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113 Great Research Paper Topics

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One of the hardest parts of writing a research paper can be just finding a good topic to write about. Fortunately we've done the hard work for you and have compiled a list of 113 interesting research paper topics. They've been organized into ten categories and cover a wide range of subjects so you can easily find the best topic for you.

In addition to the list of good research topics, we've included advice on what makes a good research paper topic and how you can use your topic to start writing a great paper.

What Makes a Good Research Paper Topic?

Not all research paper topics are created equal, and you want to make sure you choose a great topic before you start writing. Below are the three most important factors to consider to make sure you choose the best research paper topics.

#1: It's Something You're Interested In

A paper is always easier to write if you're interested in the topic, and you'll be more motivated to do in-depth research and write a paper that really covers the entire subject. Even if a certain research paper topic is getting a lot of buzz right now or other people seem interested in writing about it, don't feel tempted to make it your topic unless you genuinely have some sort of interest in it as well.

#2: There's Enough Information to Write a Paper

Even if you come up with the absolute best research paper topic and you're so excited to write about it, you won't be able to produce a good paper if there isn't enough research about the topic. This can happen for very specific or specialized topics, as well as topics that are too new to have enough research done on them at the moment. Easy research paper topics will always be topics with enough information to write a full-length paper.

Trying to write a research paper on a topic that doesn't have much research on it is incredibly hard, so before you decide on a topic, do a bit of preliminary searching and make sure you'll have all the information you need to write your paper.

#3: It Fits Your Teacher's Guidelines

Don't get so carried away looking at lists of research paper topics that you forget any requirements or restrictions your teacher may have put on research topic ideas. If you're writing a research paper on a health-related topic, deciding to write about the impact of rap on the music scene probably won't be allowed, but there may be some sort of leeway. For example, if you're really interested in current events but your teacher wants you to write a research paper on a history topic, you may be able to choose a topic that fits both categories, like exploring the relationship between the US and North Korea. No matter what, always get your research paper topic approved by your teacher first before you begin writing.

113 Good Research Paper Topics

Below are 113 good research topics to help you get you started on your paper. We've organized them into ten categories to make it easier to find the type of research paper topics you're looking for.

Arts/Culture

• Discuss the main differences in art from the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance .
• Analyze the impact a famous artist had on the world.
• How is sexism portrayed in different types of media (music, film, video games, etc.)? Has the amount/type of sexism changed over the years?
• How has the music of slaves brought over from Africa shaped modern American music?
• How has rap music evolved in the past decade?
• How has the portrayal of minorities in the media changed?

Current Events

• What have been the impacts of China's one child policy?
• How have the goals of feminists changed over the decades?
• How has the Trump presidency changed international relations?
• Analyze the history of the relationship between the United States and North Korea.
• What factors contributed to the current decline in the rate of unemployment?
• What have been the impacts of states which have increased their minimum wage?
• How do US immigration laws compare to immigration laws of other countries?
• How have the US's immigration laws changed in the past few years/decades?
• How has the Black Lives Matter movement affected discussions and view about racism in the US?
• What impact has the Affordable Care Act had on healthcare in the US?
• What factors contributed to the UK deciding to leave the EU (Brexit)?
• What factors contributed to China becoming an economic power?
• Discuss the history of Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies  (some of which tokenize the S&P 500 Index on the blockchain) .
• Do students in schools that eliminate grades do better in college and their careers?
• Do students from wealthier backgrounds score higher on standardized tests?
• Do students who receive free meals at school get higher grades compared to when they weren't receiving a free meal?
• Do students who attend charter schools score higher on standardized tests than students in public schools?
• Do students learn better in same-sex classrooms?
• How does giving each student access to an iPad or laptop affect their studies?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Montessori Method ?
• Do children who attend preschool do better in school later on?
• What was the impact of the No Child Left Behind act?
• How does the US education system compare to education systems in other countries?
• What impact does mandatory physical education classes have on students' health?
• Which methods are most effective at reducing bullying in schools?
• Do homeschoolers who attend college do as well as students who attended traditional schools?
• Does offering tenure increase or decrease quality of teaching?
• How does college debt affect future life choices of students?
• Should graduate students be able to form unions?

• What are different ways to lower gun-related deaths in the US?
• How and why have divorce rates changed over time?
• Is affirmative action still necessary in education and/or the workplace?
• Should physician-assisted suicide be legal?
• How has stem cell research impacted the medical field?
• How can human trafficking be reduced in the United States/world?
• Should people be able to donate organs in exchange for money?
• Which types of juvenile punishment have proven most effective at preventing future crimes?
• Has the increase in US airport security made passengers safer?
• Analyze the immigration policies of certain countries and how they are similar and different from one another.
• Several states have legalized recreational marijuana. What positive and negative impacts have they experienced as a result?
• Do tariffs increase the number of domestic jobs?
• Which prison reforms have proven most effective?
• Should governments be able to censor certain information on the internet?
• Which methods/programs have been most effective at reducing teen pregnancy?
• What are the benefits and drawbacks of the Keto diet?
• How effective are different exercise regimes for losing weight and maintaining weight loss?
• How do the healthcare plans of various countries differ from each other?
• What are the most effective ways to treat depression ?
• What are the pros and cons of genetically modified foods?
• Which methods are most effective for improving memory?
• What can be done to lower healthcare costs in the US?
• What factors contributed to the current opioid crisis?
• Analyze the history and impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic .
• Are low-carbohydrate or low-fat diets more effective for weight loss?
• How much exercise should the average adult be getting each week?
• Which methods are most effective to get parents to vaccinate their children?
• What are the pros and cons of clean needle programs?
• How does stress affect the body?
• Discuss the history of the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians.
• What were the causes and effects of the Salem Witch Trials?
• Who was responsible for the Iran-Contra situation?
• How has New Orleans and the government's response to natural disasters changed since Hurricane Katrina?
• What events led to the fall of the Roman Empire?
• What were the impacts of British rule in India ?
• Was the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki necessary?
• What were the successes and failures of the women's suffrage movement in the United States?
• What were the causes of the Civil War?
• How did Abraham Lincoln's assassination impact the country and reconstruction after the Civil War?
• Which factors contributed to the colonies winning the American Revolution?
• What caused Hitler's rise to power?
• Discuss how a specific invention impacted history.
• What led to Cleopatra's fall as ruler of Egypt?
• How has Japan changed and evolved over the centuries?
• What were the causes of the Rwandan genocide ?

• Why did Martin Luther decide to split with the Catholic Church?
• Analyze the history and impact of a well-known cult (Jonestown, Manson family, etc.)
• How did the sexual abuse scandal impact how people view the Catholic Church?
• How has the Catholic church's power changed over the past decades/centuries?
• What are the causes behind the rise in atheism/ agnosticism in the United States?
• What were the influences in Siddhartha's life resulted in him becoming the Buddha?
• How has media portrayal of Islam/Muslims changed since September 11th?

Science/Environment

• How has the earth's climate changed in the past few decades?
• How has the use and elimination of DDT affected bird populations in the US?
• Analyze how the number and severity of natural disasters have increased in the past few decades.
• Analyze deforestation rates in a certain area or globally over a period of time.
• How have past oil spills changed regulations and cleanup methods?
• How has the Flint water crisis changed water regulation safety?
• What are the pros and cons of fracking?
• What impact has the Paris Climate Agreement had so far?
• What have NASA's biggest successes and failures been?
• How can we improve access to clean water around the world?
• Does ecotourism actually have a positive impact on the environment?
• Should the US rely on nuclear energy more?
• What can be done to save amphibian species currently at risk of extinction?
• What impact has climate change had on coral reefs?
• How are black holes created?
• Are teens who spend more time on social media more likely to suffer anxiety and/or depression?
• How will the loss of net neutrality affect internet users?
• Analyze the history and progress of self-driving vehicles.
• How has the use of drones changed surveillance and warfare methods?
• Has social media made people more or less connected?
• What progress has currently been made with artificial intelligence ?
• Do smartphones increase or decrease workplace productivity?
• What are the most effective ways to use technology in the classroom?
• How is Google search affecting our intelligence?
• When is the best age for a child to begin owning a smartphone?
• Has frequent texting reduced teen literacy rates?

How to Write a Great Research Paper

Even great research paper topics won't give you a great research paper if you don't hone your topic before and during the writing process. Follow these three tips to turn good research paper topics into great papers.

#1: Figure Out Your Thesis Early

Before you start writing a single word of your paper, you first need to know what your thesis will be. Your thesis is a statement that explains what you intend to prove/show in your paper. Every sentence in your research paper will relate back to your thesis, so you don't want to start writing without it!

As some examples, if you're writing a research paper on if students learn better in same-sex classrooms, your thesis might be "Research has shown that elementary-age students in same-sex classrooms score higher on standardized tests and report feeling more comfortable in the classroom."

If you're writing a paper on the causes of the Civil War, your thesis might be "While the dispute between the North and South over slavery is the most well-known cause of the Civil War, other key causes include differences in the economies of the North and South, states' rights, and territorial expansion."

#2: Back Every Statement Up With Research

Remember, this is a research paper you're writing, so you'll need to use lots of research to make your points. Every statement you give must be backed up with research, properly cited the way your teacher requested. You're allowed to include opinions of your own, but they must also be supported by the research you give.

#3: Do Your Research Before You Begin Writing

You don't want to start writing your research paper and then learn that there isn't enough research to back up the points you're making, or, even worse, that the research contradicts the points you're trying to make!

Get most of your research on your good research topics done before you begin writing. Then use the research you've collected to create a rough outline of what your paper will cover and the key points you're going to make. This will help keep your paper clear and organized, and it'll ensure you have enough research to produce a strong paper.

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These recommendations are based solely on our knowledge and experience. If you purchase an item through one of our links, PrepScholar may receive a commission.

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How To Find A Research Topic

If you’re struggling to get started, this step-by-step video tutorial will help you find the perfect research topic.

Research Topic FAQs

What (exactly) is a research topic.

A research topic is the subject of a research project or study – for example, a dissertation or thesis. A research topic typically takes the form of a problem to be solved, or a question to be answered.

A good research topic should be specific enough to allow for focused research and analysis. For example, if you are interested in studying the effects of climate change on agriculture, your research topic could focus on how rising temperatures have impacted crop yields in certain regions over time.

To learn more about the basics of developing a research topic, consider our free research topic ideation webinar.

What constitutes a good research topic?

A strong research topic comprises three important qualities : originality, value and feasibility.

• Originality – a good topic explores an original area or takes a novel angle on an existing area of study.
• Value – a strong research topic provides value and makes a contribution, either academically or practically.
• Feasibility – a good research topic needs to be practical and manageable, given the resource constraints you face.

To learn more about what makes for a high-quality research topic, check out this post .

What's the difference between a research topic and research problem?

A research topic and a research problem are two distinct concepts that are often confused. A research topic is a broader label that indicates the focus of the study , while a research problem is an issue or gap in knowledge within the broader field that needs to be addressed.

To illustrate this distinction, consider a student who has chosen “teenage pregnancy in the United Kingdom” as their research topic. This research topic could encompass any number of issues related to teenage pregnancy such as causes, prevention strategies, health outcomes for mothers and babies, etc.

Within this broad category (the research topic) lies potential areas of inquiry that can be explored further – these become the research problems . For example:

• What factors contribute to higher rates of teenage pregnancy in certain communities?
• How do different types of parenting styles affect teen pregnancy rates?
• What interventions have been successful in reducing teenage pregnancies?

Simply put, a key difference between a research topic and a research problem is scope ; the research topic provides an umbrella under which multiple questions can be asked, while the research problem focuses on one specific question or set of questions within that larger context.

How can I find potential research topics for my project?

There are many steps involved in the process of finding and choosing a high-quality research topic for a dissertation or thesis. We cover these steps in detail in this video (also accessible below).

How can I find quality sources for my research topic?

Finding quality sources is an essential step in the topic ideation process. To do this, you should start by researching scholarly journals, books, and other academic publications related to your topic. These sources can provide reliable information on a wide range of topics. Additionally, they may contain data or statistics that can help support your argument or conclusions.

Identifying Relevant Sources

When searching for relevant sources, it’s important to look beyond just published material; try using online databases such as Google Scholar or JSTOR to find articles from reputable journals that have been peer-reviewed by experts in the field.

You can also use search engines like Google or Bing to locate websites with useful information about your topic. However, be sure to evaluate any website before citing it as a source—look for evidence of authorship (such as an “About Us” page) and make sure the content is up-to-date and accurate before relying on it.

Evaluating Sources

Once you’ve identified potential sources for your research project, take some time to evaluate them thoroughly before deciding which ones will best serve your purpose. Consider factors such as author credibility (are they an expert in their field?), publication date (is the source current?), objectivity (does the author present both sides of an issue?) and relevance (how closely does this source relate to my specific topic?).

By researching the current literature on your topic, you can identify potential sources that will help to provide quality information. Once you’ve identified these sources, it’s time to look for a gap in the research and determine what new knowledge could be gained from further study.

How can I find a good research gap?

Finding a strong gap in the literature is an essential step when looking for potential research topics. We explain what research gaps are and how to find them in this post.

How should I evaluate potential research topics/ideas?

When evaluating potential research topics, it is important to consider the factors that make for a strong topic (we discussed these earlier). Specifically:

• Originality
• Feasibility

So, when you have a list of potential topics or ideas, assess each of them in terms of these three criteria. A good topic should take a unique angle, provide value (either to academia or practitioners), and be practical enough for you to pull off, given your limited resources.

Finally, you should also assess whether this project could lead to potential career opportunities such as internships or job offers down the line. Make sure that you are researching something that is relevant enough so that it can benefit your professional development in some way. Additionally, consider how each research topic aligns with your career goals and interests; researching something that you are passionate about can help keep motivation high throughout the process.

How can I assess the feasibility of a research topic?

When evaluating the feasibility and practicality of a research topic, it is important to consider several factors.

First, you should assess whether or not the research topic is within your area of competence. Of course, when you start out, you are not expected to be the world’s leading expert, but do should at least have some foundational knowledge.

Time commitment

When considering a research topic, you should think about how much time will be required for completion. Depending on your field of study, some topics may require more time than others due to their complexity or scope.

Additionally, if you plan on collaborating with other researchers or institutions in order to complete your project, additional considerations must be taken into account such as coordinating schedules and ensuring that all parties involved have adequate resources available.

Resources needed

It’s also critically important to consider what type of resources are necessary in order to conduct the research successfully. This includes physical materials such as lab equipment and chemicals but can also include intangible items like access to certain databases or software programs which may be necessary depending on the nature of your work. Additionally, if there are costs associated with obtaining these materials then this must also be factored into your evaluation process.

Potential risks

It’s important to consider the inherent potential risks for each potential research topic. These can include ethical risks (challenges getting ethical approval), data risks (not being able to access the data you’ll need), technical risks relating to the equipment you’ll use and funding risks (not securing the necessary financial back to undertake the research).

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101 research paper topics.

• Why do we sleep ?
• How do GPS systems work?
• Who was the first person to reach the North Pole ?
• Did anybody ever escape Alcatraz ?
• What was life like for a gladiator ?
• What are the effects of prolonged steroid use on the human body?
• What happened during the Salem witch trials ?
• Are there any effective means of repelling insects ?
• How did trains and railroads change life in America?
• What may have occurred during the Roswell  UFO incident of 1947?
• How is bulletproof clothing made?
• What Olympic events were practiced in ancient Greece?
• What are the major theories explaining the disappearance of the dinosaurs ?
• How was the skateboard invented and how has it changed over the years?
• How did the long bow contribute to English military dominance?
• What caused the stock market crash of 2008?
• How did Cleopatra come to power in Egypt what did she do during her reign?
• How has airport security intensified since September 11 th , 2001?
• What is life like inside of a beehive ?
• Where did hip hop originate and who were its founders?
• What makes the platypus a unique and interesting mammal?
• How does tobacco use affect the human body?
• How do computer viruses spread and in what ways do they affect computers?
• What is daily life like for a Buddhist monk ?
• What are the origins of the conflict in Darfur ?
• How did gunpowder change warfare?
• In what ways do Wal-Mart stores affect local economies?
• How were cats and dogs domesticated and for what purposes?
• What do historians know about ninjas ?
• How has the music industry been affected by the internet and digital downloading?
• What were the circumstances surrounding the death of Osama Bin Laden ?
• What was the women’s suffrage movement and how did it change America?
• What efforts are being taken to protect endangered wildlife ?
• How much does the war on drugs cost Americans each year?
• How is text messaging affecting teen literacy?
• Are humans still evolving ?
• What technologies are available to home owners to help them conserve energy ?
• How have oil spills affected the planet and what steps are being taken to prevent them?
• What was the Magna Carta and how did it change England?
• What is the curse of the pharaohs?
• Why was Socrates executed?
• What nonlethal weapons are used by police to subdue rioters?
• How does the prison population in America compare to other nations?
• How did ancient sailors navigate the globe?
• Can gamblers ever acquire a statistical advantage over the house in casino games?
• What is alchemy and how has it been attempted?
• How are black holes formed?
• How was the assassination of Abraham Lincoln plotted and executed?
• Do the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks?
• How do submarines work?
• Do lie detector tests accurately determine truthful statements?
• How did Cold War tension affect the US and the world?
• What happened to the lost settlers at Roanoke ?
• How does a hybrid car save energy?
• What ingredients can be found inside of a hotdog ?
• How did Julius Caesar affect Rome?
• What are some common sleep disorders and how are they treated?
• How did the Freedom Riders change society?
• How is internet censorship used in China and around the world?
• What was the code of the Bushido and how did it affect samurai warriors ?
• What are the risks of artificial tanning or prolonged exposure to the sun?
• What programs are available to help war veterans get back into society?
• What steps are involved in creating a movie or television show?
• How have the film and music industries dealt with piracy ?
• How did Joan of Arc change history?
• What responsibilities do secret service agents have?
• How does a shark hunt?
• What dangers and hardships did Lewis and Clark face when exploring the Midwest?
• Has the Patriot Act prevented or stopped terrorist acts in America?
• Do states that allow citizens to carry guns have higher or lower crime rates?
• How are the Great Depression and the Great Recession similar and different?
• What are the dangers of scuba diving and underwater exploration?
• How does the human brain store and retrieve memories ?
• What was the Manhattan Project and what impact did it have on the world?
• How does stealth technology shield aircraft from radar?
• What causes tornadoes ?
• Why did Martin Luther protest against the Catholic Church?
• How does a search engine work?
• What are the current capabilities and future goals of genetic engineers ?
• How did the Roman Empire fall?
• What obstacles faced scientists in breaking the sound barrier ?
• How did the black plague affect Europe?
• What happened to Amelia Earhart ?
• What are the dangers and hazards of using nuclear power ?
• How did Genghis Khan conquer Persia?
• What architectural marvels were found in Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire ?
• From where does spam email come and can we stop it?
• How does night vision work?
• How did journalists influence US war efforts in Vietnam ?
• What are the benefits and hazards of medical marijuana ?
• What causes desert mirages and how do they affect wanderers?
• What was the cultural significance of the first moon landing ?
• What are sinkholes and how are they formed?
• Have any psychics ever solved crimes or prevented them from occurring?
• Who is Vlad the Impaler and what is his connection to Count Dracula ?
• What are the risks of climate change and global warming ?
• What treatments are available to people infected with HIV and are they effective?
• Who was a greater inventor, Leonardo di Vinci or Thomas Edison ?
• How are the Chinese and American economies similar and different?
• Why was communism unsuccessful in so many countries?
• In what ways do video games affect children and teenagers?

