conclusion for aviation assignment

Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions -- Special Report 272 (2003)

Chapter: 5 conclusions and recommendations, 5 conclusions and recommendations.

T he key findings of this report are summarized in this chapter. The committee believes that the findings

Justify the creation of a national research program focused on the needs of airport operators;

Reveal how such a program can play a role in helping airport operators meet the many demands of federal agencies, state governments, local communities, and airport users; and

Provide guidance on governing, funding, and administering an airport research program.

JUSTIFICATION FOR A RESEARCH PROGRAM FOCUSED ON AIRPORTS

Some 5,000 airports scattered across the country are open to public use in the United States, including more than 500 that offer airline service. They vary in size from more than 50 square miles to a few dozen acres and accommodate aircraft ranging from 500-seat jet airliners to single-engine props. They form a key component of the country’s heavily used aviation system. Unlike the centralized air traffic control enterprise, which is run almost entirely by the federal government, the nation’s airports are a collection of independent entities owned and operated by thousands of mostly public agencies.

The diversity and decentralization of the airport system are strengths. Competition among airports for the business of airlines and other aircraft users prompts efficiencies and innovations in products, processes, and services. At the same time, individual airports are elements of regional and national transportation networks; they are interconnected and dependent on one another. For aviation users—whether airline passengers, shippers, or general aviation (GA) operators—the vast airport network with its many origin and destination points is what makes the nation’s aviation system so useful.

Recognizing the importance of building and maintaining a nationally integrated aviation system, the federal government has long played an important role in providing assistance to thousands of airports run by state and local governments. During the past three decades, it has granted more than $30 billion to operators for improvements in runways and taxiways, terminal facilities, noise mitigation, safety equipment, security, and air navigation and guidance systems. Most of the revenues to fund these investments stem from federal taxes and other levies on aviation users maintained in the Airport and Airway Trust Fund.

To protect the large federal investment in the nation’s airport infrastructure and ensure its safe and efficient use, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has established various standards governing major aspects of the design, construction, maintenance, and operations of airport facilities. In supporting the development and implementation of these standards, FAA sponsors research on topics ranging from pavement durability to noise modeling and mitigation.

Yet, from the standpoint of airport operators, different research needs are apparent. For example, an increase in an airport’s operations must be carried out without significantly increasing noise, air pollution, or other environmental impacts. Security must be strengthened without unduly burdening and possibly driving away users. Federal restrictions on how airports can generate revenues from landing fees and other user charges—restrictions that accompany most federal grants—must be balanced against demands by state and municipal owners that airports seek out new revenue sources to become self-supporting. In the end, it is up to the airport operators themselves to find ways to meet these many demands.

Operators face a growing challenge in responding to these demands. New agencies with jurisdiction over airports, such as the Transportation Security Administration, are imposing new requirements. Others, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and its state counterparts, have gradually expanded their authority into the realm of airport planning, construction, and operations. Thus, what may appear to be straightforward requirements from the perspective of a single agency can result in many uncertainties and problems for airport operators. At the moment, operators do not have a research capability to address these uncertainties and solve the resulting problems.

The airport research enterprise does not currently provide a means for operators to cooperate among themselves and with other interested parties to

find solutions to shared problems or to seek new ideas to improve airport operations. The federal government has much at stake in ensuring that such research is undertaken and that it is of the highest quality. Airports with fewer problems are more likely to use their resources efficiently and to require less federal assistance. They are more likely to be able to respond effectively to the requirements of federal agencies—whether to strengthen security, protect the environment, or increase capacity. And they are more likely to be able to meet the demands of airport users, which will ultimately benefit travelers and shippers depending on safe, secure, and efficient air service.

Cooperative research activities confer many other benefits that can be difficult to gauge. The National Highway Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP) and the Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) have demonstrated that regular collaboration of practitioners, public officials, researchers, and technical experts can provide opportunities for the exchange of information and ideas. Moreover, practitioners who are actively involved in research gain skills and expertise that strengthen the industry’s professional capacity and help attract talented individuals to the field. Of course, research performed at universities is essential for training students and interesting them in the airport management and engineering professions.

UNIQUE ROLE OF AN AIRPORT COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM

The mission of a national airport cooperative research program (ACRP) must be clear and well articulated so that the program complements, and does not duplicate or detract from, existing research activities. An ACRP, unlike any current program, will provide an opportunity to address problems that

Many operators share but that tend to be too costly or complex for a single operator or a small group of operators to research;

Receive limited attention because of a lack of funding or incompatibility with the mission and institutional requirements of federal agencies and others that traditionally perform airport-related research; and

Can be researched with a reasonable expenditure of time and effort to yield results that can be readily implemented by airport operators and users.

The following are examples of airport needs in several common problem areas. They illustrate the kinds of research questions that could be addressed through a national ACRP.

Operations and safety

What is a safe and efficient speed for escalators and moving sidewalks in airport environments that are often crowded with hurrying passengers carrying luggage?

