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Advances in VLSI and Embedded Systems

Select Proceedings of AVES 2021

• Conference proceedings
• © 2023
• Anand D. Darji 0 ,
• Deepak Joshi 1 ,
• Amit Joshi 2 ,
• Ray Sheriff 3

Department of Electronics Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat, India

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Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India

Department of computer science, edge hill university, ormskirk, uk.

• Includes outstanding research papers presented at AVES 2021
• Discusses new findings in VLSI and embedded systems
• Serves as a reference resource for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering (LNEE, volume 962)

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About this book

This book presents select peer-reviewed proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in VLSI and Embedded Systems (AVES 2021). This book covers cutting-edge original research in VLSI design, devices and emerging technologies, embedded systems, and CAD for VLSI. To address the demand for complex and high-functionality systems as well as portable consumer electronics, the contents focus on advanced topics of circuit and systems design, fabrication, testing, and standardization. This book is useful for students, researchers as well as industry professionals interested in emerging trends in VLSI and embedded systems.

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Challenges and Future Perspectives of Low-Power VLSI Circuits: A Study

• CAD for VLSI
• Devices and Emerging Technologies
• Embedded Design
• Testing and Verification
• VLSI Design
• AVES 2021 Proceedings
• AVES Conference Proceedings

Table of contents (22 papers)

Front matter, modeling and analysis of low power high-speed phase detector and phase frequency detector using nano dimensional mos transistors at 16 nm, 22 nm, 32 nm.

• Sresta Valasa, Shubham Tayal

Design of Low Power Modular (x mod p) Reduction Unit Based on Switching Activity for Data Security Applications

• C. Pakkiraiah, R. V. S. Satyanarayana

Systematic Analysis of Linearization Techniques for Wideband RF Low-Noise Amplifier

• Nileshkumar K. Patel, Hasmukh P. Koringa

Analysis and Modification of Low Power and High Speed 9T SRAM Cell

• Alok Kumar Mishra, Ajit Kumar, D. Vaithiyanathan, Baljit Kaur

Investigating the Impact of Schmitt Trigger on SRAM Cells at 32 nm Technology Node for Low Voltage Applications

• Bhawna Rawat, Poornima Mittal

Novel Approximate 4:2 Compressor for Multiplier Design

• L. Hemanth Krishna, J. Bhaskara Rao, S. K. Ayesha, Sreehari Veeramachaneni, S. K. Noor Mahammad

Approximate Computing-Based Unsigned Multipliers for Image Processing Applications

• Zainab Aizaz, Kavita Khare, Aizaz Tirmizi

A Feed-Forward Gain Enhancement Technique in a Narrow-Band Low Noise Amplifier Using Active Inductor

• B. Prameela, Asha Elizabeth Daniel

A Fully On-Chip Tunable Impedance Matching Strategy for Maximum Power Transfer in RF Energy Harvesting Systems

• Dhruv Makwana, Arun Mohan, Saroj Mondal

Design and Implementation of Fault Tolerance and Diagnosis Technique for Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) in Soft-Core Processor

• Samyakkumar Jain, Sachin Gajjar

Pneumatic Calibrator for Heterodyne Interferometer

• Kiran Patel, Umesh Nagora, H. C. Joshi, Surya Pathak

Real-Time Object Detection and Recognition for the Visually Impaired: A YOLOv3 Approach

• K. Rahimunnisa, Lasya Ippagunta, Preethi Subbusamy, S. Roshni

Design of an Autonomous Agriculture Robot for Real-Time Weed Detection Using CNN

• Dhruv Patel, Meet Gandhi, H. Shankaranarayanan, Anand D. Darji

Design and Implementation of IoT-Based System for Tracking and Monitoring of Suspected COVID-19 Patient

• Jhilam Jana, Samik Basu, Sayan Tripathi, Amlan Chakrabarti, Jaydeb Bhaumik

Ambipolarity Property in Tunnel FET to Sense High Bit Rate Signals

• Menka Yadav

Assessing Effect of Variability in Nano-Scale Futuristic On-Chip Interconnects

• Urmi Shah, Usha Mehta

Impact of Channel Parameters on the Performance of Dielectrically Modulated JL-DG-MOSFET Biosensor

• Jay Prakash Srivastava, Sandip Bhattacharya, Shubham Tayal, L. M. I. Leo Joseph, Young Suh Song, J. Ajayan

Design of a TFET-Based Temperature Invariant LDO Voltage Regulator

• Mohd Yasir, Sameen Gauhar, Naushad Alam

A Heuristic Algorithm for Module Placement in Digital Microfluidic Biochips

• Kolluri Rajesh, Rohith Tipparaju, Sumanta Pyne

Editors and Affiliations

Anand D. Darji, Deepak Joshi

Ray Sheriff

About the editors

Anand D. Darji is currently working as an associate professor in the Department of Electronics Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, Gujarat, India. He completed his M. Tech. and Ph.D. from IIT Bombay, India, in the area of microelectronics and VLSI design. His areas of research include VLSI DSP architectures, FPGA-based system design, and biomedical signal/image processing. He is the principal investigator of the prestigious SMDP-C2SD project funded by MeitY, GOI. He is an active member of IEEE CAS and a regular reviewer of several journals of repute. He has more than 24 years of experience in teaching and research.

