food essay on urdu

Let’s Take a Tour of Some Mouthwatering Pakistani Foods

We’ve all heard the cliché that the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach. 

But are you familiar with the following words from George Bernard Shaw? 

“ There is no love sincerer than the love of food. “  

Or these from Virginia Woolf? 

“One cannot think well, love well, sleep well, if one has not dined well.”

Considering the significant role that food plays in our lives, we’ve decided to compose an entire article dedicated to Pakistani food and cuisine . In this article, you’ll learn about a variety of traditional Pakistani dishes, from Pakistani street food to recipes you can make at home. You’ll also discover some facts about Pakistani food culture and pick up essential food-related vocabulary. 

Let’s dig in.

• Must-Try Dishes in Pakistani Restaurants
• Unique Pakistani Foods
• Food-Related Vocabulary
• Cultural Tips Regarding Food in Pakistan

1. Must-Try Dishes in Pakistani Restaurants

A superb way to begin is with some widely popular Desi dishes of Pakistan . You’ll find them available at just about any Pakistani restaurant, with few exceptions.

چکن/مٹن کڑاہی (Chicken/Mutton Karahi)

Chicken or mutton Karahi is one of the most popular main courses in Pakistani restaurants. Karahi refers to the cookware the meal is cooked (and sometimes also served) in. It’s a metal pan, often made of iron, with a flattened base.

The meat (either chicken or mutton) is fried in an open fire until tender, usually right in front of the customers. Seeing the meat cooked in front of you makes the dish more desirable. The main ingredients include: 

• Chicken/Mutton (cut into small pieces)

Common spices include coriander, pepper powder, cumin seeds, and red button chilis.

The meat can be served with butter, and many Desi foodies love to have it cooked in desi ghee which makes the meal very authentically Desi. The best time to have this dish is in the evening, though it’s also served in the afternoon. Of course, روٹی ( roti ) and نان ( naan ) are Pakistani food staples that will always be present at the table. Enjoy your karahi with a crispy Roti or Nan.

Chicken Karahi recipe

Nihari, another Desi delicacy, is said to have been the recipe of the eighteenth century. It’s associated with the Nawabs of the Indian subcontinent. Since, etymologically, the word is derived from the Urdu word نہار ( nihar ) meaning “morning,” it’s clear to see that the best time to enjoy this dish is in the morning at breakfast time.

On average, it takes 6-8 hours to cook beef Nihari, though the time frame may change for lamb or chicken. This dish’s main ingredients are:

• Ginger-garlic paste
• Chili paste
• Wheat flour

The main spices are coriander, cumin, cinnamon, salt, and cardamom. Lemon, ginger, and coriander can also be used as tasty garnishes.

Nihari recipe

The first two Pakistani dishes we described are served with Roti or Nan. Now, let’s move toward something a little different: Biryani. This is a frequent main course in Pakistani homes and restaurants, easily identified by the unique aroma of Pakistani Basmati rice.

Its main ingredient is rice boiled in water, and you can add chicken, mutton, or beef depending on your preferences. This dish features a range of flavors from spices like: 

• Green chili paste
• Black pepper

Note that this dish has a completely different taste and texture when cooked in the cauldron!  Biryani recipe

Haleem is another must-eat Pakistani Desi dish. Beef is usually the main ingredient, but you can replace it with chicken or mutton. This dish also includes grains and lentils, including rice, mixed lentils, barley, and wheat. 

Cumin, coriander, cardamom, and cinnamon are commonly used to flavor haleem. Popular garnishes include chopped ginger, fried onion, green chilis, and lemon wedges.

Haleem recipe

It’s not unusual to see whole chickens being barbecued at small ‘Sajji corners’ throughout Pakistan. Sajji is a common delicacy everywhere in the country. That said, you should expect a little bit of variation in the recipe and ingredients depending on the region.

Originally, Sajji was a Balochi dish from the nomads of Balochistan. But today, it’s just as popular among Pakistanis all over the country. 

Sajji is barbecued on the coals; a whole chicken is grilled on the fire and served with a great deal of simplicity, with or without fried rice. Other ingredients and spices used in this simple meal include: 

Sajji recipe

 (Chapli Kabab)

The authentic Pakistani cuisine item chapli kabab , also called Chappal kabab , is a delicacy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (the Northern Western province of Pakistan). The city of Peshawar is the most famous place to order chapli kabab in the country. 