How are proposed changes in air traffic control and area navigation rules, such as terminal instrument procedures, likely to affect the configuration, placement, and capacity of airport taxiways and runways? What effects are these changes likely to have on overall airport capacity?

Maintenance

What methods are most suitable for choosing among alternative maintenance products and practices for use under different airport conditions?

What tools do operators have—and how effective are they—for monitoring the condition of assets, prioritizing maintenance activity, and managing maintenance personnel and contractors?

Design of infrastructure and equipment

How do airports currently use FAA’s advisory circulars? Which circulars are most urgently in need of updating to give airports better design guidance?

To what extent have changes in the dimensions, controllability, and visibility of modern aircraft been accounted for in FAA design standards for taxiway geometrics, signage visibility, and wingtip clearances, and what modifications of these standards are warranted?

Finance and administration

What experience do airport operators have in this country and abroad in using design–build–finance techniques for expediting construction of new facilities? What have been the positive and negative results of these efforts? What can be learned from experiences in public works and other modes of transportation?

What are the emerging challenges that airports face, in light of heightened security concerns, in recruiting and retaining qualified personnel and reducing workplace stress? What can be learned from the practices of other industries facing similar challenges?

What changes in aircraft types, dimensions, and uses can be expected in the medium and near terms, and how can these changes be accommodated in capital planning for airport facilities?

What changes in demand-forecasting methodologies are needed to better assess future facility requirements given the uncertainties now affecting the entire commercial aviation sector?

Environment

What alternative aircraft deicing methods and materials are available? How well do they balance the needs for safety assurance, environmental protection, affordability, and compatibility with operational requirements?

What are the data and modeling requirements to analyze emissions of air toxics associated with health risks at airports in a manner that is scientifically credible and useful in decision making?

What changes in the current regulatory framework for airports would be required to streamline the planning and environmental documentation process for critically needed airport improvements?

What cost-effective changes in terminal designs and features (e.g., “way-finding” signs) are available to facilitate security processing, avoid crowding, and expedite the movement of passenger traffic through terminals?

How can passenger and baggage flows be modeled accurately to assist in the longer-term infrastructure planning for the design and location of explosive detection systems and for deployment of security personnel?

Although this list is not comprehensive, it reveals a diversity of research needs. Specific research interests will undoubtedly vary by airport size, location, use patterns, and other factors. Operators of GA airports, for instance, may be more interested in research on the kinds of asphalt pavements found on short-field runways than on the more rigid concrete structures used for paving runways that can handle large commercial jets. Likewise, northern airports will have a greater interest in research on snow- and ice-control methods and materials, while commercial-service airports will be the most interested in research to improve the efficiency of passenger and cargo flows.

The wide scope of research needs suggests that a cooperative research program must be responsive, rigorous, objective, and capable of involving practitioners and researchers with expertise from many disciplines. Insights gained from reviewing the experiences of NCHRP and TCRP indicate that how a program is governed, financed, and managed will have a large bearing on these capabilities.

PROGRAM GOVERNANCE, FINANCE, AND MANAGEMENT: LESSONS FROM NCHRP AND TCRP

A research program’s overall design and organizational characteristics have a fundamental influence on the research needs addressed, how the research is carried out, the quality of the results, and the extent to which the results are applied. The committee’s review of NCHRP and TCRP suggests that the following characteristics will be especially important in guiding the establishment of an airport research program.

Airport operators must integrate the demands of multiple federal agencies, state and local governments, and airport users. The challenges and problems they face result in research needs and priorities that differ from those making the demands. Operators, therefore, must have a primary role in setting the research agenda, defining the expected products of research, and ensuring the timeliness and applicability of the research results. In doing so, they must cooperate closely with the federal agencies and users of airports, all of whom have an interest in ensuring that the operators succeed.

The experiences of NCHRP and TCRP suggest that an ACRP will require a strong and committed governing board. The board should consist of top executives from a cross section of the nation’s airports as well as representatives from federal agencies, industry organizations, and airport users. The governing board must define the research priorities and ensure overall quality and relevance of the research. It must articulate expected research products and assist with dissemination of research results. Finally, it must coordinate with other research programs that have complementary functions.

The federal government, the private sector, and airport operators collectively spend hundreds of millions of dollars each year on airport-related research and technology development. The committee did not examine whether these funds are allocated appropriately or have been successful in achieving their objectives. However, the study indicates that airports do not currently have a way to fund urgent, short-term research to meet their needs. While the immediate and near-term problems of airport operators are not intrinsically more important than those being addressed by established research programs, they differ in nature and urgency, and thus they deserve explicit attention.

The experiences of NCHRP and TCRP suggest the importance of having finances dedicated to cooperative research. Dedicated funding can provide a base that is sufficiently large to address a range of research needs and reliable enough to sustain interest in the program. A program that is limited to a narrow set of research problems because of limited finances is likely to become marginalized. Airport operators in particular must view the program as a dependable source of ideas and information. They must have a sense of ownership of the program—a commitment to ensuring that the program addresses airport needs and is run efficiently. Because the ultimate beneficiaries of the research will be airport users, financing of the program through aviation user fees can provide these critical stakeholder connections.