Deepak Joshi is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics Engineering, Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat, Gujarat, India. He obtained his doctoral degree from IIT Guwahati in the area of microelectronics and VLSI design. His areas of research include the design and optimization of analog circuits, CAD for VLSI design, and metaheuristics. He is an active member of IEEE Circuit and System Society and a reviewer of several journals/conferences of repute.

Amit Joshi is an assistant professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Malviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. He has obtained his M. Tech. and Ph.D. from SVNIT Surat, Gujarat, India. His area of specialization is biomedical signal processing, smart health care, VLSI DSP systems, and embedded system design. He has worked as a reviewer of technical journals and also served as a technical program committee member for IEEE conferences in the biomedical field. 

Ray Sheriff graduated from the University of Leeds in 1986 with a B.E. Honors Degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering. Upon graduation, he worked in the satellite communications industry as a systems engineer for four and a half years. Dr. Sheriff joined the University of Bradford as a lecturer in 1991 and was appointed a professor of Electronic Engineering in 2002. Following almost twenty-seven years at Bradford, Dr. Sheriff spent just shy of two years as a Professor at the University of Bolton, prior to joining Edge Hill University at the start of 2021. Dr. Sheriff holds an honorary visiting professor role at Beijing University of Chemical Technology and Sichuan University, China.

Bibliographic Information

Book Title : Advances in VLSI and Embedded Systems

Book Subtitle : Select Proceedings of AVES 2021

Editors : Anand D. Darji, Deepak Joshi, Amit Joshi, Ray Sheriff

Series Title : Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6780-1

Publisher : Springer Singapore

eBook Packages : Engineering , Engineering (R0)

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023

Hardcover ISBN : 978-981-19-6779-5 Published: 02 December 2022

Softcover ISBN : 978-981-19-6782-5 Published: 03 December 2023

eBook ISBN : 978-981-19-6780-1 Published: 30 November 2022

Series ISSN : 1876-1100

Series E-ISSN : 1876-1119

Edition Number : 1

Number of Pages : XVIII, 291

Number of Illustrations : 60 b/w illustrations, 143 illustrations in colour

Topics : Circuits and Systems , Energy Systems , Computer-Aided Engineering (CAD, CAE) and Design

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VLSI Design, Testing, and Applications

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Special Issue Information

• Published Papers

A special issue of Electronics (ISSN 2079-9292). This special issue belongs to the section " Circuit and Signal Processing ".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 November 2022) | Viewed by 13224

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Special issue editor.

Dear Colleagues,

The focus of this Special Issue is on the research challenges related to the design of emerging microelectronics and VLSI circuits and related systems that meet the demanding specifications of innovative applications. This Special Issue considers challenges in the fields of low power consumption, small integration areas, testing and security, without, however, being limited to them. Authors are encouraged to submit works related to emerging research topics and applications, such as hardware security, low-power IoT devices, high-performance processing cores, etc.

Dr. Xiang Chen Guest Editor

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website . Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form . Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Electronics is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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CSE 691  Advanced VLSI Design  Spring 2015

Instructor:  Professor R. Sridhar, 338K Davis Hall , E-mail: [email protected]   Office Hours: Wednesday 1pm-2:30pm

Lecture: Wednesday 6:30 PM – 9:00 PM, Davis 338A

A dvanced VLSI Design is a course that focuses on high performance, low power reliable VLSI Systems Design.  We present advanced topics in the design of VLSI Systems.   Topics covered include VLSI Circuit techniques and design methodologies for low power applications, process variation and its impact on very deep submicron designs, interconnects, clocking and synchronization, timing issues in digital circuits, and memory & array structures.  Emphasis will be on very deep submicron CMOS designs, high speed design styles, timing, arithmetic building blocks, impact of interconnects, signal integrity and power consumption, with added focus on SoC (System on Chip) designs.   Prerequisites:  Introductory VLSI (CSE493/CSE593) Reference Books:  

• Digital Integrated Circuits, Jan M. Rabaey, Anantha Chandrakasan, and Borivoje Nikolic´. Second Edition, A Prentice-Hall, 2003
• Additional References:  Research papers from leading Conferences and journals .

Grading: Letter grades carry the normal numerical values (90+ = A,  80+ = B,  70+ = C, 60+ = D).  Curving may be applied if deemed appropriate by the instructor. Plus/Minus grades will be given.   30% Exam;    15% Homework ;   55% Project; Term paper and presentation.   Miscellaneous:   A project will be assigned and is due at the end of the semester.  The project will incorporate high performance VLSI principles.  A term paper and a detailed presentation are due towards the later part of the semester. The topic for the project and the term paper will be selected in consultation with the Professor.  