The most important ingredient in this dish is mince of mutton or beef, preferably with a reasonable amount of fat. Other essentials include:

After marinating the mixture for an hour or two, the kababs are ready to be fried and enjoyed. They’re typically served with Naan or Roti.

The unique flavor and aroma of these kababs distinguish them from the rest!

Chapli Kabab recipe

Another popular Desi Pakistani recipe, Hareesa consists of a meat, porridge, and lentil mixture. This dish demands patience; it’s cooked slowly and requires constant stirring.

Beef is the ideal meat for this delicacy, though people may use lamb or chicken instead. It’s also worth noting that three types of lentils are used: channa , moong , and maash . 

Although it looks like gravy, Hareesa is ultimately unique from other Desi gravies in its taste and texture. When it’s ready, some chefs add kababs or koftas (meatballs) to it to make it thicker. It’s then served with Roti or Naan.

Hareesa recipe

One of the most popular Pakistani cuisine dishes, paye (goat/calf trotters) are often served as the main course at breakfast. This delicacy is normally eaten during winter, but it’s easily available year-round as it’s never out of demand. To prepare it, one uses goat/cow trotters and spices them with: 

You can get ready-to-cook paye in any meat market in Pakistan. This delicacy tastes best when served fresh with lemon wedges, green coriander, and green chilis for garnish.

Paye recipe

2. Unique Pakistani Foods

Having discussed some finger-licking main course Desi Pakistani dishes, let’s expand your knowledge of Pakistani food culture. Below is a list of unique Pakistani foods that are typically used as side dishes, appetizers, desserts, or staples to be eaten with certain main course dishes.

پراٹھہ (Paratha)

In Pakistan, paratha is a staple food that can be used with curry in place of Roti or Naan. It can also be stuffed with potatoes or mince and eaten as a main course. It’s made by kneading wheat flour and frying it in oil or desi ghee on a traditional tawa (a Desi utensil).

Lassi is a traditional Pakistani drink, usually taken alongside breakfast. It’s prepared by blending yogurt, milk, butter, and sugar or salt.

 (Halwa Poori)

While visiting Pakistan, never miss Halwa Poori at breakfast; it’s a real exotic specialty of Pakistani cuisine. This typical Desi breakfast consists of fried bread served with the traditional sweet dish halwa . A curry of chickpeas ( channay ) is another integral part of this meal.

 (Gol Gappay)

For those who love spicy foods, Gol Gappay is a must-try dish. You’ll enjoy the hollow, ball-like fried Poori with the tamarind drink. You may fill the Poori with boiled chickpeas or aloo-chat to discover a range of flavors.

 (Sweets/Desserts)

We can’t forget dessert. Never underestimate the power of Pakistani sweets—they’re good enough to challenge any main course! There are three Pakistani desserts you really need to try on your visit:

1.   جلیبی (Jalebi)

Jalebi consists of maida flour batter that’s been fried in a circular shape and then dipped in sugar syrup. This usually red-colored Pakistani sweet is a treat for the eyes and the tongue! We recommend you treat your taste buds to it during your visit.

2.   رس ملائی (Ras Malai)

Ras Malai (roughly translated to “juicy cream” in English) is a Desi Pakistani dessert consisting of milk, sugar, cream, cardamom, saffron, and pistachio.

3. گلاب جامُن (Gulab Jamun)

Gulab Jamun is known as the national sweet of Pakistan. It’s prepared with dried milk ( khoya ), oil, and flour ( maida ). It’s dipped in sugar syrup and flavors such as saffron, rose water, and cardamom are added to it.

3. Food-Related Vocabulary

Now that you’re good and hungry for Desi Pakistani cuisine, it’s time to jump into some practical vocabulary. We’ll cover phrases you can use during conversations or at the restaurant, as well as other food-related words you should know!

Basic Phrases

مجھے سخت بھوک لگی ہے۔ Mujhe sakht bhook lagi hai. I am very hungry.

مجھے بھوک نہیں ہے۔ Mujhe bhook nahi hai. I am not hungry.

مجھے لسّی پسند ہے۔ Mujhe lassi pasand hai. I like lassi.

مجھے سلاد پسند نہیں ہے۔ Mujhe salaad pasand nahi hai. I don’t like salad.

میں گوشت نہیں کھاتا۔ Mei gosht nahi khata. I don’t eat meat.

مجھے سی فوڈ سے الرجی ہے۔ Mujhe seafood se allergy hai. I am allergic to seafood.

میرا پسندیدہ کھانا پلاؤ ہے۔ Mera pasandeeda khana pulao hai. My favorite dish is pulao.

