Betkerur J. Guidelines for writing a research project synopsis or protocol. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2008;74:687-690
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A protocol or a synopsis of a research project is a document submitted to an authority or an institution for the purpose of
Synopsis is the gist of your planned project submitted for approval from competent authorities. It gives a panoramic view of your research for quick analysis by the reviewers.
Thus, a protocol or a synopsis forms an integral part of a research project or a thesis. Many universities have made it mandatory for the postgraduate degree student to prepare a thesis as a part of their postgraduate training. A good knowledge about how a protocol or a synopsis is written is imperative to all people involved in medical research.
Literally, protocol (Greek word, protokollon - first page) means a format procedure for carrying out a scientific research. Synopsis (Greek word, sun - together, opsis - seeing) means brief summary of something. Frequently, both the terms are used as synonyms but the term ′synopsis′ is used more often.
A synopsis should be constructed in a manner that facilitates the reviewer to understand the research project at a glance. It should be brief but precise. A synopsis can be structured in the following manner:
Title The title of the research project should be brief but informative; sensationalization of the title is best avoided. It should neither be too short nor too long. Any name of the institution, the number of cases to be studied should not be included. The hypothesis to be studied can be included.
a. "Study of ectopic pregnancy"
This was a title chosen for university registration. The title is too short. It does not state the problem or the hypothesis and is least informative. More meaningful title shall be, "Study of ectopic pregnancy in relation to morbidity, mortality, and intervention in a referral hospital".
b. "A novel sustained release matrix based on biodegradable poly (esteramides) and, impregnated with bacteriophages and an antibiotic shows promise in management of infected venous stasis ulcer and other poorly healing wounds", (Int. J Dermat vol 8 2002). The title is long and ill conceived. It gives a confusing picture about the study problem. Such long titles are best avoided. Certain amount of sensationalization is also present by using term ′novel′. More meaningful title shall be, "Response of venous stasis ulcers and other poorly healing wounds to a biodegradable matrix impregnated with bacteriophages and an antibiotic". The other details about the new method can be mentioned while stating the problem.
c. "Fine needle aspiration, as a diagnostic tool for papulonodular skin lesions". This is an acceptable, informative, and precise title. It states the hypothesis correctly.
Statement of the problem or hypothesis The problem being studied should be mentioned in precise and clear terms. Understanding the problem aids the researcher in constructing the research proposal. It also allows the person to formulate the hypothesis. The problem under study should be relevant to the present. A brief account of its utility at the local or national level has to be discussed. The present status of the problem and the necessity for taking up the study needs to be mentioned.
Hypothesis is mentioned as a tentative prediction or explanation of the relationship between two or more variables. Hypothesis should not be a haphazard guess but should reflect the knowledge, imagination, and experience of the investigator. Hypothesis can be formulated by understanding the problem, reviewing the literature on it, and considering other factors. A researcher can state the problem and the hypothesis in about 200 words covering all the aspects described above.
Aims and objectives All research projects should have objectives and aims and every effort should be made to achieve them. The objectives and aims should be only a few (2-3). They must pertain to the study problem. Usages of terms like "first study", "the only study", etc. should be avoided.
Review of literature Review of literature is a very important part of a research project. It achieves the following:
The review of literature in a synopsis need not be exhaustive. The relevant information should be covered in about 300 words quoting 8-10 authentic, easily retrievable references. Literature can be reviewed by using various scientific-information-gathering methods. These are journals, national or international; bulletins of organizations like WHO, CDC, and ICMR; books; computer-assisted searches like Medline and Medlar; and personal communications with other researchers. Internet provides a vast avenue for information gathering. Care must be taken to retrieve only relevant information. In this era of information technology review of literature is literally "just a click away".
Research methodology In a synopsis the research methodology adopted should be mentioned in about 150-200 words. The research methodology forms the core of the research project. The methodology should cover the following aspects:
Study settings
Study design The methodology starts with selection of study design. A single study design or a combination can be selected e.g.:
Descriptive designs
Cross-sectional study or survey
Epidemiological description of disease occurrence
Community diagnosis
Study of natural history of a disease
Observational analytical designs
Prospective study
Retrospective study
Follow-up study
Experimental designs
Animal studies
Therapeutic clinical trials - drugs
Prophylactic clinical trials- vaccines
Field trials
Operational designs
A mention about the research setting should be made. This includes information about the institution, facilities available, time of study, and population of study.
Sampling Sampling is selecting a sample of appropriate size for the study. The sample size depends on the study design. The study population can be population of cases, population of people, or population of recipients of certain treatment.
There are many methods for sampling like simple random, systemic and stratified sampling, cluster sampling, etc. Care should be taken to ensure that the sample size is adequate to produce meaningful results. The sample size should be adequate to apply all relevant tests of statistical significance. The samples should be representative of the population and should be reliable. This minimizes sampling errors.
Variables Variables are the factors that can change. These changes can affect the outcome of a research project. Thus, it is important to identify the variables at the planning stage. They should be quantified with a measurable unit. Knowledge of the various variables in a research project will assist in refining the objectives. Usually, objectives of a research will be to see the effect of independent variables on dependent variables. There are four types of variables.