923 Comments

I like using this website when I assist kids with learning as a lot of these topics are quickly covered in the school systems. Thankyou

Mackenah Nicole Molina

Wow! I always have trouble deiciding what to do a research project on but this list has totally solved that. Now my only problem is choosing what idea on this list I should do first!

Most of these my teacher rejected because apparently ‘these aren’t grade level topics, and I doubt they interest you”

I’m sorry to hear that. Sounds like you will have a potentially valuable character-building experience in the short-term.

Edwin Augusto Galindo Cuba

THIS SITE IS AWESOME, THERE ARE LOTS OF TOPICS TO LEARN AND MASTER OUR SKILLS!

research kid

I need one about animals, please. I have been challenged to a animal research project, Due Friday. I have no clue what to research! somebody help, thanks for reading!

You can do one on bats

For international studies you can do Defense and Security.

This was very helpful.

Research on Ben Franklin? I think THAT will get a real charge out of everyone (hehehehegetit)

Mandy Maher

“Is it possible to colonize Mars?”

maddy burney

these are silly topics

thx for making this real.

more gaming questions!!!!!!

Is it still considered stealing if you don’t get caught?

Yes, yes it is still considered stealing.

I need topics on memes

Mary Nnamani

Please I need project topics on Language Literature

Marcella Vallarino

I would appreciate a list of survey questions for middle school grades 6-8

I need a research topics about public sector management

I NEED FIVE EXAMPLES EACH ON QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH (EDUCATION, HEALTH, TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMY AND ENGINEERING)

publish research that are interesting please……

hey can you do one on the burmiueda triangle

Anybody know video games effect kids,and,teens. There Fun!!

they’re

I need a topic about woman history if any of u can find 1 please that would be great!

You could research about the history of the astronauts, and of human past (WWI, WWII, etc.)

so about women? Manitoba Women Win the Right to Vote in Municipal Elections, The First Women, January 23, 1849: Elizabeth Blackwell becomes the first woman to graduate from medical school and become a doctor in the United States, Rosa Parks Civil Rights Equal Pay. I have way more. so if you need more just ask.

communism is good

what are you a communist?!?!

Did FDR know about the upcoming attack on Pearl Harbor on 07 DEC 1941.

do you know how babies are born

Christine Singu

kindly assist with a research topic in the field of accounting or auditing

need more about US army

Please can yiu give me a topic in education

I think one should be how can music/Video games can affect the life for people

or How Do Video Games Affect Teenagers?

zimbabwe leader

I think a good topic is supporting the confederate flag!

Need a research topic within the context of students union government and dues payments

do more weird ones plz

joyce alcantara

Hi pls po can you give me a topic relate for humanities pls thank u.

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How to Write a Research Paper

Use the links below to jump directly to any section of this guide:

Research Paper Fundamentals

How to choose a topic or question, how to create a working hypothesis or thesis, common research paper methodologies, how to gather and organize evidence , how to write an outline for your research paper, how to write a rough draft, how to revise your draft, how to produce a final draft, resources for teachers .

It is not fair to say that no one writes anymore. Just about everyone writes text messages, brief emails, or social media posts every single day. Yet, most people don't have a lot of practice with the formal, organized writing required for a good academic research paper. This guide contains links to a variety of resources that can help demystify the process. Some of these resources are intended for teachers; they contain exercises, activities, and teaching strategies. Other resources are intended for direct use by students who are struggling to write papers, or are looking for tips to make the process go more smoothly.

The resources in this section are designed to help students understand the different types of research papers, the general research process, and how to manage their time. Below, you'll find links from university writing centers, the trusted Purdue Online Writing Lab, and more.

What is an Academic Research Paper?

"Genre and the Research Paper" (Purdue OWL)

There are different types of research papers. Different types of scholarly questions will lend themselves to one format or another. This is a brief introduction to the two main genres of research paper: analytic and argumentative. 

"7 Most Popular Types of Research Papers" (Personal-writer.com)

This resource discusses formats that high school students commonly encounter, such as the compare and contrast essay and the definitional essay. Please note that the inclusion of this link is not an endorsement of this company's paid service.

How to Prepare and Plan Out Writing a Research Paper

Teachers can give their students a step-by-step guide like these to help them understand the different steps of the research paper process. These guides can be combined with the time management tools in the next subsection to help students come up with customized calendars for completing their papers.

"Ten Steps for Writing Research Papers" (American University)  

This resource from American University is a comprehensive guide to the research paper writing process, and includes examples of proper research questions and thesis topics.

"Steps in Writing a Research Paper" (SUNY Empire State College)

This guide breaks the research paper process into 11 steps. Each "step" links to a separate page, which describes the work entailed in completing it.

How to Manage Time Effectively

The links below will help students determine how much time is necessary to complete a paper. If your sources are not available online or at your local library, you'll need to leave extra time for the Interlibrary Loan process. Remember that, even if you do not need to consult secondary sources, you'll still need to leave yourself ample time to organize your thoughts.

"Research Paper Planner: Timeline" (Baylor University)

This interactive resource from Baylor University creates a suggested writing schedule based on how much time a student has to work on the assignment.

"Research Paper Planner" (UCLA)

UCLA's library offers this step-by-step guide to the research paper writing process, which also includes a suggested planning calendar.

There's a reason teachers spend a long time talking about choosing a good topic. Without a good topic and a well-formulated research question, it is almost impossible to write a clear and organized paper. The resources below will help you generate ideas and formulate precise questions.

"How to Select a Research Topic" (Univ. of Michigan-Flint)

This resource is designed for college students who are struggling to come up with an appropriate topic. A student who uses this resource and still feels unsure about his or her topic should consult the course instructor for further personalized assistance.

"25 Interesting Research Paper Topics to Get You Started" (Kibin)

This resource, which is probably most appropriate for high school students, provides a list of specific topics to help get students started. It is broken into subsections, such as "paper topics on local issues."

"Writing a Good Research Question" (Grand Canyon University)

This introduction to research questions includes some embedded videos, as well as links to scholarly articles on research questions. This resource would be most appropriate for teachers who are planning lessons on research paper fundamentals.

"How to Write a Research Question the Right Way" (Kibin)

This student-focused resource provides more detail on writing research questions. The language is accessible, and there are embedded videos and examples of good and bad questions.

It is important to have a rough hypothesis or thesis in mind at the beginning of the research process. People who have a sense of what they want to say will have an easier time sorting through scholarly sources and other information. The key, of course, is not to become too wedded to the draft hypothesis or thesis. Just about every working thesis gets changed during the research process.

CrashCourse Video: "Sociology Research Methods" (YouTube)

Although this video is tailored to sociology students, it is applicable to students in a variety of social science disciplines. This video does a good job demonstrating the connection between the brainstorming that goes into selecting a research question and the formulation of a working hypothesis.

"How to Write a Thesis Statement for an Analytical Essay" (YouTube)

Students writing analytical essays will not develop the same type of working hypothesis as students who are writing research papers in other disciplines. For these students, developing the working thesis may happen as a part of the rough draft (see the relevant section below). 

"Research Hypothesis" (Oakland Univ.)

This resource provides some examples of hypotheses in social science disciplines like Political Science and Criminal Justice. These sample hypotheses may also be useful for students in other soft social sciences and humanities disciplines like History.

When grading a research paper, instructors look for a consistent methodology. This section will help you understand different methodological approaches used in research papers. Students will get the most out of these resources if they use them to help prepare for conversations with teachers or discussions in class.

"Types of Research Designs" (USC)

A "research design," used for complex papers, is related to the paper's method. This resource contains introductions to a variety of popular research designs in the social sciences. Although it is not the most intuitive site to read, the information here is very valuable. 

"Major Research Methods" (YouTube)

Although this video is a bit on the dry side, it provides a comprehensive overview of the major research methodologies in a format that might be more accessible to students who have struggled with textbooks or other written resources.

"Humanities Research Strategies" (USC)

This is a portal where students can learn about four methodological approaches for humanities papers: Historical Methodologies, Textual Criticism, Conceptual Analysis, and the Synoptic method.

"Selected Major Social Science Research Methods: Overview" (National Academies Press)

This appendix from the book  Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy , printed by National Academies Press, introduces some methods used in social science papers.

"Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: 6. The Methodology" (USC)

This resource from the University of Southern California's library contains tips for writing a methodology section in a research paper.

How to Determine the Best Methodology for You

Anyone who is new to writing research papers should be sure to select a method in consultation with their instructor. These resources can be used to help prepare for that discussion. They may also be used on their own by more advanced students.

"Choosing Appropriate Research Methodologies" (Palgrave Study Skills)

This friendly and approachable resource from Palgrave Macmillan can be used by students who are just starting to think about appropriate methodologies.

"How to Choose Your Research Methods" (NFER (UK))

This is another approachable resource students can use to help narrow down the most appropriate methods for their research projects.

The resources in this section introduce the process of gathering scholarly sources and collecting evidence. You'll find a range of material here, from introductory guides to advanced explications best suited to college students. Please consult the LitCharts  How to Do Academic Research guide for a more comprehensive list of resources devoted to finding scholarly literature.

Google Scholar

Students who have access to library websites with detailed research guides should start there, but people who do not have access to those resources can begin their search for secondary literature here.

"Gathering Appropriate Information" (Texas Gateway)

This resource from the Texas Gateway for online resources introduces students to the research process, and contains interactive exercises. The level of complexity is suitable for middle school, high school, and introductory college classrooms.

"An Overview of Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection Methods" (NSF)

This PDF from the National Science Foundation goes into detail about best practices and pitfalls in data collection across multiple types of methodologies.

"Social Science Methods for Data Collection and Analysis" (Swiss FIT)

This resource is appropriate for advanced undergraduates or teachers looking to create lessons on research design and data collection. It covers techniques for gathering data via interviews, observations, and other methods.

"Collecting Data by In-depth Interviewing" (Leeds Univ.)

This resource contains enough information about conducting interviews to make it useful for teachers who want to create a lesson plan, but is also accessible enough for college juniors or seniors to make use of it on their own.

There is no "one size fits all" outlining technique. Some students might devote all their energy and attention to the outline in order to avoid the paper. Other students may benefit from being made to sit down and organize their thoughts into a lengthy sentence outline. The resources in this section include strategies and templates for multiple types of outlines. 

"Topic vs. Sentence Outlines" (UC Berkeley)

This resource introduces two basic approaches to outlining: the shorter topic-based approach, and the longer, more detailed sentence-based approach. This resource also contains videos on how to develop paper paragraphs from the sentence-based outline.

"Types of Outlines and Samples" (Purdue OWL)

The Purdue Online Writing Lab's guide is a slightly less detailed discussion of different types of outlines. It contains several sample outlines.

"Writing An Outline" (Austin C.C.)

This resource from a community college contains sample outlines from an American history class that students can use as models.

"How to Structure an Outline for a College Paper" (YouTube)

This brief (sub-2 minute) video from the ExpertVillage YouTube channel provides a model of outline writing for students who are struggling with the idea.

"Outlining" (Harvard)

This is a good resource to consult after completing a draft outline. It offers suggestions for making sure your outline avoids things like unnecessary repetition.

As with outlines, rough drafts can take on many different forms. These resources introduce teachers and students to the various approaches to writing a rough draft. This section also includes resources that will help you cite your sources appropriately according to the MLA, Chicago, and APA style manuals.

"Creating a Rough Draft for a Research Paper" (Univ. of Minnesota)

This resource is useful for teachers in particular, as it provides some suggested exercises to help students with writing a basic rough draft. 

Rough Draft Assignment (Duke of Definition)

This sample assignment, with a brief list of tips, was developed by a high school teacher who runs a very successful and well-reviewed page of educational resources.

"Creating the First Draft of Your Research Paper" (Concordia Univ.)

This resource will be helpful for perfectionists or procrastinators, as it opens by discussing the problem of avoiding writing. It also provides a short list of suggestions meant to get students writing.

Using Proper Citations

There is no such thing as a rough draft of a scholarly citation. These links to the three major citation guides will ensure that your citations follow the correct format. Please consult the LitCharts How to Cite Your Sources guide for more resources.

Chicago Manual of Style Citation Guide

Some call  The Chicago Manual of Style , which was first published in 1906, "the editors' Bible." The manual is now in its 17th edition, and is popular in the social sciences, historical journals, and some other fields in the humanities.

APA Citation Guide

According to the American Psychological Association, this guide was developed to aid reading comprehension, clarity of communication, and to reduce bias in language in the social and behavioral sciences. Its first full edition was published in 1952, and it is now in its sixth edition.

MLA Citation Guide

The Modern Language Association style is used most commonly within the liberal arts and humanities. The  MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing  was first published in 1985 and (as of 2008) is in its third edition.

Any professional scholar will tell you that the best research papers are made in the revision stage. No matter how strong your research question or working thesis, it is not possible to write a truly outstanding paper without devoting energy to revision. These resources provide examples of revision exercises for the classroom, as well as tips for students working independently.

"The Art of Revision" (Univ. of Arizona)

This resource provides a wealth of information and suggestions for both students and teachers. There is a list of suggested exercises that teachers might use in class, along with a revision checklist that is useful for teachers and students alike.

"Script for Workshop on Revision" (Vanderbilt University)

Vanderbilt's guide for leading a 50-minute revision workshop can serve as a model for teachers who wish to guide students through the revision process during classtime. 

"Revising Your Paper" (Univ. of Washington)

This detailed handout was designed for students who are beginning the revision process. It discusses different approaches and methods for revision, and also includes a detailed list of things students should look for while they revise.

"Revising Drafts" (UNC Writing Center)

This resource is designed for students and suggests things to look for during the revision process. It provides steps for the process and has a FAQ for students who have questions about why it is important to revise.

Conferencing with Writing Tutors and Instructors

No writer is so good that he or she can't benefit from meeting with instructors or peer tutors. These resources from university writing, learning, and communication centers provide suggestions for how to get the most out of these one-on-one meetings.

"Getting Feedback" (UNC Writing Center)

This very helpful resource talks about how to ask for feedback during the entire writing process. It contains possible questions that students might ask when developing an outline, during the revision process, and after the final draft has been graded.

"Prepare for Your Tutoring Session" (Otis College of Art and Design)

This guide from a university's student learning center contains a lot of helpful tips for getting the most out of working with a writing tutor.

"The Importance of Asking Your Professor" (Univ. of Waterloo)

This article from the university's Writing and Communication Centre's blog contains some suggestions for how and when to get help from professors and Teaching Assistants.

Once you've revised your first draft, you're well on your way to handing in a polished paper. These resources—each of them produced by writing professionals at colleges and universities—outline the steps required in order to produce a final draft. You'll find proofreading tips and checklists in text and video form.

"Developing a Final Draft of a Research Paper" (Univ. of Minnesota)

While this resource contains suggestions for revision, it also features a couple of helpful checklists for the last stages of completing a final draft.

Basic Final Draft Tips and Checklist (Univ. of Maryland-University College)

This short and accessible resource, part of UMUC's very thorough online guide to writing and research, contains a very basic checklist for students who are getting ready to turn in their final drafts.

Final Draft Checklist (Everett C.C.)