Ingredients

Whether you plan on reading through some Pakistani food recipes in Urdu or just want to add to your core vocabulary, these ingredient words will come in handy.

• چینی ( cheeni ) – sugar
• نمک ( namak ) – salt
• لال مرچ ( lal mirch ) – red chili
• کالی مرچ ( kaali mirch ) – pepper
• تیل ( teil ) – oil
• دودھ ( doodh ) – milk
• پانی ( pani ) – water
• آٹا ( aata ) – flour
• پھل ( phal ) – fruit
• گوشت ( gosht ) – meat
• سبزی ( sabzi ) – vegetable

You should also be familiar with the names of common cooking utensils:

• کڑاہی ( karrahi ) – a type of Desi cooking pan
• تندور ( tandoor ) – a type of Desi oven
• دیگ ( deig ) – cauldron
• چاقو ( chaqoo ) – knife

To learn more utensil-related vocabulary, please visit our vocabulary list for Talking About Utensils and Tableware in Urdu . 

Cooking Verbs

Here are a few cooking verbs you’ll come across often in recipes:

• پکانا ( pakana ) – to cook
• تلنا ( talna ) – to fry
• کاٹنا ( katna ) – to cut
• چیلنا ( cheelna ) – to peel

You can find more useful words and their pronunciations on our list of Essential Vocabulary About Cooking . 

How to Order at a Restaurant

Learn the following Urdu sentences to impress the crew of a Pakistani restaurant with your Urdu speaking skills.

مینو لائیں۔ menu layain Bring the menu.

آپ کھانا کتنی دیر میں لاؤ گے؟ aap khana kitni der mei lao gey? How much time will you take to bring food?

بِِل لے آئیں۔ bill le ayain. Bill, please.

To learn more relevant phrases, please visit our list of the Most Useful Phrases and Vocabulary for Ordering Food in Urdu .

4. Cultural Tips Regarding Food in Pakistan

Because Pakistan is an Islamic country, it has some cultural specificities concerning food. Let’s wade through these customs together so you can become familiar with them and respect them while in Pakistan.

Remember to Ask for Hilal Food Only

Pakistani society is traditionally orthodox and Islamic, so you should never ask for any food item that’s not Hilal . If you insist on doing so, you’ll have to face the music. We recommend that you don’t do this under any circumstances.

Hospitality in Pakistan

Because Pakistan is a tradition-bound society, you’ll find that the majority of the population follows the tradition of hospitality. If you’re a guest, they’ll go out of their way to entertain you. 

On a side note, if you have a Pakistani host who has invited you to a meal, do not try to pay the bill. He will take this as a token of discourtesy.

5. Conclusion

In this article, you’ve learned about the most popular Pakistani foods, relevant vocabulary, and crucial Pakistani food customs.

Are you ready to order your favorite Pakistani dish in Urdu? Have we answered all your questions? If we missed anything, please let us know in the comments and we’ll get back to you as soon as possible.

Continue exploring UrduPod101.com to speed up your Urdu language learning process. Our website is a huge compendium of Urdu language learning resources that will prove useful in improving your Urdu vocabulary , pronunciation , grammar , and more.

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Essay On Health Is Wealth In Urdu

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جیسا کہ ہم سب جانتے ہی ہیں کہ آجکل ہماری زندگی بہت اُلجھی ہوئی ہے اور مصروفیات میں گھری ہوئی ہے۔ اور یہ ساری مصروفیات صرف اور صرف پیسہ کمانے کے لیے ہیں۔ ہمیں پیسہ کمانے کے لئے دن بھر بہت سے کام کرنے پڑتے ہیں اور پیسہ کمانے کے چکّر میں یہ بھول جاتے ہیں کہ ہماری صحت کا خیال رکھنا بھی ہمارے لیے بہت ضروری ہے اور یہ بھی بھول جاتے ہیں کہ اچھی صحت ہماری صحت مند زندگی کے لئے بھی ضروری ہے۔ ہم جھوٹی رقم کمانے کے لیے وقت پر کھانا ، ورزش کرنا ، آرام کرنا وغیرہ بھی بھول جاتے ہیں۔ ہمیں یہ نہیں بھولنا چاہئے کہ ہماری زندگی میں حقیقی دولت ہماری صحت ہے۔ ہر ایک کے لئے یہ سچ ہے کہ ، “صحت دولت ہے” *Health is wealth*۔