NCHRP and TCRP are managed by TRB. Their experience demonstrates that the organization managing the research program must provide more than accounting and administrative services. It must refine the research needs, establish objective means of selecting competent researchers, ensure that research results are technically sound, and disseminate the results widely within the appropriate communities. It must have experience in managing a research program covering a number of disciplines.

Both NCHRP and TCRP use competitively selected contractors to perform the work. Contract-based research offers the greatest flexibility in utilizing the varied expertise and facilities needed for a diverse research portfolio. It also requires competent managers to develop requests for proposals, screen competing researchers with regard to their qualifications, and administer the contracts. The managers must be able to draw on both technical experts and practitioners to define projects, participate in merit review to select capable researchers to perform the work, and peer-review the quality and applicability of the results. Above all, the management organization must be viewed as impartial, independent, and committed to undertaking quality research and disseminating the results.

MODEL ACRP AND NEXT STEPS

Congress requested this study of the desirability of a national cooperative research program for airports. In so doing, it asked for an assessment of the applicability of the financing and administrative approaches used by NCHRP and TCRP. The committee believes that these programs offer an organizational

model well suited to meeting the research needs of airport operators and proposed means of governing, financing, and managing an ACRP in Chapter 4 . A proposal for a trial program is outlined in Box 5-1 . It embodies the key characteristics discussed above:

The program would be governed and guided by the top managers from a cross section of the nation’s airports in collaboration with representatives of federal agencies, airport users, and others.

It would be financed with revenues derived from aviation users. Such financing would bring about a research agenda that is focused on producing solutions with direct application to airport problems and would thus prompt a strong commitment to the program on the part of the airport and aviation communities.

Its management would be structured to ensure that the research products meet the highest applicable standards and are accessible to users.

This model is derived from the NCHRP and TCRP structures. It provides a first step toward creating an ACRP. The experience of TCRP—established only a decade ago—provides insights into subsequent steps. Convinced of the merits of a cooperative research program, transit agencies took it upon themselves to broaden awareness and build consensus for a cooperative research program. They acted through industry associations to clarify the organizational structure of the desired program, outline a legislative proposal, and mobilize support for it. Top transit managers have remained active in the program since its inception. The nation’s airport operators will need to commit themselves to a similar effort.

TRB Special Report 272 - Airport Research Needs: Cooperative Solutions urges the U.S. Congress to establish a national airport cooperative research program. The committee that produced the report called such a program essential to ensuring airport security, efficiency, safety, and environmental compatibility.

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How can I revise my assignments to deter student use of AI?

As generative AI becomes more advanced and accessible, it’s helpful to revise assignments in ways that deter unauthorized use while promoting genuine learning. Here are detailed strategies for creating assignments that are less susceptible to misuse by AI and encourage authentic student engagement:

Oral presentations and defenses

Incorporating presentations and defenses into assignments encourages students to articulate their ideas and demonstrate their understanding without relying on AI-generated content. By requiring students to present their work and engage in question-and-answer sessions, instructors promote effective communication skills and critical thinking abilities. These assignments provide valuable opportunities for students to showcase their knowledge, receive immediate feedback, and engage in meaningful dialogue with peers and instructors

• Presentations: Require students to present their findings to the class or in a one-on-one session with the instructor.
• Q&A sessions: Follow presentations with a question-and-answer session to assess the student’s comprehension and ability to discuss their work.
• Recorded videos: Have students submit video presentations where they explain their project and process.

Example prompts

• Prepare a 10-minute presentation on your term paper, followed by a 5-minute Q&A session where you answer questions about your research and conclusions.
• Prepare a 15-minute presentation on your final project, followed by a 10-minute Q&A session where you will answer questions from your classmates and the instructor about your methodology and findings.
• Record a video presentation explaining the key points of your research paper. In your video, address potential counterarguments and provide a detailed justification for your conclusions.

In-class writing and assessments

In-class writing and assessments offer students the opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge and skills in real-time, deterring unauthorized use of AI. By conducting writing assignments and assessments during class time, instructors ensure that students must rely on their own understanding and abilities without the aid of AI. These assignments promote active learning, critical thinking, and effective time management skills, leading to more authentic assessment outcomes.

• Timed essays: Schedule in-class essay writing sessions where students respond to prompts within a set time.
• One-minute papers: Have students write a quick, one-minute paper at the end of class to summarize key concepts or respond to a prompt.
• Short-answer questions: Use short-answer questions in exams that require critical thinking and synthesis of course material.
• Concept maps: Have students create concept maps in class to visually organize and represent their understanding of a topic.
• Writing workshops: Organize workshops where students work on writing tasks and receive immediate feedback.
• During our next class, you will write an in-class essay on one of the key topics we have covered. Bring any notes or materials you need, but all writing must be done in class.
• Create a concept map that outlines the major theories we covered this week. Include key concepts, their relationships, and examples.
• Complete a short-answer quiz in class that requires you to synthesize information from multiple lectures and readings, demonstrating your understanding of key concepts.