Independent variables
These are the variables that can be manipulated by the researcher and the effects of that are observed on the other variables. For example, predisposing factors, risk factors and cause.
Dependent variables
The changes occur as a result of independent variables. For example, disease and outcome.
Intervening variables
These may influence the effect of independent variables on the dependent variables. For example, while studying the response of HIV-AIDS to HAART the outcome may be influenced by the presence of antitubercular drugs.
Background variables
These are changes that are relevant in the groups or population under study. These need to be included in the study. For example, age, sex, and ethnic origin.
Controls Control groups increase the validity of the research project. They usually consist of units of same population but differ in some respects. Controls are not necessary for all research projects. As far as possible they should be used in all analytical studies, drug trials, and intervention programs.
Study methods Here the researcher will have to describe the method of data collection, which may be in the form of:
A sample of the proforma should be prepared and attached. The possible cost involved and any financial assistance received must be mentioned.
Data collection A brief note on how data are collected should be included. The information should be about:
Data analysis Data analysis is an important part of a research project. A good analysis leads to good results. The plans for data analysis should be mentioned under the following heads Statistical methods, Computer program used, and Data sorting method. A general statement "appropriate statistical methods will be used." must be avoided.
Ethical clearance Wherever necessary, ethical committee clearance from the institute should be obtained. The certificate must be attached. Ethical clearance is required in all human and animal studies.
References All references quoted in review of literature and anywhere else in the synopsis should be listed here. There are two styles for writing references, Vancouver style and Harvard style. Vancouver style is easy to follow as it depends on the numbers as quoted in text.
Official requirements A synopsis is incomplete if it does not contain the following information:
Synopsis writing is an important step in a research project. A good synopsis will give maximum information in minimum words. A well-conceived synopsis will go a long way in convincing the reviewer about the ability of the researcher to conduct the project. In cases of need for financial assistance, the request will be considered favorably. Thus, all research workers should make efforts to prepare a well-structured synopsis.
Acknowledgments
The author is thankful to M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers for their permission to reproduce this article from the "Handbook on Health Professional Education" published by them. [21] [Table 1]
ed. London: Pergmon Press; 1994. | |
ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 1983. | |
ed. New Delhi: 1985. | |
ed. Churchill Livingstone; 2000. | |
ISSN (Print): 0378-6323 ISSN (Online): 0973-3922
What is synopsis.
The Synopsis is mainly the gist of your already planned research project submitted for approval from higher authorities. It shows a clear transparent view of your research work. On the other hand, it is the crux of a general survey that gives an idea about what a composition is all about. In other words, it is a brief view of the thorny work. It is a short outline of your thesis work.
This paper views the supervisor a brief precise overview of the whole dissertation as well. Most of the supervisors specifically read this in the research work. Thus, a synopsis is only a promo that shows whether the research work is excellent or dull. The structure of the Synopsis should be authentic and precise as well.
In this, you divide your whole plan or idea into components so you can not miss any information regarding the research paper. You can say that the format gives you an in-depth picture of the research in the various components. So, you must follow these guidelines while conducting the study:
The title is the central part of the synopsis that reads the most, and it should also be eye-catching. Because many readers first look at the title page. On the other hand, the catchy, unique topic creates a good image in the supervisor’s mind about the paper.
You can generate an automatic table after formatting the whole paper or make a manual one. The synopsis should be reader friendly. The central synopsis part is this table, which also gives you a picture of the different research categories.
Background of the study.
You will have to write your study background in this section. In addition, it describes your research study area as well. This section gives a reader in depth study of the research topic and it give you an overview of the study. Moreover, never focus on the ambiguous side in this heading. This area should not be too long or short. This category length depends on the overall size of the research paper synopsis. It should cover approximately one page of research synopsis.
Research problem, research questions.
It helps to identify your research path. You first determine the total variables on which you want to conduct the study. Some are dependent, and some are independent variables. Also, some are mediators, and some are moderators. Therefore, you state the questions according to your variables. You will have to write down all your authentic research questions . The hypothesis is stated in this section.
Significance of the study, chapter 2: literature review.
This is chapter two. It is the review of the existing research publication relevant to your topic. You also describe the variables and their relationship between them. So, you also add some researchers’ points of view with the citation to defend your statement regarding the topic. You will have to cover all the sections in it.
Dependent variable.
In this, you will have to state the definition of the dependent variable. This variable change with the independent variables’ manipulation. In addition, this is the variable being tested and measured in the research paper. So, this is the measurable variable in the study.
Moderator 2.
Moderators modify the relationship between the independent and the dependent variables. Therefore, you will also have to define this variable in your study. It influences the relationship among the variables also.
Read More: Directional vs. Non-Directional Hypothesis in Research
Chapter: 3 research methodology.
It is chapter three. This section includes detail on how this study was carried out. It provides research design, sample size, and many others. This ensures the supervisor the reliability and the validity of the study.
Sample size and technique.
There are many types of sampling techniques. Therefore, the researcher uses any of this according to the study’s nature and continence. You will state what sampling technique you use for your research study.
