thesis synopsis template

How to Write a Great Synopsis for Thesis

A synopsis is a structured outline of a research thesis and the steps followed to answer the research question. The goal of writing a synopsis is to clearly and thoroughly explain the need to investigate a certain problem using particular practical methods to conduct the study. One of the main components of this written work is an extensive literature review containing strong evidence that the proposed research is feasible.

Establishing the Background

A supervisor may ask you to write a synopsis for one or more reasons:

• to help you improve your critical thinking and writing skills
• to help you understand how to design a comprehensive synopsis
• to encourage you to write a comprehensive literature review to make sure that the research problem has not been answered yet
• to make you conduct a logical analysis of the steps that should be followed to meet the objectives of the research

A synopsis should be coherent in terms of research design. Thus, you should ensure that the research problem, aims, and research methods are logically linked and well-considered. Note that all synopses should contain answers for several crucial questions:

• Why should research on the proposed problem be undertaken?
• What is expected to be achieved?
• What has been done by other researchers on the proposed topic?
• How will the objectives of the study be achieved?

The Writing Process

Before proceeding, consider answering the following questions:

• Why am I going to study this topic?
• Why do I consider it to be important?
• Have I conducted an extensive literature review on the topic?
• What problem will the research help to solve?
• How do I incorporate previous studies on the topic?

The structure of a synopsis should correspond to the structure of qualifying research work, and the word count should be 2,500–3,000 words (Balu 38). The basic elements of a synopsis include a title page, contents page, an introduction, background, literature review, objectives, methods, experiments and results, conclusions, and references.

Introduction

As this comprises the first part of the main text, the introduction should convince readers that the study addresses a relevant topic and that the expected outcomes will provide important insights. Also, this section should include a brief description of the methods that will be used to answer the research question. Usually, the introduction is written in 1–3 paragraphs and answers the following questions:

• What is the topic of the research?
• What is the research problem that needs to be meaningfully understood or investigated?
• Why is the problem important?
• How will the problem be studied?

In this section, you should set the scene and better introduce the research topic by proving its scientific legitimacy and relevance. It is important to establish a clear focus and avoid broad generalizations and vague statements. If necessary, you may explain key concepts or terms. Consider covering the following points in this section:

• Discuss how the research will contribute to the existing scientific knowledge.
• Provide a detailed description of the research problem and purpose of the research.
• Provide a rationale for the study.
• Explain how the research question will be answered.
• Be sure to discuss the methods chosen and anticipated implications of the research.

Literature Review

A review of existing literature is an important part of a synopsis, as it:

• gives a more detailed look at scientific information related to the topic
• familiarizes readers with research conducted by others on a similar subject
• gives insight into the difficulties faced by other researchers
• helps identify variables for the research based on similar studies
• helps double-check the feasibility of the research problem.

When writing the literature review, do not simply present a list of methods researchers have used and conclusions they have drawn. It is important to compare and contrast different opinions and be unafraid to criticize some of them. Pay attention to controversial issues and divergent approaches used to address similar problems. You may discuss which arguments are more persuasive and which methods and techniques seem to be more valid and reliable. In this section, you are expected not to summarize but analyze the previous research while remembering to link it to your own purpose.

Identify the objectives of the research based on the literature review. Provide an overall objective related to the scientific contribution of the study to the subject area. Also include a specific objective that can be measured at the end of the research.

When writing this section, consider that the aim of the research is to produce new knowledge regarding the topic chosen. Therefore, the research methodology forms the core of your project, and your goal is to convince readers that the research design and methods chosen will rationally answer the research questions and provide effective tools to interpret the results correctly. It may be appropriate to incorporate some examples from your literature review into the description of the overall research design.

When describing the research methodology, ensure that you specify the approaches and techniques that will be used to answer the research question. In addition, be specific about applying the chosen methods and what you expect to achieve. Keep in mind that the methods section allows readers to evaluate the validity and feasibility of the study. Therefore, be sure to explain your decision to adopt specific methods and procedures. It is also important to discuss the anticipated barriers and limitations of the study and how they will be addressed. Specify what kind of contribution to the existing knowledge on the topic is expected, and discuss any ethical considerations that are relevant to the research.

Experiments and Results

Logically present and analyze the results of the study using tables or figures.

In this section, you should again state the significance of the research and summarize the study. Be sure to mention the study objectives and methods used to answer the research questions. Also, discuss how the results of the study contribute to the current knowledge on the problem.

A synopsis should contain a list of all references used. Make sure the references are formatted according to the chosen citation style and each source presented in this section is mentioned within the body of the synopsis.

The purpose of writing a synopsis is to show a supervisor a clear picture of a proposed project and allow him or her to find any gaps that have not been considered previously. A concisely written synopsis will help you gain approval to proceed with the actual research. While no rigid rules for writing this type of paper have been established, a synopsis should be constructed in a manner to help a supervisor understand the proposed research at first glance.

Balu, R. “Writing a Good Ph.D Research Synopsis.” International Journal of Research in Science and Technology, vol. 5, no. 4, 2015, pp. 38–48.

Unfortunately, your browser is too old to work on this site.

For full functionality of this site it is necessary to enable JavaScript.

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• This Or That Game New
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Education and Communications
• College University and Postgraduate
• Academic Writing
• Research Papers

How to Write a Research Synopsis: Template, Examples, & More

Last Updated: February 12, 2024 Fact Checked

Research Synopsis Template

• Organizing & Formatting
• Writing Your Synopsis
• Reviewing & Editing

This article was reviewed by Gerald Posner and by wikiHow staff writer, Raven Minyard, BA . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 226,460 times.

A research synopsis describes the plan for your research project and is typically submitted to professors or department heads so they can approve your project. Most synopses are between 3,000 and 4,000 words and provide your research objectives and methods. While the specific types of information you need to include in your synopsis may vary depending on your department guidelines, most synopses include the same basic sections. In this article, we’ll walk you step-by-step through everything you need to know to write a synopsis for research.

Things You Should Know

• Begin your research synopsis by introducing the question your research will answer and its importance to your field.
• List 2 or 3 specific objectives you hope to achieve and how they will advance your field.
• Discuss your methodology to demonstrate why the study design you chose is appropriate for your research question.

Organizing Your Research Synopsis

• Find out what citation format you’re supposed to use, as well as whether you’re expected to use parenthetical references or footnotes in the body of your synopsis.
• If you have questions about anything in your guidelines, ask your instructor or advisor to ensure you follow them correctly.

• Title: the title of your study
• Abstract: a summary of your research synopsis
• Introduction: identifies and describes your research question
• Literature Review: a review of existing relevant research
• Objectives: goals you hope to accomplish through your study
• Hypotheses: results you expect to find through your research
• Methodology and methods: explains the methods you’ll use to complete your study
• References: a list of any references used in citations

Tip: Your synopsis might have additional sections, depending on your discipline and the type of research you're conducting. Talk to your instructor or advisor about which sections are required for your department.

• Keep in mind that you might not end up using all the sources you initially found. After you've finished your synopsis, go back and delete the ones you didn't use.

Writing Your Research Synopsis

• Your title should be a brief and specific reflection of the main objectives of your study. In general, it should be under 50 words and should avoid unneeded phrases like “an investigation into.”
• On the other hand, avoid a title that’s too short, as well. For example, a title like “A Study of Urban Heating” is too short and doesn’t provide any insight into the specifics of your research.

• The introduction allows you to explain to your reader exactly why the question you’re trying to answer is vital and how your knowledge and experience make you the best researcher to tackle it.
• Support most of the statements in your introduction with other studies in the area that support the importance of your question. For example, you might cite a previous study that mentions your problem as an area where further research needs to be done.
• The length of your introduction will vary depending on the overall length of your synopsis as well as the ultimate length of your eventual paper after you’ve finished your research. Generally, it will cover the first page or two of your synopsis.

• For example, try finding relevant literature through educational journals or bulletins from organizations like WHO and CDC.
• Typically, a thorough literature review discusses 8 to 10 previous studies related to your research problem.
• As with the introduction, the length of your literature review will vary depending on the overall length of your synopsis. Generally, it will be about the same length as your introduction.
• Try to use the most current research available and avoid sources over 5 years old.

• For example, an objective for research on urban heating could be “to compare urban heat modification caused by vegetation of mixed species considering the 5 most common urban trees in an area.”
• Generally, the overall objective doesn’t relate to solving a specific problem or answering a specific question. Rather, it describes how your particular project will advance your field.
• For specific objectives, think in terms of action verbs like “quantify” or “compare.” Here, you’re hoping to gain a better understanding of associations between particular variables.

• Specify the sources you used and the reasons you have arrived at your hypotheses. Typically, these will come from prior studies that have shown similar relationships.
• For example, suppose a prior study showed that children who were home-schooled were less likely to be in fraternities or sororities in college. You might use that study to back up a hypothesis that home-schooled children are more independent and less likely to need strong friendship support networks.