Unique assignments

Unique assignments challenge students to think creatively and independently, making it difficult for them to rely on AI-generated content. By incorporating creative activities, multi-modal projects, interdisciplinary tasks, and original research assignments, instructors encourage students to explore new ideas and approaches to learning. These assignments foster innovation, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills, preparing students to adapt and thrive in a rapidly changing world.

• Creative projects: Design assignments that involve creative output, such as creating a multimedia presentation, designing an experiment, or developing a prototype.
• Original research: Encourage students to conduct primary research, such as interviews, surveys, or experiments that require data collection and analysis.
• Interdisciplinary tasks: Develop assignments that require integrating knowledge from multiple disciplines, promoting complex problem-solving and critical thinking.
• Develop a multimedia presentation on a local issue of your choice. Conduct interviews with community members, gather data, and present your findings along with proposed solutions.
• Create a podcast episode on a topic related to our course. Conduct interviews, gather data, and present your findings in a compelling audio format.
• Design a prototype or model that illustrates a key concept from the course. Prepare a detailed report and presentation explaining how your prototype works and its applications.

Instructor- student conferences

Instructor conferences provide personalized feedback and support to students, deterring unauthorized use of AI by fostering direct interaction and accountability. By scheduling one-on-one or small group conferences, instructors create opportunities for in-depth discussions, clarification of concepts, and guidance on assignments. Conferences promote student engagement, confidence, and academic integrity, leading to deeper learning and greater success in the course.

• Progress check-ins: Schedule regular conferences to discuss the student’s progress on long-term assignments.
• Draft reviews: Review drafts with students during the conference, offering feedback and asking questions to gauge their understanding.
• Personalized feedback: Use the conference to give personalized advice and address any concerns or challenges the student might have.
• Schedule a 15-minute conference with me to discuss your research paper draft. Be prepared to explain your research process, your main arguments, and the feedback you have received so far.
• Schedule a conference to discuss your progress on the midterm project. Be prepared to present your research question, preliminary findings, and any challenges you are facing.
• Meet with me to review your annotated bibliography. We will discuss your sources, how they relate to your research question, and any gaps in your literature review.

Scaffolded assignments

Scaffolded assignments break down complex tasks into manageable steps, discouraging reliance on AI while promoting active learning and skill development. By providing clear instructions, interim deadlines, and targeted feedback, instructors support students’ progress and success throughout the assignment process. Scaffolded assignments foster independence, resilience, and mastery of course content, enhancing students’ ability to tackle challenges and achieve their academic goals.

• Task segmentation: Divide the assignment into distinct stages, such as topic selection, research proposal, annotated bibliography, draft submission, and final paper.
• Interim deadlines: Set deadlines for each stage to ensure steady progress and timely feedback.
• Skill development: Use each stage to develop specific skills, such as research methods, critical analysis, and academic writing.
• Submit a topic proposal with a research question by Week 3.
• Submit an annotated bibliography of at least 10 sources by Week 5.
• Submit a detailed outline by Week 7.
• Submit a complete first draft by Week 9.
• Submit the final paper by Week 12.
• Research question and hypothesis by Week 2.
• Literature review by Week 4.
• Methodology section by Week 6. 
• Preliminary data analysis by Week 8.
• Complete draft by Week 10.
• Final submission by Week 12.

Metacognitive reflection on the writing process

Metacognitive reflection on the writing process empowers students to develop a deeper understanding of their own thinking and learning strategies, deterring the use of AI by promoting self-awareness and authenticity. By prompting students to analyze their writing process, identify strengths and areas for improvement, and reflect on their decision-making, instructors foster critical thinking and independent problem-solving skills. Reflective components encourage students to take ownership of their learning journey, leading to greater engagement, confidence, and academic growth.

• Process analysis: Ask students to write a process analysis detailing how they approached the writing assignment, including planning, research, drafting, and revising.
• Reflective questions: Provide prompts that guide students to reflect on their cognitive strategies, such as “How did you decide which sources to use?” or “What challenges did you face during the drafting process?”
• Self-assessment: Have students assess their own work using a rubric before submission, reflecting on their strengths and areas for improvement.
• Write a process analysis of your research paper. Discuss how you selected your topic, conducted your research, organized your ideas, and revised your drafts. Reflect on the strategies that were most effective and the challenges you encountered.
• Write a reflective essay analyzing your writing process for this assignment. Discuss how you organized your research, drafted your paper, and revised it. What strategies worked well, and what would you change in the future?
• Submit a self-assessment of your final paper using the provided rubric. Reflect on your strengths and areas for improvement, and describe the steps you took to address feedback from peers and the instructor.

By revising assignments to include personalized, process-oriented, and reflective components, instructors can deter unauthorized use of AI while fostering a deeper engagement with the material. These strategies not only uphold academic integrity but also enhance the learning experience, encouraging students to develop critical thinking, creativity, and independent problem-solving skills.

This content was developed with the assistance of Open AI’s ChatGPT.