This is another accessible final draft checklist, appropriate for both high school and college students. It suggests reading your essay aloud at least once.

"How to Proofread Your Final Draft" (YouTube)

This video (approximately 5 minutes), produced by Eastern Washington University, gives students tips on proofreading final drafts.

"Proofreading Tips" (Georgia Southern-Armstrong)

This guide will help students learn how to spot common errors in their papers. It suggests focusing on content and editing for grammar and mechanics.

This final set of resources is intended specifically for high school and college instructors. It provides links to unit plans and classroom exercises that can help improve students' research and writing skills. You'll find resources that give an overview of the process, along with activities that focus on how to begin and how to carry out research. 

"Research Paper Complete Resources Pack" (Teachers Pay Teachers)

This packet of assignments, rubrics, and other resources is designed for high school students. The resources in this packet are aligned to Common Core standards.

"Research Paper—Complete Unit" (Teachers Pay Teachers)

This packet of assignments, notes, PowerPoints, and other resources has a 4/4 rating with over 700 ratings. It is designed for high school teachers, but might also be useful to college instructors who work with freshmen.

"Teaching Students to Write Good Papers" (Yale)

This resource from Yale's Center for Teaching and Learning is designed for college instructors, and it includes links to appropriate activities and exercises.

"Research Paper Writing: An Overview" (CUNY Brooklyn)

CUNY Brooklyn offers this complete lesson plan for introducing students to research papers. It includes an accompanying set of PowerPoint slides.

"Lesson Plan: How to Begin Writing a Research Paper" (San Jose State Univ.)

This lesson plan is designed for students in the health sciences, so teachers will have to modify it for their own needs. It includes a breakdown of the brainstorming, topic selection, and research question process. 

"Quantitative Techniques for Social Science Research" (Univ. of Pittsburgh)

This is a set of PowerPoint slides that can be used to introduce students to a variety of quantitative methods used in the social sciences.

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How to start your research paper [step-by-step guide]

1. Choose your topic

2. find information on your topic, 3. create a thesis statement, 4. create a research paper outline, 5. organize your notes, 6. write your introduction, 7. write your first draft of the body, 9. write your conclusion, 10. revise again, edit, and proofread, frequently asked questions about starting your research paper, related articles.

Research papers can be short or in-depth, but no matter what type of research paper, they all follow pretty much the same pattern and have the same structure .

A research paper is a paper that makes an argument about a topic based on research and analysis.

There will be some basic differences, but if you can write one type of research paper, you can write another. Below is a step-by-step guide to starting and completing your research paper.

Choose a topic that interests you. Writing your research paper will be so much more pleasant with a topic that you actually want to know more about. Your interest will show in the way you write and effort you put into the paper. Consider these issues when coming up with a topic:

• make sure your topic is not too broad
• narrow it down if you're using terms that are too general

Academic search engines are a great source to find background information on your topic. Your institution's library will most likely provide access to plenty of online research databases. Take a look at our guide on how to efficiently search online databases for academic research to learn how to gather all the information needed on your topic.

Tip: If you’re struggling with finding research, consider meeting with an academic librarian to help you come up with more balanced keywords.

If you’re struggling to find a topic for your thesis, take a look at our guide on how to come up with a thesis topic .

The thesis statement is one of the most important elements of any piece of academic writing. It can be defined as a very brief statement of what the main point or central message of your paper is. Our thesis statement guide will help you write an excellent thesis statement.

In the next step, you need to create your research paper outline . The outline is the skeleton of your research paper. Simply start by writing down your thesis and the main ideas you wish to present. This will likely change as your research progresses; therefore, do not worry about being too specific in the early stages of writing your outline.

Then, fill out your outline with the following components:

• the main ideas that you want to cover in the paper
• the types of evidence that you will use to support your argument
• quotes from secondary sources that you may want to use

Organizing all the information you have gathered according to your outline will help you later on in the writing process. Analyze your notes, check for accuracy, verify the information, and make sure you understand all the information you have gathered in a way that you can communicate your findings effectively.

Start with the introduction. It will set the direction of your paper and help you a lot as you write. Waiting to write it at the end can leave you with a poorly written setup to an otherwise well-written paper.

The body of your paper argues, explains or describes your topic. Start with the first topic from your outline. Ideally, you have organized your notes in a way that you can work through your research paper outline and have all the notes ready.

After your first draft, take some time to check the paper for content errors. Rearrange ideas, make changes and check if the order of your paragraphs makes sense. At this point, it is helpful to re-read the research paper guidelines and make sure you have followed the format requirements. You can also use free grammar and proof reading checkers such as Grammarly .

Tip: Consider reading your paper from back to front when you undertake your initial revision. This will help you ensure that your argument and organization are sound.

Write your conclusion last and avoid including any new information that has not already been presented in the body of the paper. Your conclusion should wrap up your paper and show that your research question has been answered.

Allow a few days to pass after you finished writing the final draft of your research paper, and then start making your final corrections. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill gives some great advice here on how to revise, edit, and proofread your paper.

Tip: Take a break from your paper before you start your final revisions. Then, you’ll be able to approach your paper with fresh eyes.

As part of your final revision, be sure to check that you’ve cited everything correctly and that you have a full bibliography. Use a reference manager like Paperpile to organize your research and to create accurate citations.

The first step to start writing a research paper is to choose a topic. Make sure your topic is not too broad; narrow it down if you're using terms that are too general.

The format of your research paper will vary depending on the journal you submit to. Make sure to check first which citation style does the journal follow, in order to format your paper accordingly. Check Getting started with your research paper outline to have an idea of what a research paper looks like.

The last step of your research paper should be proofreading. Allow a few days to pass after you finished writing the final draft of your research paper, and then start making your final corrections. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill gives some great advice here on how to revise, edit and proofread your paper.

There are plenty of software you can use to write a research paper. We recommend our own citation software, Paperpile , as well as grammar and proof reading checkers such as Grammarly .

Purdue Online Writing Lab Purdue OWL® College of Liberal Arts

Choosing a Topic

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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The first step of any research paper is for the student to understand the assignment. If this is not done, the student will often travel down many dead-end roads, wasting a great deal of time along the way. Do not hesitate to approach the instructor with questions if there is any confusion. A clear understanding of the assignment will allow you to focus on other aspects of the process, such as choosing a topic and identifying your audience.

A student will often encounter one of two situations when it comes to choosing a topic for a research paper. The first situation occurs when the instructor provides a list of topics from which the student may choose. These topics have been deemed worthy by the instructor; therefore, the student should be confident in the topic he chooses from the list. Many first-time researchers appreciate such an arrangement by the instructor because it eliminates the stress of having to decide upon a topic on their own.

However, the student may also find the topics that have been provided to be limiting; moreover, it is not uncommon for the student to have a topic in mind that does not fit with any of those provided. If this is the case, it is always beneficial to approach the instructor with one's ideas. Be respectful, and ask the instructor if the topic you have in mind would be a possible research option for the assignment. Remember, as a first-time researcher, your knowledge of the process is quite limited; the instructor is experienced, and may have very precise reasons for choosing the topics she has offered to the class. Trust that she has the best interests of the class in mind. If she likes the topic, great! If not, do not take it personally and choose the topic from the list that seems most interesting to you.

The second situation occurs when the instructor simply hands out an assignment sheet that covers the logistics of the research paper, but leaves the choice of topic up to the student. Typically, assignments in which students are given the opportunity to choose the topic require the topic to be relevant to some aspect of the course; so, keep this in mind as you begin a course in which you know there will be a research paper near the end. That way, you can be on the lookout for a topic that may interest you. Do not be anxious on account of a perceived lack of authority or knowledge about the topic chosen. Instead, realize that it takes practice to become an experienced researcher in any field.

For a discussion of Evaluating Sources, see Evaluating Sources of Information .

Methods for choosing a topic

Thinking early leads to starting early. If the student begins thinking about possible topics when the assignment is given, she has already begun the arduous, yet rewarding, task of planning and organization. Once she has made the assignment a priority in her mind, she may begin to have ideas throughout the day. Brainstorming is often a successful way for students to get some of these ideas down on paper. Seeing one's ideas in writing is often an impetus for the writing process. Though brainstorming is particularly effective when a topic has been chosen, it can also benefit the student who is unable to narrow a topic. It consists of a timed writing session during which the student jots down—often in list or bulleted form—any ideas that come to his mind. At the end of the timed period, the student will peruse his list for patterns of consistency. If it appears that something seems to be standing out in his mind more than others, it may be wise to pursue this as a topic possibility.

It is important for the student to keep in mind that an initial topic that you come up with may not be the exact topic about which you end up writing. Research topics are often fluid, and dictated more by the student's ongoing research than by the original chosen topic. Such fluidity is common in research, and should be embraced as one of its many characteristics.

The Purdue OWL also offers a number of other resources on choosing and developing a topic:

• Understanding Writing Assignments
• Starting the Writing Process
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How to Find a Topic for Your Research Paper

Last Updated: September 12, 2023 References

This article was co-authored by Matthew Snipp, PhD and by wikiHow staff writer, Jennifer Mueller, JD . C. Matthew Snipp is the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Humanities and Sciences in the Department of Sociology at Stanford University. He is also the Director for the Institute for Research in the Social Science’s Secure Data Center. He has been a Research Fellow at the U.S. Bureau of the Census and a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has published 3 books and over 70 articles and book chapters on demography, economic development, poverty and unemployment. He is also currently serving on the National Institute of Child Health and Development’s Population Science Subcommittee. He holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin—Madison. This article has been viewed 97,874 times.

Sometimes, finding a topic for a research paper can be the most challenging part of the whole process. When you're looking out at a field brimming with possibilities, it's easy to get overwhelmed. Lucky for you, we here at wikiHow have come up with a list of ways to pick that topic that will take you from the more vague brainstorming all the way to your specific, perfectly focused research question and thesis.

Review your course materials.

• If your textbook has discussion questions at the end of each chapter, these can be great to comb through for potential research paper topic ideas.
• Look at any recommended reading your instructor has suggested—you might find ideas there as well.

Search hot issues in your field of study.

• Think about current events that touch on your field of study as well. For example, if you're writing a research paper for a sociology class, you might want to write something related to race in America or the Black Lives Matter movement.
• Other instructors in the same department or field might also have ideas for you. Don't be afraid to stop in during their office hours and talk or send them an email, even if you've never had them for a class.

Go for a walk to get your brain going.

• If you want to walk with a friend and discuss topic ideas as you walk, that can help too. Sometimes, you'll come up with new things when you can bounce your ideas off someone else.

Ask your family or friends for input.

• People who aren't really familiar with the general subject you're researching can be helpful too! Because they aren't making many assumptions, they might bring up something you'd overlooked or not thought about before.

Free-write on topic ideas to find your passion.

• Having a personal interest in the topic will keep you from getting bored. You'll do better research—and write a better paper—if you're excited about the topic itself.

Read background information on your favorites.

• Ideally, based on your background research, you'll be able to choose one of the topics that interests you the most. If you still can't narrow it down, keep reading!
• Even though you wouldn't want to use them as sources for your actual paper, sources like Wikipedia can be excellent for getting background information about a topic.

Identify important words to use as keywords.

• For example, if you've chosen environmental regulations as a topic, you might also include keywords such as "conservation," "pollution," and "nature."

Do preliminary research using your keywords.

• Your results might also suggest other keywords you can search to find more sources. Searching for specific terminology used in articles you find often leads to other articles.
• Check the bibliography of any papers you find to pick up some other sources you might be able to use.

Limit a broad topic.

• For example, suppose you decided to look at race relations in the US during the Trump administration. If you got too many results, you might narrow your results to a single US city or state.
• Keep in mind how long your research paper will ultimately be. For example, if there's an entire book written on a topic you want to write a 20-page research paper on, it's probably too broad.

Expand a topic that's too narrow.

• For example, suppose you wanted to research the impact of a particular environmental law on your hometown, but when you did a search, you didn't get any quality results. You might expand your search to encompass the entire state or region, rather than just your hometown.

Do more in-depth research to fine-tune your topic.

• For example, you might do an initial search and get hundreds of results back and decide your topic is too broad. Then, when you limit it, you get next to nothing and figure out you've narrowed it too much, so you have to broaden it a little bit again.
• Stay flexible and keep going until you've found that happy medium that you think will work for your paper.

Formulate the question you'll answer in your paper.

• For example, your research question might be something like "How did environmental regulations affect the living conditions of people living near paper mills?" This question covers "who" (people living near paper mills), "what" (living conditions), "where" (near paper mills), and "why" (environmental regulations).

Build a list of potential sources.

• At this point, your list is still a "working" list. You won't necessarily use all the sources you find in your actual paper.
• Building a working list of sources is also helpful if you want to use a source and can't immediately get access to it. If you have to get it through your professor or request it from another library, you have time to do so.

Develop your thesis.

• For example, suppose your research question is "How did environmental regulations affect the living conditions of people living near paper mills?" Your thesis might be something like: "Environmental regulations improved living conditions for people living around paper mills."
• As another example, suppose your research question is "Why did hate crimes spike in the US from 2017 to 2020?" Your thesis might be: "A permissive attitude towards racial supremacy caused a spike in hate crimes in the US from 2017 to 2020."
• Keep in mind, you don't have to prove that your thesis is correct. Proving that your thesis was wrong can make for an even more compelling research paper, especially if your thesis follows conventional wisdom.

Expert Q&A

• If you've been given a list of topics but you come up with something different that you want to do, don't be afraid to talk to your instructor about it! The worst that will happen is that they'll make you choose something from the list instead. [11] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

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• ↑ https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185905
• ↑ https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/08/how-steve-jobs-odd-habit-can-help-you-brainstorm-ideas.html
• ↑ https://emory.libanswers.com/faq/44525
• ↑ https://emory.libanswers.com/faq/44524
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/choosing_a_topic.html

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Topics for Research Papers: Diverse Research Ideas Across Disciplines

Table of contents

• 1 Why Is the Choice of Subject in Research Papers So Important? 
• 2 How to Choose a Research Paper Topic?
• 3 Business Research Paper Topics
• 4 Media and Communications Research Paper Topics
• 5 Psychology Research Paper Topics
• 6 Argumentative Research Paper Topics
• 7 Controversial Topics for Research Paper
• 8 Easy Research Paper Topics
• 9 Research Topic in Natural Sciences
• 10 Sociology Research Paper Topics
• 11 Family Research Paper Topics
• 12 Discrimination Research Paper Topics
• 13 Law Research Paper Topics
• 14 Environmental Research Paper Topics
• 15 Education Research Paper Topics
• 16 Science and Technology Research Paper Topics
• 17 College Research Paper Topics
• 18 Health Research Paper Topics
• 19 Politics Research Paper Topics
• 20 History Research Paper Topics
• 21 Music Research Paper Topics
• 22.1 After Choosing the Research Topic
• 22.2 Closing Thoughts

When students approach the final stage of their academic journey, they immediately begin to think about the need to develop their research project to add to their college curriculum. To do this, students start searching for the best research paper topics. From then on, many insecurities and doubts will haunt the minds of these college education students who will have a big job ahead of them with the best research paper topic.

To help students during this challenging phase of their education, we can help them explore various interesting research paper topics, figure out which one aligns with their interests, and start working on it well ahead of the deadline.                    

Why Is the Choice of Subject in Research Papers So Important?  

The final project of a student who is in college is a research paper. However, the student needs to start working on it before the end of their program. It is known that the sooner you begin this process, the more time and tranquility you will find to develop it. Therefore, a research paper will review what experts on a given subject have published in the literature, making the student choose and defend a point of view concerning a thesis statement. Writing one successfully requires surveys and data to back your idea or topic and choose a good research paper topic.

How to Choose a Research Paper Topic?

Choosing a research paper topic is a crucial step in the research process . It’s important to select a topic that interests you, aligns with your academic goals, and is feasible to research. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to pick a good research paper topic :

• Pick a subject that you’re passionate about! If you’re passionate about your subject, the research process will be more relevant, and you will have more research topic ideas.
• Concentrate on a doable topic.
• You will only be able to focus if your topic is narrow enough.
• Examine the subject selection instructions provided in your assignment—request advice from your lecturer or TA.
• Always refer to important materials and notes about classes so that you are up to date on the topic.
• Brainstorm research topics with a friend. They will be able to help you write your emphasis and raise concerns that will not be present at the time of your presentation.
• Consider the following questions for your research topic ideas: who, what, when, where, and why:

WHY did you choose this particular topic? What piques your curiosity about it?

WHO are the sources of information, and who is impacted?

WHAT are the most important questions about this subject?

WHERE does your topic matter most: locally, nationally, or internationally?

WHEN did your topic become important? Is this a current issue or one from the past?

Business Research Paper Topics

A study of the business is current and significant. It allows data and information to be collected about commercial relationships worldwide. In this way, students can delve deeper into an important economics and professional development topic, finding solutions and discussing results. Sometimes, one can get research paper writing help to assist in situations where it is inconvenient. Some examples of these business research paper topics include:

• The influence of employee benefits on representative efficiency.
• The difficulties of managing workgroup conflict.
• Start-ups: Examining the challenges that arise during the early stages of a business.
• How to work with open and closed systems in business.
• Workgroups’ ability to evolve to meet the needs of the future.
• Inter-authoritative networks and leadership strategies.
• Product and service improvements made in significant cooperation.
• How to manage an organization’s emergencies.
• The effect of full quality management practices on client retention and satisfaction.
• Effective time management as a tool for authoritative endurance.