اچھی صحت تناؤ کو کم کرتی ہے اور تکلیف کے بغیر صحت مند زندگی کو فروغ دیتی ہے۔ ہمیں اپنی صحت سے ہمیشہ آگاہ رہنا چاہئے اور صحت سے متعلق باقاعدگی سے چیک اپ بھی کرواتے رہنا چاہئے۔ اچھی صحت کو برقرار رکھنے کے لیے ہمیں تازہ پھل ، سلاد ،ہری سبزیاں ، دودھ ، انڈے ، دہی وغیرہ کی متوازن غذا کھانی چاہئے۔ کچھ جسمانی سرگرمیاں ، مناسب آرام ، حفظان صحت ، صحت مند ماحول ، تازہ ہوا اور پانی ، ذاتی حفظان صحت وغیرہ بھی اچھی صحت کے لیے ضروری ہیں۔ ہسپتالوں کے سامنے بھیڑ کو کم کرنے کے لئے اچھی صحت کو برقرار رکھنا ایک اچھی عادت ہے ، جو والدین کی مدد سے بچپن ہی سے سیکھنی چاہئے۔

پہلے وقتوں میں ، زندگی اتنی مصروف نہیں تھی۔ زندگی ان دنوں کے مقابلے میں صحتمند ماحول کے ساتھ بہت آسان اور بہت سارے چیلنجوں سے پاک تھی۔ لوگ صحتمند تھے کیونکہ وہ اپنی روزمرّہ کی زندگی کے تمام کام اپنے ہاتھوں اور جسم سے انجام دیتے تھے۔ لیکن آج ٹکنالوجی (Technology) کی دنیا میں زندگی بہت آسان اور آرام دہ اور پرسکون ہوچکی ہے لیکن اسکا ایک نقصان یہ بھی ہوا ہے کہ لوگ مشینوں کا استعمال کرتے کرتے خود سے کام کرنا ہی بھول گئے ہیں اور بدن کے زیادہ حرکت نہ کر پانے کی وجہ سے ہی آج ہمارے جسم میں بیماریاں جلدی آ جاتی ہیں۔ آج کل آسان زندگی گزارنا ممکن نہیں ہے کیونکہ ہر ایک شخص دوسرے سے بہتر زندگی گزارنے کے لئے زیادہ سے زیادہ رقم کمانا چاہتا ہے لیکن اس رقم کو صحیح طریقے سے صرف کرنے کا ہنر کسی کسی کے پاس ہوتا ہے۔ ہمیں چاہئے کہ اس رقم کا صحیح استعمال کرکے اپنی صحت کو بہتر بنائیں کیونکہ انسان کتنی بھی مشکل نوکری یا بزنس کرے وہ اپنی روزی روٹی کمانے کی خاطر ہی کرتا ہے اور اگر ہماری صحت ہی اچھی نہ ہو گی تو ہم کوئی بھی کام اچھے سے سر انجام نہیں دے پائیں گے۔ آج کل انسان زندگی کو بہتر گزارنے کے لیے ہر طرح کے اقدامات اٹھائے جا رہا ہے لیکن اسے اپنی صحت کا خیال بالکل بھی نہیں ہے۔ موجودہ دور میں طرح طرح کی فیکٹریوں اور کارخانوں سے نکلنے والے دھویں نے تازہ ہوا کو خراب کردیا ہے جس کی وجہ سے تازہ ہوا کا ملنا دن بدن کم ہوا جا رہا ہے کیونکہ ، ہر چیز؛ مثال کے طور پر ہوا ، پانی ، ماحولیات ، کھانا وغیرہ متاثرہ اور آلودہ ہوچکے ہیں۔ اگر ہمیں اپنے ماحول اور فضا کو پاکیزہ اور صاف بنانا ہے تو ہمیں چاہیے کہ ہم زیادہ سے زیادہ درخت لگائیں اور پلاسٹک اور تھیلی کا استعمال کم سے کم کریں۔

اسی طرح صحتمند جسم کے لئے صحیح وقت پر صحت مند کھانا بہت ضروری ہے ، جو صرف متوازن کھانے سے ہی ممکن ہے۔ یہ ہمارے جسم کی مناسب نشو و نما کو فروغ دیتا ہے ، جو ہمیں ذہنی ، جسمانی اور معاشرتی طور پر تندرست رکھتا ہے۔ اچھی صحت کی مدد سے ہم زندگی کی کسی بھی خراب صورتحال کا مقابلہ کرسکتے ہیں۔ ہمیں ہمیشہ یہ بات یاد رکھنی چاہئیے کہ ہماری خوشحال زندگی کے لیے ہمارا صحتمند رہنا بہت ضروری ہے اور اسکے لیے ہمیں ہمیشہ وقت پر اپنے کھانے پینے کا خیال رکھنا چاہئیے اور اسکے علاوہ تازہ ہوا، جسمانی سرگرمی و ورزش، رات کو صحیح وقت پر سونا اور صبح جلدی اُٹھ کر ٹہلنا یا دوڑنا اور وقت وقت پر آرام کرنا وغیرہ کا خیال رکھنا چاہئے۔

Healthy Food Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on healthy food.