All academic work must be your own. Collaboration, usually evidenced by unjustifiable similarity in any graded work, is never allowed. After an appropriate informal review, if any students are found in violation of maintaining academic integrity, sanctions will be imposed, which can be as severe as receiving an F in the course. Especially flagrant violations will be considered under formal review proceedings, which can call for harsher sanctions including expulsion from the University. If you ever have any questions or concerns regarding the policy, particularly as it relates to this course, see your instructor.   The departmental statement on academic integrity is posted at http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/graduate/policy_academic.php

It is your responsibility to maintain the security of your computer accounts and your written work. Do not share passwords with anyone, nor write your password down where it may be seen by others. Do not change permissions to allow others to read your course directories and files. Do not walk away from a workstation without logging out. These are your responsibilities. In groups that collaborate inappropriately, it may be impossible to determine who has offered work to others in the group, who has received work, and who may have inadvertently made their work available to the others by failure to maintain adequate personal security; in such cases, all will be held equally liable.    

Researchers Say There’s a Vulgar But More Accurate Term for AI Hallucinations

This is a compelling philosophical argument., not just nomenclature.

It's not just your imagination — ChatGPT really is spitting out "bullshit," according to a group of researchers.

In a new paper published in the journal  Ethics and Information Technology , a trio of philosophy researchers from the University of Glasgow in Scotland argue that referring to chatbot's propensity to make crap up shouldn't be referred to as "hallucinations," because it's actually something much less flattering.

Hallucination, as anyone who's studied psychology or taken psychedelics knows well, is generally defined as seeing or perceiving something that isn't there. Its use in the context of artificial intelligence is clearly metaphorical, because large language models (LLMs) don't see or perceive anything at all — and as the Glasgow researchers maintain, that metaphor misses the mark when the concept of "bullshitting" is right there.

"The machines are not trying to communicate something they believe or perceive," the paper reads. "Their inaccuracy is not due to misperception or hallucination. As we have pointed out, they are not trying to convey information at all. They are bullshitting."

Calling Bull

At the crux of the assertion from researchers Michael Townsen Hicks ,  James Humphries, and Joe Slater is philosopher Harry Frankfurt's hilarious and cutting 2005 epistemology opus " On Bullshit ." As the Glaswegians summarize it, Frankfurt's general definition of bullshit is "any utterance produced where a speaker has indifference towards the truth of the utterance." That explanation, in turn, is divided into two "species": hard bullshit, which occurs when there is an agenda to mislead, or soft bullshit, which is uttered without agenda.

"ChatGPT is at minimum a soft bullshitter or a bullshit machine, because if it is not an agent then it can neither hold any attitudes towards truth nor towards deceiving hearers about its (or, perhaps more properly, its users') agenda," the trio writes.

Rather than having any intention or agenda, chatbots have one singular objective: to output human-like text. Citing the lawyer who used ChatGPT to write a legal brief and ended up presenting a bunch of "bogus" legal precedents before the judge, the UG team asserts that LLMs have proven themselves adept bullshitters — and that sort of thing could become more and more dangerous as people keep relying on chatbots to work for them.

"Investors, policymakers, and members of the general public make decisions on how to treat these machines and how to react to them based not on a deep technical understanding of how they work, but on the often metaphorical way in which their abilities and function are communicated," the researchers proclaim. "Calling their mistakes 'hallucinations' isn’t harmless: it lends itself to the confusion that the machines are in some way misperceiving but are nonetheless trying to convey something that they believe or have perceived."

More on AI shit: This Simple Logic Question Stumps Even the Most Advanced AI

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How Biden’s New Immigration Policy Works

The new policy will give some 500,000 people a pathway to citizenship.

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By Hamed Aleaziz

President Biden’s new immigration policy protects some 500,000 people who are married to U.S. citizens from deportation and gives them a pathway to citizenship.

The election-year move comes just two weeks after Mr. Biden imposed a major crackdown at the U.S.-Mexico border, cutting off access to asylum for people who crossed into the United States illegally.

The policy announced on Tuesday is aimed at people who have been living in the United States for more than a decade and have built their lives and families here.

Here is how it works:

Why do the spouses of American citizens need protection?

Marrying an American citizen generally provides a pathway to U.S. citizenship. But people who crossed the southern border illegally — rather than arriving in the country with a visa — must return to their home countries to complete the process for a green card, something that can take years. The new program allows families to remain in the country while they pursue legal status.

Who is eligible?

There are roughly 1.1 million undocumented immigrants married to U.S. citizens in the United States, according to Fwd.us , an immigration advocacy group, but not all of them are eligible for the program.

The spouses must have lived in the United States for 10 years and have been married to an American citizen as of June 17. They cannot have a criminal record. Officials estimate that the policy will provide legal status and protections for about 500,000 people. The benefits would also extend to the roughly 50,000 children of undocumented spouses who became stepchildren to American citizens.