Media and Communications Research Paper Topics

The research work developed in the area of the media manages to provide students with information about mass communication and its importance. With the advent of the internet and all its nuances, it is increasingly important to develop studies and research to understand the effects of media and communication in the social context. Some communication research topics can explore include:

• The influence of the media on real-life relationships.
• The role of the media in the expression of social issues.
• Consequences of mass media on society’s ethical well-being.
• The advantages of using the media to anticipate a crisis.
• How the media infringes on citizens’ rights.
• What role does the media play in spreading awareness?
• The significance of trustworthy ads.
• The impact of the media on a country’s political elite.
• Is the media good or harmful to the economy?
• What role does the media play in technological advancement?

Psychology Research Paper Topics

Many subjects can be approached within the theme of psychology. It is an area of science that allows us to carry out different studies with various themes and views. However, the student must be able to choose an important topic for the psychology and academic context. Your teacher’s attention is drawn to an engaging and novel topic. Here are some ideas for you:

• What impact do violent video games have on children’s brain development?
• Do violent cartoons impact our children’s behavior and mental health?
• What impact does divorce have on a child’s emotional blooming?
• An introverted child’s social anxiety and sadness.
• How does bullying affect high school or college students’ social interactions?
• When a person is in love, how does the brain work?
• Differences in the way a man’s and a woman’s brains work
• Is there a link between PTSD and Alzheimer’s disease?
• Sleep paralysis causes and effects
• What is the best way to deal with multiple personality disorders?

Argumentative Research Paper Topics

The student must choose an argumentative research paper topic because you will have to defend a thesis during the work. By opting for a good research paper topic of your interest, you will base yourself on various materials already published on the subject to develop your thoughts and arguments to defend your initial idea chosen as the main subject of your work.

• The role of government in addressing income inequality.
• The pros and cons of school uniform policies.
• Analyzing the effects of violent video games on behavior.
• The effectiveness of abstinence-only sex education programs.
• The impact of fast food advertising on childhood obesity.
• The role of government in regulating online privacy.
• The pros and cons of school voucher programs.
• Examining the impact of standardized testing on education.
• The ethics of capital punishment for juveniles.
• The ethics of human organ trafficking.

Controversial Topics for Research Paper

• High times or high risks? The legalization of recreational marijuana use.
• Locked and loaded: The endless debate on gun control policies.
• To kill or not to kill: The ongoing debate on capital punishment.
• Drones in the crosshairs: Balancing security and privacy.
• The ethics of human cloning and genetic engineering.
• Vaccination controversies: Mandates, exemptions, and public health.
• Affirmative action under scrutiny: Equity in college admissions.
• The ethics of assisted suicide and euthanasia.
• Balancing surveillance and civil liberties.
• Nuclear power and weapons: Weighing the benefits and risks.
• Solitary confinement: Cruel punishment or necessary measure?
• Rise of the machines: Artificial intelligence, employment, and ethics.
• Animals in entertainment: Whose amusement at what cost?
• Privacy vs. security: Government surveillance and individual rights.
• Playing God: The ethics of human gene editing and designer babies.
• Statues and symbols: The controversy surrounding Confederate memorials.
• Fracking unveiled: The controversy surrounding hydraulic fracturing.

Easy Research Paper Topics

• The effects of fast food consumption on health.
• The benefits of reading for personal development.
• Strategies for stress reduction in everyday life.
• The role of family in child development.
• The history of famous inventions.
• Strategies for effective communication in relationships.
• The history and impact of social movements.
• The influence of advertising on consumer choices.
• Strategies for healthy eating on a budget.
• The importance of setting goals in life.

Research Topic in Natural Sciences

• The impact of ocean acidification on marine life
• Exploring the genetic diversity of soil microbes and their influence on crop health.
• Studying the impacts of emerging contaminants on freshwater ecosystems.
• Understanding the dynamics of emerging zoonotic diseases in wildlife populations.
• The use of CRISPR in gene editing.
• The use of drones in disaster response.
• The effects of light pollution on nocturnal insect communities in urban areas.
• Natural toxins in plants: mechanisms, benefits, and risks in agriculture.
• Climate change and its effects on algal blooms and water quality in 2023.
• The ecological significance of wetland restoration efforts in 2023.

Sociology Research Paper Topics

The sociology discipline is responsible for studying human behavior within society. These studies will address how people behave in social relationships and groups and how cultures and customs emerge. The possibilities for research are endless regarding sociology’s enormous reach and continually changing societal trends. Choose the best easy sociology research topics for yourself. Some topic ideas are:

• Is emotional intelligence as crucial as everyone claims?
• Is there a misconception that males are better professionals than women?
• Is homeschooling a hindrance to children’s socialization?
• Abuse marriages have both causes and effects.
• We spend too much time on our phones.
• The ethics of animal experimentation.
• Is recycling beneficial to the environment?
• In the United States, is there a stereotype about Mexicans?
• Racial preconceptions ruin people.
• The need for sex education.

Family Research Paper Topics

It’s not always easy to research family issues. This is mainly because some students may be coming from pleased families. Thus, many concepts might be difficult to comprehend. However, this field of study has the potential to significantly improve the psychological climate in many households throughout the world. Some topics one can research include:

• In the family, there has been sexual abuse. The escape plan and organizations that can assist.
• Resolving religious issues in families.
• Is it possible to rescue oneself from substance abuse in a family if others engage?
• Saving family connections while not inheriting the family business.
• Balancing between family support and allowing young adults to experience living on their own in the transition to adulthood.
• A relationship that is toxic and abusive. Breaking up with a toxic spouse has psychological ramifications.
• Children and adults go through phases of grieving after losing a family member. How can we cope as a group?
• What issues might parents confront when fostering a child?
• When does teen misbehavior become more than a normal desire for independence?
• A generational divide exists. The moral and cultural differences. Is this typical?

Discrimination Research Paper Topics

It is undeniable the massive impact that discrimination has in the society of the past and also of the present. Therefore, articles on discrimination and race relations must be the subject of academic research. Research papers on it can probe and proffer solutions through data found. Much research in this area can be developed, addressing relations of age, religion, race, sexual orientation, and any existing social conflict. Some topics to explore are:

• Colorism as a kind of discrimination.
• Discrimination Against Muslims in the Workplace.
• Discrimination Against Asian Americans in Colleges.
• Discrimination in the Workplace.
• Discrimination against people of color as a result of racial profiling.
• Discrimination Against Muslims in the Workplace is an issue that has to be addressed.
• Discrimination in the Workplace: How to Manage in an Inclusive Environment.
• Discrimination, social exclusion, and violence against LGBT people are issues that the LGBT community faces.
• Discrimination and Equality Struggle.
• Discrimination based on age in the workplace.

Law Research Paper Topics

Another fundamental form of research is legal research. It is a significant topic and one that allows us to have different approaches and points of view. Each country and each historical time will give us an even greater immersion in laws and legal conduct.

The law can be divided into 21 major areas. Just choose one of them to be the topic of your law research . Some areas of law are constitutional law, environmental law, and criminal law, among others. Some good topics include:

• What are the benefits of business rules for institutions and organizations?
• What is business law’s actual nature?
• What do we know about the classification of business rules and the legal regulation of non-consensual adoption in the United States?
• How does the law handle marriage and divorce for mentally ill people?
• The cultural influence of transgender marriage and its legal status in different countries.
• The environment and private property.
• Equal protection under the law and the principle of equality.
• The financial pyramid’s legal aspects.
• Environment-related crimes.
• Exchange Commission and Securities.

Environmental Research Paper Topics

To improve our relationship with nature and preserve it, it is necessary to carry out a lot of debate and research in this area. In this way, we will learn about the importance of ecology and the environment in the lives of all living beings. Developing work on this subject means containing the adverse effects of globalization, industrialization, and the use of nature. This way, we can save ecosystems, avoiding irreparable losses to our planet. Some environment research paper topics  are:

• Analysis and proposed remedies for lung cancer and radon.
• The negative impact of acid rain on aquatic life and natural resources.
• What can we do to protect wildlife from being killed by acid rain?
• What role did prehistoric creatures have in today’s ecosystems?
• The repercussion of air pollution and global warming on human health.
• Can recycling assist people worldwide in improving their health?
• What can be done to protect coral reefs from being destroyed?
• How much are garbage and pesticides to blame for our soil contamination?
• How big is the problem of ocean acidification?
• Permafrost melting and its impact on climate change.

Education Research Paper Topics

It is known that improving the educational system worldwide is imperative, better serving students and society. However, how can we do this? This type of research aims to make education more efficient and accessible for everyone. Some topics to consider are:

• Will one of the aims of modern education be the growth of emotional intelligence?
• Discrimination in education and its impact on students’ futures.
• Mentally ill persons need to be educated and socialized. There are some similarities and some variances.
• Education and censorship. Do we want to protect the pupils, or do we want to help them learn what they need to know?
• How do students in inclusive classrooms perform compared to students in non-inclusive classes?
• Is it still necessary to have grades in today’s education?
• Education and incentive: how to pique the interest of students.
• In what ways may modern education be compared to traditional schooling?
• Bullying and a negative psychological climate in the classroom. Its influence on educational quality.
• The importance of discipline in education and how it affects the learning process.

Science and Technology Research Paper Topics

We can see many positive technical advances in the world these days. However, some have negative consequences. Students must prioritize topics that influence many people’s lives and help develop technological research. At the same time, look at the advantages and preservation of technology in today’s world. Some technology topics include:

• What effect does alcohol intake have on athletes who are training?
• What influence does ADCC activity research have on HIV treatment?
• What function does CDfT-Cell Subsets play in HIV patient progression?
• What is the most significant technical breakthrough of the twentieth century?
• Is it possible for tech to ever replace human intelligence?
• What impact does tech play in genetic engineering’s advancement?
• Can microbial factories help solve the raw metals shortage?
• Is the paleo diet representative of ancient life? Is it the best diet for people?
• Is Europe’s objection to genetically modified crops motivated by science or economic considerations?
• Could molecular biology study into uncommon genetic abnormalities possibly lead to new insights into cancer and other diseases?

College Research Paper Topics

Developing research about the dilemmas faced daily by many students within the university environment is also extremely important. In this way, it becomes possible to analyze more objectively all social relations within the college, the influence of social media, the academic development of students, and especially the results that will be reaped in their profession in the future. The education system is an extensive topic with possibilities to develop easy research paper topics. In addition, it is an environment you are probably already familiar with, thus facilitating the data and information collection process. Some topics about it:

• The importance of higher education in a professional career for middle ages people.
• What are the main reasons that lead students to drop out of college?
• Why should people study foreign languages in college?
• The influence of the digital world on the university world.
• College and the financial hardship faced by many students.
• Doubts about choosing the right college.
• How to enter the job market after completing college.
• What are the main differences between public and private colleges?
• The effects of cyberbullying in the university context.
• What is the ideal human behaviour in the university environment?

Health Research Paper Topics

Academic work must be developed in Health subjects, seeking to understand better the dynamics of health in different world countries and how this influences people’s lives to have physical well-being. We have recently seen the impact of the Covid-19 virus pandemic on our planet. We have seen the collapse of many health systems in many countries’ human relationships. In addition, we also saw despair and suffering in many families with mental health problems. Therefore, we see how necessary it is to develop research projects that help consolidate better care for the population, promoting health and preventing the emergence of new diseases, especially in third-world countries. Some health research paper topics are:

• Support for family members who have lost loved ones to COVID-19.
• Adolescent violence as a public health problem.
• Assistance for people with disabilities living in rural areas.
• Adolescent mental health in public health.
• The evolution of the human body over the years.
• Health problems caused by the use of pesticides.
• How does social media addiction influence people’s health?
• Obesity as a public health problem.
• Health education in schools and through social media.
• How does water quality interfere with public health?

Politics Research Paper Topics

Another research paper topic is politics. Politics is a topic that directly or indirectly involves the lives of all world inhabitants. Through it, we seek our rights, have the strength to fight for our ideologies, and become citizens. Here are some politics research paper topics :

• Policies to face global warming.
• The presence of politics within the education system.
• The influences of the cultural industry in the constitution of public policies.
• Political relations during World War I and World War II.
• The importance of feminism in the political achievement of women’s right to vote.
• Best professional writers on political topics.
• Public policy related to an all-female working environment.
• The importance of public policies that make people aware of drug use.
• The emergence of extremist political ideologies in the 21st century.
• The importance of democracy in politics.

History Research Paper Topics

History is essential for humanity to understand the facts that occurred and their relationship with time. From history, we can develop several exciting research topics as it can investigate what men did, thought, felt, and set in all social dynamics thousands of years ago. Historical knowledge is capable of helping to understand human beings, their attitudes, and their evolution. Some history research paper topics are:

• The historical development of the electoral college.
• Major terrorist attacks throughout history.
• The historical and social importance of gender psychology.
• The changes that came with the end of the Soviet Union.
• The progression of the minimum wage over the years.
• The worldwide impacts of the war between Russia and Ukraine.
• The emergence of offshore bank accounts work and their social impact.
• The Mayan Civilization and Its Cultural Legacy.
• The history of dictatorships in South America and funding from the United States.
• The democratization of access to course material at History College.

Music Research Paper Topics

Music has been present in humanity since the most remote times. Through music, people can express themselves, have fun, relax, and express their opinions. As it is a vast topic, it is possible to do extensive research. Music also allows you to find funny research paper topics to develop. We selected a few good research paper topics here:

• The evolution of the music industry globally.
• The influence of music in the treatment of depression.
• The importance of still producing and listening to traditional music.
• The presence of music in film.
• The main legacies of classical music.
• Songs about self-esteem that encourage obese people.
• School development through music.
• The aid of artificial intelligence in the creation of new songs.
• The effects of music on brain development.
• Songs that address controversial topics and their importance.

Literature Research Paper Topics

Literature is everything that involves the art of the word. We consider literature an instrument capable of making us communicate and interact socially. With literature, we can transmit knowledge, emotions, and stories, and that’s why literature has many good research topics. Literature can provide us with the most interesting research topics. Here are some research paper ideas.

• Literature as a tool of corporate social responsibility.
• The first forms of literature found.
• The use of social media as a way to propagate literature.
• A sensitive approach to child abuse in the literature.
• Are people switching from literature to social media?
• The change of literature after the Industrial Revolution.
• Literature as a way to protect children online.
• The development of scientific literature for standardized tests in science.
• Literature review on computer science.
• The importance of developing a thesis statement in literature.

After Choosing the Research Topic

Well, after finding great research paper topics, you will decide which one you like the most and which you are more comfortable writing about. So, once you’ve decided which college research paper topics to cover in your thesis, it’s time to start writing. It is important, right at the beginning, to define your main research question to start researching websites, books, articles, etc. A tip is always to opt for a broader research question, so your first research will have a greater amount of material on your research topics, which will make it easier when choosing an approach and focusing on the main subject of your thesis. Before starting the process of submitting research papers, it is important that an advisor can read and review your text on the chosen research topics.

Closing Thoughts

When you have to choose your research paper topic, there are tons of ideas you can use to embark on your research journey. It is very important that you first carry out thorough research about a good research paper topic so that you can start writing your thesis statement. You can read materials online to know if the topic you want to write on is relevant and has enough data. I hope you can take advantage of all our tips to develop your research papers. The most important thing to consider is that you need to like the topic you choose for a good research paper because it’ll help make writing fun.

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Find a topic.

• Try to find a subject that really interests you.
• While you explore the topic, narrow or broaden your target and focus on something that gives the most promising results.
• Don't choose a huge subject if you have to write a 3 page long paper, and broaden your topic sufficiently if you have to submit at least 25 pages.
• Consult your class instructor (and your classmates) about the topic.

Explore the topic.

• Find primary and secondary sources in the library.
• Read and critically analyse them.
• Take notes.
• Compile surveys, collect data, gather materials for quantitative analysis (if these are good methods to investigate the topic more deeply).
• Come up with new ideas about the topic. Try to formulate your ideas in a few sentences.
• Review your notes and other materials and enrich the outline.
• Try to estimate how long the individual parts will be.
• Do others understand what you want to say?
• Do they accept it as new knowledge or relevant and important for a paper?
• Do they agree that your thoughts will result in a successful paper?
• Qualitative: gives answers on questions (how, why, when, who, what, etc.) by investigating an issue
• Quantitative:requires data and the analysis of data as well
• the essence, the point of the research paper in one or two sentences.
• a statement that can be proved or disproved.
• Be specific.
• Avoid ambiguity.
• Use predominantly the active voice, not the passive.
• Deal with one issue in one paragraph.
• Be accurate.
• Double-check your data, references, citations and statements.

Academic Expression

• Don't use familiar style or colloquial/slang expressions.
• Write in full sentences.
• Check the meaning of the words if you don't know exactly what they mean.
• Avoid metaphors.
• Almost the rough content of every paragraph.
• The order of the various topics in your paper.
• On the basis of the outline, start writing a part by planning the content, and then write it down.
• Put a visible mark (which you will later delete) where you need to quote a source, and write in the citation when you finish writing that part or a bigger part.
• Does the text make sense?
• Could you explain what you wanted?
• Did you write good sentences?
• Is there something missing?
• Check the spelling.
• Complete the citations, bring them in standard format.