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College of engineering, raychowdhury: banning ai from school is a mistake.

AI remains an open mystery for many in academia with several school districts and colleges rushing to ban the use of ChatGPT in the classroom. The Georgia Institute of Technology has taken the opposite approach, welcoming the use of AI in study, essays, and other assignments—but with some guardrails. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Chair Arijit Raychowdhury explained to Fortune Magazine why its embracing the new technology in the classroom.

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Best 80 Aviation Research Topics For A Brilliant Essay

Creating an essay on aviation topics is one of the most difficult tasks for many young learners. In case you are searching for the best topics of writing aviation essay, as well as would like to get expert advice on composing a successful academic paper, this post is right for you. Learn more about how to create a shiny essay and pick up the most fitting topic for your type of academic paper.

How To Choose Aviation Capstone Project And Essay Ideas

Following these easy steps on creating an academic paper has been driving students to success for years. The rules for creating a perfect paper available below will also fit various aviation research topics and will help you create a well-structured essay fast.

• Rocket launch the process of writing an essay by reading all the assignment prompts. This is the basic information you will need to use when composing your essay. For example, you will get a clear vision of the type of academic paper, its volume, formatting style, and other necessary parameters. You can also discover some topics offered by the professor.
• Take a look at your class assignments. Many learners find the easiest topics for creating essays there. Pay attention to the reading list for more data about the needed topics.
• Do the research. Since most essay and master thesis topics aviation might appear to be complicated, it is vital to do advanced research. It is better to use only trustworthy sources and pick up only relevant information for your project. By the way, visiting your college library might be a good idea, too.

In case you are searching for the best topics for your academic paper, this list might help you choose the most fitting alternative for your studies. All the topics are divided into different categories for your convenience.

Air Traffic Management And Safety Aviation Topics

Air traffic control papers cover a wide range of various topics. The topics that are related to air traffic management, the pilot fatigue, and the problems in aviation are among the most popular ideas described in academic papers. For example, a research paper on aviation safety or commercial aviation might become a perfect fit for your academic paper.

• Top Air Traffic Management Systems
• Modern Air Traffic Controllers
• Pros And Cons Of Privatization Of ATC
• Modern Ways To Control Private Aviation
• Advances In Air Traffic Management Systems
• The Most Effective Aviation Safety Measures
• Possible Threats In Modern Aviation
• Air Cargo: Security Measures
• Ways To Improve Security In Aviation
• The Smart Prognosis Of The Aviation Development
• Aviation: How To Eliminate The Negative Impact Of Human Factors
• Boeing And Its ATC Systems
• The Prospects Of Aeronautics
• The Impact Of Pilot Stress On The Security
• The Air Traffic Increase In Various Countries And Regions
• The Basic Concepts Of Air Traffic Control
• Ways To Solve The Main ATC Difficulties
• The Differentiation Of Aerodrome Codes
• Industrial Policies In Commercial Aviation

Airlines’ Challenges Essay Topics

Modern aviation surely faces lots of challenges, as well as lots of airlines’ problems remain to be solved. The development of new routes, the role of female pilots in aviation, and other topics might become excellent ideas for your paper.

• Possible Impacts Of Pilot Shortages
• The Decrease In The Number Of Flights Caused By Coronavirus Crisis
• The Impact Of High Air Traffic On The Environment
• The Main Challenges Of Aviation Marketing
• The Risks Of Automated Aircraft
• The Development Of New Air Routes
• Delayed Aircraft Delivery
• The Challenges Of Creating A New European AOC
• Promoting Female Pilots In Aviation
• The Most Common Problems Of Military Aviation
• The Impact Of Heavy Air Tankers
• Project Management In Aviation
• The Impact Of Covid-19 Crisis On Civil Flights
• The Most Common Issues Of Airsports
• The Impact Of Fuel Price Fluctuation On Aviation
• Military Aviation And Wars
• Civil Aviation: Remarkable Moments In History
• The History Of Military Aviation
• The Problems Of Air Logistic Services
• The Role Of Air Cargo In The Country’s Economy

The Future Of Airport Research Topics

Many academic papers are focused on making a smart prognosis on the future trends and tendencies. The fact is that aviation and airport research topics are easy to write about. Moreover, you can also share your thoughts about the future of the industry.

• The Future Of Green Aviation
• Using Alternative Energy In Aviation
• Augmented Reality In Aviation
• The Future Security Systems In Aviation
• The Future Of Low-cost Carriers
• Possible Ways To Use Drones
• Using Robotics In Aviation
• Using AI Technologies In The Airports
• The Future Of Automated Traffic Control Programs
• Computer Networks Between International Airports
• The Role Of The Internet In Managing Flights
• Automated Flights And Manual Management Of Civil Planes
• New Air Vehicles
• Using Aviation For Medical Purposes
• Replacing Human Operators In Aircraft By Automated Solutions
• The Role Of The Human Operator In Managing Flights
• Transferring Heavy Cargoes By Air: The Future Reality
• Augmented Reality In Training Pilots
• Investment In Aviation
• Top Companies That Invest In Aviation

Sustainable Regional Airports Topics

These topics are related to managing the functioning of the entire airports. From airport medicine to facilities for kids and people with disabilities, current transformation in airport system and improving safety measures, there is a great choice of topics to choose from.

