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The contribution of the informal economy to urban sustainability – case study of waste management in Tepito, Mexico City

This thesis explores the role of the informal economy in urban environmental management. Cities’ relation with the environment is mediated by the urban infrastructure, which provides services such as transport or waste management. Beyond the implementation of plans by local governments, the daily operation of such infrastructure is also the result of informal work. Yet, little is known about the nature and impacts of informal work in urban service provision. This thesis tackles this research gap by documenting the everyday operation of domestic waste collection and management in a neighbourhood of Mexico City. The aim of this research is twofold. Firstly, it aims to critically analyse the concept of “informality” in the case of urban waste management, and to document how informality operates in that context. Secondly, it assesses the contribution of the informal economy to the waste management system, by contrasting it to the key components of urban sustainability. The research presents primary data collected through qualitative fieldwork. Using an urban metabolism framework, it documents waste flows through the urban infrastructure, identifying the role of formal and informal waste handlers along the way. In parallel, it explores the normative discourses of informality that are mobilised in the production of Mexico City’s urban sustainability policies. The thesis argues that it is necessary to re-consider the role of informal workers in urban sustainability. In Mexico City, informal and formal waste workers’ relationship is symbiotic. Formal waste collection services are sustained by informal work and cash flows. In parallel, informal waste handlers provide the main input (recyclable materials) to the formal recycling industry – this is achieved through the reliance on local solidarity networks and techniques of experimentation and innovation which are characteristic of the informal economy. The informal economy appears to contribute positively to the environmental and social components of urban sustainability. Yet, informal workers are not recognised as legitimate actors in policy making. Instead, the concept of informality is mobilised by civil servants to exclude informal workers from the policy process. This challenges the potential for inclusive governance, a key component of urban sustainability.

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Drowning in Waste – Case Mexico City, Mexico

Mexico City, is the capital of Mexico and the most populous city in North America. Mexico City is one of the most important cultural and financial centers in the Americas. It is located in the Valley of Mexico, a large valley in the high plateaus in the center of Mexico, at an altitude of 2,240 meters. The city has a population of approximately nine million people on a land area of 1,485 square kilometers. The population of Greater Mexico City is 21.3 million, which makes it the largest metropolitan area of the Western Hemisphere and the largest Spanish-speaking city in the world.

Mexico City is both the oldest capital city in the Americas and one of two founded by Native Americans, the other being Quito, Ecuador. The city was originally built on an island of Lake Texcoco by the Aztecs in 1325 as Tenochtitlan, which was almost completely destroyed in the 1521 siege of Tenochtitlan and subsequently redesigned and rebuilt in accordance with the Spanish urban standards. In 1524, the municipality of Mexico City was established, known as México Tenochtitlán, and as of 1585, it was officially known as Ciudad de México (Mexico City). Mexico City was the political, administrative, and financial center of a major part of the Spanish colonial empire and became the capital of Mexico after independence from Spain in 1821.

Mexico City ranks as the second biggest producer of waste among the world’s megacities, behind New York City, generating 20,000 tons of garbage every day, enough to fill the Azteca Stadium, the largest in the country weekly. Half of this waste is produced at homes and almost 90% ends up in landfills, severely impacting the health of the people and the environment in the city and the region. Landfills also emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas, accounting for 10% of global emissions. Waste collection is a system that emits a lot of greenhouse gases by itself: 2,400 diesel-powered garbage trucks circulate the city every day, each collecting four tons of waste daily. The vehicle fleet is inefficient and obsolete; 70% are more than 15 years old.

The “official” system relies on some 10,000 “volunteers”, who receive tips from people to take their garbage away and who sell the recyclables they pick out of the waste. Thousands of waste-pickers, known as pepenadores, make a living from picking through the waste in the city.

Mexico City is making an effort to recycle more. To that end, it closed its biggest landfill site, Bordo Poniente, in 2011. But doing so caused chaos, with waste piling up at illegal dump sites and on the streets, revealing the extent of disorganization within the current waste system. Only one in 20 citizens currently separates their waste, with only 300 tons being recycled daily. As much as 43% of waste is organic, contaminating the rest of the waste and emitting more methane as it decomposes. Despite a new waste separation law, and fresh investment in new waste management infrastructure, household behavior around recycling and reusing still lags behind. As a result, a lot of poorly sorted, underutilized and excessive waste remains.

