physical review research 3 impact factor

Physical Review Research

Subject Area and Category

• Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)

American Physical Society

Publication type

Information.

How to publish in this journal

The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.

This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.

Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.

International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.

Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

Evolution of the percentage of female authors.

Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.

Evolution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.

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Physical Review Research (PRResearch) is a fully open access, peer-reviewed journal welcoming the full spectrum of research topics of interest to the physics community and offering authors and readers the Physical Review experience and quality they value and trust.

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Physical Review Research

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Physical Review Research - Impact Score, Ranking, SJR, h-index, Citescore, Rating, Publisher, ISSN, and Other Important Details

Published By: American Physical Society

Impact Score The impact Score or journal impact score (JIS) is equivalent to Impact Factor. The impact factor (IF) or journal impact factor (JIF) of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science. On the other hand, Impact Score is based on Scopus data.

Important details, about physical review research.

Physical Review Research is a journal published by American Physical Society . This journal covers the area[s] related to Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), etc . The coverage history of this journal is as follows: 2019-2022. The rank of this journal is 1538 . This journal's impact score, h-index, and SJR are 4.23, 53, and 1.824, respectively. The ISSN of this journal is/are as follows: 26431564 . The best quartile of Physical Review Research is Q1 . This journal has received a total of 15713 citations during the last three years (Preceding 2022).

Physical Review Research Impact Score 2022-2023

The impact score (IS), also denoted as the Journal impact score (JIS), of an academic journal is a measure of the yearly average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is based on Scopus data.

Prediction of Physical Review Research Impact Score 2023

Impact Score 2022 of Physical Review Research is 4.23 . If a similar downward trend continues, IS may decrease in 2023 as well.

Impact Score Graph

Check below the impact score trends of physical review research. this is based on scopus data., physical review research h-index.

The h-index of Physical Review Research is 53 . By definition of the h-index, this journal has at least 53 published articles with more than 53 citations.

What is h-index?

The h-index (also known as the Hirsch index or Hirsh index) is a scientometric parameter used to evaluate the scientific impact of the publications and journals. It is defined as the maximum value of h such that the given Journal has published at least h papers and each has at least h citations.

Physical Review Research ISSN

The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) of Physical Review Research is/are as follows: 26431564 .

The ISSN is a unique 8-digit identifier for a specific publication like Magazine or Journal. The ISSN is used in the postal system and in the publishing world to identify the articles that are published in journals, magazines, newsletters, etc. This is the number assigned to your article by the publisher, and it is the one you will use to reference your article within the library catalogues.

ISSN code (also called as "ISSN structure" or "ISSN syntax") can be expressed as follows: NNNN-NNNC Here, N is in the set {0,1,2,3...,9}, a digit character, and C is in {0,1,2,3,...,9,X}

Physical Review Research Ranking and SCImago Journal Rank (SJR)

SCImago Journal Rank is an indicator, which measures the scientific influence of journals. It considers the number of citations received by a journal and the importance of the journals from where these citations come.

Physical Review Research Publisher

The publisher of Physical Review Research is American Physical Society . The publishing house of this journal is located in the United States . Its coverage history is as follows: 2019-2022 .

Call For Papers (CFPs)

Please check the official website of this journal to find out the complete details and Call For Papers (CFPs).

How to publish in Physical Review Research

If your area of research or discipline is related to Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), etc. , please check the journal's official website to understand the complete publication process.

Acceptance Rate

• Interest/demand of researchers/scientists for publishing in a specific journal/conference.
• The complexity of the peer review process and timeline.
• Time taken from draft submission to final publication.
• Number of submissions received and acceptance slots
• And Many More.

The simplest way to find out the acceptance rate or rejection rate of a Journal/Conference is to check with the journal's/conference's editorial team through emails or through the official website.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What is the impact score of physical review research.

The latest impact score of Physical Review Research is 4.23. It is computed in the year 2023.

What is the h-index of Physical Review Research?

The latest h-index of Physical Review Research is 53. It is evaluated in the year 2023.

What is the SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) of Physical Review Research?

The latest SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) of Physical Review Research is 1.824. It is calculated in the year 2023.

What is the ranking of Physical Review Research?

