devices, which can compromise the security of the network.

Public Health Concerns: Another challenge of 5G technology is its potential impact on public health. Some studies suggest that exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, which is used by 5G technology, may have negative health effects, such as cancer and other diseases. However, more research is needed to determine the long-term health effects of 5G technology.

Infrastructure and Cost Challenges: 5G technology requires significant infrastructure investments, such as the installation of new antennas and base stations. In addition, the cost of upgrading to 5G technology is higher than previous generations of wireless technology. This may pose a challenge for smaller businesses and developing countries.

Environmental Impact: The increased energy consumption of 5G technology may have a negative impact on the environment, due to the increased carbon footprint of the telecommunications industry. In addition, the installation of new antennas and base stations may have a negative impact on the environment, due to the increased use of resources and land.

Recap of the Advantages and Challenges of 5G: 5G technology has the potential to revolutionize the way we live and work, by enabling new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology. However, 5G technology also poses significant challenges and risks, such as security risks, public health concerns, infrastructure and cost challenges, and environmental impact.

Future Prospects of 5G Technology : The adoption of 5G technology is expected to increase rapidly in the coming years, as more devices become compatible with the technology. This will enable new applications and services that were not possible with previous generations of wireless technology.

Final Thoughts and Recommendations : It is important to address the challenges and risks of 5G technology, in order to ensure that the benefits of the technology are realized without compromising the security, health, and environment of users. Governments, businesses, and individuals should work together to address these challenges and risks, in order to maximize the potential of 5G technology.

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5G Technology and Its Implementation in Business Essay

The implementation of modern technologies in business includes not only the improvement in areas of manufacturing and distribution, majority of business processes now require significant technological abilities to ensure fast data flow. The recently introduced cloud technology radically improved the speed of business processes and introduced a variety of business tools that ease the processes in both production and services areas. The addition of advanced connectivity methods in the form of 5G networks opens new opportunities for business and new methods to increase the efficiency of business processes. However, most companies are troubled by the decision to implement new advanced connectivity technologies and repositioning current approaches.

There are several solid arguments for a positive decision in implementing recent 5G technology to business. First, the broad implementation of 5G technologies could potentially lead to the creation of a unified communication platform for businesses that could overcome the shortcomings of currently available telecommunication technologies. According to Rao and Prasad (2018), the current industrial evolution 4.0 is based on cyber-physical systems and focuses on the development of intelligent systems, algorithms, and cognitive technologies.

However, some businesses are still stuck on the previous steps of the industrial evolution and do not recognize the potential of implementing technologies for the business. The introduction of a network that provides support for all communication scenarios could increase business productivity through the seamless experience of services and processes like cloud data storage, data analysis, machine-type communications, customer support, etc.

In addition to providing seamless communication support on all levels, the advanced connectivity technologies present an opportunity for the industry’s transformation, including the production processes. 5G technologies offer full real-time control over machine-type communications (MTC), which increases collaboration between robots and people. If previously machines and robots were able to perform simple tasks and actions, with the addition of streamlined communication, all machines would exchange data with each other, increasing the level of business autonomy.

Moreover, the number of possible mistakes in the machine work could be reduced with continuous updates to the operating back-office systems and staff. According to Rico and Merino (2020), factory automation allows the business more flexibility in terms of deployment, reduces maintenance costs, and introduces higher levels of long-term reliability through initiatives like ‘time-sensitive networking’ (p. 192808). Overall, the aspect of industry transformation in 5G technologies comes from increased autonomy, which could be utilized both in the mass production of goods or in small businesses that offer daily services.

As 5G technologies enable sources of effective communication, the decision-making process for high-level management could be eased with more accurate data and information about the current status of the business. 5G networks allow an improved speed of connection 10 to 100 times faster than current 4G LTE Networks. Aside from the speed, the 5G also carries an option of ‘network slicing,’ which could potentially reduce the cost of telecommunication services (Rao & Prasad, 2018, p.151).

According to Zhao (2019), the background of internet accelerated speed presents new opportunities and ideas for entrepreneurs by integrating new technologies and tools into the manufacturing and development of e-commerce. Overall, in terms of increasing business efficiency, the implementation of 5G technology increases the variety of entrepreneurial choices, business models and introduces new marketing methods.

Although there are positive factors affecting the decision to implement advanced connectivity technologies, there are also several drawbacks to the issue. First, the implementation requires significant financial resources for establishing a custom architecture, as unlike other types of connectivity methods, 5G networks require thorough flexible architecture development (Jabagi et al., 2020). However, the concerns about the implementation of 5G technologies are based on short-term effects, while the technology is expected to become adopted in the mainstream in the next five to ten years (Jabagi et al., 2020). This time frame states that businesses have plenty of time to perform the research and determine which specific points the 5G should improve in their case and adapt them.