Healthy food refers to food that contains the right amount of nutrients to keep our body fit. We need healthy food to keep ourselves fit.

Furthermore, healthy food is also very delicious as opposed to popular thinking. Nowadays, kids need to eat healthy food more than ever. We must encourage good eating habits so that our future generations will be healthy and fit.

Most importantly, the harmful effects of junk food and the positive impact of healthy food must be stressed upon. People should teach kids from an early age about the same.

Benefits of Healthy Food

Healthy food does not have merely one but numerous benefits. It helps us in various spheres of life. Healthy food does not only impact our physical health but mental health too.

When we intake healthy fruits and vegetables that are full of nutrients, we reduce the chances of diseases. For instance, green vegetables help us to maintain strength and vigor. In addition, certain healthy food items keep away long-term illnesses like diabetes and blood pressure.

Similarly, obesity is the biggest problems our country is facing now. People are falling prey to obesity faster than expected. However, this can still be controlled. Obese people usually indulge in a lot of junk food. The junk food contains sugar, salt fats and more which contribute to obesity. Healthy food can help you get rid of all this as it does not contain harmful things.

In addition, healthy food also helps you save money. It is much cheaper in comparison to junk food. Plus all that goes into the preparation of healthy food is also of low cost. Thus, you will be saving a great amount when you only consume healthy food.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Junk food vs Healthy Food

If we look at the scenario today, we see how the fast-food market is increasing at a rapid rate. With the onset of food delivery apps and more, people now like having junk food more. In addition, junk food is also tastier and easier to prepare.

However, just to satisfy our taste buds we are risking our health. You may feel more satisfied after having junk food but that is just the feeling of fullness and nothing else. Consumption of junk food leads to poor concentration. Moreover, you may also get digestive problems as junk food does not have fiber which helps indigestion.

Similarly, irregularity of blood sugar levels happens because of junk food. It is so because it contains fewer carbohydrates and protein . Also, junk food increases levels of cholesterol and triglyceride.

On the other hand, healthy food contains a plethora of nutrients. It not only keeps your body healthy but also your mind and soul. It increases our brain’s functionality. Plus, it enhances our immunity system . Intake of whole foods with minimum or no processing is the finest for one’s health.

In short, we must recognize that though junk food may seem more tempting and appealing, it comes with a great cost. A cost which is very hard to pay. Therefore, we all must have healthy foods and strive for a longer and healthier life.

FAQs on Healthy Food

Q.1 How does healthy food benefit us?

A.1 Healthy Benefit has a lot of benefits. It keeps us healthy and fit. Moreover, it keeps away diseases like diabetes, blood pressure, cholesterol and many more. Healthy food also helps in fighting obesity and heart diseases.

Q.2 Why is junk food harmful?

A.2 Junk food is very harmful to our bodies. It contains high amounts of sugar, salt, fats, oils and more which makes us unhealthy. It also causes a lot of problems like obesity and high blood pressure. Therefore, we must not have junk food more and encourage healthy eating habits.

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Monday 27 November 2017

Disadvantages of fast food in urdu | فاسٹ فوڈ کے نقصانات, 11 comments:.

NICE WRITTEN!!I LOVE IT!!

Hmmm........ Theek hai acha hai

• Junk Food Essay In Urdu

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World News in Brief: Hunger grows in Haiti, Gaza aid blocked, World Potato Day

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As people in Haiti continue to deal with growing hunger, UN agencies are striving to deliver goods and services to populations in need.

The World Food Programme ( WFP ) distributed more than 74,000 hot meals to over 15,000 displaced people in the besieged capital, Port-au-Prince, Stéphane Dujarric, Spokesperson for the UN Secretary-General, told journalists at UN Headquarters on Thursday, providing an update on the gang-ravaged Caribbean nation.