WOIMA has the perfect solution to resolve the Mexico City waste challenge. We have developed a decentralized waste management and power generation solution named “ WOIMA Ecosystem ” that helps countries and cities to cope with the increasing waste challenges that they are facing. WOIMA Ecosystem recycles the waste into raw materials and energy in the most efficient manner reducing the waste quantity by over 95%. The small-to-medium size WOIMA Ecosystems are distributed close to where the waste is generated, thus offering significant waste logistics and power distribution savings in addition to solving the waste problem.

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Mexico City Cleans Up Act With $200 Million for Zero Waste

This article first appeared on the  BNEF mobile app  and the  Bloomberg Terminal .

• Public funds, private partnerships to up recycling capacity
• Plans include plastics ban by 2021, zero waste by 2030

Mexico City has committed close to $200 million in public funds to be spent on recycling infrastructure by 2024. The Mexican capital also plans to co-finance additional infrastructure through public-private partnerships.

Mexico City published its “Zero Waste” strategy earlier this year. By 2024, the City aims to triple the amount of recycled waste – including construction and demolition waste – and reduce waste going to landfills by 70%.

The city has also recently approved a ban on single-use plastics, due to be implemented by 2021. It expects these measures to result in a 70% decrease in waste-related greenhouse gas emissions.

This ambitious plan is in line with policies in high-income regions, such as the European Union, and shows that emerging markets see the benefit in achieving a circular economy.

Clients can find the entire report ‘Circular Economy: Global Policy Trends’ on The Terminal or on web . 

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5 Promising Waste Management Case Studies

By Madeleine Somerville

Two years ago I moved to Edmonton, Canada. Edmonton is the capital of the province of Alberta and, accurate or not, has a reputation for being cold and bleak, a city filled with oilfield workers, its coffers filled from deep oil wells. It was an abrupt change from the lush BC town I had lived in for ten years and the adjustment came with more than a bit of homesickness on my part. My older brother is (inexplicably) a lifelong Edmonton-lover and I remember vividly the day he embarked on a one-man Edmonton tourism campaign, determined to win me over to this city. One of the first things he mentioned was how Edmonton was considered a national leader in waste management, and initially I laughed. This ? This was his biggest boast? Waste management?

When I stopped laughing, though, I did some research. Turns out he’s right. Edmonton diverts 60% of waste from its landfills, recycles more than 1000 cubic tonnes of e-waste each and every month and even washes and re-uses 98% of the sand it uses on icy roads during its prolonged winter, saving the city $4.5 million.

It got me thinking, and trust me, waste management is not something I spend a great deal of time thinking about. But once you get into it, it’s actually kind of fascinating. (Really.) Most of us forget about where our waste goes the second the trash bag hits the curb but I think it’s about time someone shone a spotlight on this neglected topic.

Waste management around the globe

I’ve gathered together a list of fascinating, innovative and eco-friendly waste management strategies being taken on by cities all over the globe. It’s amazing to see how each city adapts its strengths to tackle this issue. Check it out.

Mexico City, Mexico

The Bordo Poniente dump , just outside Mexico City, used to be one of the world’s largest landfill sites, covering 370 hectares and containing 70 million tons of garbage. It was closed in 2011 and the city committed to a full, environmentally-appropriate landfill site closure process. In the years leading up to its closure, the city implemented comprehensive collection programs for recycling and organic waste in order to drastically reduce the need for new landfill space.  Since being shut down, the Bordo Poniente landfill has been putting the off-gassing from that 70 million tons of garbage to good use, by building a biogas electricity plant.  Experts estimate that the city will be able to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 1.4 to 2 million tonnes during the first year of biogas utilization alone.

Edinburgh, Scotland

The City of Edinburgh , Scotland, is committing to a zero-waste strategy of waste management, pledging to divert all but 5% of landfill waste to recycling or composting facilities. In order to do so, the city is building two new facilities, an anaerobic digestion plant to produce energy from food waste, and a combined heat and power plant to recover energy from residual waste.

Washington, D.C.