In addition to the number of resources required for the implementation, there is an ethical implication due to the issues of energy efficiency of 5G. In an article focused on trends and open issues in 5G, the authors, Usama and Erol-Kantarci (2019), emphasized that currently, approximately 10% of the energy consumption in the world belongs to information and communication technologies. Implementing 5G technology innovations would increase the amount of consumed energy and present a threat to the business’ sustainability. However, according to Patwary et al. (2019), further improvement in the 5G technology would solve energy efficiency as networks with dense connections would help reduce the operational cost of networks.

This paper applied decision-making techniques to the implementation of 5G technologies in business, determined positive and negative factors affecting the decision implementation, and evaluated the resources required for the implementation and ethical implications. The decision-making outcomes in implementing the advanced connectivity technology include increased business autonomy, high speed of business processes, and improvements in business efficiency. Although the implementation of the decision requires a high amount of financial resources and includes energy efficiency issues, making a positive decision would pay off the expenses through increased business productivity.

Jabagi, N., Park, A., & Kietzmann, J. (2020). The 5G revolution: expectations versus reality . IT Professional, 22 (6), 8-15. Web.

Patwary, M.N., Nawaz, S.J., Rahman, M.A., Sharma, S.K., Rashid, M.M., & Barnes, S.J. (2020). The potential short- and long-term disruptions and transformative impacts of 5G and beyond wireless networks: Lessons learnt from the development of a 5G testbed environment . IEEE Access, 8 , 11352-11379. Web.

Rao, S.K., & Prasad, R. (2018). Impact of 5G technologies on Industry 4.0. Wireless Personal Communications, 100 , 145–159. Web.

Rico, A., & Merino, P. (2020). A survey of end-to-end solutions for reliable low-latency communications in 5G networks. IEEE Access, 8, 192808-192834. Web.

Usama, M., & Erol-Kantarci, M. (2019). A survey on recent trends and open issues in energy efficiency of 5G . Sensors, 19 , 1-23. Web.

Zhao, X. (2019). Analysis on the construction of entrepreneur business model under the ‘Internet accelerated speed’ environment. Open Access Library Journal, 6 , 1-8. Web.

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Essay on 5g Technology | 5g Technology Essay

Essay on 5g technology | 5g technology essay.

Recently India has launched 5g network technology which paved the way for high speed internet connectivity. With the launch of 5g technology, essay on 5g technolgy has been become one of the most important essay topics for all competitive exams as well as academic exams . Lets see 5g technology essay in English.

5G Technology Essay

October 1, 2022 marks an important date in India's history when Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi inaugurated the commercial rollout of 5G services in India at the India Mobile Congress 2022 and telecom companies started rolling out 5G for users after months of testing. Now India will experience highest speed and increased availability of internet which will transform lives of people as well as economic progress of India. 

What is 5G technology?

5G, in telecommunications, is the fifth generation networks technology which is the latest upgrade in the long-term evolution (LTE) of mobile broadband networks. It is a new global wireless network technology after 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G which enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything including machines, objects, and devices.

5G networks are also cellular networks like its predecessors in which service area is divided into small geographical areas which are called cells. All 5G devices in a cell are connected to the Internet and network by radio waves and provides high speed internet. 

The main advantage of 5G network technology is that it has greater bandwidth giving higher speed of data transfer and download with low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability. Higher performance and improved efficiency of 5G networks technology empower new user experiences and connects new industries. Download PDF of this Essay: Click Here

Low, mid and high-frequency 5g spectrum

5g technology mainly works in 3 bands, namely low, mid and high-frequency spectrum where low band spectrum has great promise in terms of coverage and speed of internet and data exchange with limited speed. The mid-band spectrum offers higher speeds in comparison to the low band spectrum and the high-band spectrum offers the highest speed of all three bands and tested to be as high as 20 Gbps (gigabits per second).

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Benefits of 5G Networks Technology

5G networks technology is designed to do a variety of things that can transform human lives. It will expand the mobile ecosystem into new realm with faster download speeds and data transfer, negligible latency and more capacity and connectivity for billions of devices especially in the areas of artificial intelligence (AI) , virtual reality (VR) and Internet of Things (IoT). 5g technology will transform every industry, making safer and speedy transportation, remote healthcare facility, precision agriculture, digitized logistics etc. 

Also Read: Essay on Artificial Intelligence (AI)

5G technology and India

In India, 5G is officially available for commercial usage from October 1, 2022. Airtel and Jio telecom players have finalized a proper timeline for 5G services rollout in the country. Initially Airtel will offer 5G services in 8 cities including four metros and Jio will launch its 5G services across metropolitan cities including Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata. 

Starting of 5g network technology will help in good governance and will lead to higher economic growth in India by opening up new opportunities and societal benefits while cutting down on conventional barriers.

Hope you liked this 5g technology essay and it helped you in your exam preparation.