• American Commercial Aviation
• Ways To Improve Safety Measures At Airports
• The Rise Of American Aviation
• International Logistics Issues
• Medicine In International Airports
• Facilities For Children In Airports
• Facilities For People With Disabilities In Airports
• Current Laws In The Transport Sector
• Transformations In International Airports
• Ways To Improve Service At Local Airports

Most Remarkable Persons In Aviation Research Topics

The history of aviation is bright and inspiring. In case you would like to write about the most remarkable people in the field, you might be looking for famous pilots and innovators in aviation.

• Beryl Markham Biography
• Wilbur Wright
• Billy Mitchell
• Women In Flight
• Howard Hughes
• Amelia Earhart
• Bessie Coleman
• Female Pilots In Military Aviation
• Career Prospects In Aviation
• Charles Lindbergh
• 5 All-time Great Pilots

Top Tips To Create Readable And Polished Essays

Composing an excellent academic paper is a big deal for many learners. However, our experts don’t mind sharing their secret writing techniques with you. So, what should you do to create a winning essay?

• Start slowly. In case you find creating academic papers extremely difficult, it is better to split your writing process into several blocks and dedicate some time for each block regularly. For example, you can do the research and point out the most important ideas today. Tomorrow you will create an outline and choose the structure for your essay. After that, get ready to create an introduction and conclusion. Finally, format and proofread your essay. The key prompt here is to avoid doing the entire writing job the same day.
• Consult the professor. In case you don’t know where to start, refer to the instructions for your essay. If you still wonder what to write about, it is better to ask the professor for help. This will help you save lots of time and effort.
• Learn pro writing tips. There are hundreds of essay writing hints available online. It might be good to follow the most important ones to create an academic paper in the most effective way.
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REFERENCES:

• Research tips for students
• Prompts of completing assignments fast
• Airport security facts
• World War I Aviation
• Facts about federal aviation administration
• Timeline of women in aviation
• Books on aviation

Aviation Fire Risks and Safety Analytical Essay

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Aerodrome and licensing requirements, standards of fire safety, storage, use, and transportation of fuel, reference list.

Aviation is an operation that entails travelling in space. Largely, aviation involves planes and either cargo or passenger planes. It is important to have a high level of safety in aviation because the occurrence of accidents could be highly disastrous as witnessed in several plane accidents. When looking at aviation risks, we find that, fire risks are the most common and therefore there is a great need to prevent them.

In case an accident occurs, it is good for all affected to have the required information and skills on how to prevent massive destruction. Pilots and the entire plane’s crew should be well trained in order to minimize the occurrence of spacecraft accidents through human error. There are international standards and safety measures, which have been set regarding fire safety and are highly recommended by the aviation fire and rescue services.

These measures are undertaken in case of fire in the aviation sector to avoid great damages and losses (Jarvis, 2006). For a high level of safety to be achieved, it is essential that the training and development of fire and safety within an aviation organization be effective. Safety facilities and personnel should always be available and easily accessible at all times, since risks can occur at any time.

Some of the resources and facilities used in aviation such as fuel are dangerous whenever handled without care. Therefore, measures should always be put in place regarding the manner they are handled. Considering all these, it could be beneficial for the local authority fire rescue services and the aviation fire rescue services to join hands in trying to curb the risks associated with fire outcomes.

An aerodrome is a location in which space craft’s operations normally take place. Aerodromes thus comprise of airports, airfields, and military airbases. There are standard operations procedures outlined for use in an aerodrome. The aerodromes are categorically grouped into two. One category involves the unattended aerodromes in which flight information is currently being provided.

The second category of aerodromes involves the controlled aerodromes. In matters concerning fire risks in aerodromes, pilots are required to make turns towards the direction of the traffic circuit unless otherwise instructed by ATC in control. This helps avoid clashes with other planes, which can easily cause fire breakouts, since the planes were in motion.

The overhead circuit joining procedure should always be followed in unattended aerodromes or in cases where a pilot is not familiar with the given aerodrome (Civil Aviation Authority, 2007). In controlled aerodromes, pilots are supposed to notify the operating ATC on the nature of movement that they intend to undertake. This applies to both departing and arriving airplanes.

The pilot is also required to have an aerodrome control clearance before landing or taking off. The speed required for the pilots to operate within in any aerodrome is usually published in the specific aerodrome publication. It is mandatory for all pilots operating within a given aerodrome to comply with the given speed limits.

If unable, the pilot is supposed to notify the ATC early in advance. Licensing of aerodromes requires that the aerodrome be able to provide quality skills in fire fighting, supervisory and management. Evidence is also required by the CAA that the aerodromes have suitable systems for aviation operations to take place.