• Expect your methodology to be at least as long as either your introduction or your literature review, if not longer. Include enough detail that your reader can fully understand how you’re going to carry out your study.
• This section of your synopsis may include information about how you plan to collect and analyze your data, the overall design of your study, and your sampling methods, if necessary. Include information about the study setting, like the facilities and equipment that are available to you to carry out your study.
• For example, your research work may take place in a hospital, and you may use cluster sampling to gather data.

• Use between 100 and 200 words to give your readers a basic understanding of your research project.
• Include a clear statement of the problem, the main goals or objectives of your study, the theories or conceptual framework your research relies upon, and the methods you’ll use to reach your goals or objectives.

Tip: Jot down a few notes as you draft your other sections that you can compile for your abstract to keep your writing more efficient.

Reviewing and Editing Your Research Synopsis

• If you don’t have that kind of time because you’re up against a deadline, at least take a few hours away from your synopsis before you go back to edit it. Do something entirely unrelated to your research, like taking a walk or going to a movie.

• Eliminate sentences that don’t add any new information. Even the longest synopsis is a brief document—make sure every word needs to be there and counts for something.
• Get rid of jargon and terms of art in your field that could be better explained in plain language. Even though your likely readers are people who are well-versed in your field, providing plain language descriptions shows you know what you’re talking about. Using jargon can seem like you’re trying to sound like you know more than you actually do.

Tip: Free apps, such as Grammarly and Hemingway App, can help you identify grammatical errors as well as areas where your writing could be clearer. However, you shouldn't rely solely on apps since they can miss things.

• Reference list formatting is very particular. Read your references out loud, with the punctuation and spacing, to pick up on errors you wouldn’t have noticed if you’d just read over them.
• Compare your format to the one in the stylebook you’re using and make sure all of your entries are correct.

• Read your synopsis backward by starting on the last word and reading each word separately from the last to the first. This helps isolate spelling errors. Reading backward sentence by sentence helps you isolate grammatical errors without being distracted by the content.
• Print your synopsis and circle every punctuation mark with a red pen. Then, go through them and focus on whether they’re correct.
• Read your synopsis out loud, including the punctuation, as though you were dictating the synopsis.

• Have at least one person who isn’t familiar with your area of study look over your synopsis. If they can understand your project, you know your writing is clear. If any parts confuse them, then that’s an area where you can improve the clarity of your writing.

Expert Q&A

• If you make significant changes to your synopsis after your first or second round of editing, you may need to proofread it again to make sure you didn’t introduce any new errors. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://admin.umt.edu.pk/Media/Site/iib1/FileManager/FORMAT%20OF%20SYNOPSIS%2012-10-2018.pdf
• ↑ https://www.scientificstyleandformat.org/Tools/SSF-Citation-Quick-Guide.html
• ↑ https://numspak.edu.pk/upload/media/Guidelines%20for%20Synopsis%20Writing1531455748.pdf
• ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279917593_Research_synopsis_guidelines
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/editing-and-proofreading/
• ↑ https://www.cornerstone.edu/blog-post/six-steps-to-really-edit-your-paper/

About This Article

• Send fan mail to authors

Reader Success Stories

Jul 25, 2022

Did this article help you?

Wave Bubble

Aug 31, 2021

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

Get all the best how-tos!

Sign up for wikiHow's weekly email newsletter

• 15.1k views
• Planning to Write

Q: What is the format for the synopsis of a thesis?

Asked by Hrishikesh Lipare on 19 Jul, 2019

The synopsis for a thesis is basically the plan for a research project, typically done when pursuing a doctorate. It outlines the focus areas and key components of the research in order to obtain approval for the research.

Here is a listing of the sections that typically are a part of the synopsis. Do check with your guide/supervisor for those that are relevant as per your university or institute's guidelines. We would also suggest speaking with your guide to better understand the specifics to include in each section.

• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methods and methodology
• Limitations

Once you are ready to write, a good approach would be to draft an initial synopsis, which you may then share with your guide for review. After incorporating their suggestions, you may share the revised synopsis for a final check.

All the best with your thesis and research!

If needed, you may also check out these courses on how to write theses and dissertations:

• A simple guide on how to write a thesis
• Understanding the basics of a scientific dissertation

Answered by Editage Insights on 02 Aug, 2019

• Upvote this Answer

This content belongs to the Conducting Research Stage

Confirm that you would also like to sign up for free personalized email coaching for this stage.

Trending Searches

• Statement of the problem
• Background of study
• Scope of the study
• Types of qualitative research
• Rationale of the study
• Concept paper
• Introduction in research
• Under "Editor Evaluation"
• Ethics in research

Recent Searches

• Review paper
• Responding to reviewer comments
• Predatory publishers
• Scope and delimitations
• Open access
• Plagiarism in research
• Journal selection tips
• Editor assigned
• Types of articles
• "Reject and Resubmit" status
• Decision in process
• Conflict of interest

What’s Included: The Dissertation Template

If you’re preparing to write your dissertation, thesis or research project, our free dissertation template is the perfect starting point. In the template, we cover every section step by step, with clear, straightforward explanations and examples .

The template’s structure is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format for formal academic research projects such as dissertations and theses. The template structure reflects the overall research process, ensuring your dissertation or thesis will have a smooth, logical flow from chapter to chapter.

The dissertation template covers the following core sections:

• The title page/cover page
• Abstract (sometimes also called the executive summary)
• Table of contents
• List of figures /list of tables
• Chapter 1: Introduction  (also available: in-depth introduction template )
• Chapter 2: Literature review  (also available: in-depth LR template )
• Chapter 3: Methodology (also available: in-depth methodology template )
• Chapter 4: Research findings /results (also available: results template )
• Chapter 5: Discussion /analysis of findings (also available: discussion template )
• Chapter 6: Conclusion (also available: in-depth conclusion template )
• Reference list

Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language , followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover within each section. We’ve also included practical examples to help you understand exactly what’s required in each section.

The cleanly-formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

FAQs: Dissertation Template

What format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The dissertation template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

What types of dissertations/theses can this template be used for?

The template follows the standard best-practice structure for formal academic research projects such as dissertations or theses, so it is suitable for the vast majority of degrees, particularly those within the sciences.

Some universities may have some additional requirements, but these are typically minor, with the core structure remaining the same. Therefore, it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Will this work for a research paper?

A research paper follows a similar format, but there are a few differences. You can find our research paper template here .

Is this template for an undergrad, Masters or PhD-level thesis?

This template can be used for a dissertation, thesis or research project at any level of study. It may be slight overkill for an undergraduate-level study, but it certainly won’t be missing anything.

How long should my dissertation/thesis be?

This depends entirely on your university’s specific requirements, so it’s best to check with them. As a general ballpark, Masters-level projects are usually 15,000 – 20,000 words in length, while Doctoral-level projects are often in excess of 60,000 words.

What about the research proposal?

If you’re still working on your research proposal, we’ve got a template for that here .

We’ve also got loads of proposal-related guides and videos over on the Grad Coach blog .

How do I write a literature review?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack how to write a literature review from scratch. You can check out the literature review section of the blog here.

How do I create a research methodology?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack research methodology, both qualitative and quantitative. You can check out the methodology section of the blog here.

Can I share this dissertation template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template. If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, all we ask is that you reference this page as your source.

Can Grad Coach help me with my dissertation/thesis?

Within the template, you’ll find plain-language explanations of each section, which should give you a fair amount of guidance. However, you’re also welcome to consider our dissertation and thesis coaching services .

You are using an outdated browser. Please upgrade your browser to improve your experience.

• How it works
• Homework answers

How to Write a Good Synopsis for Thesis

After countless hours studying, hundreds of exams and tests, millions of words written in essays and projects, here you are at the final boss of your PhD or MBA program; your thesis. This is what stands between you and your degree and nothing may be more daunting a task than this one. Luckily for you, there are several ways of attacking this, and one of the major steps in doing so is writing a clear and effective synopsis for your thesis.

For those of you unfamiliar or wanting to know more, a thesis is a scholarly essay based upon your own personal research on a topic you have discovered or learned about during your time at school. In order to receive a Master’s degree or a PhD, a thesis is required, as it proves that you have critical thinking skills about your area of expertise and can prove your thesis through the research you have done. This is what separates you from the rest, your professors will see all the work you have done and the knowledge you have acquired throughout your journey to this point. 

What is a Synopsis?

Generally speaking, a synopsis is a general discussion or survey of a piece of work, explaining only the essential information in an easy, readable way. The function is to explain the main idea before a reader begins to read the thesis. Beyond that, a synopsis for a thesis has more function and importance than just a brief summary. 

The synopsis first of all, is not so brief. It gives a detailed description of your thesis, including the purpose of your research and methods you used as well as the process you used to explore the topic in depth. It introduces your thesis in a way that your readers know what to expect, but still surprised at the amount of work and detail presented within. 