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Essay on 5g Technology in India

Written by Shiksha Press

Published on: February 4, 2023

Essay on 5g technology in India (English)

The 5G network is the fifth generation of mobile networks that promises to bring faster internet speeds, lower latency, and improved reliability to mobile devices. In India, 5G is poised to have a significant impact on various industries, including healthcare, education, agriculture, and entertainment.

 5G Technology Features and Benefits

Improved Connectivity: 5G will greatly improve mobile connectivity in India , enabling high-speed internet access even in rural areas, which will help bridge the digital divide and provide equal access to technology.

Better Healthcare: 5G technology will help revolutionize healthcare in India by enabling telemedicine, remote surgeries, and real-time monitoring of patients. This will improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden on healthcare facilities.

Enhanced Education: 5G technology will bring new educational opportunities to students in India, enabling online learning, virtual classrooms, and collaboration with students and teachers from all over the world.

Boosted Agriculture: 5G will also help transform the agriculture sector by providing farmers with real-time information on weather patterns, soil moisture, and crop yields, helping them make better decisions and improve crop yields.

Improved Entertainment: 5G technology will also enhance the entertainment industry by enabling the streaming of high-quality video and audio content, virtual and augmented reality experiences, and real-time multiplayer gaming.

However, the deployment of 5G in India is not without its challenges. The Indian government needs to work with telecom operators to ensure the availability of spectrum, infrastructure, and other resources required for the deployment of 5G. Additionally, there are concerns about the security of the 5G network, and the Indian government needs to ensure that the 5G network is secure from cyber threats.

In conclusion, 5G technology holds tremendous potential for India, providing improved connectivity, better healthcare, enhanced education, boosted agriculture, and improved entertainment. While there are challenges to its deployment, the Indian government and industry players need to work together to overcome these challenges and make the most of this technology.

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Harmful 5g fast lanes are coming. the fcc needs to stop them.

By Barbara van Schewick on April 11, 2024 at 5:18 pm

The FCC is set to vote on April 25 to restore its authority over the companies we pay to get online, and reinstate federal net neutrality protections that were jettisoned by the Trump administration in 2017. 

Net neutrality protections are supposed to ensure that we, not the internet service providers (ISPs) we pay to get online, get to decide what we do online.

The FCC released its draft rules early in April and there’s much to celebrate in them. Mobile carriers like T-Mobile, AT&T and Verizon that have been degrading video quality for mobile users will have to stop. The FCC kept in place state neutrality protections like California’s net neutrality law, allowing for layers of enforcement. The FCC also made it harder for ISPs to evade net neutrality at the point where data enters their networks.

However, there’s a huge problem: the proposed rules make it possible for mobile ISPs to start picking applications and putting them in a fast lane - where they’ll perform better generally and much better if the network gets congested.

T-Mobile , AT&T and Verizon are all testing ways to create these 5G fast lanes for apps such as video conferencing, games, and video where the ISP chooses and controls what gets boosted. They use a technical feature in 5G called network slicing, where part of their radio spectrum gets used as a special lane for the chosen app or apps, separated from the usual internet traffic.

The FCC’s draft order opens the door to these fast lanes, so long as the app provider isn’t charged for them.

That means we could soon see fast lane offerings like this:

Or we could see add-ons like Enhanced Video Conferencing for $10 a month, or one-time 24-hour passes to have Prioritized Online Gaming.

This isn't imagination.

The ISPs write about this in their blogs and press releases. They talk about these efforts and dreams openly at conferences, and their equipment vendors plainly lay out how ISPs can chop up internet service into all manner of fast lanes.

These kinds of ISP-controlled fast lanes violate core net neutrality principles and would limit user choice, distort competition, hamper startups, and help cement platform dominance.

Net neutrality means that we, the people who use the internet, get to decide what we do online, without interference from ISPs. ISPs do not get to interfere with our choices by blocking, speeding up or slowing down apps or kinds of apps. Apps compete on a level playing field, and users, not ISPs, determine which apps are successful. 

Letting ISPs decide which apps get to be in a fast lane violates these principles. Apps that are in a fast lane work better than those that are not, especially when the network is busy and apps in the regular lane start suffering. If HBO Max is in a fast lane, it will continue to work well even if the network is busy, while all other video is buffering.

Differences in performance, including relative differences in performance, matter. Even small differences in load times affect how long people stay on a site, how much they pay, and whether they’ll come back. Those differences also affect how high up sites show in search results.

Thus, letting ISPs choose which apps get to be in a fast lane lets them, not users, pick winners and losers online. 

And as we’ve seen in the past , programs like this favor the most popular apps, even when the program is supposedly open to all apps in a category and no apps are paying the ISP. So the biggest apps will end up in all the fast lanes, while most others would be left out. The ones left out would likely include messaging apps like Signal, local news sites, decentralized Fediverse apps like Mastodon and PeerTube, niche video sites like Dropout, indie music sites like Bandcamp, and the millions of other sites and apps in the long tail. 