The latest ranking of Physical Review Research is 1538. This ranking is among 27955 Journals, Conferences, and Book Series. It is computed in the year 2023.

Who is the publisher of Physical Review Research?

Physical Review Research is published by American Physical Society. The publication country of this journal is United States.

What is the abbreviation of Physical Review Research?

This standard abbreviation of Physical Review Research is .

Is "Physical Review Research" a Journal, Conference or Book Series?

Physical Review Research is a journal published by American Physical Society.

What is the scope of Physical Review Research?

• Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)

For detailed scope of Physical Review Research, check the official website of this journal.

What is the ISSN of Physical Review Research?

The International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) of Physical Review Research is/are as follows: 26431564.

What is the best quartile for Physical Review Research?

The best quartile for Physical Review Research is Q1.

What is the coverage history of Physical Review Research?

The coverage history of Physical Review Research is as follows 2019-2022.

Credits and Sources

• Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR), https://www.scimagojr.com/
• Journal Impact Factor, https://clarivate.com/
• Issn.org, https://www.issn.org/
• Scopus, https://www.scopus.com/

Note: The impact score shown here is equivalent to the average number of times documents published in a journal/conference in the past two years have been cited in the current year (i.e., Cites / Doc. (2 years)). It is based on Scopus data and can be a little higher or different compared to the impact factor (IF) produced by Journal Citation Report. Please refer to the Web of Science data source to check the exact journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Impact Score, SJR, h-Index, and Other Important metrics of These Journals, Conferences, and Book Series

Check complete list

Physical Review Research Impact Score (IS) Trend

Top journals/conferences in physics and astronomy (miscellaneous).

Physical Review Research impact factor, indexing, ranking (2024)

Aim and Scope

The Physical Review Research is a research journal that publishes research related to Physics and Astronomy . This journal is published by the American Physical Society. The ISSN of this journal is 26431564 . Based on the Scopus data, the SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) of physical review research is 1.824 .

Physical Review Research Ranking

The latest Impact Factor list (JCR) is released in June 2024.

The Impact Factor of Physical Review Research is 3.5.

The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times its articles are cited.

The impact factor was devised by Eugene Garfield, the founder of the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in Philadelphia. Impact factors began to be calculated yearly starting from 1975 for journals listed in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). ISI was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare in 1992, and became known as Thomson ISI. In 2018, Thomson-Reuters spun off and sold ISI to Onex Corporation and Baring Private Equity Asia. They founded a new corporation, Clarivate , which is now the publisher of the JCR.

Important Metrics

The physical review research is indexed in:

• Web of Science (ESCI)

An indexed journal means that the journal has gone through and passed a review process of certain requirements done by a journal indexer.

The Web of Science Core Collection includes the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI), Arts & Humanities Citation Index (AHCI), and Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI).

Note: ESCI journals donot come with an impact factor. However, ESCI journals are evaluated every year and those who qualified are transferred to SCIE.

Physical Review Research Impact Factor 2024

The latest impact factor of physical review research is 3.5 which is recently updated in June, 2024.

The impact factor (IF) is a measure of the frequency with which the average article in a journal has been cited in a particular year. It is used to measure the importance or rank of a journal by calculating the times it's articles are cited.

Note: Every year, The Clarivate releases the Journal Citation Report (JCR). The JCR provides information about academic journals including impact factor. The latest JCR was released in June, 2023. The JCR 2024 will be released in the June 2024.

The latest Quartile of physical review research is Q1 .

Each subject category of journals is divided into four quartiles: Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4. Q1 is occupied by the top 25% of journals in the list; Q2 is occupied by journals in the 25 to 50% group; Q3 is occupied by journals in the 50 to 75% group and Q4 is occupied by journals in the 75 to 100% group.

Publication fee

According to journal website, the publication fee of physical review research is around 2755 USD .

The physical review research has also Journal waiver policy (for developing countries, authors etc).

An article processing charge (APC), also known as a publication fee, is a fee which is sometimes charged to authors. Most commonly, it is involved in making a work available as open access (OA), in either a full OA journal or in a hybrid journal.

Journal Publication Time

The Journal Publication Time means the average number of weeks between article submission and publication. According to the journal website, the physical review research publishes research articles in 15 weeks on an average.