In 2014, Washington, D.C. unanimously passed a bill banning the use of styrofoam containers for food establishments, mandating that all takeout containers be recyclable or disposable. This was part of the city’s waste modernization bill  which also contains a goal of diverting 80% of their total landfill waste to reuse, recycling, or composting.

In India, engineers are adopting a method of taking plastic garbage —  the kind that litters the country, chip bags, chocolate bar wrappers, plastic bags, bottles, lids, etc.  —  and shredding them to be added as a substitute for bitumen in road construction. This method takes a waste product (of which there seems to be a never-ending supply) and reinvents it as a useful substitute in construction. And, it is simple and cost-effective to boot!

New York, New York

With a population of over 8 million, waste management in New York City has been a struggle for many years but they’ve jumped aboard the zero waste game plan with ambitious goals. According to their waste management report, “New York City’s Solid Waste Management Plan expects to reduce annual greenhouse gas emissions by 34,000 tons while diverting 2,000 tons of waste per day from land-based solid waste transfer stations in Brooklyn and Queens to marine transfer stations.” This reduction in waste, alongside the emissions reduction plan, represents an immensely positive change in the city that never sleeps.

Growing pains

If you do a little digging, you’ll find cities in every country in the world working toward diverting 50, 60, 80 or even 95% of their waste by using more sustainable options like recycling or composting. They’re achieving this goal through innovation, cooperation, and by drastically re-imagining the way we view our world.

One aspect of zero waste that jumped out at me while researching these cities was that each one experienced growing pains.  At no time was the transition seamless, as is to be expected when you’re engaging the cooperation of potentially millions of people toward a common goal.  Each city developed plans, implemented them, received feedback (sometimes frustrated, angry feedback) and then fine-tuned their processes until they began running smoothly. This is, I find, how it works on a personal level, too.  Environmental change is not a one-and-done flick of the switch, it’s a process.  Ever-evolving, ever-shifting, dynamic and responsive.

The goal of zero waste seems lofty, but as these cities prove, we are getting closer and closer to it every single day. We’ve seen before that it can be possible on an individual level (as proved by Bea Johnson , Lauren Singer and the like) and a commercial level, too (this zero-waste newspaper facility , for example).

So if they can do it, why  not municipalities, too?

Feature image credit: Lightspring / Shutterstock

Madeleine Somerville is the author of All You Need Is Less: An Eco-Friendly Guide to Guilt-Free Green Living and Stress-Free Simplicity . She is a writer, wannabe hippie and lover of soft cheeses. She lives in Edmonton, Canada, with her daughter. You can also find Madeleine at her blog, Sweet Madeleine .

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Sustainable Waste Management In Indore: A Case Study

Indore, a fast-growing city in India, has emerged as a model for sustainable waste management practices. Over the past few years, Indore has consistently ranked as the cleanest city in India, thanks to the efficient waste management system put in place by the municipal corporation. 

This case study explores the background, challenges faced, solutions implemented, and key learnings from Indore’s successful waste management system.

Indore, with a population of over 3.2 million people, generates around 1,100 metric tons of waste daily. Prior to 2016, the city struggled with waste management, leading to unhygienic conditions, increased pollution, and negative impacts on public health. 

However, the launch of the Swachh Bharat (Clean India) campaign in 2014 led the Indore Municipal Corporation (IMC) to undertake a comprehensive transformation of its waste management system. This involved an overhaul of existing infrastructure, policies, and community engagement initiatives to create a more efficient and environmentally friendly waste management system.

Challenges faced:

Lack of waste segregation at the source:  

Indore faced issues with mixed waste, which hindered the recycling and disposal process. Unsegregated waste resulted in inefficient waste collection and processing, causing further strain on the waste management system.

Inefficient waste collection and transportation system: 

With limited resources and vehicles, the city’s waste collection and transportation system could not keep up with the growing population and waste generation.

Open dumping and burning of waste: The absence of adequate waste processing facilities led to the practice of open dumping and burning of waste, which contributed to air and land pollution.

Inadequate public awareness and participation: 

Citizens were not fully aware of the importance of waste segregation, recycling, and proper disposal, resulting in low participation rates and disregard for waste management rules.

Limited infrastructure for waste processing and disposal: 

The city’s waste processing and disposal infrastructure was unable to cope with the increasing waste generation, leading to unmanaged landfills and environmental degradation.