Legislators, government agencies, attorneys general in states both red and blue, public interest groups, startups, and open-source technologists are all working to reduce the power and dominance of the biggest platforms. The FCC should be working to help that effort by creating a level playing field and banning these ISP-controlled 5G fast lanes.

Meaningful net neutrality protections prohibit ISPs from speeding up and slowing down apps and kinds of apps. 

ISPs can pick winners and losers by putting winners in a fast lane or losers in a slow lane.

This is a what it would look like if an ISP put everything except YouTube and TikTok in a slow lane. 

This is what it would look like if an ISP put YouTube and TikTok in a fast lane. 

It’s the same picture. The effect is the same. In either case, disfavored apps will find it harder to compete.

Meaningful net neutrality protections need to protect against both. 

This is not controversial.

President Obama’s November 2014 net neutrality proposal included this protection:

“The rules I am asking for are simple, common-sense steps that reflect the Internet you and I use every day.” That included, he said, a brightline ban on ISPs “intentionally slow[ing] down some content or speed[ing] up others — through a process often called “throttling” — based on the type of service or your ISP’s preferences.”

Even proposed Republican net neutrality bills prohibited ISPs from speeding up and slowing down apps and kinds of apps. 

Many, including me, thought the 2015 Order did so , too.

Almost certainly, the millions of Americans who celebrated the 2015 Open Internet Order and fought the 2017 repeal think that net neutrality protections ban fast lanes and slow lanes.

The draft order takes a different approach. 

The no-throttling rule that the FCC proposed in October explicitly prohibited ISPs from slowing down apps and classes of apps; it was silent on whether the rule also applies to speeding up. 

Given the mobile ISPs’ public statements about their plans for 5G fast lanes, public interest groups , startups , and members of Congress asked the FCC to clarify in the Order that the no-throttling rule also prohibits ISPs from speeding up apps and classes of apps.

The draft order did not do that. 

While draft order acknowledges that some speeding up of apps could violate the no-throttling rule, it added some unclear, nebulous language suggesting that the FCC would review any fast lanes case-by-case, without explaining how it would do that. 1 This language gives the FCC maximum flexibility to accept or reject specific fast lanes in the future as it sees fit.

According to the draft order, the agency “could” find a violation of the no-throttling rule, if: 

an ISP speeds up specific apps (but not necessarily classes of apps), and

the decision to speed up is “unreasonably discriminatory,” and

the speeding up has the effect of “‘impair[ing] or degrad[ing]’ other … apps not given the same treatment.” 

In other words, the proposed no-throttling rule is a bright line rule for slow lanes – ISPs can’t slow down apps or kinds of apps; but for fast lanes, it’s a fuzzy, unclear case-by-case standard.

For example, would it be “unreasonably discriminatory” to create a 5G fast lane that includes the most popular apps in a category since it responds to consumer preferences? Does an unreasonably discriminatory fast lane need to technically degrade or impair the apps that are not in the fast lane for the FCC to find a violation of the no-throttling rule? 

There is no way to predict which kinds of fast lanes the FCC might ultimately find to violate the no-throttling rule. This gives ISPs cover to flood the market with various fast-lane offerings, arguing that their version does not violate the no-throttling rule and daring the FCC to enforce its rule. 

And if the mobile ISPs do this, the cable companies will soon follow. Cable companies have the tech to build their own fast lanes, and increasingly they compete with 5G to the Home services. If T-Mobile and Verizon start selling home plans that have “enhanced streaming video,” you can bet the cable companies will launch their own version.

The FCC would then investigate these offerings case-by-case in lengthy and costly proceedings. In the meantime, apps that are not in the fast lane will suffer. 

Entrepreneurs and application providers that are not included in a fast lane will have to decide whether to try to get into the fast lane, file an FCC complaint, or just silently suffer. 

Companies that do file complaints will waste years litigating the meaning of “unreasonably discriminatory,” all the while going up against giant telecoms that stockpile lawyers and lobbyists.

Unless you are a high-paid telecom lawyer who bills by the hour, the proposed test for what’s a good or bad fast lane is a nightmare. 

Not all 5G slices are harmful. 

Just to be clear, net neutrality proponents are not asking the FCC to ban network slicing. There’s lots of ways for ISPs to use slices for things that are not normal internet service such as a dedicated slice for a farming operation using remote controlled tractors, slices for telemetry data and oversight of autonomous cars, or providing a slice for a stadium’s video system at a crowded game. 

There are good reasons to isolate this kind of traffic, and it can be done without reducing user choice or tilting the online playing field. Under the FCC’s draft order, such services would be so-called enterprise service offerings, to which the Open Internet protections don’t apply. 

But the 5G fast lanes ISPs are imagining for regular internet access – where ISPs decide which apps or kind of apps get a fast lane – would cause real harm and violate the core tenets of net neutrality. 

We don’t need our ISP deciding for us what’s important and what’s not; we want our ISP to let us decide and stick to the job of connecting our devices to the services we want to use. 