Use the guidelines that your instructor requires (MLA, Chicago, APA, Turabian, etc.).

• Adjust margins, spacing, paragraph indentation, place of page numbers, etc.
• Standardize the bibliography or footnotes according to the guidelines.

• EndNote and EndNote Basic by UCLA Library Last Updated Jul 3, 2024 1789 views this year
• Zotero by UCLA Library Last Updated Jul 22, 2024 1173 views this year

(Based on English Composition 2 from Illinois Valley Community College):

• Weak organization
• Poor support and development of ideas
• Weak use of secondary sources
• Excessive errors
• Stylistic weakness

When collecting materials, selecting research topic, and writing the paper:

• Be systematic and organized (e.g. keep your bibliography neat and organized; write your notes in a neat way, so that you can find them later on.
• Use your critical thinking ability when you read.
• Write down your thoughts (so that you can reconstruct them later).
• Stop when you have a really good idea and think about whether you could enlarge it to a whole research paper. If yes, take much longer notes.
• When you write down a quotation or summarize somebody else's thoughts in your notes or in the paper, cite the source (i.e. write down the author, title, publication place, year, page number).
• If you quote or summarize a thought from the internet, cite the internet source.
• Write an outline that is detailed enough to remind you about the content.
• Read your paper for yourself or, preferably, somebody else. 
• When you finish writing, check the spelling;
• Use the citation form (MLA, Chicago, or other) that your instructor requires and use it everywhere.

Plagiarism : somebody else's words or ideas presented without citation by an author

• Cite your source every time when you quote a part of somebody's work.
• Cite your source  every time when you summarize a thought from somebody's work.
• Cite your source  every time when you use a source (quote or summarize) from the Internet.

Consult the Citing Sources research guide for further details.

• << Previous: Writing a Research Proposal
• Next: Presenting the Research Paper >>
• Last Updated: Jul 24, 2024 1:23 PM
• URL: https://guides.library.ucla.edu/research-methods

How to Start a Research Project: Choosing a Topic

• Choosing a Topic

Beginning Your Research Project

You have an assignment coming up in class. You need to write a research paper, create an annotated bibliography, or make a presentation. These are just some research projects you may need to do.

This guide will show you different ways to start a research project. When following this guide, please consider 3 concepts:

• Center your personal research interests - What are you interested in?
• Take as long on each step as you would like.
• Skip steps and repeat steps as you need.

Starting from Nothing: The Mind Map

A mind map is a visual way of building a topic into a research question .

A topic is the basic idea that interests you. This is the idea that sparks your research. A topic could be "barbeque," "The Cold War," "flightless birds," or "the common cold." If you are having trouble choosing a topic , review the class syllabus or canvas modules. Find a topic covered in class that you can see yourself spending time with.

A research question is the focus of your research project. It is the thesis of your paper or the point of your presentation.

Work with us through the mind map steps to build your own research question .

To create a mind map , you will need to be able to write or type text, and the text must also be rearrangeable.

• Start with an idea like "Kitchen Design". Place your idea in the center.

• Surround your central idea with related concepts. I wrote all the kinds of kitchens I could think of. I could have also chosen to list appliances or design themes instead.

• Out of the kitchen-types, I was most drawn to "Hospital Kitchens". I then added concepts around "Hospital Kitchens". These concepts can be moved to also combined with other ideas.

• I also thought more about "Home Kitchens". I combined, "Kitchen Safety", "Consumer Preferences", and "Advertisements."

• My final version of my mind map example is very small. Don't worry if you have many more ideas and need more time rearranging your cards and planning.

I have identified two different starting research questions by combining my concepts:

• How could hospital managers design hospital kitchens to be safer for employees?
• How do kitchen appliance manufacturers advertise the safety of their products to consumers?

Research Questions

A research question is the focus of your research project. It is the thesis of your paper or the point of your presentation. Here are some requirements of a good research question:

• Research questions cannot be answered with "yes" or "no".
• Research questions can be researched.
• A small research paper shouldn't have a research question with a giant scope: How does preventative healthcare get planned?
• A small research paper should have a research question with a manageable scope: How do preventative care programs for type II diabetes in Alabaman clinics get advertised?

In this example, we narrowed the scope of our initial research question in a few ways:

• Type: "Preventative care" was limited to - "type II diabetes"
• Place: We had no initial location limit. We limited ourselves to "Alabaman clinics"
• Action: "Planned" was defined as "advertised"

Sometimes, research questions need to change slightly after you have done some research. If you were not able to find any useful resources for the example research question, then you could try changing the scope. If you cannot find anything specific to Alabaman clinics, then you could change that part of your research question to "United States clinics" or "Alabaman healthcare providers."

Still stuck? Please check Monash University's Developing Research Questions guide .

Turning your Research Question into a Search

Useful links.

• Purdue OWL: Choosing a Topic This handout provides detailed information about how to write research papers including discussing research papers as a genre, choosing topics, and finding sources.
• UNC: Brainstorming This handout discusses techniques that will help you start writing a paper and continue writing through the challenges of the revising process. Brainstorming can help you choose a topic, develop an approach to a topic, or deepen your understanding of the topic’s potential.
• University Writing Center Schedule a session with a tutor at the University Writing Center.
• Next: JSTOR >>
• Last Updated: Aug 6, 2024 12:46 PM
• URL: https://libguides.southalabama.edu/start-research

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Home » Research Methodology – Types, Examples and writing Guide

Research Methodology – Types, Examples and writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Methodology

Definition:

Research Methodology refers to the systematic and scientific approach used to conduct research, investigate problems, and gather data and information for a specific purpose. It involves the techniques and procedures used to identify, collect , analyze , and interpret data to answer research questions or solve research problems . Moreover, They are philosophical and theoretical frameworks that guide the research process.

Structure of Research Methodology

Research methodology formats can vary depending on the specific requirements of the research project, but the following is a basic example of a structure for a research methodology section:

I. Introduction

• Provide an overview of the research problem and the need for a research methodology section
• Outline the main research questions and objectives

II. Research Design

• Explain the research design chosen and why it is appropriate for the research question(s) and objectives
• Discuss any alternative research designs considered and why they were not chosen
• Describe the research setting and participants (if applicable)

III. Data Collection Methods

• Describe the methods used to collect data (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations)
• Explain how the data collection methods were chosen and why they are appropriate for the research question(s) and objectives
• Detail any procedures or instruments used for data collection

IV. Data Analysis Methods

• Describe the methods used to analyze the data (e.g., statistical analysis, content analysis )
• Explain how the data analysis methods were chosen and why they are appropriate for the research question(s) and objectives
• Detail any procedures or software used for data analysis

V. Ethical Considerations

• Discuss any ethical issues that may arise from the research and how they were addressed
• Explain how informed consent was obtained (if applicable)
• Detail any measures taken to ensure confidentiality and anonymity

VI. Limitations

• Identify any potential limitations of the research methodology and how they may impact the results and conclusions

VII. Conclusion

• Summarize the key aspects of the research methodology section
• Explain how the research methodology addresses the research question(s) and objectives

Research Methodology Types

Types of Research Methodology are as follows:

Quantitative Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the collection and analysis of numerical data using statistical methods. This type of research is often used to study cause-and-effect relationships and to make predictions.

Qualitative Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the collection and analysis of non-numerical data such as words, images, and observations. This type of research is often used to explore complex phenomena, to gain an in-depth understanding of a particular topic, and to generate hypotheses.

Mixed-Methods Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that combines elements of both quantitative and qualitative research. This approach can be particularly useful for studies that aim to explore complex phenomena and to provide a more comprehensive understanding of a particular topic.

Case Study Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves in-depth examination of a single case or a small number of cases. Case studies are often used in psychology, sociology, and anthropology to gain a detailed understanding of a particular individual or group.

Action Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves a collaborative process between researchers and practitioners to identify and solve real-world problems. Action research is often used in education, healthcare, and social work.

Experimental Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the manipulation of one or more independent variables to observe their effects on a dependent variable. Experimental research is often used to study cause-and-effect relationships and to make predictions.

Survey Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the collection of data from a sample of individuals using questionnaires or interviews. Survey research is often used to study attitudes, opinions, and behaviors.

Grounded Theory Research Methodology

This is a research methodology that involves the development of theories based on the data collected during the research process. Grounded theory is often used in sociology and anthropology to generate theories about social phenomena.

Research Methodology Example

An Example of Research Methodology could be the following:

Research Methodology for Investigating the Effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Reducing Symptoms of Depression in Adults

Introduction:

The aim of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in reducing symptoms of depression in adults. To achieve this objective, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) will be conducted using a mixed-methods approach.

Research Design:

The study will follow a pre-test and post-test design with two groups: an experimental group receiving CBT and a control group receiving no intervention. The study will also include a qualitative component, in which semi-structured interviews will be conducted with a subset of participants to explore their experiences of receiving CBT.

Participants:

Participants will be recruited from community mental health clinics in the local area. The sample will consist of 100 adults aged 18-65 years old who meet the diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the experimental group or the control group.

Intervention :

The experimental group will receive 12 weekly sessions of CBT, each lasting 60 minutes. The intervention will be delivered by licensed mental health professionals who have been trained in CBT. The control group will receive no intervention during the study period.

Data Collection:

Quantitative data will be collected through the use of standardized measures such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Data will be collected at baseline, immediately after the intervention, and at a 3-month follow-up. Qualitative data will be collected through semi-structured interviews with a subset of participants from the experimental group. The interviews will be conducted at the end of the intervention period, and will explore participants’ experiences of receiving CBT.

Data Analysis:

Quantitative data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests, and mixed-model analyses of variance (ANOVA) to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Qualitative data will be analyzed using thematic analysis to identify common themes and patterns in participants’ experiences of receiving CBT.

Ethical Considerations:

This study will comply with ethical guidelines for research involving human subjects. Participants will provide informed consent before participating in the study, and their privacy and confidentiality will be protected throughout the study. Any adverse events or reactions will be reported and managed appropriately.

Data Management:

All data collected will be kept confidential and stored securely using password-protected databases. Identifying information will be removed from qualitative data transcripts to ensure participants’ anonymity.

Limitations:

One potential limitation of this study is that it only focuses on one type of psychotherapy, CBT, and may not generalize to other types of therapy or interventions. Another limitation is that the study will only include participants from community mental health clinics, which may not be representative of the general population.

Conclusion:

This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of CBT in reducing symptoms of depression in adults. By using a randomized controlled trial and a mixed-methods approach, the study will provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying the relationship between CBT and depression. The results of this study will have important implications for the development of effective treatments for depression in clinical settings.

How to Write Research Methodology

Writing a research methodology involves explaining the methods and techniques you used to conduct research, collect data, and analyze results. It’s an essential section of any research paper or thesis, as it helps readers understand the validity and reliability of your findings. Here are the steps to write a research methodology:

• Start by explaining your research question: Begin the methodology section by restating your research question and explaining why it’s important. This helps readers understand the purpose of your research and the rationale behind your methods.
• Describe your research design: Explain the overall approach you used to conduct research. This could be a qualitative or quantitative research design, experimental or non-experimental, case study or survey, etc. Discuss the advantages and limitations of the chosen design.
• Discuss your sample: Describe the participants or subjects you included in your study. Include details such as their demographics, sampling method, sample size, and any exclusion criteria used.
• Describe your data collection methods : Explain how you collected data from your participants. This could include surveys, interviews, observations, questionnaires, or experiments. Include details on how you obtained informed consent, how you administered the tools, and how you minimized the risk of bias.
• Explain your data analysis techniques: Describe the methods you used to analyze the data you collected. This could include statistical analysis, content analysis, thematic analysis, or discourse analysis. Explain how you dealt with missing data, outliers, and any other issues that arose during the analysis.
• Discuss the validity and reliability of your research : Explain how you ensured the validity and reliability of your study. This could include measures such as triangulation, member checking, peer review, or inter-coder reliability.
• Acknowledge any limitations of your research: Discuss any limitations of your study, including any potential threats to validity or generalizability. This helps readers understand the scope of your findings and how they might apply to other contexts.
• Provide a summary: End the methodology section by summarizing the methods and techniques you used to conduct your research. This provides a clear overview of your research methodology and helps readers understand the process you followed to arrive at your findings.

When to Write Research Methodology

Research methodology is typically written after the research proposal has been approved and before the actual research is conducted. It should be written prior to data collection and analysis, as it provides a clear roadmap for the research project.

The research methodology is an important section of any research paper or thesis, as it describes the methods and procedures that will be used to conduct the research. It should include details about the research design, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and any ethical considerations.

The methodology should be written in a clear and concise manner, and it should be based on established research practices and standards. It is important to provide enough detail so that the reader can understand how the research was conducted and evaluate the validity of the results.

Applications of Research Methodology

Here are some of the applications of research methodology:

• To identify the research problem: Research methodology is used to identify the research problem, which is the first step in conducting any research.
• To design the research: Research methodology helps in designing the research by selecting the appropriate research method, research design, and sampling technique.
• To collect data: Research methodology provides a systematic approach to collect data from primary and secondary sources.
• To analyze data: Research methodology helps in analyzing the collected data using various statistical and non-statistical techniques.
• To test hypotheses: Research methodology provides a framework for testing hypotheses and drawing conclusions based on the analysis of data.
• To generalize findings: Research methodology helps in generalizing the findings of the research to the target population.
• To develop theories : Research methodology is used to develop new theories and modify existing theories based on the findings of the research.
• To evaluate programs and policies : Research methodology is used to evaluate the effectiveness of programs and policies by collecting data and analyzing it.
• To improve decision-making: Research methodology helps in making informed decisions by providing reliable and valid data.

Purpose of Research Methodology

Research methodology serves several important purposes, including:

• To guide the research process: Research methodology provides a systematic framework for conducting research. It helps researchers to plan their research, define their research questions, and select appropriate methods and techniques for collecting and analyzing data.
• To ensure research quality: Research methodology helps researchers to ensure that their research is rigorous, reliable, and valid. It provides guidelines for minimizing bias and error in data collection and analysis, and for ensuring that research findings are accurate and trustworthy.
• To replicate research: Research methodology provides a clear and detailed account of the research process, making it possible for other researchers to replicate the study and verify its findings.
• To advance knowledge: Research methodology enables researchers to generate new knowledge and to contribute to the body of knowledge in their field. It provides a means for testing hypotheses, exploring new ideas, and discovering new insights.
• To inform decision-making: Research methodology provides evidence-based information that can inform policy and decision-making in a variety of fields, including medicine, public health, education, and business.

Advantages of Research Methodology

Research methodology has several advantages that make it a valuable tool for conducting research in various fields. Here are some of the key advantages of research methodology:

• Systematic and structured approach : Research methodology provides a systematic and structured approach to conducting research, which ensures that the research is conducted in a rigorous and comprehensive manner.
• Objectivity : Research methodology aims to ensure objectivity in the research process, which means that the research findings are based on evidence and not influenced by personal bias or subjective opinions.
• Replicability : Research methodology ensures that research can be replicated by other researchers, which is essential for validating research findings and ensuring their accuracy.
• Reliability : Research methodology aims to ensure that the research findings are reliable, which means that they are consistent and can be depended upon.
• Validity : Research methodology ensures that the research findings are valid, which means that they accurately reflect the research question or hypothesis being tested.
• Efficiency : Research methodology provides a structured and efficient way of conducting research, which helps to save time and resources.
• Flexibility : Research methodology allows researchers to choose the most appropriate research methods and techniques based on the research question, data availability, and other relevant factors.
• Scope for innovation: Research methodology provides scope for innovation and creativity in designing research studies and developing new research techniques.

Research Methodology Vs Research Methods

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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Research paper topics for elementary school

Research paper topics for middle school, research paper topics for 7th graders, research paper topics for 9th graders, research paper topics for high school, research paper topics for college students, research paper topics for university students, research paper topics on modern education, special education research paper topics, edtech research paper topics.

Very often, those papers are so long that students may need extra help or guidance, and applying to writing services is a good choice for them. They may help them analyze the task better or lessen the burden on students’ shoulders. If you need extra help, you should apply to Writing Metier.

Professional research paper writers may ensure that your paper will meet all the requirements and help you save time and energy for other important tasks. 

The scope of research papers for college students may vary according to their study area. For example, they may be asked to write about environmental issues, the impact of social media on their mental health, AI, and many others.

The main of providing those topics is to encourage students to do more research and make their conclusions about a certain topic, thus checking their understanding of key concepts and developing their critical thinking. 

The Impact of Online Learning on Academic Performance

Research Question: How does online learning affect the academic performance of college students compared to traditional in-person classes? Overview: Explore the effectiveness of online learning platforms, considering factors like student engagement, accessibility, and performance outcomes. Analyze data from various studies to compare with traditional classroom settings.

Mental Health Challenges Among College Students

Research Question: What are the most prevalent mental health issues among college students, and what strategies can be implemented to address them? Overview: Investigate common mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and stress. Discuss the role of campus counseling services, peer support groups, and institutional policies in mitigating these challenges.

The Role of Extracurricular Activities in Student Development

Research Question: How do extracurricular activities influence the personal and academic development of college students? Overview: Examine the benefits of participation in sports, clubs, and volunteer organizations. Analyze how these activities contribute to skills development, social connections, and academic success.