This helps your supervisor see the possible strengths and weaknesses of your thesis and can give you helpful ideas on how to fill in those gaps. It’s a protocol used by your supervisor to ensure that you are on the right track to completing your thesis and you’ll finish on time. This is an essential step before writing your actual thesis. Make sure you complete your synopsis before you begin your research, as you may not need all the information you think you need. 

So, what makes a good Synopsis?

A good synopsis details everything related to your topic, but a great synopsis ensures that not only is the content there, but it is presented in a logical manner and easy to follow. Your outlined thesis should include the following:

• The title of the topic 
• The abstract 
• The necessity of the topic – the background 
• All related literature concerning the topic 
• Methods and Materials of your research

Once these headings are established, it helps you to go through each stage, making sure that no information is left off or missed. The scope of your thesis is broad, but has a direction. As you progress through your synopsis, the details fall into place and allows you to start doing your research and collecting your data. 

Establish your background

Your loose thoughts should be filtered and sorted and should be organized based on how they are all linked together. The aims and goals of your topic should be apparent, so make sure to ask yourself these questions:

“Why should someone research this topic” “What are my expectations of this topic” “What have others contributed to the research of this topic” “How will I reach the goals and objectives of my topic”

Once the background is established, you can start thinking about the actual content.

Identify your Objectives

The background can help you decide the main reasons why you are undergoing this research into this topic. What good will this do for the world? What good will this do for professionals in this field? What good will it do for the communities surrounding this field? Having a measurable objective will pave the way to a better thesis. 

Consider your Methods 

The aim of the thesis is to provide novel information about your topic, something original or groundbreaking. This is important as it gives the reader something to analyze and think about. The way you deliver your information should provoke thoughts, or leave a trail to be followed into a thought process. Your approach should be able to answer any and all questions regarding your thesis, whether or not your ideas hold validity and some substance. Explaining your decisions and thought processes are much easier if you set your boundaries and barriers that you can address in your synopsis. 

Present your Experiments and Analysis

This is an important step once everything else has been established. Detail the research you will do and the experiments you will be observing and analyze them in detail. You should link the results to your findings and your knowledge about the topic. This is where you earn your money, the way you can tie in numbers and facts to the knowledge you already know to solidify your thesis. The better your analysis is, the more your reader will understand. 

Conclude and Summarize

Your supervisor should have already read your synopsis up to this point and understood the concept and scope of your thesis. But you should reiterate your main idea in case your supervisor got lost or that you had a different idea than they had. Once you’ve summed it up, your supervisor can give you helpful hints and tips to solidify the rest of your thesis and smooth out the potential problems or holes in your thesis. 

So, what now?

Begin writing your synopsis with these key facts in mind. Know that your synopsis is a tool for you to organize your thoughts and for your supervisor to advise you on your direction and objectives. Be concise and be knowledgeable, so that you may get the best possible feedback on your synopsis.

• More Networks

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, automatically generate references for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Dissertation
• Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates

Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates

Published on 8 June 2022 by Tegan George .

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical early steps in your writing process . It helps you to lay out and organise your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation, such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review, research methods, avenues for future research, etc.)

In the final product, you can also provide a chapter outline for your readers. This is a short paragraph at the end of your introduction to inform readers about the organisational structure of your thesis or dissertation . This chapter outline is also known as a reading guide or summary outline.

Table of contents

How to outline your thesis or dissertation, dissertation and thesis outline templates, chapter outline example, sample sentences for your chapter outline, sample verbs for variation in your chapter outline, frequently asked questions about outlines.

While there are some inter-institutional differences, many outlines proceed in a fairly similar fashion.

• Working Title
• ‘Elevator pitch’ of your work (often written last).
• Introduce your area of study, sharing details about your research question, problem statement , and hypotheses . Situate your research within an existing paradigm or conceptual or theoretical framework .
• Subdivide as you see fit into main topics and sub-topics.
• Describe your research methods (e.g., your scope, population , and data collection ).
• Present your research findings and share about your data analysis methods.
• Answer the research question in a concise way.
• Interpret your findings, discuss potential limitations of your own research and speculate about future implications or related opportunities.

To help you get started, we’ve created a full thesis or dissertation template in Word or Google Docs format. It’s easy adapt it to your own requirements.

 Download Word template    Download Google Docs template

It can be easy to fall into a pattern of overusing the same words or sentence constructions, which can make your work monotonous and repetitive for your readers. Consider utilising some of the alternative constructions presented below.

Example 1: Passive construction

The passive voice is a common choice for outlines and overviews because the context makes it clear who is carrying out the action (e.g., you are conducting the research ). However, overuse of the passive voice can make your text vague and imprecise.

Example 2: IS-AV construction

You can also present your information using the ‘IS-AV’ (inanimate subject with an active verb) construction.

A chapter is an inanimate object, so it is not capable of taking an action itself (e.g., presenting or discussing). However, the meaning of the sentence is still easily understandable, so the IS-AV construction can be a good way to add variety to your text.

Example 3: The I construction

Another option is to use the ‘I’ construction, which is often recommended by style manuals (e.g., APA Style and Chicago style ). However, depending on your field of study, this construction is not always considered professional or academic. Ask your supervisor if you’re not sure.

Example 4: Mix-and-match

To truly make the most of these options, consider mixing and matching the passive voice , IS-AV construction , and ‘I’ construction .This can help the flow of your argument and improve the readability of your text.

As you draft the chapter outline, you may also find yourself frequently repeating the same words, such as ‘discuss’, ‘present’, ‘prove’, or ‘show’. Consider branching out to add richness and nuance to your writing. Here are some examples of synonyms you can use.

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organise your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

All level 1 and 2 headings should be included in your table of contents . That means the titles of your chapters and the main sections within them.

The contents should also include all appendices and the lists of tables and figures, if applicable, as well as your reference list .

Do not include the acknowledgements or abstract   in the table of contents.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

George, T. (2022, June 08). Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved 15 April 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/thesis-dissertation/outline-thesis-dissertation/

Is this article helpful?

Tegan George

Other students also liked, dissertation table of contents in word | instructions & examples, how to write a dissertation proposal | a step-by-step guide, thesis & dissertation acknowledgements | tips & examples.

Have a language expert improve your writing

Run a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.

• Knowledge Base
• Working with sources
• How to Write a Summary | Guide & Examples

How to Write a Summary | Guide & Examples

Published on November 23, 2020 by Shona McCombes . Revised on May 31, 2023.

Summarizing , or writing a summary, means giving a concise overview of a text’s main points in your own words. A summary is always much shorter than the original text.

There are five key steps that can help you to write a summary:

• Read the text
• Break it down into sections
• Identify the key points in each section
• Write the summary
• Check the summary against the article

Writing a summary does not involve critiquing or evaluating the source . You should simply provide an accurate account of the most important information and ideas (without copying any text from the original).

Table of contents

When to write a summary, step 1: read the text, step 2: break the text down into sections, step 3: identify the key points in each section, step 4: write the summary, step 5: check the summary against the article, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about summarizing.

There are many situations in which you might have to summarize an article or other source:

• As a stand-alone assignment to show you’ve understood the material
• To keep notes that will help you remember what you’ve read
• To give an overview of other researchers’ work in a literature review

When you’re writing an academic text like an essay , research paper , or dissertation , you’ll integrate sources in a variety of ways. You might use a brief quote to support your point, or paraphrase a few sentences or paragraphs.

But it’s often appropriate to summarize a whole article or chapter if it is especially relevant to your own research, or to provide an overview of a source before you analyze or critique it.

In any case, the goal of summarizing is to give your reader a clear understanding of the original source. Follow the five steps outlined below to write a good summary.

The only proofreading tool specialized in correcting academic writing - try for free!

The academic proofreading tool has been trained on 1000s of academic texts and by native English editors. Making it the most accurate and reliable proofreading tool for students.

Try for free

You should read the article more than once to make sure you’ve thoroughly understood it. It’s often effective to read in three stages:

• Scan the article quickly to get a sense of its topic and overall shape.
• Read the article carefully, highlighting important points and taking notes as you read.
• Skim the article again to confirm you’ve understood the key points, and reread any particularly important or difficult passages.

There are some tricks you can use to identify the key points as you read:

• Start by reading the abstract . This already contains the author’s own summary of their work, and it tells you what to expect from the article.
• Pay attention to headings and subheadings . These should give you a good sense of what each part is about.
• Read the introduction and the conclusion together and compare them: What did the author set out to do, and what was the outcome?

To make the text more manageable and understand its sub-points, break it down into smaller sections.

If the text is a scientific paper that follows a standard empirical structure, it is probably already organized into clearly marked sections, usually including an introduction , methods , results , and discussion .

Other types of articles may not be explicitly divided into sections. But most articles and essays will be structured around a series of sub-points or themes.