In addition, about 2,400 children received mental health and psychosocial support from child protection experts, he said.

At the same time, humanitarian agencies provided information sessions to more than 4,000 people sheltering in displacement sites on such critical issues as gender-based violence, protection and sexual abuse.

Nearly 1.6 million people are facing acute food insecurity levels in Haiti, according to UN agencies.

The UN Spokesperson also reported that civilians in displacement sites in Port-au-Prince had received about 13 million litres of water from UN agencies, partners and Haiti’s civil protection department since the beginning of March.

In the Artibonite region, Mr. Dujarric said WFP has provided cash assistance to over 13,000 people as part of its emergency activities and another 6,000 people in this region received food.

Following the recent tornado in the Bassin Bleu commune, which damaged more than 300 houses, WFP will also provide food for nearly 3,800 residents, he said.

Violence and blocked borders impede aid access in Gaza

In Gaza, the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs ( OCHA ) said on Thursday that increased violence and blocked borders continued to restrict aid access in the enclave where hundreds of thousands of people are in need.

Humanitarians are experiencing “movement restrictions” to border areas which are causing delays in planned missions to collect resources from the Kerem Shalom crossing, the UN Spokesperson said.

“We need Israeli authorities to swiftly facilitate access to the crossing so that aid workers can safely reach the crossing to pick up supplies,” he said. “We also need safe and unimpeded passage to distribute that assistance to scale to people in need, wherever they may need it in Gaza.”

‘Catastrophic levels of hunger’

The UN and its humanitarian partners are doing all they can to aid civilians in Gaza, he said, adding that  WFP is calling for blocked borders in Gaza to be opened since this impacts their ability to reach people in need.

“Constrained access to southern parts of Gaza risks causing the same catastrophic levels of hunger that has been seen in the north, and in central and southern Gaza, hunger levels are deteriorating fast,” Mr. Dujarric said.

He said WFP reported that some commercial supplies have reached the enclave, but the high cost means many civilians cannot afford the goods.

‘Israel must stop its campaign against UNRWA’

The UN relief agency for Palestine refugees, UNRWA , which serves more than 5.9 million Palestinians in the region, said conditions are dire, and in the last two days alone, more than 32,000 people have fled the escalating fighting in Rafah.

In a guest essay published on Thursday in The New York Times , UNRWA chief Philippe Lazzarini referred to unproven allegations Israel had made earlier this year against the UN agency and efforts to restrict its work in war-torn Gaza.

“As I write this, our agency has verified that at least 192 UNRWA employees have been killed in Gaza,” he said in the essay. “More than 170 UNRWA premises have been damaged or destroyed. UNRWA-run schools have been demolished; some 450 displaced people have been killed while sheltered inside UNRWA schools and other structures.”

He also said that since the Hamas-led attacks on Israel on 7 October, Israeli security forces have “rounded up UNRWA personnel in Gaza, who have alleged torture and mistreatment while in detention” in the Strip and in Israel.

“Israeli officials are not only threatening the work of our staff and mission, they are also delegitimising UNRWA,” he wrote. “Israel must stop its campaign against UNRWA.”

First ever International Day of Potato

It’s the world’s first ever  International Day of Potato , and the theme is Harvesting diversity, feeding hope , with a focus on the ancient vegetable’s contribution to the lives of producers and consumers as well as the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The General Assembly designated 30 May to pay tribute to the potato, an 8,000-year-old crop originating in the Andes mountains in South America that is now a staple food consumed by about two thirds of the world’s population.

Climate-friendly and resistant to drought, cold and barren land with wide adaptability, the potato contributes to the food security, nutrition, livelihoods and employment of people in rural and urban areas the world over.

Key crop around the world

Indeed, 159 countries cultivate potatoes, and there are 5,000 varieties worldwide. Nearly 50 per cent of current crops produced are used as the household staple food or vegetable.

Potatoes are a key crop across diverse farming systems globally, ranging from smallholders producing diverse heirloom varieties by hand in the Andes to vast commercial, mechanised farms in different continents.

Building on the International Year of the Potato, marked in 2008, today’s observance also recognises the roles of small-scale family farmers, a significant proportion of whom are women, in safeguarding the wide spectrum of the crop’s diversity, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO ).

By 2030, the total production of potatoes is expected to rise by 112 per cent of current harvests, reaching 750 million tonnes, of which more than half is predicted to be produced in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

As communities around the world mark the day, both the cultural and culinary dimensions of the crop’s cultivation and consumption are also being celebrated, from pierogis to dum aloo.