The Effects of Part-Time Employment on Academic Achievement

Research Question: How does part-time employment during college impact students’ academic performance and time management? Overview: Explore the balance between work and study, focusing on the benefits and drawbacks of part-time jobs. Discuss strategies for effective time management and the role of financial necessity.

The Influence of Social Media on Student Life

Research Question: How does social media usage affect the social interactions and academic performance of college students? Overview: Investigate the positive and negative effects of social media on students’ lives. Discuss its impact on communication, mental health, and study habits.

The Effectiveness of Study Abroad Programs

Research Question: What are the academic and personal benefits of participating in study abroad programs for college students? Overview: Analyze how studying abroad enhances cultural awareness, language skills, and academic performance. Include case studies and testimonials from program participants.

The Role of Technology in Modern Education

Research Question: How is technology transforming teaching and learning processes in higher education? Overview: Examine the integration of tools such as online resources, educational apps, and virtual classrooms. Discuss their impact on student engagement, accessibility, and learning outcomes.

The Impact of Student Loan Debt on Post-Graduation Life

Research Question: How does student loan debt affect the financial stability and career choices of college graduates? Overview: Explore the long-term effects of student loan debt on graduates’ financial health, career decisions, and life choices. Discuss potential solutions for managing and alleviating debt burdens.

Gender Disparities in STEM Education

Research Question: What factors contribute to the underrepresentation of women in STEM fields, and how can colleges address these disparities? Overview: Investigate the barriers that women face in pursuing STEM education and careers. Discuss initiatives and policies aimed at promoting gender diversity and inclusion in STEM programs.

The Effectiveness of Academic Advising on Student Success

Research Question: How does academic advising influence the academic performance and retention rates of college students? Overview: Examine the role of academic advisors in guiding students through their educational journey. Analyze the impact of effective advising on course selection, academic planning, and overall student success.

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Unlike college or university students who may be asked to write mostly about specific topics related to their discipline , high school students must write about more general topics that may help teachers analyze their thinking and their ideas and approaches to a topic.

For example, they can be asked to write whether they should be required to wear uniforms, or whether giving a lot of homework is a good way of teaching, etc. 

The Effects of School Uniforms on Student Behavior and Academic Performance

Research Question: How do school uniforms impact student behavior and academic performance in high schools? Overview: Investigate the pros and cons of implementing school uniform policies. Analyze data from schools with and without uniforms to assess their effects on student discipline and achievement.

The Role of Extracurricular Activities in High School Education

Research Question: How do extracurricular activities influence high school students’ academic and personal development? Overview: Explore the benefits of participating in sports, clubs, and arts programs. Discuss how these activities contribute to students’ social skills, time management, and academic performance.

Cyberbullying and Its Impact on High School Students

Research Question: What are the psychological and academic impacts of cyberbullying on high school students? Overview: Examine the prevalence of cyberbullying, its effects on victims, and the role of schools in prevention and intervention. Discuss strategies for creating a safe online environment for students.

The Influence of Parental Involvement on High School Student Success

Research Question: How does parental involvement affect the academic success and well-being of high school students? Overview: Analyze the different forms of parental involvement, such as homework assistance and attendance at school events. Discuss their impact on students’ academic performance and emotional health.

The Effectiveness of Homework in Enhancing Academic Achievement

Research Question: Does homework contribute to improved academic performance in high school students? Overview: Investigate the role of homework in student learning. Analyze studies on the amount, type, and effectiveness of homework assignments in various subjects.

The Role of Technology in Modern High School Classrooms

Research Question: How does the integration of technology in classrooms affect high school students’ learning experiences? Overview: Explore the use of digital tools, online resources, and educational apps in high school education. Discuss their impact on student engagement, understanding, and academic outcomes.

The Impact of School Start Times on Student Health and Performance

Research Question: How do school start times affect the health and academic performance of high school students? Overview: Examine the relationship between early school start times and student sleep patterns, health, and academic success. Discuss potential benefits of later start times.

The Effects of Peer Pressure on High School Students’ Behavior and Choices

Research Question: How does peer pressure influence the behavior and decision-making of high school students? Overview: Investigate the positive and negative aspects of peer pressure. Analyze its impact on academic choices, substance use, and social behavior.

The Role of Arts Education in High School Curriculum

Research Question: How does arts education contribute to the overall development of high school students? Overview: Explore the benefits of including arts programs in the high school curriculum. Discuss their impact on creativity, critical thinking, and academic performance.

The Effectiveness of Anti-Bullying Programs in High Schools

Research Question: How effective are anti-bullying programs in reducing bullying incidents in high schools? Overview: Evaluate different anti-bullying initiatives and their implementation in high schools. Analyze their success rates and the factors that contribute to their effectiveness.

Middle school students are mostly teenagers, who may have more limited general awareness about global problems, and they are supposed to write more general topics such as health, sports, education, friendship, etc.

They may be asked to write more about their feelings or attitudes rather than make specific analyses and conclusions since it may be challenging for their age. 

The Benefits of Reading Programs in Middle School

Research Question: How do reading programs impact the literacy skills and academic performance of middle school students? Overview: Investigate various reading initiatives and their effectiveness in improving reading comprehension and fostering a love for reading among students.

The Role of Physical Education in Middle School

Research Question: How does physical education contribute to the physical and mental well-being of middle school students? Overview: Explore the importance of physical activity in the school curriculum. Discuss the benefits of regular exercise on students’ health, concentration, and academic performance.

The Impact of Social Media on Middle School Students

Research Question: How does social media usage affect the social skills and academic performance of middle school students? Overview: Examine the influence of social media on students’ social interactions and learning habits. Discuss strategies for managing screen time and promoting healthy online behavior.

The Effects of School Lunch Programs on Student Health

Research Question: How do school lunch programs affect the nutrition and overall health of middle school students? Overview: Investigate the nutritional value of school meals and their impact on students’ health and academic performance. Discuss potential improvements to school nutrition programs.

The Role of Group Work in Enhancing Learning in Middle School

Research Question: How does group work in the classroom affect the learning and social skills of middle school students? Overview: Explore the benefits and challenges of collaborative learning. Analyze how group projects and activities contribute to student engagement and teamwork skills.

The Impact of Homework on Middle School Students’ Academic Achievement

Research Question: Does homework improve academic performance in middle school students? Overview: Investigate the role of homework in reinforcing classroom learning. Discuss the appropriate amount and type of homework for this age group.

The Influence of Music Education on Middle School Students

Research Question: How does participation in music education programs affect the cognitive and social development of middle school students? Overview: Explore the benefits of music education, including its impact on creativity, memory, and social skills. Discuss the role of music in the overall school curriculum.

The Effects of Bullying on Middle School Students

Research Question: What are the psychological and academic impacts of bullying on middle school students? Overview: Examine the prevalence of bullying and its effects on victims. Discuss strategies for prevention and intervention within the school environment.

The Role of Technology in Middle School Education

Research Question: How does the integration of technology in the classroom affect middle school students’ learning experiences? Overview: Investigate the use of digital tools and online resources in middle school education. Discuss their impact on student engagement, understanding, and academic outcomes.

The Importance of Environmental Education in Middle School

Research Question: How does environmental education influence the attitudes and behaviors of middle school students towards sustainability? Overview: Explore the inclusion of environmental topics in the school curriculum. Discuss how environmental education fosters awareness and responsibility in students.

Elementary-level students may be asked about healthy and unhealthy eating habits and their favorite seasons, animals, or toys. The topics mostly relate to them personally, and the main aim of asking them to write is to encourage them to learn more about themselves. 

The Benefits of Early Literacy Programs in Elementary School

Research Question: How do early literacy programs impact reading skills and academic performance in elementary school students? Overview: Investigate the effectiveness of early literacy initiatives. Discuss their role in developing foundational reading skills and fostering a love for reading.

The Role of Play in Child Development

Research Question: How does play influence the cognitive, social, and emotional development of elementary school students? Overview: Explore the importance of play in early childhood education. Discuss various types of play and their benefits for child development.

The Impact of Nutrition on Elementary School Students’ Learning

Research Question: How does nutrition affect the cognitive function and academic performance of elementary school students? Overview: Examine the relationship between diet, health, and learning outcomes. Discuss the role of school meal programs in promoting healthy eating habits.

The Effects of Classroom Environment on Student Learning

Research Question: How does the classroom environment influence the learning and behavior of elementary school students? Overview: Investigate the impact of factors such as classroom layout, decor, and teacher-student interactions on student engagement and academic success.

The Role of Parents in Supporting Elementary School Education

Research Question: How does parental involvement affect the academic achievement and social development of elementary school students? Overview: Explore different forms of parental involvement, such as homework assistance and participation in school events. Discuss their impact on student outcomes.

The Benefits of Art Education in Elementary School

Research Question: How does art education contribute to the overall development of elementary school students? Overview: Examine the cognitive, emotional, and social benefits of art programs. Discuss how art education fosters creativity and critical thinking.

The Impact of Physical Activity on Academic Performance in Elementary School

Research Question: How does physical activity influence the academic performance and well-being of elementary school students? Overview: Investigate the relationship between regular physical activity and academic outcomes. Discuss the importance of physical education in the school curriculum.

The Effects of Bullying on Elementary School Students

Research Question: What are the psychological and academic impacts of bullying on elementary school students? Overview: Explore the prevalence of bullying in elementary schools. Discuss strategies for prevention and intervention to create a safe school environment.

The Role of Technology in Elementary School Classrooms

Research Question: How does the use of technology in the classroom affect the learning experiences of elementary school students? Overview: Investigate the integration of digital tools and educational software. Discuss their impact on student engagement and learning outcomes.

The Importance of Environmental Education in Elementary School

Research Question: How does environmental education influence the attitudes and behaviors of elementary school students towards sustainability? Overview: Explore the inclusion of environmental topics in early education. Discuss how teaching about the environment fosters awareness and responsibility in young students.

The topics may greatly vary depending on the academic area that university students are mastering. However, most topics require analyzing the topics deeply, comparing and contrasting different sources, and making conclusions based on the facts.

Through writing research papers, they develop critical thinking, enhance their research skills, improve writing skills, do in-depth learning, and contribute to the scientific world with their ideas. Thanks to that hard work, they may become more knowledgeable and efficient in their future careers and promote integrity in all life aspects, not only at university. 

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Modern Education

Research Question: How is artificial intelligence transforming the educational experience for university students? Overview: Explore the integration of AI technologies in teaching, learning, and administrative processes. Analyze their effects on student engagement, personalized learning, and academic performance.

The Role of Diversity and Inclusion in Higher Education

Research Question: How do diversity and inclusion initiatives impact the academic and social experiences of university students? Overview: Investigate the implementation and outcomes of diversity programs on campuses. Discuss their effects on student interactions, academic success, and institutional culture.

The Influence of Student Loan Debt on Career Choices

Research Question: How does student loan debt influence the career decisions and financial stability of university graduates? Overview: Examine the long-term effects of student debt on career paths, job satisfaction, and economic well-being. Discuss strategies for managing and mitigating debt burdens.

The Effectiveness of Online Learning Platforms in Higher Education

Research Question: How effective are online learning platforms in delivering higher education compared to traditional classroom settings? Overview: Analyze the benefits and challenges of online education for university students. Evaluate student performance, satisfaction, and engagement in online vs. in-person courses.

The Relationship Between Campus Facilities and Student Satisfaction

Research Question: How do campus facilities influence student satisfaction and academic success in universities? Overview: Investigate the role of libraries, laboratories, recreational centers, and other facilities in enhancing the university experience. Discuss their impact on student well-being and academic outcomes.

The Role of Internships in Career Development for University Students

Research Question: How do internships contribute to the professional development and employability of university students? Overview: Explore the benefits of internships in providing practical experience and networking opportunities. Analyze their impact on career readiness and job placement rates.

Mental Health Services and Their Effectiveness in Universities

Research Question: How effective are mental health services in supporting the well-being of university students? Overview: Examine the availability and utilization of mental health resources on campus. Discuss their impact on student mental health, academic performance, and retention rates.

The Influence of Social Media on University Students’ Academic Performance

Research Question: How does social media usage affect the academic performance and social interactions of university students? Overview: Investigate the positive and negative effects of social media on students’ study habits, mental health, and peer relationships. Discuss strategies for balancing online engagement with academic responsibilities.

The Impact of Study Abroad Programs on Personal and Academic Growth

Research Question: How do study abroad programs influence the personal development and academic achievements of university students? Overview: Explore the benefits of international education experiences. Analyze their effects on cultural awareness, language skills, and academic performance.

The Role of Research Opportunities in Enhancing University Education

Research Question: How do research opportunities contribute to the academic and professional growth of university students? Overview: Investigate the availability and impact of undergraduate and graduate research programs. Discuss their role in developing critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and career readiness.

Doing research in 7 th grade helps learners learn how to gather reliable information, evaluate it, and organize it according to its relevance. Moreover, they learn how to analyze tasks, synthesize ideas, and develop reasonable arguments. Moreover, they may improve their critical thinking and promote curiosity, which are important skills for survival in the modern world. 

The Importance of Recycling in Protecting the Environment

Research Question: How does recycling help protect the environment, and what can students do to contribute? Overview: Explore the benefits of recycling for reducing waste and conserving resources. Discuss ways students can participate in recycling programs at school and home.

The Life Cycle of a Butterfly

Research Question: What are the stages of a butterfly’s life cycle, and how does each stage contribute to its development? Overview: Investigate the process from egg to adult butterfly, detailing each stage: egg, larva (caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and adult. Discuss the importance of each stage for growth and survival.

The Effects of Global Warming on Polar Bears

Research Question: How is global warming affecting polar bears and their habitat? Overview: Examine the impact of climate change on polar bear populations and their Arctic environment. Discuss the challenges polar bears face due to melting ice and changing ecosystems.

The Role of Bees in Pollination

Research Question: Why are bees important for pollination, and how does their activity benefit plants and humans? Overview: Explore the process of pollination and the crucial role bees play in it. Discuss the importance of bees for agriculture and the production of fruits and vegetables.

The History and Significance of the United Nations

Research Question: What is the United Nations, and why was it created? Overview: Investigate the founding of the United Nations and its primary goals. Discuss key functions and the importance of the UN in promoting peace and cooperation among countries.

The Life and Achievements of Martin Luther King Jr.

Research Question: What were the major achievements of Martin Luther King Jr., and how did he impact the Civil Rights Movement? Overview: Explore the life, key events, and contributions of Martin Luther King Jr. to the fight for civil rights. Discuss his legacy and the lasting impact of his work on society.

The Importance of Physical Fitness for Young People

Research Question: Why is physical fitness important for young people, and what activities can help them stay fit? Overview: Investigate the benefits of regular physical activity for health and well-being. Discuss various exercises and sports that promote fitness and how students can incorporate them into their daily routines.

The Science Behind Volcanoes and Earthquakes

Research Question: What causes volcanoes and earthquakes, and how do they affect the Earth’s surface? Overview: Examine the geological processes that lead to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Discuss their impact on landscapes, ecosystems, and human communities.

The Role of Nutrition in Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle

Research Question: How does proper nutrition contribute to a healthy lifestyle, and what are the key components of a balanced diet? Overview: Explore the importance of essential nutrients, including vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Discuss how making healthy food choices supports growth, energy, and overall health.

The History and Evolution of Space Exploration

Research Question: How has space exploration evolved over time, and what are some of the major milestones? Overview: Investigate the history of space exploration from early telescopic observations to modern-day missions. Discuss key achievements such as the Moon landing, Mars rovers, and the International Space Station.

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9 th graders mostly have enough experience and general knowledge to write about more complex topics such as the history and impact of the Internet, the effects of climate change on marine life, renewable energy sources, etc.

Writing those papers may deepen their general knowledge of the surrounding world and help them better understand what they love and want to learn more about their career path. 

The Impact of Renewable Energy on the Environment

Research Question: How does the use of renewable energy sources affect the environment compared to fossil fuels? Overview: Explore the benefits and challenges of renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydro power. Discuss their potential to reduce pollution and combat climate change.

The Role of Genetic Engineering in Medicine

Research Question: What are the potential benefits and ethical concerns of genetic engineering in medicine? Overview: Investigate the applications of genetic engineering in developing treatments and cures for diseases. Discuss ethical considerations and the impact on society.

The Causes and Effects of Teenage Depression

Research Question: What are the main causes of depression in teenagers, and how does it affect their lives? Overview: Examine the factors contributing to teenage depression, such as social pressure, academic stress, and family issues. Discuss the short- and long-term effects on mental health and well-being.

The History and Influence of the Internet on Modern Society

Research Question: How has the internet transformed communication, education, and entertainment since its inception? Overview: Explore the development of the internet and its impact on various aspects of life. Discuss both the positive and negative effects on society.

The Importance of Cybersecurity in Today’s Digital World

Research Question: Why is cybersecurity essential in the digital age, and what measures can individuals take to protect themselves? Overview: Investigate the growing threats to online security, such as hacking and identity theft. Discuss strategies and best practices for maintaining cybersecurity.

The Effects of Climate Change on Global Ecosystems

Research Question: How is climate change affecting different ecosystems around the world? Overview: Examine the impact of climate change on forests, oceans, and wildlife. Discuss the potential consequences for biodiversity and human life.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Everyday Life

Research Question: How is artificial intelligence being integrated into daily activities, and what are its implications for the future? Overview: Explore the applications of AI in areas such as healthcare, transportation, and home automation. Discuss the benefits and potential risks associated with AI technologies.