Now it’s time go through each section and pick out its most important points. What does your reader need to know to understand the overall argument or conclusion of the article?

Keep in mind that a summary does not involve paraphrasing every single paragraph of the article. Your goal is to extract the essential points, leaving out anything that can be considered background information or supplementary detail.

In a scientific article, there are some easy questions you can ask to identify the key points in each part.

If the article takes a different form, you might have to think more carefully about what points are most important for the reader to understand its argument.

In that case, pay particular attention to the thesis statement —the central claim that the author wants us to accept, which usually appears in the introduction—and the topic sentences that signal the main idea of each paragraph.

Scribbr Citation Checker New

The AI-powered Citation Checker helps you avoid common mistakes such as:

• Missing commas and periods
• Incorrect usage of “et al.”
• Ampersands (&) in narrative citations
• Missing reference entries

Now that you know the key points that the article aims to communicate, you need to put them in your own words.

To avoid plagiarism and show you’ve understood the article, it’s essential to properly paraphrase the author’s ideas. Do not copy and paste parts of the article, not even just a sentence or two.

The best way to do this is to put the article aside and write out your own understanding of the author’s key points.

Examples of article summaries

Let’s take a look at an example. Below, we summarize this article , which scientifically investigates the old saying “an apple a day keeps the doctor away.”

Davis et al. (2015) set out to empirically test the popular saying “an apple a day keeps the doctor away.” Apples are often used to represent a healthy lifestyle, and research has shown their nutritional properties could be beneficial for various aspects of health. The authors’ unique approach is to take the saying literally and ask: do people who eat apples use healthcare services less frequently? If there is indeed such a relationship, they suggest, promoting apple consumption could help reduce healthcare costs.

The study used publicly available cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants were categorized as either apple eaters or non-apple eaters based on their self-reported apple consumption in an average 24-hour period. They were also categorized as either avoiding or not avoiding the use of healthcare services in the past year. The data was statistically analyzed to test whether there was an association between apple consumption and several dependent variables: physician visits, hospital stays, use of mental health services, and use of prescription medication.

Although apple eaters were slightly more likely to have avoided physician visits, this relationship was not statistically significant after adjusting for various relevant factors. No association was found between apple consumption and hospital stays or mental health service use. However, apple eaters were found to be slightly more likely to have avoided using prescription medication. Based on these results, the authors conclude that an apple a day does not keep the doctor away, but it may keep the pharmacist away. They suggest that this finding could have implications for reducing healthcare costs, considering the high annual costs of prescription medication and the inexpensiveness of apples.

However, the authors also note several limitations of the study: most importantly, that apple eaters are likely to differ from non-apple eaters in ways that may have confounded the results (for example, apple eaters may be more likely to be health-conscious). To establish any causal relationship between apple consumption and avoidance of medication, they recommend experimental research.

An article summary like the above would be appropriate for a stand-alone summary assignment. However, you’ll often want to give an even more concise summary of an article.

For example, in a literature review or meta analysis you may want to briefly summarize this study as part of a wider discussion of various sources. In this case, we can boil our summary down even further to include only the most relevant information.

Using national survey data, Davis et al. (2015) tested the assertion that “an apple a day keeps the doctor away” and did not find statistically significant evidence to support this hypothesis. While people who consumed apples were slightly less likely to use prescription medications, the study was unable to demonstrate a causal relationship between these variables.

Citing the source you’re summarizing

When including a summary as part of a larger text, it’s essential to properly cite the source you’re summarizing. The exact format depends on your citation style , but it usually includes an in-text citation and a full reference at the end of your paper.

You can easily create your citations and references in APA or MLA using our free citation generators.

APA Citation Generator MLA Citation Generator

Finally, read through the article once more to ensure that:

• You’ve accurately represented the author’s work
• You haven’t missed any essential information
• The phrasing is not too similar to any sentences in the original.

If you’re summarizing many articles as part of your own work, it may be a good idea to use a plagiarism checker to double-check that your text is completely original and properly cited. Just be sure to use one that’s safe and reliable.

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• ChatGPT vs human editor
• ChatGPT citations
• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Using ChatGPT for your studies
• What is ChatGPT?
• Chicago style
• Paraphrasing

 Plagiarism

• Types of plagiarism
• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Consequences of plagiarism
• Common knowledge

A summary is a short overview of the main points of an article or other source, written entirely in your own words. Want to make your life super easy? Try our free text summarizer today!

A summary is always much shorter than the original text. The length of a summary can range from just a few sentences to several paragraphs; it depends on the length of the article you’re summarizing, and on the purpose of the summary.

You might have to write a summary of a source:

• As a stand-alone assignment to prove you understand the material
• For your own use, to keep notes on your reading
• To provide an overview of other researchers’ work in a literature review
• In a paper , to summarize or introduce a relevant study

To avoid plagiarism when summarizing an article or other source, follow these two rules:

• Write the summary entirely in your own words by paraphrasing the author’s ideas.
• Cite the source with an in-text citation and a full reference so your reader can easily find the original text.

An abstract concisely explains all the key points of an academic text such as a thesis , dissertation or journal article. It should summarize the whole text, not just introduce it.

An abstract is a type of summary , but summaries are also written elsewhere in academic writing . For example, you might summarize a source in a paper , in a literature review , or as a standalone assignment.

All can be done within seconds with our free text summarizer .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

McCombes, S. (2023, May 31). How to Write a Summary | Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/how-to-summarize/

Is this article helpful?

Shona McCombes

Other students also liked, how to paraphrase | step-by-step guide & examples, how to quote | citing quotes in apa, mla & chicago, the basics of in-text citation | apa & mla examples, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".

I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

University Thesis and Dissertation Templates

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

This page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue University. When printing this page, you must include the entire legal notice.

Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

Theses and dissertations are already intensive, long-term projects that require a lot of effort and time from their authors. Formatting for submission to the university is often the last thing that graduate students do, and may delay earning the relevant degree if done incorrectly.

Below are some strategies graduate students can use to deal with institutional formatting requirements to earn their degrees on time.

Disciplinary conventions are still paramount.

Scholars in your own discipline are the most common readers of your dissertation; your committee, too, will expect your work to match with their expectations as members of your field. The style guide your field uses most commonly is always the one you should follow, and if your field uses conventions such as including all figures and illustrations at the end of the document, you should do so. After these considerations are met, move on to university formatting. Almost always, university formatting only deals with things like margins, font, numbering of chapters and sections, and illustrations; disciplinary style conventions in content such as APA's directive to use only last names of authors in-text are not interfered with by university formatting at all.

Use your university's formatting guidelines and templates to your advantage.

If your institution has a template for formatting your thesis or dissertation that you can use, do so. Don't look at another student's document and try to replicate it yourself. These templates typically have the necessary section breaks and styles already in the document, and you can copy in your work from your existing draft using the style pane in MS Word to ensure you're using the correct formatting (similarly with software such as Overleaf when writing in LaTeX, templates do a lot of the work for you). It's also often easier for workers in the offices that deal with theses and dissertations to help you with your work if you're using their template — they are familiar with these templates and can often navigate them more proficiently.

These templates also include placeholders for all front matter you will need to include in your thesis or dissertation, and may include guidelines for how to write these. Front matter includes your table of contents, acknowledgements, abstract, abbreviation list, figure list, committee page, and (sometimes) academic history or CV; everything before your introduction is front matter. Since front matter pages such as the author's academic history and dissertation committee are usually for the graduate school and not for your department, your advisor might not remember to have you include them. Knowing about them well before your deposit date means you won't be scrambling to fill in placeholders at the last minute or getting your work returned for revision from the graduate school.

Consider institutional formatting early and often.

Many graduate students leave this aspect of submitting their projects until it's almost too late to work on it, causing delays in obtaining their degree. Simply being aware that this is a task you'll have to complete and making sure you know where templates are, who you can ask for help in your graduate office or your department, and what your institution's guidelines are can help alleviate this issue. Once you know what you'll be expected to do to convert to university formatting, you can set regular check-in times for yourself to do this work in pieces rather than all at once (for instance, when you've completed a chapter and had it approved by your chair). 

Consider fair use for images and other third-party content.

Most theses and dissertations are published through ProQuest or another publisher (Harvard, for instance, uses their own open publishing service). For this reason, it may be the case that your institution requires all images or other content obtained from other sources to fall under fair use rules or, if an image is not considered under fair use, you'll have to obtain permission to print it in your dissertation. Your institution should have more guidance on their specific expectations for fair use content; knowing what these guidelines are well in advance of your deposit date means you won't have to make last-minute changes or removals to deposit your work.

• Langson Library
• Science Library
• Grunigen Medical Library
• Law Library
• Connect From Off-Campus
• Accessibility
• Gateway Study Center

Email this link

Thesis / dissertation formatting manual (2024).