When will the program take effect?

Biden administration officials said they expected the program to start by the end of the summer. Those eligible will then be able to apply for the benefits.

Why is President Biden doing this now?

Mr. Biden is trying to strike a tricky balance on immigration, which is a serious political vulnerability for him. Polls show Americans want tougher policies. Just two weeks ago, Mr. Biden announced a crackdown on asylum at the southern border.

His new policy, giving hundreds of thousands of immigrants new legal protections, is a way for him to answer the calls from the progressive base of the Democratic Party, which has accused the White House of betraying campaign promises to enact a more humane approach to immigrants.

Hamed Aleaziz covers the Department of Homeland Security and immigration policy. More about Hamed Aleaziz

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₹ 1 Cr fine in the ‘anti-paper leak’ law" data-reg = "NEET, UGC-NET 2024 row: 10 year jail term, ₹ 1 Cr fine as punishments in new ‘anti-paper leak’ law. Full details here">NEET, UGC-NET 2024 row: 10 year jail term, ₹1 Cr fine as punishments in new ‘anti-paper leak’ law. Full details here

Ugc-net 2024 row: known as public examinations (prevention of unfair means) act, 2024, this ‘anti-paper leak’ bill was passed in the lok sabha on february 6 and in the rajya sabha on february 9, 2024. the same month, president droupadi murmu cleared the bill, and it became law..

The Union Education Ministry on June 19 scrapped the UGC-NET 2024 examination following inputs that the coveted test's integrity may have been compromised. The UGC-NET was conducted on June 18 across 317 cities of the country.

Over 11 lakh candidates appeared for the exam. The government has also handed over the matter to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) for a probe.

The cancellation of UGC-NET comes amid ongoing controversy over alleged irregularities in the medical entrance exam - NEET . Both exams are conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA).

Also Read: NEET-UG 2024 row: Supreme Court seeks responses from Centre, NTA on paper leak allegations

The UGC-NET examination is key to finding an entry-level teaching job in Indian universities and for admissions to PhD programmes. With the decision, it has become the first centrally conducted public examination to be scrapped after the PM Narendra Modi-led Union government brought in a new ‘anti-paper leak’ law many months ago.

Known as the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024 , this ‘anti-paper leak’ bill was first introduced in the Lok Sabha on February 5, 2024. It was passed in the Lok Sabha on February 6 and in the Rajya Sabha on February 9, 2024. The same month, President Droupadi Murmu , cleared the bill, and it became law.

The idea behind the Public Examinations ( Prevention of Unfair Means ) Act, 2024, was to prevent use of unfair means in public examinations. Public examinations refer to competition tests conducted by authorities, including the Union Public Service Commission, the Staff Selection Commission, the Railway Recruitment Board, the National Testing Agency (NTA), the Institute of Banking Personnel Selection, and the Union government departments and their attached offices for recruitment.

Offences under the law

This law covers a series of offences with regard to public examinations . It prohibits collusion to facilitate indulgence in any unfair means. The unfair means are specified to include unauthorised access or leakage of question papers or answer keys, assisting a candidate during a public examination, tampering with computer network or resources or documents for shortlisting or finalising the merit list or rank.

Also Read: UGC NET 2024 cancelled: When will fresh exam take place? NTA shares BIG update

Conducting fake examinations, issuing fake admit cards or offer letters to cheat, or for monetary gains are also offences under this law, according to PRS Legislative Research.

The law prohibits disclosing exam-related confidential information before time, and allowing unauthorised people into the exam centres.

The law has a provision of punishing the above offences with imprisonment between three and five years, and a fine up to ₹ 10 lakh . The law also bans service providers from shifting the exam centre without permission from the examination authority. A service provider is an organisation that provides computer resources or any other support to a public examination authority.

Also Read: UGC NET 2024 cancelled: ’Paper leak government, cancel NEET too’, Congress criticises PM Modi over ’grace marks’ row

An offence by a service provider will be punishable with a fine of up to ₹ 1 crore , among other punishments.

Organised Crimes

The law has provisions of higher punishments for organised crimes - an unlawful act committed by a person or a group of persons for wrongful gain in during public examinations.

People found guilty of committing an organised crime will be punished with imprisonment between 5-10 years , and a fine of at least ₹ 1 crore. If an institution is held guilty of committing an organised crime, its property will be attached and a proportionate cost of the examination will also be recovered from it.

Investigation:

All offences under this law are cognisable, non-bailable, and non-compoundable. An officer not below the rank Deputy Superintendent or Assistant Commissioner of Police will investigate the offences under the law.

Also Read: UGC-NET 2024 cancelled: Demands for accountability, NTA ban, and CBI probe grow | 10 points

The central government is authorised to transfer the investigation to any central investigating agency.