It consists of the measurements of all your variables on which scale you are measuring your variables. You will also state which study you will be adopted to describe such variables. First, you will have to measure your independent variable, which was estimated by 14 item scale developed in the past study. So, this variable is measured by 7-point Likert Scale.
You add other previous research contributions to your study, and it is important to mention them or give them credit by adding their journal links here in this category. You will have to add all the journal references from where you got all the data. Sites are in APA style, and the article link should also be authentic.
Please read through some of our other articles with examples and explanations if you’d like to learn more about research methodology.
Inductive vs deductive approach: which is more effective, 8 types of validity in research | examples, nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales | measurement of scale, operationalization of variables in research | examples | benefits, types of quasi experimental design, difference between experimental and non-experimental research, 10 types of variables in research | examples, types of descriptive research: methods and examples, difference between basic and applied research with examples, how to overcome digital hoarding at workplace.
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The Research Summary is used to report facts about a study clearly. You will almost certainly be required to prepare a research summary during your academic research or while on a research project for your organization.
If it is the first time you have to write one, the writing requirements may confuse you. The instructors generally assign someone to write a summary of the research work. Research summaries require the writer to have a thorough understanding of the issue.
This article will discuss the definition of a research summary and how to write one.
A research summary is a piece of writing that summarizes your research on a specific topic. Its primary goal is to offer the reader a detailed overview of the study with the key findings. A research summary generally contains the article’s structure in which it is written.
You must know the goal of your analysis before you launch a project. A research overview summarizes the detailed response and highlights particular issues raised in it. Writing it might be somewhat troublesome. To write a good overview, you want to start with a structure in mind. Read on for our guide.
Your summary or analysis is going to tell readers everything about your research project. This is the critical piece that your stakeholders will read to identify your findings and valuable insights. Having a good and concise research summary that presents facts and comes with no research biases is the critical deliverable of any research project.
We’ve put together a cheat sheet to help you write a good research summary below.
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If you’re doing any research, you will write a summary, which will be the most viewed and more important part of the project. So keep a guideline in mind before you start. Focus on the content first and then worry about the length. Use the cheat sheet/checklist in this article to organize your summary, and that’s all you need to write a great research summary!
But once your summary is ready, where is it stored? Most teams have multiple documents in their google drives, and it’s a nightmare to find projects that were done in the past. Your research data should be democratized and easy to use.
We at QuestionPro launched a research repository for research teams, and our clients love it. All your data is in one place, and everything is searchable, including your research summaries!
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In the beginning, we can say that a summary is a brief, compact overview of the main points in a longer document. The purpose is to give readers an idea of what’s in the full-length document without reading it all & how to write synopsis. A synopsis for thesis can be a shorter version of your document that’s designed to give readers an overview of your ideas and conclusions. A research proposal is a formal document that outlines the scope and direction of an academic study or research project. It includes a plan for how you will collect data and analyze it, as well as how you will present your results with un understanding the difference between research proposal and synopsis
Synopsis vs Research Proposal
A synopsis is a short form of your full research proposal and is just the introduction to the report. It convinces readers that you understand their problem and can provide a solution.
A research proposal is a detailed plan of how you will conduct your study. The research proposal includes a study design, which includes the specific questions that need to be answered, sampling strategy, data collection methods, analysis plan and reporting format.
A synopsis for thesis is a brief, concise description of your paper. With learning how to write synopsis, communicate the main ideas and arguments in your paper and to tell someone else what you’re going to say. A good synopsis is a way for you to organize your ideas before you write the whole thing, and it helps others determine if they want to read further.
A synopsis for thesis is a summary of your article. It should be written in the following format:
Research Proposal – It is a document in which you state your thesis and goals, along with the method and rationale for your research. A thesis statement is the single most important part of a research proposal. It should be clear, concise, and specific.
The main purpose of this proposal is to get funding for your research. The proposal should also demonstrate how well-equipped you are to do the research.
This proposal aims to develop a new way of understanding the world through a systematic and comprehensive analysis of how society learns about the world.
This paper will focus on how people make sense of the w around them by using tools such as languages, maps, technology and science, thereby contributing to our ability to understand our surroundings.
The basic difference between a research proposal and a synopsis is that the former is more in-depth, whereas the latter is more condensed. However, this does not mean that researchers should not write synopses for their publications. To do so is to miss out on useful information that can be added later.
The advantage of writing a synopsis is that it provides a reader with an overview of your research project without having to read through large amounts of text. It also helps to explain your research topic and why it is relevant. A synopsis will help you decide whether or not your topic is worth pursuing further by ensuring that there are enough sources available for you to continue your research.
The purpose of the research proposal is to convince your advisor or committee that there is enough merit in your proposal to justify their funding of the project and their time reviewing it. A good proposal will include:
In the first place, a research proposal is not a synopsis. A summary should be brief and to the point, while a research proposal would have all of your data and evidence lined up on one page.