• Filing Fees and Student Status
• Submission Process Overview
• Electronic Thesis Submission
• Paper Thesis Submission
• Formatting Overview
• Fonts/Typeface
• Pagination, Margins, Spacing
• Paper Thesis Formatting
• Preliminary Pages Overview
• Copyright Page
• Dedication Page
• Table of Contents
• List of Figures (etc.)
• Acknowledgements
• Text and References Overview
• Figures and Illustrations
• Using Your Own Previously Published Materials
• Using Copyrighted Materials by Another Author
• Open Access and Embargoes
• Copyright and Creative Commons
• Ordering Print (Bound) Copies
• Tutorials and Assistance
• FAQ This link opens in a new window

UCI Libraries maintains the following  templates to assist in formatting your graduate manuscript. If you are formatting your manuscript in Microsoft Word, feel free to download and use the template. If you would like to see what your manuscript should look like, PDFs have been provided. If you are formatting your manuscript using LaTex, UCI maintains a template on OverLeaf.

• Annotated Template (Dissertation) 2024 PDF of a template with annotations of what to look out for
• Word: Thesis Template 2024 Editable template of the Master's thesis formatting.
• PDF Thesis Template 2024
• Word: Dissertation Template 2024 Editable template of the PhD Dissertation formatting.
• PDF: Dissertation Template 2024
• Overleaf (LaTex) Template
• << Previous: Tutorials and Assistance
• Next: FAQ >>
• Last Updated: Feb 20, 2024 2:09 PM
• URL: https://guides.lib.uci.edu/gradmanual

Off-campus? Please use the Software VPN and choose the group UCIFull to access licensed content. For more information, please Click here

Software VPN is not available for guests, so they may not have access to some content when connecting from off-campus.

Thesis Summary

Considering that you have finished writing your thesis, it is high time that you started working on your thesis summary or abstract as the last and final part of your research paper before submitting it to your instructor. Writing an abstract is actually the simplest way for your audience, the teachers and the panel of publishers (if you wish for it to be published) to know what your research paper is about without going through the bulk of your paper.

What is an Abstract?

According to an article found in the Simon Fraser University database, the abstract is deemed a critical part of your thesis and it is presented at the beginning of the thesis, as it is a summary of the whole thesis. The thesis summary is a substantive description of your work read by an external examiner by presenting all the major elements of your work in a highly condensed form.

Size and Structure

Normally, a thesis summary would only contain 120 or less (for undergraduate theses), 150 words (for Masters theses) and 350 words (for a doctoral dissertation).

• For doctoral dissertations, it is best to limit it to only 280 words with a format of one double-spaced page, to preserve visual coherence.
• The structure of the abstract should mirror the structure of the whole thesis, and should represent all its major elements.
• For instance, if your thesis has five chapters (rationale, literature review, methodology, results, conclusion), limit each chapter to only a sentence or two for each chapter in order to maximize some parts that need more substantial backing.

Clearly Specify Your Research Questions

• Research questions are important in making sure that the abstract is coherent and logically structured as they form the backbone to which other elements adhere; they should be presented near the beginning of the abstract.
• Depending on the length of your research paper, there is only room for one to three questions. If there are more than three major research questions in your thesis, try to rearrange them by reducing some to subsidiary status.

Don’t Forget the Results

• One of the most common mistakes in writing abstracts is the failure to indicate the results.
• The primary function of your thesis (and by extension your abstract) is not to tell readers what you did, it is to tell them what you discovered. Other information, such as the account of your research methods, is needed mainly to back the claims you make about your results.
• The final part of your thesis should be about summarizing your results as well as interpreting them.
• Although it is sometimes not necessary, you can choose to add keywords below your abstract as the most important terms that can be found in the thesis.

Listed below are some thesis summary examples:

This study aimed to analyze and identify the most frequent news category and rhetoric of the three local English dailies as well as assess whether they align to the readers’ news preference. These factors served as the sources of the data gathered by the researchers: ninety tertiary students, each local publication’s respective editorial board, and banner stories. Findings indicated that even though the editors would usually select their stories based on impact, the banner story content however focused more on news like crime and politics which are mostly conflict-based issues, instead of human interest stories that readers prefer the most. In conclusion, the respective editorial boards of each publication are not presenting the readers with their main interests in the banner story. Keywords: banner stories, news values, news categories, gatekeeping/gatekeepers, and readers’ preference

An example of a summary format The aim or goal or purpose of this graduation thesis (title) is to … (analyse, characterize, compare, examine, illustrate, present, survey, design, reconstruct) … The graduation thesis is composed of five chapters, each of them dealing with different aspect of … Chapter 1 is introductory and (defines, describes, reviews, deals with) … The chapter is subdivided into two parts. Part 1 describes … and explains … . Part 2 deals with … Chapter 2 examines … . The chapter consists of three parts. Part 1 focuses on … . Part 2 investigates … . Part 3 addresses the issue of … . Chapter 3 is subdivided into two parts and provides an outline of relevant … Part 1 illustrates … . Part 2 looks at … . Chapter 4 concentrates on problems resulting from … Part 1 describes …. Part 2 recommends changes to be made in legislation … Conclusions are drawn in Chapter 5. The main aim of the graduation thesis has been reached. The author suggests that …………………… should be changed/introduced/applied.

The aim of this graduation thesis entitled Development of Yamakawa Technologies to Ascertain the Existence of Cheese on the Moon is to test the use of Yamakawa technologies in ascertaining the existence of cheese on the moon. Yamakawa technologies have been successfully used to test the existence of water in Wakanda, but to date no further applications are known. For this reason the author decided to test further applications, with the aim of describing the technology’s suitability for further development. This thesis first examines the testing procedures for the water in Wakanda experiment, and presents the results. In a second stage several adaptations to Yamakawa for the testing of the existence of cheese on the moon are undertaken. Finally the technology is applied to the question of cheese on the moon, within a six-week testing phase. At the end of each week the testing apparatus is fine tuned, and experiment results are charted every twenty-four hours. The results of the experiment show that Yamakawa technologies are well suited to ascertaining the presence of water in Wakanda, but were unable to be sufficiently modified for the purpose of ascertaining the existence of cheese on the moon. The author recommends further modification to the technology before any other uses are considered.

After writing the said abstract in your research paper, then congratulations! You are now ready to move to the next step of your thesis journey, defending it. Just remember this, always know your thesis by heart. Believe me, if you do, you will not have a hard time and eventually, you will learn to enjoy it too. Good luck!

AI Generator

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

10 Examples of Public speaking

20 Examples of Gas lighting

Thesis Executive Summary Template

• Great for beginners
• Ready-to-use, fully customizable Doc
• Get started in seconds

Writing a thesis can be a lengthy and complex process, and sometimes, decision-makers or readers need a quick understanding of your research without diving into the entire document. That's where ClickUp's Thesis Executive Summary Template comes in handy!

Our template helps you create a concise and impactful executive summary, allowing you to:

• Summarize your research objectives, methodology, and key findings in a clear and compelling way
• Provide decision-makers with a snapshot of your research, allowing them to quickly grasp the significance and value of your work
• Save time by using our pre-designed sections and prompts to guide you through the writing process

Whether you're writing a master's thesis or a doctoral dissertation, our Thesis Executive Summary Template will help you communicate your research effectively and impress your readers. Start summarizing your thesis today!

Benefits of Thesis Executive Summary Template

The Thesis Executive Summary Template in ClickUp offers numerous benefits for researchers and scholars, including:

• Saving time and effort by providing a pre-designed structure for the executive summary
• Ensuring a professional and polished presentation of the research findings
• Enabling easy customization to suit the specific requirements of the thesis
• Helping readers quickly grasp the main objectives, methodology, and outcomes of the research
• Enhancing the clarity and impact of the research by summarizing the key points concisely and effectively.

Main Elements of Thesis Executive Summary Template

ClickUp's Thesis Executive Summary template is the perfect tool for organizing and presenting your thesis executive summary effectively.

This Doc template includes:

• Custom Statuses: Track the progress of your executive summary with customizable statuses such as Researching, Writing, Editing, and Finalizing.
• Custom Fields: Utilize custom fields to add important details to your executive summary, such as Key Findings, Methodology, Recommendations, and References.
• Different Views: Access your executive summary in various views, including Document View for a clean and focused reading experience, Table View for a structured overview of your content, and Calendar View to schedule important deadlines and milestones.

With ClickUp's Thesis Executive Summary template, you can streamline your research and writing process, ensuring a well-organized and comprehensive executive summary.

How to Use Executive Summary for Thesis

Writing an executive summary for your thesis can feel like a daunting task, but with the Thesis Executive Summary Template in ClickUp, you can break it down into simple and manageable steps. Follow the guide below to create a compelling executive summary that captures the essence of your research and findings.

1. Understand the purpose

Before you start writing your executive summary, it's important to understand its purpose. The executive summary is a concise overview of your thesis, highlighting the key points and findings. It should provide enough information to give readers a clear understanding of your research without overwhelming them with details.