For example, fire-extinguishing facilities are required to be in place (Civil Aviation Authority, 2011). Knowledge and skills on how to deal with fire cases should also be available. This is to mean that the available training should be of high quality such that the fire rescue personnel in an aerodrome are competent enough. The air accident investigation branch looks into the causes of air accidents in order to apply the best method of rescuing the affected.

For example, during the accident that occurred on 18 th July 1996 in Oxforshire, the investigations and the help rendered by the Air Accident Investigation Branch led to the survival of all the six passengers who had bordered the private plane. The Air Accident Investigation Branch is always ready and accessible in case of an accident, since the branch provides a 24-hour line that can be used to report any cases of accidents. The branch also has a set of recommendations to be followed by all for the safety of air travel.

Combining the efforts of the Local Authority Fire Rescue Services and the Aviation Fire Rescue Services requires that we examine the standards of operation in matters regarding competence and safety measures. This is because the two are separate organizations and are bound to have different standards. The major difference in standards of competence between the two branches is that, the personnel of Aviation Fire Rescue Services, have a deeper knowledge in aviation matters that the Local Authority Fire Rescue Services.

They have more knowledge on the different parts of planes in which fire can occur. Combining the two branches would give the Local Authority Fire Rescue Services a chance to be more conversant with aviation fire rescue, thus increasing the available personnel for dealing with fire breakouts in aircrafts. The two branches have quite a number of similar standards of competence.

First, the two branches require that in case of an accident occurrence the members of the branches should be dedicated to saving the endangered lives. According to the Aviation Fire Rescue Services, it is has been mapped as a subordinate role, which should be undertaken with much consideration and competence (Civil Aviation Authority, 2007). This ensures that the people whose lives are at the greatest risks are rescued by rushing them immediately to the available medical care attention unit.

Prior to this, first aid services should be provided as medical attention is sought. In case of fire, the two organizations require their staff to be ready to extinguish the fire. This is to mean that there are facilities available for extinguishing fire. Proper training on the use and operation of these facilities is normally provided to all in order to ensure that everyone is conversant with each facility as well as their effective use.

It is an operational standard of competence for all the workers of both the Local Authority Fire Rescue Services and the Aviation Fire Rescue Services to maintain operational readiness and management of resources.

All should be ready to serve without fear and use each resource for the purpose it is intended for. There should be no fear whenever compelled with a situation requiring action. This allows for quick serving, which is essential to put off fire easily and save many lives.

A very important standard of competence that is exhibited by the Aviation Fire Rescue Service is the prevention of emergencies through proper management of aerodrome risks as well as hazards. This means that the possible risks have to be identified and measures taken to ensure that the risks are kept at minimal chances of occurring (Civil Aviation Authority, 2007).

Although this standard is not found in the Local Authority Fire Rescue Service, the organization gives guidelines to all the encountered places prone to fire hazards, on how to prevent similar occurrences. Another essential standard is the mobilization of resources in order to achieve highest response to an emergency. This means that, all the available resources, which can be used during an incident, should be incorporated.

This is because it ensures maximum performance. In cases of fire, any equipment that can reduce the effects of fire spreading should be used to put down the fire. An important factor, which is also a requirement for the two organizations, is the availability of fire fighting vehicles. These vehicles are designed in a special way for fire fighting. They possess mounted fire fighting facilities as well as space for the store of fire fighting equipment. In case of fire, these vehicles are recommended for use since they possess safety facilities.

The Local Authority Fire Rescue Services and the Aviation Fire Rescue Services have set it as a standard that the supervisors and managers should always lead the support persons in resolving operational incidents. This means that, even if they have been given the role of supervising or managing, they should always be on the forefront in ensuring that all the support crew is at its place and performing their duties for the safety of all.

In order to avoid and prevent further damage, materials that can cause an increase in the effect of fire should be avoided. It is through this standard that, spillages such as of fuel, which can worsen the situations of fire, should be avoided at a very high degree (International Fire Service Training Association, Williams & Laughlin, 1978).

All these standards of competence are the driving force that enables services to be delivered appropriately. Above all, it is the responsibility of all workers to maintain an effective performance. The Local Authority Fire Rescue Services have set operational assessments and special systems for checking the competence of all its workers. Fire fighting is a crucial matter, which should be dealt with properly to avoid further and self-damages while in operation.

For recruitment of fire fighters, the national fire-fighter selection process is used to measure the people’s physical abilities and personal qualities in order to identify their capabilities. Those already within the field are usually assessed through assessment development centres.

During the assessments, tests are carried out to identify the level of competence of workers in order to determine whether they can be capable of performing operations at higher levels of work such as managerial work. Managers of the local authority fire rescue services are usually the organization’s fire fighters who receive promotions after their competence has been identified through the assessment tests.

This appears to be the best method of recruitment since the capabilities of the recruited are known, not through spoken or written information, but through evidence from their performance. In the same way, the aviation fire rescue services have their own mode of determining the competence of all workers. Full exercises are done after every two years, in which the capabilities of workers are assessed. These are very essential since they keep workers alert about their duties.