Call for Papers

Visit to the official website of the journal/ conference to check the details about call for papers.

How to publish in Physical Review Research?

If your research is related to Physics and Astronomy, then visit the official website of physical review research and send your manuscript.

Tips for publishing in Physical Review Research:

• Selection of research problem.
• Presenting a solution.
• Designing the paper.
• Make your manuscript publication worthy.
• Write an effective results section.
• Mind your references.

Acceptance Rate

Final summary.

• The impact factor of physical review research is 3.5.
• The physical review research is a reputed research journal.
• It is published by American Physical Society .
• The journal is indexed in UGC CARE, Scopus, ESCI, DOAJ .
• It is an open access journal .
• The (SJR) SCImago Journal Rank is 1.824 .
• The publication time (Average number of weeks between article submission and publication) of the journal is 15 weeks .
• The Publication fee (APC) of physical review research 2755 USD .

SIMILIAR JOURNALS

MODERN PHYSICS LETTERS A

CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM GRAVITY

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PHYSICS LETTERS B

SCIENTIA SINICA-PHYSICA MECHANICA & ASTRONOMICA

ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

COMPTES RENDUS PHYSIQUE

JOURNAL OF COSMOLOGY AND ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS

PHYSICAL REVIEW D

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Physical Review Research Impact Factor 2024-25

Physical Review Research (PRR) is a scholarly journal dedicated to publishing research in the field of Physics and Astronomy , and Published by American Physical Society . and its abbreviation is Phys Rev Res .

Physical Review Research Impact Factor List

The impact factor or journal impact factor of an academic journal is a scientometric index calculated by Clarivate that reflects the yearly mean number of citations of articles published in the last two years in a given journal, as indexed by Clarivate's Web of Science .

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Physical Review Research : Impact Factor & More

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Physical review research scite analysis.

7.2K articles received 72K citations see all

• 3,163 Supporting
• 68,436 Mentioning
• 206 Contrasting

Physical Review Research Editorial notices

• 1 Retractions
• 0 Withdrawals
• 59 Corrections
• 0 Expression of Concern

FAQs on Physical Review Research

How long has physical review research been actively publishing.

Physical Review Research has been in operation since 2019 till date.

What is the publishing frequency of Physical Review Research?

Physical Review Research published with a Quarterly frequency.

What is the eISSN & pISSN for Physical Review Research?

For Physical Review Research, eISSN is 2643-1564 and pISSN is 2643-1564.

What is Citescore for Physical Review Research?

Citescore for Physical Review Research is 4.6.

What is SNIP score for Physical Review Research?

SNIP score for Physical Review Research is 1.22.

Who is the publisher of Physical Review Research?

AMER PHYSICAL SOC is the publisher of Physical Review Research.

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Relationship Between Loneliness, Psychiatric Disorders and Physical Health ? A Review on the Psychological Aspects of Loneliness

Raheel mushtaq, sheikh shoib, tabindah shah, sahil mushtaq.

• Author information
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• Copyright and License information

NAME, ADDRESS, E-MAIL ID OF THE CORRESPONDING AUTHOR: Dr. Raheel Mushtaq, Senior Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Phone : +91 9596554343, E-mail : [email protected]

Received 2014 May 22; Revision requested 2014 Jun 28; Accepted 2014 Jul 17; Issue date 2014 Sep.

Human beings are social species which require safe and secure social surroundings to survive. Satisfying social relationships are essential for mental and physical well beings. Impaired social relationship can lead to loneliness. Since the time of dawn, loneliness is perceived as a global human phenomenon. Loneliness can lead to various psychiatric disorders like depression, alcohol abuse, child abuse, sleep problems, personality disorders and Alzheimer’s disease. It also leads to various physical disorders like diabetes, autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and cardiovascular diseases like coronary heart disease, hypertension (HTN), obesity, physiological aging, cancer, poor hearing and poor health. Left untended, loneliness can have serious consequences for mental and physical health of people. Therefore it is important to intervene at the right time to prevent loneliness, so that physical and mental health of patients is maintained.