Use the Docs feature in ClickUp to review examples of effective executive summaries and familiarize yourself with the structure and tone.

2. Identify the main sections

To create a well-structured executive summary, identify the main sections of your thesis that need to be covered. This typically includes an introduction, research objectives, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. Determine the most important points from each section that should be included in the summary.

Use the Board view in ClickUp to create a visual representation of the main sections and organize your thoughts.

3. Summarize each section

Once you have identified the main sections, start summarizing each section in a clear and concise manner. Focus on capturing the main ideas and key findings, avoiding unnecessary details. Use bullet points or short paragraphs to present the information in a digestible format.

Create tasks in ClickUp for each section and use the task description to write the summarized content.

4. Edit and refine

After summarizing each section, take the time to edit and refine your executive summary. Ensure that the language is clear, concise, and free of jargon. Remove any redundant or repetitive information. Pay attention to the flow and coherence of the summary, making sure that it reads smoothly.

Use the Automations feature in ClickUp to set up reminders or notifications for editing and refining your executive summary.

5. Proofread and finalize

Before submitting your executive summary, it's crucial to proofread it for any grammatical or spelling errors. Check for consistency in formatting and style. Once you are satisfied with the final version, save it in a PDF format for easy sharing and accessibility.

Use the Integrations feature in ClickUp to export your executive summary to your preferred format, such as PDF or Word.

By following these steps and utilizing the Thesis Executive Summary Template in ClickUp, you can create an impressive executive summary that effectively communicates the essence of your thesis. Good luck with your writing!

Get Started with ClickUp’s Thesis Executive Summary Template

Researchers and academics can use the Thesis Executive Summary Template to create a comprehensive and impactful executive summary for their thesis.

First, hit “Add Template” to sign up for ClickUp and add the template to your Workspace. Make sure you designate which Space or location in your Workspace you’d like this template applied.

Next, invite relevant members or guests to your Workspace to start collaborating.

Now you can take advantage of the full potential of this template to create an effective executive summary:

• Use the Introduction section to provide a brief overview of the research topic and its significance
• Summarize the research objectives and methodology in the Methodology section
• Present the main findings and results in a clear and concise manner in the Findings section
• Highlight the implications and contributions of the research in the Discussion section
• Include relevant tables, charts, or graphs to support the key points in the Results section
• Ensure that the executive summary is well-structured and follows a logical flow
• Proofread and edit the content to ensure clarity, accuracy, and coherence.

Related Templates

• Entrepreneurs Executive Summary Template
• Project Proposal Example Executive Summary Template
• Hr Managers Executive Summary Template
• Essay Executive Summary Template
• Laundry Business Executive Summary Template

Free forever with 100MB storage

Free training & 24-hours support

Serious about security & privacy

Highest levels of uptime the last 12 months

• Product Roadmap
• Affiliate & Referrals
• On-Demand Demo
• Integrations
• Consultants
• Gantt Chart
• Native Time Tracking
• Automations
• Kanban Board
• vs Airtable
• vs Basecamp
• vs MS Project
• vs Smartsheet
• Software Team Hub
• PM Software Guide

• Jobs in Agriculture Department Punjab
• Urdu Portal
• Complaint Cell

• Introducing Qamar Uz Zaman, PMAS AAUR's 4th Vice Chancellor
• Mission & Vision
• Academic Council
• Selection Board
• Advanced Studies & Research
• Finance & Planning
• Organizational Structure
• Vice Chancellor's Office
• Pro Vice Chancellor's Office
• Registrar Office
• Treasurer Office
• Directorate of IT Services
• Public Relations and Publications
• Staff Members
• Award of Medals
• Degree Verification
• Internal Audit Office
• Directorate of Procurement & Inventory Control
• Estate Care & Security
• External Linkages
• Director's Message
• Alumni Junction
• Scholarships
• Directorate of Advanced Studies
• Directorate of Works
• Directorate of Student Affairs
• WOMEN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES CENTER (WDSC)
• Sports - Home
• Administration
• Sports Gymnasium
• Achievements
• Rules & Regulations
• University Green Office
• Directorate of University Development
• Directorate of Academics
• PKCBC - Home
• Management Committee
• Training Activities
• Vision & Mission
• Self Assessment Program
• DQE Organizational Structure
• News & Events
• Photo Gallery
• DQE Membership
• Department of Agronomy
• Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics
• Department of Plant Pathology
• Department of Entomology
• Department of Horticulture
• Department of Food Technology
• Department of Agricultural Extension
• Department of Forestry & Range Management
• Department of Wildlife Management
• Department of Livestock Production & Management
• Department of Poultry Science
• Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences
• Department of Parasitology & Microbiology
• Department of Clinical Studies
• Department of Veterinary Pathology
• Department of Animal Breeding & Genetics
• Faculty of Agricultural Engineering & Technology
• Department of Biochemistry
• Department of Botany
• Department of Zoology, Wildlife & Fisheries
• Department of Mathematics
• Department of Statistics
• Department of Biology
• Department of Chemistry
• Department of Physics
• Department of Economics & Agri Economics
• Department of Sociology & Anthropology
• Department of Humanities
• Department of Sociology
• Department of Anthropology
• Department of Education
• University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
• University Institute of Information Technology
• University Institute of Management Sciences
• Institute of Geo-Information and Earth Observation (IGEO)
• Institute of Hydroponic Agriculture (IHA)
• Institute of Food and Nutritional Sciences
• Department of Soil Science
• Department of Environmental Science
• Division of Continuing Education, Home Economics and Women Development
• National Center for Livestock Breeding, Genetics & Genomics
• Admissions Admissions Admissions -->
• ORIC - Home
• ORIC Functions
• Funding/Donar Agencies
• University Collaboration
• General Overview (2001-2012)
• Research Projects
• Development Projects
• Future Plans
• Seminars/Workshops/Conferences
• Annual Reports
• Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs)
• Available Scientific/ Research Equipments
• Research Endowment Fund
• Koont Research Farm
• University Research Farm
• Central Research Laboratory
• DAS Objectives
• DAS Functions
• Rules & Regulations (Master, PhD)
• Composition of ASRB
• DAS Seminars (Youtube Channel)
• Campus Life - Home
• Student Services
• Extra-Curricular
• Co-Curricular
• Student Societies
• University Health Service
• Visiting Faculty Residence
• Library - Home
• Quick Facts
• Q.Zaman Elibrary
• Discipline Committee
• Medical Committee
• Accessibility Committee
• Photogallery
• Media Coverage (Electronic)
• Media Coverage (Print)

Thesis & Synopsis Guidelines

Thesis & Synopsis manual and template 2018 was approved by Academic Council during its 59th meeting held on 7-03- 2018 on the recommendation of 44th meeting of Advanced Studies & Research Board (AS&RB) held on 9-01- 2018.

For MS/MPhil/MSC(Hons)

• MS/M.PHIL./M.SC. (HONS.) Synopsis Defence Evaluation Proforma
• Rules and regulations for Master degree programmes
• Internal structure of thesis
• Supporting Documents Required for MS/M.Phil Synopsis Thesis
• Minimum & Maximum Duration of MS/MPhil/MSC(Hons)
• Performa for Panel of Examiners for Master thesis Evaluation
• Thesis Defense Protocol for External Examiners and Supervisory Committee Members
• Thesis Defense Examiner's Report
• New SOP's for Plagiarism Policy/Procedure for submission and approval of Ph.D. Thesis
• PhD Synopsis Defence Protocol
• PhD Synopsis Defence Evaluation Perfoma
• PhD Thesis Defence Evaluation Perfoma
• Notification PHD Defence committee & TOR
• Paper requirement for Ph.D degree award (Journals)
• HEC List of Technological Advance countries for Ph.D
• Certificate Annex-II Incorporating Foreign Examiners
• Certificate Annex-III Revised Ph.D. Thesis Re-Evaluation
• Certificate for Paper Publication
• CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
• Supporting Documents Required for Ph.D Synopsis Thesis final
• Certificates Required with semi-final & Annex-I
• Performa for Panel Experts and Expert for Thesis Examination
• Proforma for Ph.D Country Directory (Revised)
• REMUNERATION FOR VIVA EXAMINATION
• Rules and regulations for Phd degree programmes
• Minimum & Maximum Duration of PHD

• Synopsis Generator

Looking for an online synopsis generator? LogicBalls AI tool can create concise and compelling synopses of articles, blogs, books, & more in seconds!