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Unconventional Sex Let Anglerfish Conquer the Deep Ocean

During a chaotic period some 50 million years ago, the strange deep-sea creatures left the ocean bottom and thrived by clamping onto their mates.

A female anglerfish, with a bioluminescent lure, in waters off Hawaii. Credit... Doug Perrine/Alamy

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By William J. Broad

• May 30, 2024

How did the ghoulish creatures known as anglerfish pull off the evolutionary feat that let them essentially take over the ocean’s sunless depths?

It took peculiar sex — extremely peculiar sex.

Scientists at Yale University have discovered that a burst of anglerfish diversification began some 50 million years ago as the ancestral line developed a bizarre strategy to ensure successful reproduction in the dark wilderness.

To mate, tiny males would clamp with sharp teeth onto the bellies of much larger females. Some males would let go after mating while others would permanently fuse into the females. The males that stayed attached became permanent organs for sperm production.

“We found that a cascade of traits, including those required for sexual parasitism, allowed anglerfishes to invade the deep sea,” Chase D. Brownstein , a graduate student in the ecology and evolutionary biology department at Yale who was the study’s lead author, said in a news release.

Today, there are more than 300 species of anglerfish, which makes them the most varied family of vertebrates in the ocean’s lightless zone. The region starts about 1,000 feet down — just beneath the photic zone, which gets enough sunlight to support photosynthesis and most of the sea’s plants — and descends for miles. The team’s study was published last week in the journal Current Biology.

Finding a mate in the deep sea can be extremely difficult because of the environment’s incomprehensibly vast size. By some estimates, the dark zone amounts to more than 97 percent of the planetary space inhabited by living things, mainly because the ocean plunges to a maximum depth of nearly seven miles. In contrast, land habitats make up less than 1 percent of the planet’s biosphere because the band of life is so narrow, making its volume quite small.

The anglerfish’s bizarre mating routine is seen as counteracting the otherwise slim chances of finding a mate in the world’s largest ecosystem. It is the only known vertebrate that employs sexual parasitism, and that gave it an evolutionary edge.

Over time, the male can physically fuse with the female, connecting to her skin and bloodstream. Eventually, he loses his eyes and all internal organs except for his testes. A female can carry several males on her body.

The Yale team documented how immune systems that attack foreign threats changed over time so the female hosts would not reject the parasitic males.

Anglerfish get their name from how females use rodlike appendages with glowing tips to lure prey into their needlelike teeth. They’re fish that fish . Their mouths are so large and their bodies so flexible that they can swallow prey up to twice their size.

The Yale team used fossils and genetic data from more than 100 living anglerfish species to determine that the burst of diversification came during a major global heat spike between 50 million and 35 million years ago. The world’s oceans were thrown into turmoil, and the bottom-walking ancestors of the anglerfish began to explore the wider oceanic world.

“It happened in the blink of an evolutionary eye about 50 million years ago,” Mr. Brownstein said in an interview. “It was like whales going back into the ocean. It was amazing.”

The team found that, simultaneously, the fish developed their unusual reproductive skills. It was unable to determine which came first — temporary or permanent attachment.

Some female anglerfish can grow quite large, reaching more than three feet in length, but most are smaller. The free-swimming males typically are a few inches long.

How do they find the females in the perpetual darkness of the deep sea?

Mr. Brownstein said the males have enlarged nasal organs that are thought to let them follow faint trails of female pheromones through the darkness in order to find their partner.

“You sniff out your mate, literally,” he said.

William J. Broad has reported on science at The Times since 1983. He is based in New York. More about William J. Broad

Explore the Animal Kingdom

A selection of quirky, intriguing and surprising discoveries about animal life..

How did the ghoulish creatures known as anglerfish pull off the evolutionary feat that let them essentially take over the ocean’s sunless depths? It took extremely peculiar sex .

The Lord Howe Island stick insect vanished from its home, but an effort at zoos in San Diego and Melbourne highlights the possibilities and challenges  of conserving invertebrate animals.

A genetic analysis of the German cockroach explained its rise in southern Asia millenniums ago, and how it eventually turned up in your kitchen .

Scientists say they have found an “alphabet” in the songs of sperm whales , raising the possibility that the animals are communicating in a complex language.

Indigenous rangers in Australia’s Western Desert got a rare close-up with the northern marsupial mole , which is tiny, light-colored and blind, and almost never comes to the surface.

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THE WIDER IMAGE

Nepal’s honey gatherers say fewer hives threaten tradition.