It’s not even clear why such fast lanes are necessary for consumer internet access. As one industry analyst noted, isn’t 5G already supposed to be the fast lane for everything? 

Luckily, there’s still time to fix this.

The FCC can and should edit the draft order ahead of the vote on April 24 and clarify in the Order that the no-throttling rule also prohibits ISPs from creating fast lanes for select apps or kinds of apps. 

The FCC just needs to put this fix in the fast lane to get it done before it votes on April 25.

1 2024 Draft Order , para. 492 (“Our interpretation of “throttling” encompasses a wide variety of conduct that could impair or degrade an end user’s ability to access content of their choosing; thus, we decline commenters’ request to modify the rule to explicitly include positive and negative discrimination of content. We agree, however, with Free Press that a BIAS provider’s “unreasonably discriminatory” decision to speed up specific content, applications, or services could “impair or degrade” other content, applications, or services not given the same treatment.” (footnotes omitted)).

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Essay Writing as a Tool for Self-Reflection and Personal Growth

T raditionally, essay writing was seen as an academic exercise, but not anymore. An essay is a piece of writing that is written to convince someone of something or to inform the reader about a particular topic. As students write essays, they introspect and learn at the same time. They understand that the essay writing process is not just about forming arguments or persuading readers; it is also a powerful mechanism for self-discovery. By articulating thoughts and emotions on paper, you better understand your perspectives and experiences.

Writing essays encourages writers to confront their inner thoughts, beliefs, and values. This confrontation is not always comfortable. Many of you already know this fact. However, the process is invariably enlightening. Through the structured thinking that essay writing demands, individuals can explore and organize their thoughts in ways other forms of reflection might not allow.

This process often leads to a deeper understanding of oneself. And not just that; it’s crucial for personal development. A 2019 study found that expressive writing has been shown to improve emotional and physiological health. Besides, the iterative nature of writing, that is, drafting, revising, and refining, mirrors the iterative process of personal growth. What does this premise mean? Well, self-awareness leads to new insights, which then lead to further questions and exploration.

But not everyone can write a compelling essay. Even the most talented writers can struggle with some topics. However, did you know that professional essay writers can help you with your paper? These experts specialize in specific disciplines and can provide subject-specific, content-savvy papers that surpass your expectations. And if you are not very conversant with writing an essay, rest assured that they will convince you or be adequately informed.

All in all, an essay must include several important components to make it flow logically. Its main parts (or sections) are the introduction, body, and conclusion. In a standard short essay, five paragraphs can provide the reader with enough information in a short space. However, more than five paragraphs must be present for a research paper or dissertation to not overwhelm the reader with too much information in one section.

Moreover, essay writing is a tool for emotional intelligence. Yes, you read that right. It offers a safe space for writers to express and manage their feelings. You often find clarity and a sense of relief as you translate complex emotions into words. The reflective practice of writing helps individuals cope with past experiences and prepares them for future challenges by building resilience and adaptability. Thus, the benefits of essay writing are vast. The following is a list of how essay writing is a tool for self-reflection and personal growth.

How Essay Writing is a Tool for Self-Reflection and Personal Growth

Essay writing can be the bridge between internal exploration and external expression. But how so? This practice allows individuals to explore their thoughts and feelings, translating introspection into tangible form. As you articulate your experiences and viewpoints, you engage in a dialogue with yourself, which fosters emotional growth.

• Enhances self-awareness : As previously mentioned, writing essays requires self-examination, which can significantly increase self-awareness. When you choose topics that resonate personally, you’re prompted to reflect on your beliefs, behaviors, and motivations. This process helps you understand yourself, highlights areas for improvement, and reaffirms your core values.
• Cultivates empathy : A recent study on the importance of writing practice showed statistically significant increases in various aspects of empathy, such as reasoning, including multiple perspectives, expressing emotion, and proposals for action, and statistically significant increases in empathy as a latent construct. When crafting essays, writers often explore different perspectives and consider alternative viewpoints. This exercise can cultivate empathy, as it encourages them to understand and articulate feelings and situations from other people’s points of view.
• Promotes critical thinking : Like any other form of academic writing, essay writing compels students to think critically about their experiences and the world around them. But the question is: how so? It involves analyzing one’s thoughts and questioning existing beliefs. This process can lead to new insights and a more informed perspective. Besides, critical examination helps you develop a more mature understanding of complex situations.
• Improves communication skills : Strong writing skills contribute to effective communication. Regular essay writing hones one’s ability to convey thoughts clearly and effectively. In fact, this point is scientifically proven. Essay writing helps individuals learn how to express their ideas in a structured, coherent, and persuasive manner.
• Facilitates emotional healing : We cannot emphasize this point enough. Writing about personal experiences, especially traumatic ones, can be therapeutic. Yes, you read that right. Putting emotions into words helps people process and make sense of their experiences.
• Encourages mindfulness : Writing promotes mindfulness, or present-moment awareness, and its associated qualities of calm/relaxation, nonjudgment, and intentionality. The focus required in essay writing can promote mindfulness. By concentrating on the present moment and the task of articulating thoughts, you can experience a calming effect, reducing anxiety and enhancing your overall mental health.
• Strengthens problem-solving abilities : Students’ problem-solving skill is heavily influenced by the learning process in the classroom. Essays often explore solutions to problems. They can involve real-world problems that trigger learning and optimize the power of problems to incorporate key learning processes. This aspect requires writers to think strategically about possible solutions, weighing pros and cons and considering outcomes.