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3.6 Crore Indians visited in a single day choosing us as India's undisputed platform for General Election Results. Explore the latest updates here!

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Watch CBS News

How did Juneteenth get its name? Here's the story behind the holiday's title

By Emily Mae Czachor

June 19, 2024 / 7:00 AM EDT / CBS News

June 19 marks the third consecutive year of Juneteenth as a federally recognized United States holiday. Also known as  Freedom Day , Emancipation Day or America's second Independence Day, Juneteenth commemorates the end of slavery in the U.S. after the Civil War. 

Many Americans have celebrated it annually for more than a century, even though the holiday was not officially added to the national calendar until 2021. As the  Black Lives Matter movement gained renewed power across the country and abroad the previous year with the police killings of Black Americans like George Floyd and Breonna Taylor , public calls grew louder for the federal government to acknowledge emancipation as the critical turning point it was in U.S. history. Advocates sought, again, for leaders to codify the Juneteenth holiday into law, decades after communities began to push for broader recognition of Juneteenth as an emblem of unity, power and resilience in the wake of the police beating of Rodney King in 1991.

Federal recognition came in 2021. A bill to solidify Juneteenth National Independence Day as a legal public holiday passed almost unanimously through both chambers of Congress before being signed by President Biden on June 18. At a White House ceremony held for the occasion, Mr. Biden said: "All Americans can feel the power of this day, and learn from our history." It was the first time a national holiday was established in the U.S. since Martin Luther King Jr. Day was set to honor the late civil rights leader's birthday in 1983.

Juneteenth became a legal federal holiday in the U.S. on the eve of its earliest nationwide observance on June 19, 2021. It is observed and celebrated each year on that same date. 

The origins of Juneteenth

The name, Juneteenth, is a portmanteau, combining June and nineteenth. Its origins date back to June 19, 1865 , when the last group of people enslaved in the southern U.S. were informed of their freedom under the Emancipation Proclamation. President Abraham Lincoln had signed the Emancipation Proclamation more than two years earlier, on Jan. 1, 1863, declaring that everyone held as a slave was, and would continue to be, free. 

The proclamation took effect as the country neared its second year of the Civil War and technically applied to enslaved people in Confederate states. However, it could not actually be implemented in Confederate territory, and the war would not end in victory for the Union Army until much later, in the spring of 1865. In Texas, the westernmost state controlled by the Confederacy, news of freedom and the tenets of the Emancipation Proclamation arrived that summer. On June 19, thousands of Union soldiers reached Galveston Bay, along the northeastern coast of Texas in the Gulf of Mexico, and announced that all enslaved people in the state were freed by executive order. 

At the time, more than 250,000 Black people were being held as slaves in Texas alone, according to the National Museum of African American History and Culture, which writes in a description of the holiday that the "historical legacy of Juneteenth shows the value of never giving up hope in uncertain times." Once the Emancipation Proclamation laid its roots in Texas, those freed from slavery declared the day of its arrival "Juneteenth" in homage to the date when it finally happened. 

Although the Emancipation Proclamation set the stage, critically, for an end to slavery throughout the U.S., it was the 13th Amendment to the Constitution that actually did it. The amendment's passage through Congress and across Lincoln's desk began in January 1865. It was ratified in December of that year, abolishing slavery nationwide.

How to celebrate Juneteenth

Observing Juneteenth each year on June 19 does memorialize that specific day in Galveston in 1865, but it is also symbolic. Many regard the holiday as a joyful anniversary of independence and an opportunity to remember the country's foundation on centuries of slavery.

Historically, communities in different parts of the U.S. have celebrated Emancipation Day on different dates, a tradition that nodded to the fact that news of the Emancipation Proclamation reached people enslaved by the Confederacy at different times after the Civil War. In Florida, for example, advocates in 2021 pushed for the state to recognize and observe Emancipation Day on May 20, because that was the date in 1865 when news of Lincoln's executive decree reached enslaved people there. Washington, D.C., has in the past observed a city-wide Emancipation Day on April 16.

Juneteenth celebrations vary. Public festivities often include parades, parties, concerts, educational workshops and other cultural events centered on art and cuisine. For some, commemorating Juneteenth is mainly about tapping into the spirit of the holiday. Koritha Mitchell, an English professor at Ohio State University who celebrated Juneteenth growing up in a small town outside of Houston, told CBS News in 2021 that, for her, the day revolved around family and "creating community and connection."  

Opal Lee, the retired teacher and counselor whose activism played a huge role in Juneteenth becoming a federally recognized holiday, recalled joyful memories of the annual celebrations in the Texas town where she lived as a child.

"When I was a little one and we lived in Marshall, Texas, we'd go to the fairground," she said in a  CBS News interview  in 2022. "There'd be games and food and food and food. I'm here to tell ya it was like Christmas!"