Aita Prasad Gurung, 40, cuts a honeycomb as he hangs onto a ladder, while harvesting honey from the cliff near Taap, Nepal, May 29, 2024. REUTERS/Navesh Chitrakar

Nepal's honey gatherers say fewer hives threaten tradition

By Navesh Chitrakar

Filed June 5, 2024, 10 a.m. GMT

Photography by Navesh Chitrakar Reporting by Navesh Chitrakar and Yubaraj Sharma

Filed: June 5, 2024, 10 a.m. GMT

Aita Prasad Gurung dangled off a cliff in Nepal, carefully manipulating a long pole with a blade at its end to cut away chunks of honeycomb after Himalayan bees fled the fumes from a fire set to drive them from their homes.

The 40-year-old wore a white hat with a net swathing his face to protect against stings as he hung 160 feet (50 m) off the precipice on a handmade ladder, braided from bamboo strands, to reach the bee colonies.

“It is fraught with danger of falling,” said Aita, whose community has traditionally harvested honey from hives perched hundreds of feet off the ground. “One must extract honey and stay safe at the same time.”

Now the generations-old craft is increasingly under threat as some experts say rising temperatures brought by climate change disrupt the growth of bees, the availability of their food and even pollination of plants.

“There were about 35 hives last year,” said another member of the community, Chitra Bahadur Gurung, 49, adding, “We barely have 15 now.”

For generations, the Gurung community in Taap, about 175 km (110 miles) west of the capital, Kathmandu, and other villages in the nearby districts of Lamjung and Kaski, have scoured the steep Himalayan cliffs for honey.

Earlier, the villagers joined in the ritual slaughter of a red rooster, separating its feet and feathers as an offering to the cliff god, to seek forgiveness for taking the honey from the giant bees, known to scientists as Apis laboriosa.

The honeycomb extract, also known as ‘mad honey’, for some intoxicating qualities that can cause hallucinations, sells for  2,000 Nepali rupees ($1.5) a litre, but the villagers rule out overharvesting as a reason for falling collections.

The proceeds, split among the group, are drying up as the number of hives declines, said the villagers, although some earn a living from growing crops of rice, corn, millet and wheat.

With less honey available to collect every year, income from the pursuit has declined over the past decade, said 41-year-old Hem Raj Gurung.

“We harvested about 600 kg of honey 10 years back, which fell to about 180 kg last year and is just about 100 kg this year,” he said.

Some experts blame climate change, driven by a global rise in temperatures, as a major factor in the decline, but other contributors are deforestation, diversion of water from streams and rivers for hydroelectric dams and use of pesticides.

Temperatures in the Himalayas, home to the planet’s tallest peaks, range higher than an average global increase of 1.2 degrees Celsius (2.2 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels, United Nations data and independent research show.

Global studies show that a temperature rise of even one degree affects the growth of bees, the availability of their food and cross pollination of plants, said Suruchi Bhadwal of India’s Energy and Resources Institute (TERI).

Research showed climate change was disrupting the food chains for bees and the flowering of plants, affecting populations of both across the world, added Bhadwal, the head of earth science and climate change at the institute.

"In terms of the patterns and what we’re talking about, I think the patterns are the same in Nepal," she said.

Climate change was affecting the Himalayan cliff bees in different ways, said Surendra Raj Joshi, a specialists in resilient livelihood at the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) in Kathmandu.

“Too much or too little rain, intense or erratic rain, and long dry spells or high fluctuations in temperature, put stress on honeybees to maintain colony strength and honey stocks,” he said.

Lifecycle changes in plants also cause early or late flowering and fluctuations in secretion of nectar and honeydew, he said, adding, “The most visible indicator of the climate change is the erratic weather.”

Some experts say floods and landslides can cause habitat loss and shrink the areas where bees can forage for food.

The decline in bee populations spells insufficient pollination of high mountain crops and wild flora, said Joshi, who is also an expert on bees.

“It will also have implications on the rural economy, as honey hunting is a tradition emerging as an important eco-tourism activity,” Joshi added. “Besides honey and beeswax, communities will lose income from tourism.”

The Wider Image

Photography: Navesh Chitrakar

Reporting: Navesh Chitrakar and Yubaraj Sharma

Writing and additional reporting: Gopal Sharma in Kathmandu

Photo editing: Maye-E Wong

Text editing: Sudipto Ganguly and Clarence Fernandez

Design: Eve Watling and Maye-E Wong

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