A synopsis for thesis is written in the first-person voice and focuses on the story’s main points without delving too far into details. A synopsis can help readers get an idea of what you’re writing about or help them find information on a particular topic. It’s often used in book sales to determine if they have enough information on their hands to sell your book or not.
An academic or professional author writes a research proposal as part of their job. It is meant to provide evidence that supports their argument through data and statistical analysis.
The more important your paper, the more likely you’ll need to write a research proposal and a synopsis. A research proposal is usually the first step in the writing process, an overview of the topic you plan to tackle later. A synopsis, on the other hand, is a concise summary of the content of your paper. We hope this blog has given you a proper explanation for understanding the differences.
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If you’re a writer, you definitely need to know how to write a synopsis for a book. Why? Because when you query an agent or publisher, you’ll need to include a synopsis with your submission.
But writers aren’t the only people who need to know how to write a synopsis. From students to scientists, all kinds of people will find themselves having to write one at some point. Thankfully, the process isn’t complicated. By following a few basic steps and guidelines, you’ll know how to write a synopsis in no time.
Forget about how to write a synopsis. First, you need to know what a synopsis is! Put simply, a synopsis is a detailed summary of all the important aspects of a book, project, or study. There are different types of synopses, but a book synopsis briefly explains the key points from the plot as well as things like setting, characters, tone, and any important themes.
Knowing how to write a synopsis for a book means knowing not just what a synopsis is, but what a synopsis isn’t. Below, we’ll discuss some other types of summaries that differ from synopses.
It’s important to know the difference between a synopsis and an outline. An outline is like a “skeleton” for your book that you can create to help you write by then fleshing out your outline with details. A synopsis, on the other hand, is a complete summary of your book that you use to give agents and editors an in-depth, complete account of all the key details from beginning to end.
An abstract is a short and general book summary and doesn’t include every detail. The goal of an abstract is to give a brief and general summary of the book. A synopsis goes into every detail, with a deeper dive into specifics.
A good synopsis vs. abstract rule of thumb is to consider whether you need a very general summary or a specific and detailed one. If you need a detailed one, then you need to know how to write a synopsis.
When considering the question of synopsis vs. pitch, remember that a pitch is the shortest type of summary, and a synopsis is one of the longest. A pitch is designed to make your book sound appealing in just a few sentences, so it’s designed for maximum impact—sort of like a marketing tagline or log line. Pitches are quick and impactful, whereas synopses give all the important details.
Sometimes a synopsis is a dry, straight summary that is written for informational purposes rather than emotional impact. Other times, it is written to be entertaining and showcase the writer’s creative voice. This will depend on the target audience of your synopsis.
There are several different types of synopses, depending on what you are writing about.
A project synopsis is often used in science and engineering fields and summarizes a project’s goals, processes, and conclusions. It often starts with a statement summarizing the problem that the project aims to solve. It delves into methods used and other details that are important to the project, such as relevant details about the project’s participants.
Of the three main types of synopses, research and project synopses are most often used by research and scientific institutions. Like a project synopsis, a research synopsis summarizes the problem or question the research is attempting to solve and then describes how the research was conducted.
Research synopses also give details on the researchers themselves, such as any relevant academic degrees they hold.
A literary synopsis is a synopsis of a work of fiction. It summarizes all the critical elements of a book so that an agent or publisher understands, to a high level of detail, what a book is about without having read it.
That’s it! Now you know how to write a synopsis.
A one-page synopsis has to be even leaner than a three- or four-page synopsis, so it’s important that it contain only the most important details. If you find that your synopsis is too long, find ways to be more succinct, cutting out any information that isn’t absolutely critical to understanding the book. For example, did you describe characters that aren’t essential to the most important plot plots? Did you include details that do nothing to move the actual story along? Cut them out to strengthen—and shorten—your synopsis.
Once you know how to write a synopsis for a book, research project, or study, the process is the same every time. So whether you’re a budding novelist or a student working on an English-class project, use the information in this post to build a formula for writing different types of synopses.
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What to Put In and What to Leave Out
In the 19th century, a synopsis was a classroom exercise used for teaching traditional grammar but today, the accepted definition of a synopsis is a general overview of an article, essay, story, book, or other written work. In the field of publishing, a synopsis may serve as a proposal for an article or book. In feature writing and other forms of nonfiction, a synopsis may also refer to a concise summary of a polemic argument or event. You might also find a synopsis included in a review or report.
Pronunciation: si-NOP-sis
Etymology From the Greek, "general view"
Plural : synopses
Adjective : synoptic
Some people use the terms outline and synopsis synonymously and they really are very similar. When it comes to fiction, however, the distinction is more clearcut. While each may contain similar information, a synopsis is an overview that summarizes the main plot points of the work, whereas an outline functions as a structural tool that breaks the plot down into its component parts.
If you think of it in terms of a novel, the synopsis would be similar to the book jacket copy that tells you who the characters are and what happens to them. It usually also gives readers a feeling for the tone, genre, and theme of the work. An outline would be more akin to a page of chapter listings (provided the author has titled the chapters rather than just numbering them) which functions as a map that leads the reader from the beginning of a literary journey to its final destination or denouement.