Lee, now 97, became known as the "Grandmother of Juneteenth" for her famous trek from Fort Worth, Texas, to Washington, D.C., to ultimately deliver 1.5 million signatures to Congress advocating for a law to make the date a federal holiday. She shared her thoughts on the essence of Juneteenth in that 2022 interview. 

"People think it's a Black thing when it's not. It's not a Texas thing. It's not that," Lee said. "Juneteenth means freedom, and I mean for everybody!"

Emily Mae Czachor is a reporter and news editor at CBSNews.com. She covers breaking news, often focusing on crime and extreme weather. Emily Mae has previously written for outlets including the Los Angeles Times, BuzzFeed and Newsweek.

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Charting the path to quantum utility at Qiskit Global Summer School 2024

Whether you’re a quantum novice or a qiskit expert, this year’s qiskit global summer school virtual event will give you the tools you need to begin running utility-scale quantum experiments that push the limits of computation..

10 Jun 2024

Olivia Lanes

Aaliyah Fowler

Robert Davis

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2024 Qiskit Global Summer School: The Path to Utility July 15 - July 26, 2024 Register here

The advent of utility-scale quantum hardware has shown the world that the latest quantum computers are capable of solving problems beyond the reach of brute force classical computation. Researchers can now use these powerful tools to hunt for interesting use cases where quantum methods are faster, cheaper, or more accurate than all classical methods — the long sought milestone we call quantum advantage.

But to begin that search in earnest, we need quantum software capable of harnessing the full potential of utility-scale hardware. More than that, we need a community of researchers, developers, and quantum computational scientists who know how to use that software. That’s why we’re excited to launch our 2024 Qiskit Global Summer School: The Path to Utility . The event will center on helping participants master the many new capabilities introduced with the recent release of the Qiskit SDK’s first major version, and on teaching participants everything they need to scale their experiments to large quantum processors.

This year’s Qiskit Global Summer School will feature ten online lectures delivered by various IBM Quantum experts, as well as nine live Q&A sessions hosted by IBM Quantum education leads John Watrous and Olivia Lanes. As always, the intensive, two-week-long program will start by giving students a thorough overview of foundational quantum computing topics — with this year’s curriculum emphasizing quantum software as opposed to quantum hardware — before moving on to more advanced material. This format allows both quantum novices and experienced Qiskit users alike to benefit from the summer school program.

Week 1 lectures will give students a detailed overview of Qiskit SDK v1.x, while the week 2 curriculum will consist of deep dives into three application areas. Along the way, students will have the opportunity to complete four labs on topics like quantum circuit transpilation, noise-model building, and more. The event will conclude, as is tradition, with a panel discussion in which a group of IBM experts will field questions on any and all quantum-related topics.

Just as in previous years, the 2024 Qiskit Global Summer School will continue to provide students with an array of useful tools and resources to enhance their learning experience. This includes the ability to chat live with course instructors during lectures and Q&A sessions, and access to a dedicated Discord server where students can meet, collaborate, and get help solving problems.

Register for the Qiskit Global Summer School 2024 here .

Build skills in quantum computing

Keep exploring, quantum working groups push for near-term use cases.

Get started with Qiskit SDK 1.0 at the 2024 IBM Quantum Challenge

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Journal of Materials Chemistry B

A robust and biodegradable hydroxyapatite/poly(lactide- co -ε-caprolactone) electrospun membrane for dura repair †.

* Corresponding authors

a National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China E-mail: [email protected]

b College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China

c Department of Nuclear Medicine and Clinical Nuclear Medicine Research Lab, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China E-mail: [email protected]

d Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China

Typically occurring after trauma or neurosurgery treatments, dura mater defect and the ensuing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage could lead to a number of serious complications and even patient's death. Although numerous natural and synthetic dura mater substitutes have been reported, none of them have been able to fulfill the essential properties, such as anti-adhesion, leakage blockage, and pro-dura rebuilding. In this study, we devised and prepared a series of robust and biodegradable hydroxyapatite/poly(lactide- co -ε-caprolactone) ( n HA/PLCL) membranes for dura repair via an electrospinning technique. In particular, PLLA/PCL (80/20) was selected for electrospinning due to its mechanical properties that most closely resembled natural dural tissue. Studies by SEM, XRD, water contact angle and in vitro degradation showed that the introduction of n HA would destroy PLCL's crystalline structure, which would further affect the mechanical properties of the n HA/PLCL membranes. When the amount of n HA added increased, so did the wettability and in vitro degradation rate, which accelerated the release of n HA. In addition, the high biocompatibility of n HA/PLCL membranes was demonstrated by in vitro cytotoxicity data. The in vivo rabbit dura repair model results showed that n HA/PLCL membranes provided a strong physical barrier to stop tissue adhesion at dura defects. Meanwhile, the n HA/PLCL and commercial group's CSF had a significantly lower number of inflammatory cells than the control groups, validating the n HA/PLCL's ability to effectively lower the risk of intracranial infection. Findings from H&E and Masson-trichrome staining verified that the n HA/PLCL electrospun membrane was more favorable for fostering dural defect repair and skull regeneration. Moreover, the relative molecular weight of PLCL declined dramatically after 3 months of implantation, according to the results of the in vivo degradation test, but it retained the fiber network structure and promoted tissue growth, demonstrating the good stability of the n HA/PLCL membranes. Collectively, the n HA/PLCL electrospun membrane presents itself as a viable option for dura repair.