Solutions implemented:

Segregation at the source: 

The IMC implemented a mandatory waste segregation policy, requiring households to separate waste into wet (biodegradable) and dry (recyclable) categories. This allowed for more efficient waste collection and processing, as well as increased recycling rates.

Door-to-door waste collection: 

A fleet of over 600 GPS-enabled vehicles were deployed to collect segregated waste daily from all households and commercial establishments. This ensured timely and efficient waste collection, preventing littering and illegal dumping.

Waste processing and disposal: The city established a state-of-the-art waste processing facility capable of handling 1,000 metric tons of waste daily, including a 15 MW waste-to-energy plant and a 200 TPD (tons per day) composting plant. These facilities enabled the city to process and dispose of waste more effectively, reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal.

Public awareness and participation: 

The IMC launched numerous awareness campaigns, involving local celebrities, schools, and religious institutions, to educate the public on the importance of waste segregation and cleanliness. This resulted in increased community involvement and support for the waste management program.

Strict monitoring and enforcement: 

Regular inspections, fines, and incentives were introduced to ensure compliance with waste management rules. This helped maintain the cleanliness of the city and encouraged citizens to adhere to waste segregation and disposal guidelines.

Results achieved:

Waste segregation: 

Over 90% of households in Indore now segregate their waste, significantly improving the efficiency of waste collection and processing, and reducing the burden on landfills.

Waste processing: 

The city’s waste processing facility successfully manages 1,000 metric tons of waste daily, with a 95% waste recovery rate. This has led to a substantial reduction in landfill usage and has minimized the environmental impact of waste disposal.

Cleanliness: 

Indore has consistently ranked as the cleanest city in India in the annual Swachh Survekshan survey since 2017. This highlights the success of the city’s waste management system and the active participation of its residents in maintaining cleanliness.

Health and environment: 

Cases of vector-borne diseases have dropped by 60% since the implementation of the waste management system, and air quality has improved due to reduced open burning of waste. This has led to a healthier environment and improved overall quality of life for Indore’s residents.

Key learnings:

Political will and administrative commitment are crucial for the successful implementation of waste management systems. Indore’s transformation was made possible by strong leadership and a dedicated municipal corporation committed to addressing the city’s waste management challenges.

Public awareness and participation play a significant role in ensuring the success of waste management initiatives. By actively involving the community and raising awareness about the importance of waste segregation and proper disposal, Indore was able to achieve a high level of public participation and support.

Strict monitoring and enforcement mechanisms help ensure compliance with waste management rules and regulations. Indore’s approach to enforcing waste segregation and disposal guidelines, combined with regular inspections and penalties, proved to be effective in maintaining the city’s cleanliness.

Investing in modern waste processing infrastructure can significantly improve the efficiency of waste management systems and reduce environmental impact. Indore’s investment in a state-of-the-art waste processing facility allowed the city to process and dispose of waste more effectively, leading to a substantial reduction in landfill usage and associated environmental issues.

Indore’s transformation into a clean, sustainable city serves as an inspiring example for other urban centers in India and around the world. 

By adopting a comprehensive, integrated approach to waste management, Indore has successfully addressed its waste management challenges and set a benchmark for sustainable urban living. 

The city’s experience provides valuable insights and lessons for other municipalities looking to improve their waste management systems and promote environmental sustainability.

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Earthquake Waste Management, Is It Possible in Developing Countries? Case Study: 2017 Mexico City Seism

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After a seism, sanitation is an issue that requires immediate attention at different levels, with the aim of minimizing the latent risks to the public health. The aim of this study is to develop a methodological framework proposal to analyze the possibility of earthquake waste management, considering technical aspects and legal frameworks after an earthquake in a developing country. The implementation case study, the 2017 Mexico City earthquake, has presented data collection of the types of waste and quantities carried out in the field, as well as from government reports and calculations; furthermore, a study was developed to analyze the capacity installed to earthquake waste management, by means of interviews conducted in the field due to the lack of public and congruent institutional information. Finally, an analysis was conducted of the current legal framework and public policy of disaster waste management. In this sense, earthquake rubble totaled 344,211.3 tons and the estimated...

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