In addition to crucial information, a synopsis often includes a thematic statement. Again, thinking in terms of fiction, it would identify the genre and even subgenre, for example, a romance Western, a murder mystery, or a dystopic fantasy and would also reveal something of the tone of the work—whether dark or humorous, erotic or terrifying.
Since a synopsis is a condensation of the original material, a writer must be sure to include the most important details so that the reader will be able to fully comprehend what the work is about. Sometimes, it's hard to know what to put in and what to leave out. Writing a summary requires critical thinking . You're going to have to analyze the original material and decide what the most important information is.
A synopsis isn't about style or details, it's about supplying enough information for your audience to easily understand and categorize the work. A few brief examples might be permissible, but numerous examples, dialogues, or extensive quotations have no place in a synopsis. Do, however, keep your synopsis true to the plot and timeline of the original story.
The purpose of a synopsis for a work of nonfiction is to serve as a condensed version of an event, a controversy, a point of view, or background report. Your job as a writer is to include enough basic information so that a reader can easily identify what the story is about and understand its tone. While detailed information is important when telling the larger story, only the information crucial to comprehending the "who, what, when, where, and why" of an event, proposal, or argument is necessary for the synopsis.
Again, as with fiction, the tone and the eventual outcome of your story will also likely come into play in your summary. Choose your phrasing judiciously. Your goal is to use as a few words as possible to achieve maximum impact without leaving out so much information that your reader ends up confused.
Project synopsis format, what are some of the topics of project synopsis.
A Project Synopsis is the gist of a project plan. It mentions the aims, objectives, and other important details of the project. It is submitted to the competent authority for approval, ethical clearance, peer review, formal registration to universities to get an award or degree, or financial assistance from organizations. A project synopsis gives a panoramic view of the research work conducted for a quick analysis.
A Project Synopsis is an integral part of a thesis or research project. Several universities across the world have made it compulsory for postgraduate students to write a thesis as a part of their training. A project synopsis should be conducted to facilitate the reviewer to understand the project in a go. It should be precise and brief.
A Project Synopsis focuses on the summary of the entire project. The factors that affect the synopsis are style factors, improper investigation, incorrect information, etc. The benefits of Project Synopsis are better understanding, enhanced critical thinking, identification of knowledge gaps, etc. Such needs should be met to write a successful project synopsis. One should also follow a Project Synopsis Format.
A Project Synopsis should be written in the following format:
It is crucial to give a title that aligns with your project. Any reader or reviewer will eventually lose interest if the title does not justify the contents of a project. The title should not be too short or too long. It should adhere to the standard length of the title of a Project Synopsis. Make sure not to mention the name of your university or the number of cases, or any such irrelevant information in the title.
Do not skip writing a statement of the problem in clear and concise terms. Developing an understanding of the reader's problem at the beginning of the project synopsis helps the reader understand the research proposal. It also allows the reader to devise a hypothesis. Ensure that the problem is relevant to the present and mention the present status and relevance of the problem.
The hypothesis is not haphazard guesswork. It should display the experience, imagination, and knowledge of the researcher. The hypothesis is an explanation of the relationship between two or more variables which should be expressed in more than 200 words.
A project synopsis should have the aims and objectives of the concerned topic. There is no need to write a long list of objectives.
Literature Review makes the reader familiar with the research. It emphasizes on the research conducted by other researchers to help the reader comprehend the difficulties and anticipate additional problems. The literature review should be written within 300 words with proper references.
The research project comprises a research methodology. It should be written in 150-200 words. A research methodology should cover study settings, variables, data analysis, study design, sampling, controls, ethical clearance, references, study methods, etc.
Study design should incorporate community diagnosis, prospective study, animal studies, follow-up study, descriptive designs, retrospective study, etc.
Sampling means choosing a sample of apt size for conducting the study. The size of the sample depends on the study design. The study population can be a population of people, a population of recipients, or a population of cases. The sample size should be enough to give meaningful results. Systemic, simple, stratified, and cluster sampling are some of the methods of sampling. It should represent the population.
It is crucial Variables affect the outcome of a research project. Variables should be quantified using a measurable unit. The use of multiple variables in a research project helps in achieving the objectives. There are four major types of variables, namely dependent variable, independent variable, background variable, and intervening variable.
Data analysis is one of the most important aspects of a research project. It leads to results using statistical methods, data sorting methods, and computer programs.
Data Collection states how the data used in the research was collected. It includes logistic support, organizational setup, and training. It also mentions plans for collaboration or partnership with other organizations.
Ensure to give proper referencing and follow the referencing style recommended by your university. References and citations are an important part of any project.
So, these are some of the elements to keep to successfully create the project synopsis. All you have to do now is continue to work professionally as you did on the assignment. The project includes a synopsis as well as technical and professional work. Give a clear concept of what the project is about, and then wrap it off with a synopsis.
Without a synopsis, the project will have a non-professional feel to it, which you do not want. The project overview will aid you in determining the project's success or failure. It serves as a portal to the project's interior. So, only if everything is visible from the glass will the view captivate the readers.