Improve Your Writing Skills

For students, most of your assessments are done through writing. You will be asked to write essays for assignments and exams in most study areas. Accordingly, knowing how to write well is suitable for your grades. But there are other personal benefits as well. It can be a tool for personal growth and self-reflection. Essay writing can transform your understanding of yourself and the world around you.

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Home — Essay Samples — Information Science and Technology — 5G Technology — The Future of 5g Networking

The Future of 5g Networking

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Published: Nov 15, 2018

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Guest Essay

J.D. Vance: The Math on Ukraine Doesn’t Add Up

By J. D. Vance

Mr. Vance, a Republican, is the junior senator from Ohio.

President Biden wants the world to believe that the biggest obstacle facing Ukraine is Republicans and our lack of commitment to the global community. This is wrong.

Ukraine’s challenge is not the G.O.P.; it’s math. Ukraine needs more soldiers than it can field, even with draconian conscription policies. And it needs more matériel than the United States can provide. This reality must inform any future Ukraine policy, from further congressional aid to the diplomatic course set by the president.

The Biden administration has applied increasing pressure on Republicans to pass a supplemental aid package of more than $60 billion to Ukraine. I voted against this package in the Senate and remain opposed to virtually any proposal for the United States to continue funding this war. Mr. Biden has failed to articulate even basic facts about what Ukraine needs and how this aid will change the reality on the ground.

The most fundamental question: How much does Ukraine need and how much can we actually provide? Mr. Biden suggests that a $60 billion supplemental means the difference between victory and defeat in a major war between Russia and Ukraine. That is also wrong. This $60 billion is a fraction of what it would take to turn the tide in Ukraine’s favor. But this is not just a matter of dollars. Fundamentally, we lack the capacity to manufacture the amount of weapons Ukraine needs us to supply to win the war.

Consider our ability to produce 155-millimeter artillery shells. Last year, Ukraine’s defense minister estimated that the country’s base-line requirement for these shells was over four million per year but that it could fire up to seven million if that many were available. Since the start of the conflict, the United States has gone to great lengths to ramp up production of 155-millimeter shells. We’ve roughly doubled our capacity and can now produce 360,000 per year — less than a tenth of what Ukraine says it needs. The administration’s goal is to get this to 1.2 million — 30 percent of what’s needed — by the end of 2025. This would cost the American taxpayers dearly while yielding an unpleasantly familiar result: failure abroad.

Just this week, the top American military commander in Europe argued that absent further security assistance, Russia could soon have a 10-to-1 artillery advantage over Ukraine. What didn’t gather as many headlines is that Russia’s current advantage is at least 5 to 1, even after all the money we have poured into the conflict. Neither of these ratios plausibly leads to Ukrainian victory.

Proponents of American aid to Ukraine have argued that our approach has been a boon to our own economy, creating jobs here in the factories that manufacture weapons. But our national security interests can be — and often are — separate from our economic interests. The notion that we should prolong a bloody and gruesome war because it’s been good for American business is grotesque. We can and should rebuild our industrial base without shipping its products to a foreign conflict.

The story is the same when we look at other munitions. Take the Patriot missile system — our premier air defense weapon. It’s of such importance in this war that Ukraine’s foreign minister has specifically demanded them. That’s because in March alone, Russia reportedly launched over 3,000 guided aerial bombs, 600 drones and 400 missiles at Ukraine. To fend off these attacks, the Ukrainian president, Volodymyr Zelensky, and others have indicated they need thousands of Patriot interceptors per year. The problem is this: The United States only manufactures 550 per year. If we pass the supplemental aid package currently being considered in Congress, we could potentially increase annual production to 650, but that’s still less than a third of what Ukraine requires.

These weapons are not only needed by Ukraine. If China were to set its sights on Taiwan, the Patriot missile system would be critical to its defense. In fact, the United States has promised to send Taiwan nearly $900 million worth of Patriot missiles, but delivery of those weapons and other essential resources has been severely delayed, partly because of shortages caused by the war in Ukraine.