• Browse all Apps
• Acronym Generator
• Active to Passive Voice Converter
• AI Answer Generator
• AI Essay Generator
• AI Letter Generator
• AI Product Roadmap Generator
• AI Content & Copy Generator
• Amazon Ad Headline Generator
• Amazon Product Bullet Points Generator
• Amazon Product Title Generator
• Article Rewriter
• Author Bio Generator
• Blog Heading Expander
• Blog Outline Generator
• Blog Ideas Generator
• Blog Insights Generator
• Blog Introduction Generator
• Blog Post Generator‍
• Blog Section Writer
• Blog Title Alternatives Generator
• Blog Title Generator
• Bullet Points Generator
• Bullet Points to Paragraph Generator
• AI Case Study Generator
• AI Case Study Title Generator
• Checklists Ideas Generator
• Compelling Bullet Points Generator
• Conclusion Generator
• Content Expander
• Content Idea Generator
• Content Readability Improver
• Content Tone Changer
• Courses Ideas Generator
• eBay Ad Headline Generator
• eBay Product Bullet Points Generator
• eBay Product Description Generator
• eBay Product Title Generator
• Ebooks Ideas Generator
• Editorial Calendar Generator
• Essay Title Generator
• Etsy Ad Headline Generator
• Etsy Product Bullet Points Generator
• Etsy Product Description Generator
• Etsy Product Title Generator
• First to Third Person Converter
• Flipkart Ad Headline Generator
• Flipkart Product Bullet Points Generator
• Flipkart Product Description Generator
• Flipkart Product Title Generator
• Headline Generator - 100% Free AI Tool
• Headline Intro Generator
• Hook Generator
• Local Services Description Generator
• Negative Keyword List Generator
• Pain Agitate Solution Generator
• Paragraph Generator
• Paragraph Shredder
• Paraphrasing Tool (Paraphraser)
• Passive to Active Voice Converter
• Personal Bio Generator (Profile Bio)
• Poll Question and Answers Generator
• Post and Caption Ideas Generator
• Product or Service Generator
• Product Review Generator
• Sentence Rewriter
• Subheadings Generator
• AI Summarizing Tool: Summary Generator
• Text Extender
• Video Marketing Strategy Generator
• Add Emoji to Text
• Amazon Product Description Generator
• Baby Name Generator: Find the Unique Baby Names
• Chat Message Reply Writer
• Course Description Generator
• Course Name Generator
• Email Subject Line Generator
• Email Writer & Generator
• Excel Formula Generator
• FAQs Generator
• Fitness Exercise & Workout Generator
• Grammar Checker
• Image Generator
• Restaurant Review Generator
• Song Lyrics Generator
• Story Plot Generator
• Storyteller | Storymaker
• Text Rewriter
• What to do?
• Facebook Bio Generator
• Facebook Group Post Comment Generator
• Facebook Group Post Generator
• Facebook Hashtag Generator
• Facebook Poll Questions Generator
• Facebook Post Comment Generator
• Facebook Post Generator
• Hacker News Post Comment Generator
• Hacker News Post Generator
• Hashtag Generator
• IndieHackers Post Generator
• IndieHackers Post Comment Generator
• Instagram Bio Generator
• Instagram Caption Generator
• Instagram Hashtag Generator
• Instagram Reels Ideas Generator
• Instagram Reel Script Generator
• Instagram Threads Bio Generator
• Instagram (meta) Threads Generator
• LinkedIn Hashtag Generator
• LinkedIn Poll Questions Generator
• Linkedin Summary Generator
• LinkedIn Experience Description Generator
• Linkedin Headline Generator
• LinkedIn Post Comment Generator
• LinkedIn Post Generator
• LinkedIn Recommendation Generator
• Pinterest Bio Generator
• Pinterest Board Name Generator
• Pinterest Description Generator
• Pinterest Hashtag Generator
• Poem Generator
• Quora Answer Generator
• Quora Questions Generator
• Reddit Post Generator
• Social Media Content Calendar Generator
• TikTok Bio Generator
• TikTok Caption Generator
• TikTok Content Ideas Generator
• TikTok Hashtag Generator
• TikTok Script Generator
• TikTok Ads Generator
• Tweet Generator AI Tool
• Tweet Ideas Generator
• Tweet Reply Generator
• Twitter Bio Generator
• Twitter Hashtag Generator
• Twitter Poll Questions Generator
• Whatsapp Campaign Template
• YouTube Channel Name Generator
• Youtube Hashtag Generator
• Youtube Shorts Ideas Generator
• Youtube Shorts Script Generator
• YouTube Tags Generator
• YouTube Title Generator
• YouTube Video Script Generator
• About Us Page Generator
• Advertisement Script Generator
• Advertising Campaign Generator
• AI Email Newsletter Generator
• AI SWOT Analysis Generator
• AIDA Generator
• Before After Bridge Copy Generator
• Buyer Challenges Generator
• Buyer Persona Generator
• Call to Action Generator
• Content Brief Generator
• Content Calendar Generator
• Digital Marketing Strategy Generator
• Elevator Pitch Generator
• Email Campaign Template
• Podcast Episode Title Generator AI Tool
• Facebook Ads Generator
• Feature Advantage Benefit Generator
• Feature to Benefit Converter
• Glossary Generator
• Go To Market Strategy Generator
• Google Ad Headline Generator
• AI Google Ads Copy Generator
• AI Google Sheets Formula Generator
• Identify Popular Questions
• Landing Page and Website Copies Generator
• Lead Magnet Generator
• LinkedIn Ad Generator
• Listicle Generator
• Marketing Plan Generator
• Marketing Segmentation Generator
• AI Podcast Name Generator Tool
• Podcast Questions Generator
• Customer Persona Generator
• Press Release Ideas Generator
• Press Release Quote Generator
• Press release Writer
• Product Launch Checklist Generator
• Product Name Generator
• AI Q&A Generator
• Questions and Answers Generator
• Reply to Reviews and Messages Generator
• Slide Decks Ideas Generator
• Slideshare presentations Ideas Generator
• SMS Campaign Template
• Survey Question Generator
• Talking Points Generator
• Twitter Ads Generator
• Youtube Channel Description Generator
• Youtube Video Description Generator
• Youtube Video Ideas Generator
• Webinar Title Generator
• Webinars Ideas Generator
• Whitepapers Ideas Generator
• YouTube Video Topic Ideas Generator
• Keyword Research Strategies Generator
• Keywords Extractor
• Keywords Generator
• Long Tail Keyword Generator
• Meta Description Generator
• SEO Meta Title Generator
• Sales & Cold Calling Script Generator
• Content Comparison Generator
• AI Follow-Up Email Generator
• Icebreaker Generator
• LinkedIn Connection Request Generator
• LinkedIn Followup Message Generator
• LinkedIn Inmail Generator
• LinkedIn Message Generator
• Pain Point Generator
• Proposal Generator
• Sales Qualifying Questions Generator
• AI Sales Email Generator
• Sales Pitch Deck Generator
• Voice Message Generator
• Closing Ticket Response Writer
• Request for Testimonial Email Generator
• Support Ticket Auto Reply Writer
• AI Support Ticket Explainer
• Support Ticket Reply Writer
• Ticket Resolution Delay Response Writer
• Billing Reminder Email Writer
• Customer Contract Summarizer
• Customer QBR Presentation Writer
• Business Meeting Summary Generator
• Monthly Product Newsletter Writer
• Product Questions for Customer Generator
• Business Name Generator
• Business idea pitch generator
• Business ideas generator
• Company Slogan Generator
• Core Values Generator
• Domain Name Generator
• Event Description generator
• Event ideas generator
• Metaphor Generator
• Micro SaaS ideas Generator
• Project Plan Generator
• Startup ideas Generator
• Vision and Mission Generator
• Product Description Generator AI Tool
• Product Description with Bullet Points Generator
• SMS and Notifications Generator
• Tagline and Headline Generator
• Testimonial and Review Generator
• Value Prop Generator
• Convincing Premium
• Critical Premium
• Funny Premium
• Humble Premium
• Humorous Premium
• Informative Premium
• Inspirational Premium
• Joyful Premium
• Passionate Premium
• Thoughtful Premium
• Urgent Premium
• Worried Premium
• English (US)
• German (Germany)
• Italian (Italy)
• Japanese (Japan)
• Russian (Russia)
• Portuguese (Portugal)
• Hindi (India)
• Urdu (Pakistan)
• English (UK) Premium
• English (Australia) Premium
• English (Canada) Premium
• English (India) Premium
• English (Singapore) Premium
• English (New Zealand) Premium
• English (South Africa) Premium
• Spanish (Spain) Premium
• Spanish (Mexico) Premium
• Spanish (United States) Premium
• Arabic (Saudi Arabia)
• Arabic (Egypt) Premium
• Arabic (United Arab Emirates) Premium
• Arabic (Kuwait) Premium
• Arabic (Bahrain) Premium
• Arabic (Qatar) Premium
• Arabic (Oman) Premium
• Arabic (Jordan) Premium
• Arabic (Lebanon) Premium
• Danish (Denmark) Premium
• German (Switzerland) Premium
• German (Austria) Premium
• French (France)
• French (Canada) Premium
• French (Switzerland) Premium
• French (Belgium) Premium
• Italian (Switzerland) Premium
• Dutch (Netherlands) Premium
• Dutch (Belgium) Premium
• Portuguese (Brazil) Premium
• Chinese (China) Premium
• Chinese (Taiwan) Premium
• Chinese (Hong Kong) Premium
• Chinese (Singapore) Premium
• Korean (South Korea) Premium
• Finnish (Finland) Premium
• Greek (Greece) Premium
• Czech (Czech Republic) Premium
• Swedish (Sweden) Premium
• Norwegian (Norway) Premium
• Turkish (Turkey) Premium
• Polish (Poland) Premium
• Romanian (Romania) Premium
• Hungarian (Hungary) Premium
• Thai (Thailand) Premium
• Hebrew (Israel) Premium
• Indonesian (Indonesia) Premium
• Vietnamese (Vietnam) Premium
• Malay (Malaysia) Premium
• Tagalog (Philippines) Premium
• Swahili (Kenya) Premium
• Swahili (Tanzania) Premium
• Zulu (South Africa) Premium
• Xhosa (South Africa) Premium
• Amharic (Ethiopia) Premium
• Tamil (India) Premium
• Tamil (Sri Lanka) Premium
• Bengali (Bangladesh) Premium
• Bengali (India) Premium
• Punjabi (Pakistan) Premium
• Punjabi (India) Premium
• Marathi (India) Premium
• Telugu (India) Premium
• Kannada (India) Premium
• Gujarati (India) Premium
• Oriya (India) Premium
• Malayalam (India) Premium
• Urdu (India) Premium
• Persian (Iran) Premium
• Azerbaijani (Azerbaijan) Premium
• Ukrainian (Ukraine) Premium
• Belarusian (Belarus) Premium
• Catalan (Spain) Premium
• Basque (Spain) Premium
• Galician (Spain) Premium
• Slovak (Slovakia) Premium
• Lithuanian (Lithuania) Premium
• Latvian (Latvia) Premium
• Estonian (Estonia) Premium
• Bulgarian (Bulgaria) Premium
• Albanian (Albania) Premium
• Croatian (Croatia) Premium
• Slovenian (Slovenia) Premium
• Bosnian (Bosnia and Herzegovina) Premium
• Serbian (Serbia) Premium
• Macedonian (North Macedonia) Premium
• Montenegrin (Montenegro) Premium
• Maltese (Malta) Premium
• Irish (Ireland) Premium
• Welsh (United Kingdom) Premium
• Scots Gaelic (United Kingdom) Premium
• Icelandic (Iceland) Premium
• Luxembourgish (Luxembourg) Premium
• Afrikaans (South Africa) Premium
• Hausa (Nigeria) Premium
• Yoruba (Nigeria) Premium
• Somali (Somalia) Premium
• Tigrinya (Eritrea) Premium
• Kinyarwanda (Rwanda) Premium
• Sesotho (Lesotho) Premium
• Shona (Zimbabwe) Premium
• Sinhala (Sri Lanka) Premium
• Dhivehi (Maldives) Premium
• Burmese (Myanmar) Premium
• Lao (Laos) Premium
• Khmer (Cambodia) Premium
• Mongolian (Mongolia) Premium
• Tibetan (China) Premium
• Uighur (China) Premium
• Pashto (Afghanistan) Premium
• Dari (Afghanistan) Premium
• Nepali (Nepal) Premium
• Dzongkha (Bhutan) Premium
• Sesotho (South Africa) Premium
• Setswana (Botswana) Premium
• Seselwa Creole (Seychelles) Premium
• Mauritian Creole (Mauritius) Premium
• Haitian Creole (Haiti) Premium
• Greenlandic (Greenland) Premium
• Faroese (Faroe Islands) Premium
• Samoan (Samoa) Premium
• Tongan (Tonga) Premium