Keywords: Loneliness, Mental health, Physical health

Introduction

Loneliness is a painful universal phenomenon that has an evolutionary basis. Loneliness reminds us of the pain and warns us of the threat of becoming isolated. Loneliness is the absence of imperative social relations and lack of affection in current social relationships [ 1 ]. Loneliness is one of the main indicators of social well-being. Loneliness is caused not by being alone, but by being without some definite needed relationship or set of relationships. Research addressing loneliness has increased dramatically over the past 2 decades; however, despite the mental health risks associated with being lonely, the relationship between loneliness and psychiatric disorders has not been sufficiently explored [ 2 ].In India very little research has been done on psychological and physical affects of loneliness. There are just a few studies in India, in which relationship of loneliness with other psychiatric disorders has been studied .However most of these studies were done in elderly patients only [ 3 – 5 ].

Loneliness is a common experience with 80% of population below 18 years of age and 40% of population above 65 years of age report loneliness at least sometimes in their life [ 2 , 6 – 8 ]. Loneliness is generally reported more among adolescents and young children, contrary to the myth that it occurs more in elderly. The reason for this is that elder people have definite copying skills and can adjust accordingly to solitude, while as adolescents lack definite copying skills and adolescent period is the time of life when being accepted and loved is of such major importance to the formation of one’s identity. However elderly who have physical illness and disability report higher prevalence of loneliness, compared to elderly without physical illness and disability [ 1 , 9 , 10 ]. In India elderly patient population is increasing and their psychological problems are on a rise. India is destined to become the second largest population of elderly people in the coming years. Therefore it is necessary to intervene at the right time to prevent the psychological problems and physical disorders arising due to affects of loneliness in elderly population [ 3 ]. Further loneliness gradually diminishes through the middle adult years, and then again increases in old age (i.e., ≥70 years) [ 7 ].

Risk factors: The risk factors associated with loneliness include being female, being widowed, living alone, being aged, health factors, material resources and a limited number of ‘social’ resources [ 11 ].

Scales for measuring loneliness

Loneliness is measured by various scales like UCLA (University of California, Los Angeles) Loneliness Scale [ 12 ], Three-Item Loneliness Scale [ 12 ] and De Jong Gierveld Loneliness scale [ 13 ].

Types of loneliness

There are 3 types of loneliness i.e. situational loneliness, developmental loneliness and internal loneliness [ 14 ].

Situational Loneliness: The various factors associated with situational loneliness are environmental factors (unpleasant experiences, discrepancy between the levels of his/her needs), migration of people, inter personal conflicts, accidents and disasters, etc [ 14 ].

Developmental Loneliness: The various factors associated with developmental loneliness are personal inadequacies, developmental deficits, significant separations, poverty, living arrangements, and physical/psychological disabilities [ 14 ].

Internal Loneliness: The various factors associated with internal loneliness are personality factors, locus of control, mental distress, low self-esteem, guilt feeling , and poor coping strategies with situations [ 14 ].

Further Weiss et al., reported 2 types of loneliness i.e. emotional and social loneliness. Emotional loneliness defined by the absence of an attachment figure and social isolation, characterized by the absence of a social network [ 15 ].

Psychiatric Disorders and Loneliness

Depression : Lonely people suffer from more depressive symptoms, as they have than been reported to be less happy, less satisfied and more pessimistic [ 16 ]. Further loneliness and depression share common symptoms like helplessness and pain. There is so much similarity in between loneliness and depression that many authors consider it a subset of depression. However the distinction can be made by the fact that loneliness is characterized by the hope that all would be fine, if the lonely person could be united with another longed for person [ 2 ]. In patients, who are both lonely and depressed, loneliness is positively correlated with negative feelings and negative judgment of personality attributes and negatively correlated with it .It has been seen that there is an association between insecure attachment styles and depression. Several studies further suggest insecure attachment styles increases vulnerability to depression. The vulnerability to depression can be due to the fact that insecurely attached have tendency to develop low self esteem, difficulty or inability in developing and maintaining relationships with others, poor problem solving skills, and an unstable self- concept [ 17 ]. In a study done by Singh A et al., of 55 elder persons in the age group of 60-80 in Delhi (India) based regions (living in various housing societies), found out an increase in level of depression with increase in level of loneliness. However no gender difference in elder males and females was found between loneliness and depression. The absence of significant gender difference is in contrast to the belief, as well as what has been reported in the literature that older females are more vulnerable to depression. The reason for this could be that all elderly females were not working women before 60 years of age. The transition in their lifestyle in their old age included breaking ties with their colleagues, friends and loss of status. However the transition in their lifestyle was slow, which could have prevented any change in mood [ 4 ]. In a study done by Bhatia SPS et al., found higher mean loneliness score in elderly women , compared to elderly males. He further concluded that older people, who were living alone were experiencing higher loneliness ,compared to who were living with their spouses or their families [ 5 ].