The Influence of Ancient Civilizations on Modern Culture

Research Question: How have ancient civilizations, such as Greece and Rome, influenced modern culture and society? Overview: Investigate the contributions of ancient civilizations to art, architecture, government, and philosophy. Discuss their lasting impact on contemporary life.

The Impact of Social Media on Adolescent Identity Formation

Research Question: How does social media influence the development of identity in teenagers? Overview: Examine the role of social media in shaping self-perception, peer relationships, and personal identity. Discuss both positive and negative aspects of social media use among adolescents.

The Role of Vaccinations in Public Health

Research Question: How do vaccinations contribute to public health, and what are the challenges in promoting vaccination programs? Overview: Explore the science behind vaccinations and their effectiveness in preventing diseases. Discuss public health strategies and the challenges of misinformation and vaccine hesitancy.

Modern education dramatically differs from what it used to be. Current education systems are more for student-centered curriculums than the previous ones that used to be teacher-centered. Although there are undeniable benefits to such systems, there are some grey areas, and it is difficult to claim whether they have had beneficial or unfavorable impacts. 

The Impact of Online Learning on Student Engagement

Research Question: How does online learning influence student engagement and academic performance compared to traditional classroom settings? Overview: Explore the benefits and challenges of online learning platforms. Analyze studies on student engagement, participation, and performance in virtual vs. in-person classes.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Personalized Learning

Research Question: How can artificial intelligence be used to create personalized learning experiences for students? Overview: Investigate the applications of AI in education, such as adaptive learning technologies and personalized tutoring systems. Discuss the potential benefits and ethical concerns.

The Effectiveness of Project-Based Learning in Modern Education

Research Question: How does project-based learning impact student outcomes and skill development in modern education? Overview: Examine the principles and practices of project-based learning (PBL). Discuss its effectiveness in enhancing critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration skills.

The Influence of Gamification on Student Motivation and Learning

Research Question: How does the use of gamification in education affect student motivation and learning outcomes? Overview: Explore the concept of gamification and its implementation in educational settings. Analyze its impact on student engagement, motivation, and academic performance.

The Role of Social-Emotional Learning in Modern Education

Research Question: How does social-emotional learning (SEL) contribute to student success and well-being? Overview: Investigate the components of SEL and its integration into school curricula. Discuss the benefits of SEL for student mental health, academic achievement, and interpersonal skills.

The Impact of Technology on Teacher-Student Interaction

Research Question: How has technology changed the dynamics of teacher-student interaction in modern education? Overview: Examine the effects of digital tools and online communication on the teacher-student relationship. Discuss both positive and negative impacts on instructional quality and student support.

The Challenges and Opportunities of Inclusive Education

Research Question: What are the key challenges and opportunities in implementing inclusive education for students with diverse needs? Overview: Explore the principles of inclusive education and the strategies for accommodating students with disabilities. Analyze case studies and best practices for promoting inclusivity.

The Role of STEM Education in Preparing Students for the Future

Research Question: How does STEM education prepare students for future careers and technological advancements? Overview: Investigate the importance of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in the modern curriculum. Discuss the skills and competencies that STEM education fosters in students.

The Influence of Parental Involvement on Student Achievement

Research Question: How does parental involvement in education impact student academic achievement and behavior? Overview: Examine the different forms of parental involvement, such as homework support and participation in school activities. Discuss their effects on student performance and attitudes toward learning.

The Future of Assessment: Beyond Standardized Testing

Research Question: What are the alternatives to standardized testing for assessing student learning and achievement? Overview: Explore innovative assessment methods, such as formative assessments, portfolios, and performance-based assessments. Discuss their potential to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of student skills and knowledge.

A large number of learners need special education, and unlike in the past when they were taught separately, they are not only partially integrated with all education institutions without any discrimination. However, they receive special attention from educators, and their requirements are more relaxed than for others. 

The Effectiveness of Inclusive Education for Students with Disabilities

Research Question: How effective is inclusive education in promoting academic and social development for students with disabilities? Overview: Investigate the principles and practices of inclusive education. Analyze studies on its impact on academic performance, social integration, and overall development of students with disabilities.

Assistive Technology in Special Education: Benefits and Challenges

Research Question: How does assistive technology enhance learning outcomes for students with special needs? Overview: Explore various types of assistive technologies used in special education. Discuss their benefits, such as improved accessibility and independence, and the challenges related to implementation and training.

The Role of Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) in Student Success

Research Question: How do Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) support the academic and personal growth of students with special needs? Overview: Examine the process of developing and implementing IEPs. Analyze their effectiveness in addressing specific educational needs and promoting student success.

Parental Involvement in Special Education: Impact on Student Outcomes

Research Question: How does parental involvement influence the educational outcomes of students with special needs? Overview: Investigate the various ways parents can participate in their child’s special education. Discuss the impact of parental support on academic achievement, behavior, and emotional well-being.

The Role of Early Intervention in Special Education

Research Question: How does early intervention impact the development and learning of children with special needs? Overview: Explore the importance of early identification and intervention for young children with disabilities. Discuss the benefits of early intervention programs in improving developmental and educational outcomes.

Behavioral Interventions for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Research Question: What are the most effective behavioral interventions for supporting students with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in educational settings? Overview: Examine various behavioral intervention strategies, such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and social skills training. Analyze their effectiveness in improving communication, behavior, and social interactions.

The Impact of Teacher Training on Special Education Outcomes

Research Question: How does specialized training for teachers influence the quality of special education services and student outcomes? Overview: Investigate the importance of professional development and training for special education teachers. Discuss the correlation between teacher preparedness and student success.

The Challenges of Transitioning from School to Adulthood for Students with Special Needs

Research Question: What challenges do students with special needs face when transitioning from school to adulthood, and how can they be addressed? Overview: Explore the obstacles related to transitioning from school to work or higher education. Discuss programs and strategies designed to support this transition and promote independence.

The Role of Speech and Language Therapy in Special Education

Research Question: How does speech and language therapy contribute to the development of communication skills in students with special needs? Overview: Examine the role of speech and language therapists in special education. Discuss the impact of therapy on improving communication abilities and overall academic performance.

The Effectiveness of Social Skills Training for Students with Special Needs

Research Question: How effective is social skills training in enhancing the social interactions and relationships of students with special needs? Overview: Investigate various social skills training programs and their implementation in special education settings. Analyze their effectiveness in improving social competencies and peer relationships.

Educational Technology Research, or EdTech, studies how technological advancement has influenced modern education. It also studies how they can be used to enhance the learning outcome and save valuable time for teachers and students, making a lot of work automatic. The interdisciplinary field combines education, psychology, computer science, and information technology insights. 

The Impact of EdTech on Student Engagement and Learning Outcomes

Research Question: How does the integration of educational technology affect student engagement and academic performance? Overview: Explore the use of various EdTech tools, such as interactive software and digital classrooms, in enhancing student participation and learning outcomes. Analyze studies comparing traditional and technology-enhanced learning environments.

Research Question: How can artificial intelligence be utilized to create personalized learning experiences for students? Overview: Investigate the applications of AI in educational settings, including adaptive learning platforms and AI-driven tutoring. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges of implementing AI to cater to individual student needs.

Gamification in Education: Benefits and Challenges

Research Question: What are the benefits and challenges of incorporating gamification into educational curricula? Overview: Examine the principles of gamification and its impact on student motivation, engagement, and learning. Discuss case studies and best practices for effectively integrating gamification into the classroom.

Research Question: How effective are online learning platforms in delivering higher education compared to traditional classroom settings? Overview: Analyze the advantages and limitations of online learning platforms. Discuss student performance, satisfaction, and engagement in online versus in-person courses.

EdTech Solutions for Special Education: Enhancing Accessibility and Learning

Research Question: How can educational technology enhance accessibility and learning outcomes for students with special needs? Overview: Explore various EdTech tools designed for special education, such as speech-to-text software and interactive learning apps. Discuss their impact on accessibility and individualized learning.

The Role of Virtual Reality in Enhancing STEM Education

Research Question: How does the use of virtual reality (VR) in STEM education impact student learning and interest in science and technology? Overview: Investigate the applications of VR in teaching complex STEM concepts. Analyze its effectiveness in improving understanding, retention, and student enthusiasm for STEM subjects.

EdTech and Teacher Professional Development: Improving Instructional Practices

Research Question: How does educational technology support teacher professional development and improve instructional practices? Overview: Examine the role of EdTech in providing professional development opportunities for teachers. Discuss the impact on teaching strategies, classroom management, and student outcomes.

The Influence of Mobile Learning on Student Academic Performance

Research Question: How does mobile learning impact the academic performance of students? Overview: Explore the use of mobile devices and apps in education. Analyze their effectiveness in supporting learning, enhancing flexibility, and improving academic outcomes.

The Challenges of Implementing EdTech in Underserved Schools

Research Question: What are the main challenges of implementing educational technology in underserved schools, and how can they be addressed? Overview: Investigate the barriers to EdTech adoption in low-income and rural schools, such as funding, infrastructure, and training. Discuss potential solutions and successful case studies.

The Role of Data Analytics in Improving Educational Outcomes

Research Question: How can data analytics be used to improve educational outcomes and personalize learning experiences? Overview: Examine the use of data analytics in tracking student progress, identifying learning gaps, and informing instructional decisions. Discuss the benefits and ethical considerations of using student data.

Conclusion 

Writing such research papers may be quite challenging and extra help will promote better learning experience. If you think that you need that help, you are very welcome to apply to Writing Metier services.  

On our website you can find a lot of useful materials and articles on how to write this or that type of research paper. Another advantage of applying to us is that we offer  affordable and unbeatable prices .

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Laura Orta is an avid author on Writing Metier's blog. Before embarking on her writing career, she practiced media law in one of the local media. Aside from writing, she works as a private tutor to help students with their academic needs. Laura and her husband share their home near the ocean in northern Portugal with two extraordinary boys and a lifetime collection of books.

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ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing

Did you know that ChatGPT is a powerful tool for academic writing? While it can be a valuable resource, let’s make one thing clear: we’re not talking about using the chatbot to complete assignments for you. Instead, you can use AI at various stages of the writing process, from brainstorming ideas to refining and editing your work.

You’ll find effective ChatGPT prompts for research papers, proposals, case studies, and more in this article.

• 🔝 10 Most Useful Prompts
• 🔎 Prompts for Research Paper
• 📝 Prompts for Proposal
• 📊 Prompts for Case Study
• 🔬 Prompts for Scientific Writing
• ✍️ Prompts for Report Writing
• 🤖 How to Write ChatGPT Prompts

🔗 References

🔝 10 most useful chatgpt prompts for academic writing.

Effective prompts can help you release the full potential of ChatGPT for academic writing. Here are some prompts that will help you handle the most frequent academic tasks, like choosing a topic or summarizing texts:

• Suggest 10 research topics in the field of [subject].
• Generate 10 academic research questions about [topic].
• Create an outline for a research paper about [topic].
• Provide examples of thesis statements on [topic].
• Summarize this article’s main points: [text of the article].
• Simplify this text to make it easier to understand: [text].
• Rewrite this paragraph in academic language: [paragraph].
• Correct grammar and spelling mistakes in this paragraph: [text].
• Provide 5 arguments for/against the following claim: [claim].
• Improve the coherence and clarity of my paper: [text].

🔎 ChatGPT Prompts for Research Paper Writing

A research paper is a common type of academic writing that involves gathering information on the topic and presenting unique findings. No doubt, writing a research paper takes some time and effort. However, ChatGPT can become your helpful assistant.

Choosing a Research Topic & Question

The first step of writing a research paper is to choose a topic and formulate a research question. Making your topic original, manageable, clear, and impactful is important. Since there are a lot of aspects to consider, you can ask ChatGPT to generate the most suitable topic ideas or to provide feedback on the topics you brainstormed yourself.

Here are some prompt examples for research topics and questions:

If you don’t want to bother with ChatGPT prompts, try our free research question maker to create a compelling research question in a few clicks!

Finding Information & Sources

Instead of spending hours browsing the Internet or wandering around your school library, you can use ChatGPT to find information for your research . Ask the chatbot to recommend online sources dedicated to your research topic, and it will provide you with a list of relevant websites, journals, and databases. You can even ask ChatGPT to give you a list of specific references to use. However, note that sometimes ChatGPT suggests outdated or non-existent sources, so always double-check.

Have a look at these prompts that can help find literature for your research:

Organizing Ideas

If you need help organizing ideas for your research paper, ChatGPT is a great solution. You ask the chatbot to create an outline for an entire writing or to structure a separate part, such as an introduction or literature review. Moreover, you can use ChatGPT to generate transition phrases and sentences to ensure coherence and a smooth paper flow.

Do you want to know more prompts for organizing your ideas? Check out our examples!

Revising and Proofreading

After working many days on your research paper, you may lose freshness of vision. To get detailed feedback on your writing, you can ask ChatGPT to check it for mistakes and identify what can be improved. One useful tip is to specify what the chatbot should focus on, such as spelling, punctuation, grammar, or academic language.

Check out these proofreading prompt examples:

📝 ChatGPT Prompts for Proposal Writing

Proposal writing is common among researchers, business professionals, and students. This paper aims to persuade the target audience to approve or support the proposed project or research. Writing a persuasive proposal can be time-consuming, so why not use ChatGPT as a help?

Brainstorming Innovative Project Ideas

ChatGPT can help you overcome writer’s block and suggest topics for your proposal writing. For example, you can identify a problem and ask the chatbot to come up with several solutions. Moreover, you can use AI to identify a research gap in the scientific literature on the topic of your interest.

Here are more prompts for brainstorming proposal ideas:

Structuring Your Proposal

Every successful proposal starts with an effective plan. If you haven’t written a proposal before, you can use ChatGPT to write a detailed outline for an entire paper or organize specific parts, such as literature review, timing, or budget.

For more inspiration, consider these prompt ideas:

Strengthening Your Argument

Proposal writing aims to convince the target audience to support your project. If you need ideas on how to make your paper more persuasive, try out ChatGPT. For example, you may ask the bot to highlight the importance of your paper for society or science or write a passage that presents you as a trustworthy expert.

Check out some prompts for strengthening your proposal :

Meeting Proposal Guidelines

Sometimes, the requirements we get from our school or professor are unclear or simply overwhelming. To ensure you meet all the guidelines, you may share the requirements with ChatGPT and let the bot check the proposal for you.

Here are some prompts you can use:

📊 ChatGPT Prompts for Case Study Writing

Usually, students are asked to analyze case studies to demonstrate their theoretical knowledge and apply it in practice. However, some professors give students a task to create their own case studies to test their creativity and critical thinking. Whether you’re a teacher or a student, the following ChatGPT prompts will be helpful when writing a case study.

Identifying a Case Study Subject

Choosing a case study topic can be a daunting task. It usually requires the writer to read about current events, consult academic journals, or talk to experts. Luckily, ChatGPT can make the topic selection much easier and ensure your case study is engaging and relevant.

These are some prompts you can use when choosing a case study subject:

Gathering and Analyzing Data

The most time-consuming step when writing a case study is gathering data. You need to analyze databases, industry websites, and previous case studies. Moreover, you might conduct an interview to make your case study more insightful. If you want to optimize your time when gathering data for your paper, you should try ChatGPT.

Here are some helpful prompts for collecting and analyzing information:

Structuring and Writing

You might be surprised to learn how many opportunities ChatGPT offers when structuring your case study. For example, you can ask the bot to write a detailed outline. What is more, ChatGPT can suggest engaging hooks for your introduction and provide recommendations on presenting your data.

Check out some prompt examples:

Other Helpful Prompts

What else can ChatGPT do to help you write an outstanding case study? For example, you may ask the chatbot to provide case study examples on your topic for some inspiration. Moreover, you can ask the bot to list the most common case study writing mistakes you should avoid.

Here are some bonus prompts you should try:

We also recommend you use our free case study answer generator if you need help analyzing a case study.

🔬 ChatGPT Prompts for Scientific Writing

As you might already know, scientific writing is characterized by precision and clarity. All scientific articles follow a specific structure: abstract, introduction, literature review , methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion. The following section will discuss how ChatGPT can assist you with each of these parts.

Prompts for Title, Abstract, & Keywords

The title, abstract, and keywords form a first impression of your article. ChatGPT can assist with these parts by generating engaging titles based on the research content and summarizing key points into a clear abstract. You may also ask the chatbot to suggest relevant keywords that will improve the online visibility of your article.

Creating a concise and accurate abstract for your research paper is even easier with our free AI abstract generator !

Prompts for Introduction

A scientific article’s introduction should include background information on the topic, research gap, your research question, hypothesis, methodology overview, and significance of the article. You can ask ChatGPT to create an introduction outline to avoid getting lost in all these elements.

For you, we prepared some effective prompts:

You can also use our free research introduction maker to write a compelling opening section for your paper!

ChatGPT Prompts for Literature Review

A literature review is a critical component that provides an overview of other studies on the topic. Writing a well-structured literature review may take a lot of time and effort, but ChatGPT can help make this process more productive. For example, the chatbot can list relevant literature, summarize long sources , and identify key themes.

Here are some prompt ideas:

We also suggest you try our free key points generator to save time reading through a vast amount of literature.