The knowledge, understanding, and evidence requirements are assessed to be in line with the requirements of the fire fighting services. Workers are set in competent terms through demonstration of their abilities. Some workers do not always pass in the evidence-based assessment, thus, another criterion of assessment is used. This could involve knowledge and understanding assessment (Tackett, 2000).

It is essential that licensees consider the fire risks associated with handling of fuel. Since fuel is an essential commodity in aircrafts, it cannot be avoided. What needs to be done is care during the handling of fuel. For the safety of passengers, they should be disembarked before the fuelling process starts.

Sometimes, circumstances may require immediate fuelling, in which disembarking of passengers would mean delays. In such cases, licensees should determine the risks that might occur and mitigate them. This includes ensuring that the ground level to which passengers evacuate is clear. It is prohibited for helicopters to perform fuelling process while the engine is running since this could easily ignite fires.

In other cases, de-fuelling processes are carried out (Civil Aviation Authority, 2004). Before the process starts, samples of the fuel should be taken and tested for contamination. If the fuel is contaminated, it should not be mixed with other clean fuel. Instead, it should be emptied into a fuelling vehicle or a storage tank. In order to ensure that the fuel in use by a certain aircraft is in safe conditions, sampling checks should be carried out throughout the storage, handling and even during distribution of fuel.

Whenever fuel has been delivered to a fuel installation, it should first be allowed to settle for a while before sampling is done. These are the requirements as per CAP 748. If the fuel sample is found to be contaminated or unsatisfactory, a second and a third sampling test is carried out (Kazda & Caves, 2008).

If those prove the fuel contaminated, it follows that any aircraft should not use the fuel. The next action involves informing the supplier of the fuel about its contamination. It is mandatory that all the fuel sampling equipment should be clean at all times, and all samples taken clearly labelled (Civil Aviation Authority, 2004). This avoids mishandling of the samples and spillages, which can cause fire breakouts.

In the storage of fuel in airports, all the storage facilities and equipment should be secluded from other facilities especially those that deal with water and ignitions. This avoids occasional contamination and fire breakouts. Generally mishandling of fuel during fuelling, defueling, transportation, storage and sampling can pose fire risks, thus, spillages and igniting materials should be avoided in places near fuel.

In 1997, November, a fatal aircraft crash occurred in Carson City involving piper Aztec plane. The accident was associated with engine failure. Since the engine requires fuel for its operation, it could have been possible that there was a problem in the incorporation of the engine fuel. This later led to the engine igniting. Fire accidents can be avoided by ensuring that planes have sufficient fuel for the journey intended and that the fuel in use is of the required quality (Great Britain, 2005).

Aviation fire rescue services are very crucial and play major roles in ensuring that air fire accidents are minimized. The aviation fire rescue services use set standards in all their operations. As mentioned earlier in the paper, the standards are usually the guiding pillars, which ensure that fire rescue services are carried out appropriately.

In the same way, we have also seen that the local authority fire rescue services have their own standards of operation. It has also been identified that most of similar standards are similar between the two organizations (Great Britain, 2006). This is because the two are associated with fire operations. All workers in fire rescue services should meet the required standards of operation. This is to say that, all workers should be ready to serve in fire incidents and be competent in their work.

It is crucial that fire fighters be occasionally evaluated to maintain standards of operations. The methods used to recruit new workers should always follow the guidelines outlined in the CAP in order to avoid recruiting incompetent personnel. High standards of care should also be exercised while handling fuel since it is a highly flammable material as highlighted above. As such, fuel should always be protected against contamination and igniting materials.

This is essential in order to avoid fire accidents (Moore & Lakha, 2006). All factors considered it would be good if the local authority and the aviation fire rescue services combined their efforts in matters of fire rescue. This would increase the source of information about fire safety and increase the performance of the two services since more personnel would be involved.

Civil Aviation Authority 2004, CAP 748: Aircraft Fuelling and Fuel Installation management, TSO, Norwich.

Civil Aviation Authority 2007, CAP 699: Standards for the Competence of Rescue and Fire fighting Service (RFFS) Personnel Employed at United Kingdom Licensed Aerodromes, TSO, Norwich.

Civil Aviation Authority 2011, CAP 168: Licensing of Aerodromes, Norwich, TSO.

Great Britain 2005, UK transport security–preliminary report: First report of Session 2005-06 . Stationery Office, London.

Great Britain 2006, The Fire and Rescue Service: Fourth report of Session 2005-06 , Stationery Office, London.

International Fire Service Training Association, Williams, E., & Laughlin, J 1978, Aircraft fire protection and rescue procedures , Fire Protection Publications, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater.

Jarvis, R 2006, Aviation law: Cases and materials , Carolina Academic Press, Durham.

Kazda, A. & Caves, R 2008, Airport design and operation , Emerald, Bingley, UK.

Moore, T & Lakha, R 2006, Tolley’s handbook of disaster and emergency management , Elsevier/Newnes, Amsterdam.

Tackett, W 2000, General aviation fire fighting for structural fire fighters , Delmar, lbany.

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Bibliography

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