• This article is part of the themed collection: Journal of Materials Chemistry B HOT Papers

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A robust and biodegradable hydroxyapatite/poly(lactide- co -ε-caprolactone) electrospun membrane for dura repair

Y. Wang, H. Wu, Z. Liu, J. Cao, H. Lin, H. Cao, X. Zhu and X. Zhang, J. Mater. Chem. B , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4TB00863D

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Lee Lung Kei, 73, vows to wed fiancee, 36, after her 25-month jail term

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HONG KONG – Hong Kong actor Lee Lung Kei has vowed to stand by his fiancee Chris Wong after she was sentenced to 25 months in jail by Shatin Magistrates’ Court on June 19.

Wong, whose real name is Wang Qingxia, was found guilty of five charges – including two counts of breaching her conditions of stay, one of using fake documents, another of making false statements to obtain an entry permit and one of making a false declaration to immigration officers.

In an interview with Hong Kong media, Lee said that the length of Wong’s jail term was longer than he expected.

The former TVB star tearfully added that he will continue to honour his commitment to marry Wong, 36, upon her release from prison.

“I have told her through my lawyer that I will definitely wait for her,” the 73-year-old said.

During the proceedings, Wong admitted to forging three graduation certificates from an American aviation academy while attempting to apply for an immigration scheme and seek employment in Hong Kong.

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The Chinese national said she had not thought through things thoroughly when using the counterfeit documents in her application in 2019.

According to Hong Kong’s South China Morning Post, the court was informed that Wong’s application was not successful as she had failed to provide supporting documents for her supposed qualifications.

Lee was said to be in tears during the hearing, exclaiming loudly on three occasions.

Asked by reporters outside the courtroom if he had any concerns about Wong’s family, Lee replied: “We’ll see when the time comes. I need to think things through first.”

As for the possibility of an appeal, the actor said he will leave the matter to his lawyer.

Lee and Wong’s relationship first came to light in 2020 when Hong Kong media reported that Wong, who was carrying Lee’s child, suffered a miscarriage.

Despite the significant age difference, the couple has been in a stable relationship for the past years due to shared interests. – THE STAR/ASIA NEWS NETWORK

李龍基爆喊指刑期不是預期內 強調必兌現迎娶未婚妻承諾 李龍基爆喊指刑期不是預期內 強調必兌現迎娶未婚妻承諾 資深藝人 李龍基 嘅未婚妻36歲 王青霞 今日（19號）到沙田裁判法院提訊，早前被控「違反逗留條件」、「為取得入境證而作出虛假陳述」 、「使用虛假文書」、「管有虛假文書」、「向根據或為執行入境條例第II部而合法行事的入境事務主任作出虛假申述」，以及「在香港入境時對其施加的逗留期限，留在香港接受僱傭工作」等七宗罪。 Chris庭上承認其中嘅「違反逗留條件」、「使用虛假文書」、「管有虛假文書」、「向根據或為執行入境條例第II部而合法行事的入境事務主任作出虛假申述」、「在香港入境時對其施加的逗留期限，留在香港接受僱傭工作」等五項罪名，而控方在庭上就表示不提證供起訴「為取得入境證而作出虛假陳述」及「管有虛假文書」兩罪，獲裁判官下令撤銷，並宣布五項罪名罪成合共判刑25個月。 基哥今日由大律師兼好友盧敏儀陪同聽審，聽取判決後，基哥托律師向未婚妻傳話，之後神情落寞步出法院，與早上抵達法院時神情有天壤之別。基哥沿途未有停步受訪，當問到刑期是否佢預期之內時，基哥就突然情緒失控指並非預期之內，又耍手透露唔會上訴。佢仲表示會繼續到廟宇參拜為未婚妻求平安。 情深嘅基哥當被問到是否會依承諾迎娶Chris，佢就果斷咁話「一定會，一定會。」仲托律師向未婚妻傳話叫對方唔使擔心，出嚟一定結婚。最後基哥以唔再受訪為由，急急步入法院旁商場，在傳媒嘅祝福聲下離開。 #李龍基 #王青霞 #違反逗留條件 #使用虛假文書 #管有虛假文書 #向入境事務主任作出虛假申述 #於香港接受僱傭工作 #認罪 #25個月 Posted by TVB 娛樂新聞台 TVB Entertainment News on Tuesday, June 18, 2024

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Global Growth Is Stabilizing for the First Time in Three Years

But 80% of world population will experience slower growth than in pre-COVID decade

WASHINGTON, June 11, 2024 — The global economy is expected to stabilize for the first time in three years in 2024—but at a level that is weak by recent historical standards, according to the World Bank’s latest Global Economic Prospects report.