Project Synopsis topics can be divided according to the subject. Some of the trending topics are:
Software Development
Human Resource Management
Electrical Engineering
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Nick is a multi-faceted individual with diverse interests. I love teaching young students through coaching or writing who always gathered praise for a sharp calculative mind. I own a positive outlook towards life and also give motivational speeches for young kids and college students.
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Implement a program of action designed to strengthen the monitoring, evaluation, and research capacity of community health and social service programs in Tanzania, focused on three priority areas: increased use of quality data to develop policies and guidelines and to promote advocacy for community health and social service programs; increased use of quality routine data at the local government, community and facility levels to improve program planning, budgeting, and implementation; and increased evidence base for community health and social services programs.
The principal investigator and other individuals who contribute to the scientific development or execution of a project in a substantial or meaningful way. (per NIH)
The entity or entities that have provided funding for this research.
We classify projects as on hold or ongoing. Ongoing projects are defined as projects where data collection or analysis is continuing.
If a project has a standing externally-facing website, it is listed here.
An online listing of the project's published works.
The overarching themes associated with each project.
Countries whose populations are the focus of a project or analysis.
Defined as a group whose members share a defining characteristic or experience at a point in time.
The date range over which a project received funding.
The parent project under which this project operates.
Data source.
Location where the project's published data can be requested.
Link to information about obtaining public-use source-code.
The date range through which the project ran.
Differences in the relative level of expression of homoeologs, known as homoeolog expression bias (HEB), are widely observed in allopolyploids. While the evolution of homoeolog expression bias through hybridisation has been characterised, on shorter timescales the extent to which homoeolog expression bias is preserved or altered between generations remains elusive.
Here we use biparental mapping populations of hexaploid wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) with a common Paragon parent to explore the inheritance of homoeolog expression bias in the F 5 generation.
We found that homoeolog expression bias is inherited for 26-27% of triads in both populations. Most triads (∼70%) conserved a similar homoeolog expression bias pattern as one or both parents. Inherited patterns were largely driven by changes in the expression of one homoeolog, allowing homoeolog expression bias in subsequent generations to match parental expression. Novel patterns of homoeolog expression bias occurred more frequently in the biparental population from a landrace x elite cross, than in the population with two elite parents.
These results demonstrate that there is significant reprogramming and stabilisation of homoeolog expression bias within a small number of generations that differs significantly based on the parental lines used in the crossing.
The authors have declared no competing interest.
↵ # School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Alte Akademie 8, 85354 Freising, Germany.
↵ § School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
Minor update to discussion to cite recent pre-print from Wang et al.
The data that supports the findings of this study are available in public repositories. Raw RNA-seq data can be obtained through BioProject ID PRJNA1128551 on the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. Scripts and intermediate data tables necessary to run them and create plots for figures are available on GitHub ( https://github.com/Borrill-Lab/Inheritance-of-HEB-in-wheat ) or figshare ( https://figshare.com/projects/Reprogramming_and_stabilisation_of_homoeolog_expression_bias_in_hexaploid_wheat_biparental_populations/214495 ) depending on their size.
View the discussion thread.
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A Notice by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality on 08/09/2024
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Supplementary information:, proposed project, nursing home survey on patient safety culture database, method of collection, estimated annual respondent burden, request for comments.
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Agency for healthcare research and quality.
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, HHS.
This notice announces the intention of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to request that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approve the extension without change of the information collection project “Nursing Home Survey on Patient Safety Culture Database,” OMB No. 0935-0195.
Comments on this notice must be received by October 8, 2024.
Written comments should be submitted to: Doris Lefkowitz, Reports Clearance Officer, AHRQ, by email at [email protected] .
Copies of the proposed collection plans, data collection instruments, and specific details on the estimated burden can be obtained from the AHRQ Reports Clearance Officer.
Doris Lefkowitz, AHRQ Reports Clearance Officer, (301) 427-1477, or by email at [email protected] .
In 1999, the Institute of Medicine called for healthcare organizations to develop a safer health system. To respond to the need for tools to assess patient safety culture in healthcare, AHRQ developed and pilot tested the Surveys on Patient Safety Culture® (SOPS®) Nursing Home Survey with OMB approval (OMB No. 0935-0132). The survey is designed to enable nursing homes to assess provider and staff perspectives about patient safety issues, medical error, and error reporting. AHRQ made the survey publicly available along with a Survey User's Guide and other toolkit materials in November 2008 on the AHRQ website.
The AHRQ SOPS Nursing Home Database consists of data from the AHRQ Nursing Home Survey on Patient Safety Culture and may include reportable, non-required supplemental items. Nursing homes in the U.S. can voluntarily submit data from the survey to AHRQ through its contractor, Westat. The SOPS Nursing Home Database was developed by AHRQ in 2011 in response to requests from nursing homes interested in viewing their organizations' patient safety culture survey results. Organizations submitting data receive a feedback report, as well as a report on the aggregated, de-identified findings of the other nursing homes submitting data. These reports are used to assist nursing home staff in their efforts to improve patient safety culture in their organizations.