Popular Writing Apps

This Free AI-Powered Acronym Generator creates unique abbreviations for any word or phrase, enhancing communication and clarity

This Free Active to Passive Voice Converter effortlessly transforms text, improving clarity and enhancing writing structure

This Free AI Answer Generator effortlessly generates answers to any question, providing valuable insights and solutions

LogicBall's Best AI Essay Writer creates high-quality, well-structured, and accurate essays in minutes, providing valuable content and saving time for users

Discover our Free AI Letter Generator for personalized formal or informal letters. Effortlessly craft messages and enhance communication

This Project Plan Generator creates detailed plans, providing you with structured frameworks for your projects efficiently

This Free AI Content & Copy Generator crafts high-quality & unique content and marketing copy, enhancing brand communication effortlessly

This Free AI Amazon Ad Headline Generator instantly creates compelling headlines, maximizing ad impact and driving sales

This AI Amazon Product Bullet Points Generator effortlessly creates compelling bullet points, enhancing product visibility and sales potential.

What is a Synopsis Generator

A Synopsis Generator is an online tool designed to help individuals, especially writers, authors, filmmakers, researchers, and students, create concise and compelling summaries or synopses for their work. These summaries are typically used to provide a brief overview of a blog, article, essay, book, script, research paper, or any other project, making it easier for potential readers, viewers, or audiences to understand the essence of the work without delving into the full content.

How Synopsis Generator Works:

In just three simple steps, you can create a compelling synopsis for your project. Using our AI synopsis generator is as easy as 1, 2, 3:

Input Your Content: Type or paste the content for which you need a synopsis. This could be an essay, article, blog, book, essay, research paper, report, or any piece of writing you're working on.

Click the Generate Button: Simply click the "Generate" button and it will generate a synopsis that aligns with your writing style and intent in seconds.

Copy the Synopsis: Within seconds a synopsis will be generated, copy the synopsis and paste it into your document, and you're ready to go.

Why Use Our Synopsis Generator?

Writing a compelling synopsis is essential for grabbing your audience's attention and conveying the essence of your work. Whether you're an author, filmmaker, researcher, or student, a well-crafted synopsis can make all the difference. Here's why you should choose our free synopsis generator:

Create Synopses in Your Preferred Language

We support over 50 languages, ensuring that you can create synopses for a diverse range of projects in your preferred language, making it accessible and convenient for a global audience.

Match Your Synopsis to Your Message with 20+ Tones

With over 20 tones available, our online synopsis generator allows you to customize the style and tone of your synopsis, ensuring it perfectly matches the mood and message of your work, whether it's serious, humorous, formal, or casual.

No Login Required - Start Generating Instantly

Our synopsis generator tool is 100% free. There's no need to log in or subscribe to access the powerful features of our synopsis creator. We're committed to making synopsis creation accessible to everyone.

Tool Designed for You, Not Tech Experts

Our tool is designed with you in mind. You don't need to be a wordsmith or tech wizard to use our synopsis writer. The user-friendly interface ensures a smooth and intuitive experience, making synopsis creation accessible to everyone. You can generate and edit your synopsis with ease.

Your Vision, Your Synopsis - Customize with the Rich Text Editor

We offer a rich text editor that allows you to fine-tune your generated synopsis. Customize the formatting, style, and layout to ensure your synopsis aligns with your unique vision and requirements.

Benefits of Synopsis Generator

An online synopsis generator offers several benefits to writers, researchers, filmmakers, students, and other professionals who need to create concise and engaging summaries of their work. Some of the key advantages include:

Creating a Synopsis in Minutes

The main advantage of using an article synopsis generator is the time saved in synopsis creation because writing a synopsis manually can be time-consuming and challenging. It automates the process, saving you valuable time. Instead of struggling to condense your content, you can generate a draft synopsis in a matter of minutes.

Professional and Uniform Synopses

A synopsis maker ensures that your synopsis remains consistent in tone, style, and formatting. The generated synopses are often well-structured, free from spelling and grammatical errors, and follow a standardized format. This consistency is especially important when you need to create multiple synopses for various purposes.

Clarity and Conciseness

The AI synopsis generator helps you distill the main ideas, themes, and key points of your work into a clear and concise summary, making it easier for your audience to understand the core of your project without getting lost in details.

Engagement, Pitching, and Promotion

A great synopsis can pique the interest of your target audience, whether they are potential readers, viewers, or reviewers. It serves as a hook that encourages people to explore your work further. A well-crafted synopsis is helpful in pitching your work to potential publishers, agents, investors, or academic peers to make a strong first impression, increasing your chances of garnering interest and support.

Crafting Synopses for Various Purposes

Synopsis Generator is a versatile tool and can be used for various types of projects, including books, blogs, articles, scripts, research papers, and more. This adaptability makes it valuable to a wide range of users and ensures that the synopsis aligns with your vision and resonates with your target audience.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is a synopsis, how long should a synopsis be, what should be included in a synopsis, is the synopsis generator free to use, do i need any technical or writing skills to use the synopsis generator.

Synopsis Template University of Hyderabad

Synopsis template University of Hyderabad

Have you checked our knowledge base ?

Message sent! Our team will review it and reply by email.