If that sounds bad, Ukraine’s manpower situation is even worse. Here are the basics: Russia has nearly four times the population of Ukraine. Ukraine needs upward of half a million new recruits, but hundreds of thousands of fighting-age men have already fled the country. The average Ukrainian soldier is roughly 43 years old , and many soldiers have already served two years at the front with few, if any, opportunities to stop fighting. After two years of conflict, there are some villages with almost no men left. The Ukrainian military has resorted to coercing men into service, and women have staged protests to demand the return of their husbands and fathers after long years of service at the front. This newspaper reported one instance in which the Ukrainian military attempted to conscript a man with a diagnosed mental disability.

Many in Washington seem to think that hundreds of thousands of young Ukrainians have gone to war with a song in their heart and are happy to label any thought to the contrary Russian propaganda. But major newspapers on both sides of the Atlantic are reporting that the situation on the ground in Ukraine is grim.

These basic mathematical realities were true, but contestable, at the outset of the war. They were obvious and incontestable a year ago, when American leadership worked closely with Mr. Zelensky to undertake a disastrous counteroffensive. The bad news is that accepting brute reality would have been most useful last spring, before the Ukrainians launched that extremely costly and unsuccessful military campaign. The good news is that even now, a defensive strategy can work. Digging in with old-fashioned ditches, cement and land mines are what enabled Russia to weather Ukraine’s 2023 counteroffensive. Our allies in Europe could better support such a strategy, as well. While some European countries have provided considerable resources, the burden of military support has thus far fallen heaviest on the United States.

By committing to a defensive strategy, Ukraine can preserve its precious military manpower, stop the bleeding and provide time for negotiations to commence. But this would require both the American and Ukrainian leadership to accept that Mr. Zelensky’s stated goal for the war — a return to 1991 boundaries — is fantastical.

The White House has said time and again that it can’t negotiate with President Vladimir Putin of Russia. This is absurd. The Biden administration has no viable plan for the Ukrainians to win this war. The sooner Americans confront this truth, the sooner we can fix this mess and broker for peace.

J.D. Vance ( @JDVance1 ), a Republican, is the junior senator from Ohio.

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NPR defends its journalism after senior editor says it has lost the public's trust

David Folkenflik

NPR is defending its journalism and integrity after a senior editor wrote an essay accusing it of losing the public's trust. Saul Loeb/AFP via Getty Images hide caption

NPR is defending its journalism and integrity after a senior editor wrote an essay accusing it of losing the public's trust.

NPR's top news executive defended its journalism and its commitment to reflecting a diverse array of views on Tuesday after a senior NPR editor wrote a broad critique of how the network has covered some of the most important stories of the age.

"An open-minded spirit no longer exists within NPR, and now, predictably, we don't have an audience that reflects America," writes Uri Berliner.

A strategic emphasis on diversity and inclusion on the basis of race, ethnicity and sexual orientation, promoted by NPR's former CEO, John Lansing, has fed "the absence of viewpoint diversity," Berliner writes.

NPR's chief news executive, Edith Chapin, wrote in a memo to staff Tuesday afternoon that she and the news leadership team strongly reject Berliner's assessment.

"We're proud to stand behind the exceptional work that our desks and shows do to cover a wide range of challenging stories," she wrote. "We believe that inclusion — among our staff, with our sourcing, and in our overall coverage — is critical to telling the nuanced stories of this country and our world."

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She added, "None of our work is above scrutiny or critique. We must have vigorous discussions in the newsroom about how we serve the public as a whole."

A spokesperson for NPR said Chapin, who also serves as the network's chief content officer, would have no further comment.

Praised by NPR's critics

Berliner is a senior editor on NPR's Business Desk. (Disclosure: I, too, am part of the Business Desk, and Berliner has edited many of my past stories. He did not see any version of this article or participate in its preparation before it was posted publicly.)

Berliner's essay , titled "I've Been at NPR for 25 years. Here's How We Lost America's Trust," was published by The Free Press, a website that has welcomed journalists who have concluded that mainstream news outlets have become reflexively liberal.

Berliner writes that as a Subaru-driving, Sarah Lawrence College graduate who "was raised by a lesbian peace activist mother ," he fits the mold of a loyal NPR fan.

Yet Berliner says NPR's news coverage has fallen short on some of the most controversial stories of recent years, from the question of whether former President Donald Trump colluded with Russia in the 2016 election, to the origins of the virus that causes COVID-19, to the significance and provenance of emails leaked from a laptop owned by Hunter Biden weeks before the 2020 election. In addition, he blasted NPR's coverage of the Israel-Hamas conflict.

On each of these stories, Berliner asserts, NPR has suffered from groupthink due to too little diversity of viewpoints in the newsroom.

The essay ricocheted Tuesday around conservative media , with some labeling Berliner a whistleblower . Others picked it up on social media, including Elon Musk, who has lambasted NPR for leaving his social media site, X. (Musk emailed another NPR reporter a link to Berliner's article with a gibe that the reporter was a "quisling" — a World War II reference to someone who collaborates with the enemy.)

When asked for further comment late Tuesday, Berliner declined, saying the essay spoke for itself.