Alzheimer’s disease : Loneliness is associated with more then two fold risk of dementia, as loneliness is associated with loss of cognition in old age. In fact some authors signal it as prodromal stage of dementia [ 18 ]. In loneliness, there is more rapid decline in global cognition, semantic memory, perceptual speed, and visuospatial ability. The basis of association of loneliness with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) can be attributed to two possibilities. First possibility is that loneliness is a consequence of dementia, perhaps as a behavioral reaction to diminished cognition or as a direct result of the pathology contributing to dementia. Second possibility is that loneliness might somehow compromise neural systems underlying cognition and memory, thereby making lonely individuals more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of age-related neuropathology and thereby decreasing neural reserves [ 19 ]. In one study, the incidence of AD was predicted by degree of baseline loneliness, after adjusting for age, sex, and education. It was found that those in the top deciles of loneliness scores were 2.1 times more likely to develop AD than those in the bottom deciles of loneliness scores. The prevalence of AD is lower in India compared to other countries. There are wide variations in the incidence rates in community based as well as urban based studies in India. Various risk factors have been identified in the causation of AD in India. However, to the best of the knowledge of the author, there are no studies which assesses relationship of loneliness with AD [ 20 ].

Alcoholism: Loneliness is recognized as a contributing, maintaining and poor prognostic factor in the development of alcohol abuse. Further it is recognized as an essential risk factor in all the stages of alcoholism [ 21 – 24 ]. Various studies have demonstrated lonely people with heavy drinking are more vulnerable to alcohol related problems. The reasons attributed to this are due to lack of social support, and distinct perceptions of community pressure [ 22 – 24 ]. However presently in India as well as in the world, there are no studies which compares loneliness in alcoholics with loneliness in nonalcoholic [ 22 – 24 ].

Child abuse : Loneliness is more prevalent among child abusers and those who disregard than who take good care of their children. Women abused in the past were noted to be more lonely and had more negative network orientation, compared to women, who were not abused. Further in whom abuse lasted for a longer duration period and involving multiple incidents were more loneliness and had lower network orientation [ 8 , 25 , 26 ]. In a study conducted by Dhal A et al., of 110 adolescents of Delhi (India) found that two third of children reported higher level of loneliness and one third of children reported lower level of loneliness. Further low self esteem in the adolescents was associated with loneliness .The adolescents with low self esteem develop loneliness ,as they feel rejected.They also lacked confidence and skills in initiating and maintaining relationships. Psychological intervention like copying skills, talking with friends and maintaining relationships can benefit adolescents in dealing with psychological affects of loneliness [ 27 ].

Bereavement: Loneliness is expected when people grieve the loss of someone to whom they were closely attached. Widows express loneliness usually with the absence of a spouse or a social support. Various studies report 86% of widows experience loneliness, however the proportion decreases with increasing number of children and with the support system. It must be noted that loneliness in grief is associated with acute absence of an attachment figure, rather than absence of a social support. Further loneliness in bereavement is in itself a risk factor for the development of depression [ 2 ].

Stress, Immune system : Loneliness is not only a source of acute stress, but also chronic stress. Recently, there has been extensive research on psychosocial effects of stress on neuroendocrine and immune systems. Whether loneliness qualifies as stress may be debatable [ 2 , 20 , 28 ]. However there is ample data, which gives evidence of immune system getting involved in loneliness. Loneliness has been associated with impaired cellular immunity, as reflected by lower natural killer (NK) cell activity and higher antibody titers. In addition, loneliness among middle-age adults has been found associated with smaller increase in NK cell numbers ,in response to acute stress associated with various tasks [ 2 , 28 ].