Rationale for the information collection. The SOPS Nursing Home Survey and SOPS Nursing Home Database support AHRQ's goals of promoting improvements in the quality and safety of healthcare in nursing home settings. The survey, toolkit materials, and database results are all made publicly available on AHRQ's website. Technical assistance is provided by AHRQ through its contractor at no charge to nursing homes, to facilitate the use of these materials for nursing home patient safety and quality improvement.
This research has the following goals:
This study is being conducted by AHRQ through its contractor, Westat, pursuant to AHRQ's statutory authority to conduct and support research on health care and on systems for the delivery of such care, including activities with respect to the quality, effectiveness, efficiency, appropriateness and value of healthcare services; quality measurement and improvement; and database development. 42 U.S.C 299a(a)(1) , (2), and (8).
To achieve the goal of this project the following activities and data collections will be implemented:
(1) Eligibility and Registration Form—The nursing home (or parent organization) point-of-contact (POC) completes a number of data submission steps and forms, beginning with the completion of an online Eligibility and Registration Form. The purpose of this form is to collect basic demographic information about the nursing home and initiate the registration process.
(2) Nursing Home Site Information—The purpose of the site information form, completed by the nursing home POC, is to collect background characteristics of the nursing home. This information will be used to analyze data collected with the SOPS Nursing Home Survey.
(3) Data Use Agreement—The purpose of the data use agreement, completed by the nursing home POC, is to state how data submitted by nursing homes will be used and provides confidentiality assurances.
(4) Data File(s) Submission—POCs upload their data file(s) using the data file specifications, to ensure that users submit their data in a standardized way ( e.g., variable names, order, coding, formatting). The number of submissions to the database is likely to vary from submission period to submission period because nursing homes do not administer the survey and submit data every database year. Data submission is typically handled by one POC who is either a corporate level healthcare manager for a Quality Improvement Organization (QIO), a survey vendor who contracts with a nursing home to collect their data, or a nursing home Director of Nursing or nurse manager. POCs submit data on behalf of 1 nursing home, on average, because many nursing homes are part of a QIO or larger nursing home or health system that includes many nursing home sites, or the POC is a vendor that is submitting data for multiple nursing homes.
Exhibit 1 shows the estimated annualized burden hours for the respondents' time to participate in the database. An estimated 50 POCs, each representing an average of 1 individual nursing home each, will complete the database submission steps and forms. Each POC will submit the following:
1. Eligibility and registration form (completion is estimated to take about 3 minutes).
2. Data Use Agreement (completion is estimated to take about 3 minutes).
3. Nursing Home Site Information Form (completion is estimated to take about 5 minutes).
4. Survey data submission will take an average of one hour.
The total annual burden hours are estimated to be 61 hours.
Exhibit 2 shows the estimated annualized cost burden based on the respondents' time to submit their data. The cost burden is estimated to be $3,853 annually.
Form name | Number of respondents/ POCs | Number of responses per POC | Hours per response | Total burden hours |
---|---|---|---|---|
1. Eligibility/Registration Form | 50 | 1 | 3/60 | 3 |
2. Data Use Agreement | 50 | 1 | 3/60 | 3 |
3. Nursing Home Site Information Form | 50 | 1 | 5/60 | 5 |
4. Data Files Submission | 50 | 1 | 1 | 50 |
Total | NA | NA | NA | 61 |
Form name | Total burden hours | Average hourly wage rate * | Total cost burden |
---|---|---|---|
1. Eligibility/Registration Forms | 3 | $64.64 | $194 |
2. Data Use Agreement | 3 | 64.64 | 194 |
3. Nursing Home Site Information Form | 5 | 64.64 | 233 |
4. Data Files Submission | 50 | 64.64 | 3,232 |
Total | 61 | NA | 3,853 |
* Mean hourly wage rate of $64.64 for Medical and Health Services Managers (SOC code 11-9111) was obtained from the May 2023 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates, NAICS 623000—Nursing and Residential Care Facilities located at . |
In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501-3520 , comments on AHRQ's information collection are requested with regard to any of the following: (a) whether the proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper performance of AHRQ's health care research and health care information dissemination functions, including whether the information will have practical utility; (b) the accuracy of AHRQ's estimate of burden (including hours and costs) of the proposed collection(s) of information; (c) ways to enhance the quality, utility and clarity of the information to be collected; and (d) ways to minimize the burden of the collection of information upon the respondents, including the use of automated collection techniques or other forms of information technology.
Comments submitted in response to this notice will be summarized and included in the Agency's subsequent request for OMB approval of the proposed information collection. All comments will become a matter of public record.
Mamatha Pancholi,
Deputy Director.
[ FR Doc. 2024-17737 Filed 8-8-24; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4160-90-P
Information.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
A research synopsis describes the plan for your research project and is typically submitted to professors or department heads so they can approve your project. Most synopses are between 3,000 and 4,000 words and provide your research objectives and methods.
Introduction: Writing a research project synopsis or protocol is a crucial step in initiating any research endeavor. It serves as a blueprint that outlines the objectives, methods and anticipated ...