The arguments he raises — and counters — have percolated across U.S. newsrooms in recent years. The #MeToo sexual harassment scandals of 2016 and 2017 forced newsrooms to listen to and heed more junior colleagues. The social justice movement prompted by the killing of George Floyd in 2020 inspired a reckoning in many places. Newsroom leaders often appeared to stand on shaky ground.

Leaders at many newsrooms, including top editors at The New York Times and the Los Angeles Times , lost their jobs. Legendary Washington Post Executive Editor Martin Baron wrote in his memoir that he feared his bonds with the staff were "frayed beyond repair," especially over the degree of self-expression his journalists expected to exert on social media, before he decided to step down in early 2021.

Since then, Baron and others — including leaders of some of these newsrooms — have suggested that the pendulum has swung too far.

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New York Times publisher A.G. Sulzberger warned last year against journalists embracing a stance of what he calls "one-side-ism": "where journalists are demonstrating that they're on the side of the righteous."

"I really think that that can create blind spots and echo chambers," he said.

Internal arguments at The Times over the strength of its reporting on accusations that Hamas engaged in sexual assaults as part of a strategy for its Oct. 7 attack on Israel erupted publicly . The paper conducted an investigation to determine the source of a leak over a planned episode of the paper's podcast The Daily on the subject, which months later has not been released. The newsroom guild accused the paper of "targeted interrogation" of journalists of Middle Eastern descent.

Heated pushback in NPR's newsroom

Given Berliner's account of private conversations, several NPR journalists question whether they can now trust him with unguarded assessments about stories in real time. Others express frustration that he had not sought out comment in advance of publication. Berliner acknowledged to me that for this story, he did not seek NPR's approval to publish the piece, nor did he give the network advance notice.

Some of Berliner's NPR colleagues are responding heatedly. Fernando Alfonso, a senior supervising editor for digital news, wrote that he wholeheartedly rejected Berliner's critique of the coverage of the Israel-Hamas conflict, for which NPR's journalists, like their peers, periodically put themselves at risk.

Alfonso also took issue with Berliner's concern over the focus on diversity at NPR.

"As a person of color who has often worked in newsrooms with little to no people who look like me, the efforts NPR has made to diversify its workforce and its sources are unique and appropriate given the news industry's long-standing lack of diversity," Alfonso says. "These efforts should be celebrated and not denigrated as Uri has done."

After this story was first published, Berliner contested Alfonso's characterization, saying his criticism of NPR is about the lack of diversity of viewpoints, not its diversity itself.

"I never criticized NPR's priority of achieving a more diverse workforce in terms of race, ethnicity and sexual orientation. I have not 'denigrated' NPR's newsroom diversity goals," Berliner said. "That's wrong."

Questions of diversity

Under former CEO John Lansing, NPR made increasing diversity, both of its staff and its audience, its "North Star" mission. Berliner says in the essay that NPR failed to consider broader diversity of viewpoint, noting, "In D.C., where NPR is headquartered and many of us live, I found 87 registered Democrats working in editorial positions and zero Republicans."

Berliner cited audience estimates that suggested a concurrent falloff in listening by Republicans. (The number of people listening to NPR broadcasts and terrestrial radio broadly has declined since the start of the pandemic.)

Former NPR vice president for news and ombudsman Jeffrey Dvorkin tweeted , "I know Uri. He's not wrong."

Others questioned Berliner's logic. "This probably gets causality somewhat backward," tweeted Semafor Washington editor Jordan Weissmann . "I'd guess that a lot of NPR listeners who voted for [Mitt] Romney have changed how they identify politically."

Similarly, Nieman Lab founder Joshua Benton suggested the rise of Trump alienated many NPR-appreciating Republicans from the GOP.

In recent years, NPR has greatly enhanced the percentage of people of color in its workforce and its executive ranks. Four out of 10 staffers are people of color; nearly half of NPR's leadership team identifies as Black, Asian or Latino.

"The philosophy is: Do you want to serve all of America and make sure it sounds like all of America, or not?" Lansing, who stepped down last month, says in response to Berliner's piece. "I'd welcome the argument against that."

"On radio, we were really lagging in our representation of an audience that makes us look like what America looks like today," Lansing says. The U.S. looks and sounds a lot different than it did in 1971, when NPR's first show was broadcast, Lansing says.

A network spokesperson says new NPR CEO Katherine Maher supports Chapin and her response to Berliner's critique.

The spokesperson says that Maher "believes that it's a healthy thing for a public service newsroom to engage in rigorous consideration of the needs of our audiences, including where we serve our mission well and where we can serve it better."

Disclosure: This story was reported and written by NPR Media Correspondent David Folkenflik and edited by Deputy Business Editor Emily Kopp and Managing Editor Gerry Holmes. Under NPR's protocol for reporting on itself, no NPR corporate official or news executive reviewed this story before it was posted publicly.