Suicide: Research on suicide has revealed that there is a strong association between suicide ideation, parasuicide and loneliness .The prevalence of suicide ideation and parasuicide rises with the degree of loneliness. Further the peak season for loneliness has been reported to be winter and spring, the same season for which peak incidence of suicide has been reported [ 29 ]. However there is minimal differences in suicide between men and women related to loneliness [ 30 ]. SC Tiwari attributes loneliness as an important factor in etiology of suicide and parasuicide .He also considers loneliness as a disease and wants its place in classification of psychiatric disorders [ 14 ].

Personality disorder : The various personality disorders associated with loneliness include borderline personality disorder and schizoid personality disorder [ 31 , 32 ] Intolerance of aloneness is considered a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Loneliness also potentiates other symptoms associated with BPD. The various Theories of Aloneness in BPD are The Need for Time Alone, Signaling the Need, Development of the Capacity to be Alone, The Holding Environment and Internal Representation [ 31 , 32 ]. Several psychoanalytic theorists have suggested that emotional deprivation plays a critical role in the development of schizoid personality disorder. As a result of emotional deprivation and lack of ability to gain security, a lack of contentedness in interpersonal relationships has been observed as components in attachment distortion. Further contributing to the development of schizoid personality disorder is the maladaptive schema’s and attached cognitive behavior associated with emotional deprivation [ 32 ]. In India, there are no studies which assess relationship of personality disorders with loneliness. In future, research should be done in India, which focuses on psychological affects of loneliness on various personality disorders.

Sleep: Loneliness has been associated with poor sleep quality with daytime dysfunction like low energy, fatigue. However loneliness has no relationship with sleep duration. As greater daytime dysfunction is a marker of poor sleep quality, loneliness has been found associated with greater day time dysfunction. Numerous studies have demonstrated greater daytime dysfunction accompanied by more nightly micro-awakenings with loneliness, thus demonstrating a role of loneliness with poor sleep quality [ 20 ].

Physical illness and Loneliness: Loneliness related chronic stress can cause low- grade peripheral inflammation. The low- grade peripheral inflammation in turn has been linked to inflammatory diseases .The inflammatory diseases include diabetes ,autoimmune disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and cardiovascular diseases like coronary heart disease, hypertension (HTN) [ 30 ]. In a study conducted by Hawkley et al., of young adults, loneliness was found associated with elevated levels of total peripheral resistance (TPR).TPR is the primary determinant of SBP, which suggests that loneliness- related elevations in TPR may lead to higher blood pressure [ 17 ]. Loneliness related chronic stress can also cause low- grade peripheral inflammation. The low- grade peripheral inflammation in turn has been linked to cardiovascular disease like atherosclerosis etc [ 17 , 24 ]. There have been various studies, showing relationship of loneliness with obesity, physiological aging,cancer, poor hearing and poor health [ 17 , 24 ]. In a study by SK Mishra et al., in 380 HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) patients of Andhra Pradesh (India) found that 66.57% of patients were found to be lonely and loneliness was associated with depression (71.84%) in them. He also concluded that in physical illnesses like HIV infection, the mental health indicators like loneliness and depression needs more stress in the continuum of care of patients [ 33 ].

Interventions for loneliness: Left untended, loneliness has serious consequences mental and physical well being of people. Therefore it is important to intervene at the right time to prevent loneliness. There are broadly 4 types of interventions. The four main types of interventions: (1) Developing social skills, (2) Giving social support, (3) Developing opportunities for social interaction, and (4) Recognizing maladaptive social cognition [ 17 ].

Loneliness is one of the main indicators of social well-being. Loneliness can lead to various psychiatric disorders and various physical disorders. Left untended, loneliness can have serious consequences for mental and physical health. In India, there are very few studies which assess relationship of psychiatric and physical disorders with loneliness. However most of these studies were done in elderly patients. In the near future, research should be done in India, which focuses on psychological and physical affects associated with loneliness. Therefore it is important to intervene at the right time to prevent loneliness, so that physical and mental health of patients is maintained.

Financial or Other Competing Interests

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