A research summary is a brief and concise overview of a research project or study that highlights its key findings, main points, and conclusions. It typically includes a description of the research problem, the research methods used, the results obtained, and the implications or significance of the findings. It is often used as a tool to quickly communicate the main findings of a study to ...
A synopsis is a snapshot of your research project. It encapsulates the essence of your study, providing a glimpse into your research question, objectives, methods, and expected outcomes.
A synopsis is a brief summary of your research project, highlighting the main purpose, research methods, findings, and significance of your work.
Synopsis is a outline or summary of your research work to be conducted and this is the first stage of your research where you can start your research.
The research synopsis is the plan for your research project. It provides the rationale for the research, the research objectives, the proposed methods for data collection and recording formats and/or questionnaires and interview guides. The synopsis is based on the information provided by the supervisor(s) and by secondary sources of information.
A synopsis is a structured outline of a research thesis and the steps followed to answer the research question. The goal of writing a synopsis is to clearly and thoroughly explain the need to investigate a certain problem using particular practical methods to conduct the study. One of the main components of this written work is an extensive literature review containing strong evidence that the ...
PDF | Guidelines I have written for students following my course on research planning at the University of Copenhagen, Useful for starting researchers | Find, read and cite all the research you ...
A well curated research summary represents you and your skills as knowledgeable about the information written in the research paper. To generate a concise, accurate, and a good research summary, you must stay attentive to the goals and purpose of a research summary.
A synopsis is a brief summary which gives readers an overview of the main points. In an academic context, this is usually a summary of a text (a journal article, book, report etc) but in some instances you might be writing a synopsis of a talk, film or other form of presentation. A synopsis is a neutral summary, objectively capturing the main ...
Lesson 4: Synopsis In order to clarify your thoughts about the purpose of your thesis and how you plan to reach your research goals, you should prepare a synopsis. A synopsis is a short, systematic outline of your proposed thesis, made in preparation for your first meeting with your supervisor. It serves to ensure that your supervisor gets a clear picture of your proposed project and allows ...
Synopsis of research, the synopsis of a novel, and the synopsis of a movie etc. are summaries or outlines of researcher's work. It is always good to write these outlines in advance, but many writers develop synopsis in the end. Proposals on the other hand, has both summary and feasibility. It is better to use the word outlines instead of ...
Writing a Synopsis requires research and understanding of the project you have chosen for your thesis. It can be broken down into following steps.
Synopsis is the gist of your planned project submitted for approval from competent authorities. It gives a panoramic view of your research for quick analysis by the reviewers. Thus, a protocol or a synopsis forms an integral part of a research project or a thesis.
The Synopsis is mainly the gist of your already planned research project submitted for approval from higher authorities.
The synopsis for a thesis is basically the plan for a research project, typically done when pursuing a doctorate. It outlines the focus areas and key components of the research in order to obtain approval for the research. Here is a listing of the sections that typically are a part of the synopsis. Do check with your guide/supervisor for those ...
The Research Summary is used to report facts about a study clearly. You will almost certainly be required to prepare a research summary during your academic research or while on a research project for your organization. If it is the first time you have to write one, the writing requirements may confuse you.
A synopsis for thesis can be a shorter version of your document that's designed to give readers an overview of your ideas and conclusions. A research proposal is a formal document that outlines the scope and direction of an academic study or research project.
The process of writing an outstanding synopsis for your thesis project is essential as it serves as a concise overview of your Research Proposal Format For Ph.D., highlighting its significance and ...
What a Synopsis Is Forget about how to write a synopsis. First, you need to know what a synopsis is! Put simply, a synopsis is a detailed summary of all the important aspects of a book, project, or study. There are different types of synopses, but a book synopsis briefly explains the key points from the plot as well as things like setting, characters, tone, and any important themes.
Whether for a thesis, a film, a novel, or a news event, a clear-cut synopsis that covers the major points lets readers know what your work is about.
A Project Synopsis is an integral part of a thesis or research project. Several universities across the world have made it compulsory for postgraduate students to write a thesis as a part of their training. A project synopsis should be conducted to facilitate the reviewer to understand the project in a go. It should be precise and brief.
Project 2025 proposes that the entire federal bureaucracy, including independent agencies such as the Department of Justice, be placed under direct presidential control - a controversial idea ...
The company attributes the decrease in revenue to the completion of its legacy infrastructure project in India and some white-label project in the U.S., both of which comprised approximately 50% ...
Summary. Implement a program of action designed to strengthen the monitoring, evaluation, and research capacity of community health and social service programs in Tanzania, focused on three priority areas: increased use of quality data to develop policies and guidelines and to promote advocacy for community health and social service programs; increased use of quality routine data at the local ...
Summary. Differences in the relative level of expression of homoeologs, known as homoeolog expression bias (HEB), are widely observed in allopolyploids.
SUMMARY: This notice announces the intention of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) to request that the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) approve the extension without change of the information collection project "Nursing Home Survey on Patient Safety Culture Database," OMB No. 0935-0195. DATES:
Akamai researcher Tomer Peled discovered a design flaw in Kubernetes' sidecar project git-sync that allows for command injection.