Prompts for Methodology

The methodology section explains how your research was carried out and lets readers decide if your approach is trustworthy. To save time while writing this section, you can use ChatGPT to find the most suitable research tools or generate descriptions of methods.

Try out these useful prompts:

Prompts for Results & Discussion

In the results section of a scientific article, you should clearly and concisely present your key findings. As for the discussion section, it should interpret your results and link them to current knowledge on the topic. ChatGPT can help you analyze your data, suggest possible explanations of the results, and connect your findings to the existing literature.

Here are more prompt ideas for the results section:

ChatGPT Prompts for Conclusion

The main purpose of the conclusion in a scientific article is to present the implications of your research and highlight the significance of your paper. ChatGPT can be a great assistant in summarizing and paraphrasing the key findings and generating ideas on future research directions.

These are helpful prompts you can use for a conclusion:

You can also use our free conclusion generator to write an effective closing section for your article.

✍️ ChatGPT Prompts for Report Writing

The purpose of report writing is to present information on a particular topic. Reports allow students to demonstrate their understanding of a subject and their analytical skills. If you need help writing a report, try the following ChatGPT prompts.

Writing Executive Summary

Usually, report writing starts with an executive summary , which provides an overview of the main findings of a report. You may ask the bot to generate an engaging opening sentence or summarize your key points.

Here are more prompts you can use for an executive summary:

Designing Surveys and Interviews

When writing a report, you might need to collect some primary data. It is the type of information you gather with the help of surveys, questionnaires, or interviews. You may ask ChatGPT to generate a questionnaire on a particular topic or a set of questions for an interview.

Check out these prompts for designing interviews and surveys:

Creating Visual Aids

You should consider adding some visuals to make your report more engaging and easier to understand. Unfortunately, the free version of ChatGPT can only generate tables for you, while ChatGPT Plus can also create schemes and graphs. However, you can still ask the free bot for recommendations, such as what pictures to choose or colors to use for your infographics.

Check out some prompt ideas:

Generating Recommendations

Recommendations are practical steps or suggestions presented in the conclusion. ChatGPT can help ensure your recommendations are innovative, actionable, and realistic. You may simply ask the chatbot to generate recommendations based on your findings or provide feedback on your ideas.

These are the prompts you should try for the recommendations part:

Tailoring Language and Tone

To maximize the impact of your report, you should adjust the language and tone of your paper to the audience. Always remember your readers’ level of expertise and readiness to support your ideas.

Here are some prompts that will help tailor the tone and language of your report:

🤖 How to Write ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing

The ChatGPT prompts we’ve explored can undoubtedly empower you to craft impactful academic papers. However, if you want even more tailored responses from the bot, you should learn how to make effective prompts yourself.

Be Specific

To get the best results using ChatGPT, clearly define the task, include only relevant details, and avoid ambiguity.

Compare these prompt examples:

❌ Bad prompt

✅ Good prompt

Ask ChatGPT to Act as If…

To make ChatGPT generate more relevant responses, you may start your prompts with “Act as if…” The bot can play the role of anyone whose perspective you want to consider: a professor, a psychotherapist, an experienced manager, a high school student, and so on. A small prompt example: “Act as if you’re a strict English teacher and say if my poetry analysis is detailed enough.”

Specify Your Output Format

Don’t forget to specify the format of the content you expect to receive from ChatGPT. The bot can generate summaries, stories, dialogues, ordered and unordered lists, tables, and even code. After describing your task, you may add to the prompt, “Present this in the form of…”

Use “Do” and “Don’t”

Don’t expect AI to read your mind. Instead, tell ChatGPT directly what you want and don’t want in your response. Here is how you can add dos and don’ts in your prompt: “Suggest 10 controversial essay topics. Include original and creative topics, but don’t include topics about abortion, euthanasia, gun control, and capital punishment.”

Use Examples

If you have an example of a sentence or a paragraph you want ChatGPT’s output to resemble, add it to your prompt. This is a simple solution to improving the quality of the results. For instance, you can structure your prompt as follows: “Generate an introduction for an essay about climate change. Use this introduction as an example [introduction example].”

Consider the Tone and Audience

Let ChatGPT know about your audience and the tone you’d like to set. For example, a prompt “I plan to deliver an oral presentation on [topic]. Give me ideas for a speech that is [tone] and is appropriate for [the audience]” is way more effective than a simple “Give me speech topic ideas on [topic].”

Work Together with AI

Imagine that ChatGPT is your teammate, and you’re working on your academic writing together. To improve AI outputs, give your feedback, for example, on what you liked and what can be improved. Finally, remember that you can always ask the chatbot for advice on improving your prompts or even generating them for you.

One more tip: whenever you integrate the content produced by ChatGPT into your writing, don’t forget to check it for AI to ensure your paper keeps its human touch. Our free Chat GPT essay detector will help you with this!

In conclusion, unraveling the power of ChatGPT for academic writing can be a game-changer, but only if you use AI ethically and craft clear, effective prompts. If you like our ideas, check out other articles about using ChatGPT for educational purposes:

• How to Get ChatGPT to Write an Essay
• How to Use AI for Literature Review Writing
• ## Best AI Tools for Students
• How to Not Get Caught Using ChatGPT
• ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing | GitHub
• How to Write Persuasive Proposals With ChatGPT | Make Use Of
• Can ChatGPT Be Used as a Proofreader? | Make Use Of
• We Used ChatGPT to Generate Citations | Indiana Daily Student
• Should I Use ChatGPT to Write My Essays? | Harvard Summer School
• How to Make ChatGPT Provide Sources and Citations | ZDNET
• How to Use ChatGPT to Make Charts and Tables | ZDNET
• How to Use ChatGPT to Write a Literature Review with Prompts | Florida International University
• How to Write Better ChatGPT Prompts in 5 Steps | ZDNET
• Prompt Literacy in Academics | University of Michigan
• Getting Started with Prompts for Text-based Generative AI Tools | Harvard University
• ChatGPT in Academic Writing: Maximizing Its Benefits and Minimizing the Risks | Indian Journal of Ophthalmology
• 12 Best ChatGPT Prompts for Academic Writing Assistance in 2024 | Geeksforgeeks
• ChatGPT & AI Literacy Toolbox: Images, Writing, & Prompts | Florida International University
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Binghamton pharmacy professor, co-chair receives Rufus A. Lyman Award for outstanding research

Sarah spinler won the rufus a. lyman award for her contribution in a recently published paper.

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Sarah Spinler, co-chair of pharmacy practice at the Binghamton University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, received the Rufus A. Lyman Award at the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) conference July 21 in Boston. The award recognizes outstanding original research with high significance to pharmacy education published in the preceding year in the American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education (AJPE) .

Spinler and her co-authors were recognized for their publication, “NAPLEX Preparation Program Characteristics and Resources Associated with First-Time Exam Pass Rates.” She was also recognized for her dedication to her students in preparing them for a national exam.

“My original interest in the project stemmed from working with our P4 class on North American Pharmacist Licensure Examination (NAPLEX) preparation, which is the licensure examination for pharmacists after they graduate,” Spinler said. “We had a substantial investment in a product called RX Prep that students were using.”

Spinler and her co-authors started the paper about two and a half years ago. She explained that the idea started during a Zoom call with around 100 attendees.

“During the call, one of the co-authors, Lisa Lebovitz, asked if people could be interested in research in this area. I already had some ideas for research in that area, so I joined the group,” she said. “Eventually, it was the group of us who created and distributed a survey to schools of pharmacy assessment directors, asking how they use any types of preparation programs and materials, whether homegrown or purchased, and comparing the products used to the pass rates for the NAPLEX exam.”

Spinler said she was “pretty surprised” and honored to receive the award, which spotlighted the significant amount of time and resources needed for programs preparing the next generation of pharmacists.

“We were looking to see what types of preparation strategies work the best, all of which are labor-intensive. The overall conclusion was that just having one of these programs is not a band-aid to help improve pass rates,” she said. “There are probably a lot of other factors involved, and there’s still work to be done.”

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Oceans without sharks would be far less healthy – new research

Executive Dean of the College of Arts, Sciences & Education and Professor of Biological Sciences, Florida International University

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Michael Heithaus receives funding from the Shark Conservation Fund and the National Science Foundation.

Florida International University provides funding as a member of The Conversation US.

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There are more than 500 species of sharks in the world’s oceans, from the 7-inch dwarf lantern shark to whale sharks that can grow to over 35 feet long. They’re found from polar waters to the equator, at the water’s surface and miles deep, in the open ocean, along coasts and even in some coastal rivers .

With such diversity, it’s no surprise that sharks serve many ecological functions. For example, the largest individuals of some big predatory species, such as tiger and white sharks, can have an oversized role in maintaining balances among species. They do this by feeding on prey and sometimes by just being present and scary enough that prey species change their habits and locations.

In a newly published study , colleagues and I surveyed decades of research on sharks’ ecological roles and considered their future in oceans dominated by people. We found that because sharks play such diverse and sometimes important functions in maintaining healthy oceans, their current decline is an urgent problem. Since 1970, global populations of sharks and rays have decreased by more than 70% .

People are killing many types of sharks at unsustainable rates , mainly through overfishing. We see a need for nations to rethink where and how to conserve sharks for healthy oceans.

How sharks foster seagrasses

Along the remote coast of Western Australia, more than two decades of work shows that the mere presence of tiger sharks shapes the entire seagrass ecosystem by changing where and how big grazers, such as sea turtles and sea cows, feed.

Having tiger sharks nearby protects wide swaths of seagrass from being overgrazed, allowing it to grow into thick underwater meadows that provide habitat for juvenile fish and shellfish. These species are important food for other animals and for humans.

In places where tiger sharks have declined and turtle populations have expanded, seagrasses are being overgrazed. In Bermuda, for example, the exploding turtle population has led to an almost total collapse of seagrasses .

White sharks produce some of the same effects. Along the California coast, where white shark numbers are increasing , otters are spending more time in the safety of protected inland waters and less time in the open waters of Monterey Bay. The otters prey on crabs, which in turn feed on grazing invertebrates such as sea slugs that clean algae from seagrasses. More otters means fewer crabs, more grazers and healthier seagrasses .

Kelp forests and reefs

Kelp forests are dense stands of large brown algae that grow in shallow zones near coasts. Along the U.S. West Coast, overhunting drove local populations of sea otters to extinction by the early 1900s . This caused huge kelp forest losses by allowing sea urchins – a favorite food of otters – to spread and consume kelp .

Over the past 50 years, otter populations have rebounded with federal protection . But as white sharks expand their ranges northward, they are preventing otters from expanding their range because there aren’t kelp forests for the otters to hide in.

The otters will likely expand their ranges only once kelp forests become established. This complicates restoration efforts, since otters won’t be removing enough urchins for kelp to become established.

When sharks are present near coral reefs, fish avoid the sharks by sticking close to the safety of the reef. This reduces grazing on seagrasses and algae across wide areas . There is still much to learn, however, about when, where and how sharks might be important for coral reef health.

Food and nutrient sources

Sharks can also be prey. Some, including large species like white sharks , are important food sources for some killer whale populations around the world . Smaller sharks, including blacktip sharks, can be key menu items for larger sharks, such as great hammerheads.

As sharks consume prey in one place and excrete waste elsewhere, they move nutrients throughout the ocean. In the Pacific, for example, gray reef sharks move nitrogen from the offshore waters where they feed to the coral reefs where they spend their days, providing important fertilizer for ocean food webs.

In Florida’s coastal waters , young bull sharks feed during brief visits to the ocean, then return to safer, nearly freshwater rivers, where they spend most of their time and release nutrients in their waste.

Sometimes sharks’ presence helps other fish. In the open ocean, sharks’ rough scales make perfect scratching posts for fish to remove parasites.

Protecting sharks’ roles

Our review makes clear that sharks play diverse roles in maintaining healthy oceans. We see important implications for shark conservation.

Step 1 would be to set goals beyond simply ensuring that there are sharks in the oceans and to target species that have key ecological roles.

Within populations, it is important to protect certain types of individual sharks. For example, the largest tiger sharks are the ones that shape the behavior of turtles and sea cows, benefiting seagrass ecosystems. Intensive fishing worldwide makes it extremely challenging for large sharks that can live for decades or even centuries to survive and grow to ecologically important sizes.

Working with local communities in coastal areas could build support for protecting these large ocean predators, much as conservationists are working on land to protect iconic predators such as wolves . Nations could build networks of large protected areas that forbid shark fishing, focusing on key areas where individual sharks may roam.

Research shows that sharks benefit from creating protected areas, limiting shark catch outside these zones and restricting use of fishing gear that does the most harm to sharks , such as gill nets and longlines . With a clearer understanding of sharks’ ecological value, my colleagues and I hope to see focused action at all levels to protect these essential animals.

• Biodiversity
• Endangered species
• Overfishing
• Coral reefs
• Marine biology
• Marine protected areas
• kelp forests
• Seagrass meadows
• Ocean conservation

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How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example

Published on August 7, 2022 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on August 15, 2023.

A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process , providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.

A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:

• Organize your thoughts
• Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
• Ensure nothing is forgotten

A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.

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Table of contents

Research paper outline example, how to write a research paper outline, formatting your research paper outline, language in research paper outlines.

• Definition of measles
• Rise in cases in recent years in places the disease was previously eliminated or had very low rates of infection
• Figures: Number of cases per year on average, number in recent years. Relate to immunization
• Symptoms and timeframes of disease
• Risk of fatality, including statistics
• How measles is spread
• Immunization procedures in different regions
• Different regions, focusing on the arguments from those against immunization
• Immunization figures in affected regions
• High number of cases in non-immunizing regions
• Illnesses that can result from measles virus
• Fatal cases of other illnesses after patient contracted measles
• Summary of arguments of different groups
• Summary of figures and relationship with recent immunization debate
• Which side of the argument appears to be correct?

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Follow these steps to start your research paper outline:

• Decide on the subject of the paper
• Write down all the ideas you want to include or discuss
• Organize related ideas into sub-groups
• Arrange your ideas into a hierarchy: What should the reader learn first? What is most important? Which idea will help end your paper most effectively?
• Create headings and subheadings that are effective
• Format the outline in either alphanumeric, full-sentence or decimal format

There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines. The differences relate to formatting and style of writing.

• Alphanumeric
• Full-sentence

An alphanumeric outline is most commonly used. It uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, arabic numerals, lowercase letters to organize the flow of information. Text is written with short notes rather than full sentences.

• Sub-point of sub-point 1

Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points.

• Additional sub-point to conclude discussion of point of evidence introduced in point A

A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences.

• 1.1.1 Sub-point of first point
• 1.1.2 Sub-point of first point
• 1.2 Second point

To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on.

There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.

Parallelism: Be consistent with grammatical form

Parallel structure or parallelism is the repetition of a particular grammatical form within a sentence, or in this case, between points and sub-points. This simply means that if the first point is a verb , the sub-point should also be a verb.

Example of parallelism:

• Include different regions, focusing on the different arguments from those against immunization

Coordination: Be aware of each point’s weight

Your chosen subheadings should hold the same significance as each other, as should all first sub-points, secondary sub-points, and so on.

Example of coordination:

• Include immunization figures in affected regions
• Illnesses that can result from the measles virus

Subordination: Work from general to specific

Subordination refers to the separation of general points from specific. Your main headings should be quite general, and each level of sub-point should become more specific.

Example of subordination:

Division: break information into sub-points.

Your headings should be divided into two or more subsections. There is no limit to how many subsections you can include under each heading, but keep in mind that the information will be structured into a paragraph during the writing stage, so you should not go overboard with the number of sub-points.

Ready to start writing or looking for guidance on a different step in the process? Read our step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper .

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Gahan, C. (2023, August 15). How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example. Scribbr. Retrieved August 7, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/outline/

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Consumer Credit Reporting Data

Since the 2000s, economists across fields have increasingly used consumer credit reporting data for research. We introduce readers to the economics of and the institutional details of these data. Using examples from the literature, we provide practical guidance on how to use these data to construct economic measures of borrowing, consumption, credit access, financial distress, and geographic mobility. We explain what credit scores measure, and why. We highlight how researchers can access credit reporting data via existing datasets or by creating new datasets, including by linking credit reporting data with surveys and external datasets.

We are extremely grateful to David Romer (the editor), five anonymous referees, Aly Brown, Amy Quester, Andres Shahidinejad, Breno Braga, Brian Bucks, Evan White, Jonah Kaplan, Lance Lochner, Matthew Notowidigdo, Michael Varley, Pavneet Singh, ASSA and NBER conference participants for their feedback improving this paper, and to Jehoon Chung for research assistance. We shared an earlier draft with representatives from Equifax, Experian, TransUnion, FICO, and VantageScore and are grateful for their feedback. Prior to circulation, this paper was reviewed in accordance with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York review policy and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau policy on independent research. Gibbs works for the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which implements and enforces Federal consumer financial laws, including those discussed in this paper. Guttman-Kenney acknowledges support from the NBER's PhD Dissertation Fellowship on Consumer Financial Management funded by the Institute of Consumer Money Management, and Wang acknowledges support from the Gies College of Business. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, the Federal Reserve System, or the United States. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

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In addition to working papers , the NBER disseminates affiliates’ latest findings through a range of free periodicals — the NBER Reporter , the NBER Digest , the Bulletin on Retirement and Disability , the Bulletin on Health , and the Bulletin on Entrepreneurship  — as well as online conference reports , video lectures , and interviews .