Global growth is projected to hold steady at 2.6% in 2024 before edging up to an average of 2.7% in 2025-26. That is well below the 3.1% average in the decade before COVID-19. The forecast implies that over the course of 2024-26 countries that collectively account for more than 80% of the world’s population and global GDP would still be growing more slowly than they did in the decade before COVID-19.

Overall, developing economies are projected to grow 4% on average over 2024-25, slightly slower than in 2023. Growth in low-income economies is expected to accelerate to 5% in 2024 from 3.8% in 2023. However, the forecasts for 2024 growth reflect downgrades in three out of every four low-income economies since January. In advanced economies, growth is set to remain steady at 1.5% in 2024 before rising to 1.7% in 2025.

“Four years after the upheavals caused by the pandemic, conflicts, inflation, and monetary tightening, it appears that global economic growth is steadying,” said Indermit Gill, the World Bank Group’s Chief Economist and Senior Vice President. “ However, growth is at lower levels than before 2020. Prospects for the world’s poorest economies are even more worrisome. They face punishing levels of debt service, constricting trade possibilities, and costly climate events. Developing economies will have to find ways to encourage private investment, reduce public debt, and improve education, health, and basic infrastructure. The poorest among them—especially the 75 countries eligible for concessional assistance from the International Development Association—will not be able to do this without international support.”

This year, one in four developing economies is expected to remain poorer than it was on the eve of the pandemic in 2019. This proportion is twice as high for countries in fragile- and conflict-affected situations. Moreover, the income gap between developing economies and advanced economies is set to widen in nearly half of developing economies over 2020-24 —the highest share since the 1990s. Per capita income in these economies—an important indicator of living standards—is expected to grow by 3.0% on average through 2026, well below the average of 3.8% in the decade before COVID-19.

Global inflation is expected to moderate to 3.5% in 2024 and 2.9% in 2025, but the pace of decline is slower than was projected just six months ago. Many central banks, as a result, are expected to remain cautious in lowering policy interest rates. Global interest rates are likely to remain high by the standards of recent decades—averaging about 4% over 2025-26, roughly double the 2000-19 average.

“Although food and energy prices have moderated across the world, core inflation remains relatively high—and could stay that way,” said Ayhan Kose, the World Bank’s Deputy Chief Economist and Director of the Prospects Group . “That could prompt central banks in major advanced economies to delay interest-rate cuts. An environment of ‘higher-for-longer’ rates would mean tighter global financial conditions and much weaker growth in developing economies.”

The latest Global Economic Prospects report also features two analytical chapters of topical importance. The first outlines how public investment can be used to accelerate private investment and promote economic growth. It finds that public investment growth in developing economies has halved since the global financial crisis, dropping to an annual average of 5% in the past decade. Yet public investment can be a powerful policy lever. For developing economies with ample fiscal space and efficient government spending practices, scaling up public investment by 1% of GDP can increase the level of output by up to 1.6% over the medium term.

The second analytical chapter explores why small states—those with a population of around 1.5 million or less—suffer chronic fiscal difficulties. Two-fifths of the 35 developing economies that are small states are at high risk of debt distress or already in it. That’s roughly twice the share for other developing economies. Comprehensive reforms are needed to address the fiscal challenges of small states. Revenues could be drawn from a more stable and secure tax base. Spending efficiency could be improved —especially in health, education, and infrastructure. Fiscal frameworks could be adopted to manage the higher frequency of natural disasters and other shocks. Targeted and coordinated global policies can also help put these countries on a more sustainable fiscal path.

Download the full report: https://bit.ly/GEP-June-2024-FullReport

Download growth data:   https://bit.ly/GEP-June-2024-Data

Download charts: https://bit.ly/GEP-June-2024-Charts

Regional Outlooks:

East Asia and Pacific:  Growth is expected to decelerate to 4.8% in 2024 and to 4.2% in 2025. For more, see  regional overview.

Europe and Central Asia:  Growth is expected to edge down to 3.0% in 2024 before moderating to 2.9% in 2025. For more, see  regional overview .

Latin America and the Caribbean:  Growth is expected to decline to 1.8% in 2024 before picking up to 2.7% in 2025. For more, see  regional overview .

Middle East and North Africa:  Growth is expected to pick up to 2.8% in 2024 and 4.2% in 2025. For more, see  regional overview.

South Asia:  Growth is expected to slow to 6.2% in 2024 and remain steady at 6.2% in 2025. For more, see regional overview.

Sub-Saharan Africa: Growth is expected to pick up to 3.5% in 2024 and to 3.9% in 2025. For more, see  regional overview.

Website:  www.worldbank.org/gep

Facebook:  facebook.com/worldbank

X (Twitter):  twitter.com/worldbank

YouTube:  youtube.com/worldbank

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