You can find some useful tips in our how-to guide.
The maximum length of your abstract should be 250 words in total, including keywords and article classification (see the sections below).
Your submission should include up to 12 appropriate and short keywords that capture the principal topics of the paper. Our how to guide contains some practical guidance on choosing search-engine friendly keywords.
Please note, while we will always try to use the keywords you’ve suggested, the in-house editorial team may replace some of them with matching terms to ensure consistency across publications and improve your article’s visibility.
During the submission process, you will be asked to select a type for your paper; the options are listed below. If you don’t see an exact match, please choose the best fit:
You will also be asked to select a category for your paper. The options for this are listed below. If you don’t see an exact match, please choose the best fit:
Reports on any type of research undertaken by the author(s), including:
Covers any paper where content is dependent on the author's opinion and interpretation. This includes journalistic and magazine-style pieces.
Describes and evaluates technical products, processes or services.
Focuses on developing hypotheses and is usually discursive. Covers philosophical discussions and comparative studies of other authors’ work and thinking.
Describes actual interventions or experiences within organizations. It can be subjective and doesn’t generally report on research. Also covers a description of a legal case or a hypothetical case study used as a teaching exercise.
This category should only be used if the main purpose of the paper is to annotate and/or critique the literature in a particular field. It could be a selective bibliography providing advice on information sources, or the paper may aim to cover the main contributors to the development of a topic and explore their different views.
Provides an overview or historical examination of some concept, technique or phenomenon. Papers are likely to be more descriptive or instructional (‘how to’ papers) than discursive.
Headings must be concise, with a clear indication of the required hierarchy.
The preferred format is for first level headings to be in bold, and subsequent sub-headings to be in medium italics.
Notes or endnotes should only be used if absolutely necessary. They should be identified in the text by consecutive numbers enclosed in square brackets. These numbers should then be listed, and explained, at the end of the article.
All figures (charts, diagrams, line drawings, webpages/screenshots, and photographic images) should be submitted electronically. Both colour and black and white files are accepted.
There are a few other important points to note:
Tables should be typed and submitted in a separate file to the main body of the article. The position of each table should be clearly labelled in the main body of the article with corresponding labels clearly shown in the table file. Tables should be numbered consecutively in Roman numerals (e.g. I, II, etc.).
Give each table a brief title. Ensure that any superscripts or asterisks are shown next to the relevant items and have explanations displayed as footnotes to the table, figure or plate.
Where tables, figures, appendices, and other additional content are supplementary to the article but not critical to the reader’s understanding of it, you can choose to host these supplementary files alongside your article on Insight, Emerald’s content-hosting platform (this is Emerald's recommended option as we are able to ensure the data remain accessible), or on an alternative trusted online repository. All supplementary material must be submitted prior to acceptance.
Emerald recommends that authors use the following two lists when searching for a suitable and trusted repository:
, you must submit these as separate files alongside your article. Files should be clearly labelled in such a way that makes it clear they are supplementary; Emerald recommends that the file name is descriptive and that it follows the format ‘Supplementary_material_appendix_1’ or ‘Supplementary tables’. All supplementary material must be mentioned at the appropriate moment in the main text of the article; there is no need to include the content of the file only the file name. A link to the supplementary material will be added to the article during production, and the material will be made available alongside the main text of the article at the point of EarlyCite publication.
Please note that Emerald will not make any changes to the material; it will not be copy-edited or typeset, and authors will not receive proofs of this content. Emerald therefore strongly recommends that you style all supplementary material ahead of acceptance of the article.
Emerald Insight can host the following file types and extensions:
, you should ensure that the supplementary material is hosted on the repository ahead of submission, and then include a link only to the repository within the article. It is the responsibility of the submitting author to ensure that the material is free to access and that it remains permanently available. Where an alternative trusted online repository is used, the files hosted should always be presented as read-only; please be aware that such usage risks compromising your anonymity during the review process if the repository contains any information that may enable the reviewer to identify you; as such, we recommend that all links to alternative repositories are reviewed carefully prior to submission.
Please note that extensive supplementary material may be subject to peer review; this is at the discretion of the journal Editor and dependent on the content of the material (for example, whether including it would support the reviewer making a decision on the article during the peer review process).
All references in your manuscript must be formatted using one of the recognised Harvard styles. You are welcome to use the Harvard style Emerald has adopted – we’ve provided a detailed guide below. Want to use a different Harvard style? That’s fine, our typesetters will make any necessary changes to your manuscript if it is accepted. Please ensure you check all your citations for completeness, accuracy and consistency.
References to other publications in your text should be written as follows:
, 2006) Please note, ‘ ' should always be written in italics.A few other style points. These apply to both the main body of text and your final list of references.
At the end of your paper, please supply a reference list in alphabetical order using the style guidelines below. Where a DOI is available, this should be included at the end of the reference.
Surname, initials (year), , publisher, place of publication.
e.g. Harrow, R. (2005), , Simon & Schuster, New York, NY.
Surname, initials (year), "chapter title", editor's surname, initials (Ed.), , publisher, place of publication, page numbers.
e.g. Calabrese, F.A. (2005), "The early pathways: theory to practice – a continuum", Stankosky, M. (Ed.), , Elsevier, New York, NY, pp.15-20.
Surname, initials (year), "title of article", , volume issue, page numbers.
e.g. Capizzi, M.T. and Ferguson, R. (2005), "Loyalty trends for the twenty-first century", , Vol. 22 No. 2, pp.72-80.
Surname, initials (year of publication), "title of paper", in editor’s surname, initials (Ed.), , publisher, place of publication, page numbers.
e.g. Wilde, S. and Cox, C. (2008), “Principal factors contributing to the competitiveness of tourism destinations at varying stages of development”, in Richardson, S., Fredline, L., Patiar A., & Ternel, M. (Ed.s), , Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, pp.115-118.
Surname, initials (year), "title of paper", paper presented at [name of conference], [date of conference], [place of conference], available at: URL if freely available on the internet (accessed date).
e.g. Aumueller, D. (2005), "Semantic authoring and retrieval within a wiki", paper presented at the European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC), 29 May-1 June, Heraklion, Crete, available at: http://dbs.uni-leipzig.de/file/aumueller05wiksar.pdf (accessed 20 February 2007).
Surname, initials (year), "title of article", working paper [number if available], institution or organization, place of organization, date.
e.g. Moizer, P. (2003), "How published academic research can inform policy decisions: the case of mandatory rotation of audit appointments", working paper, Leeds University Business School, University of Leeds, Leeds, 28 March.
(year), "title of entry", volume, edition, title of encyclopaedia, publisher, place of publication, page numbers.
e.g. (1926), "Psychology of culture contact", Vol. 1, 13th ed., Encyclopaedia Britannica, London and New York, NY, pp.765-771.
(for authored entries, please refer to book chapter guidelines above)
Surname, initials (year), "article title", , date, page numbers.
e.g. Smith, A. (2008), "Money for old rope", , 21 January, pp.1, 3-4.
(year), "article title", date, page numbers.
e.g. (2008), "Small change", 2 February, p.7.
Surname, initials (year), "title of document", unpublished manuscript, collection name, inventory record, name of archive, location of archive.
e.g. Litman, S. (1902), "Mechanism & Technique of Commerce", unpublished manuscript, Simon Litman Papers, Record series 9/5/29 Box 3, University of Illinois Archives, Urbana-Champaign, IL.
If available online, the full URL should be supplied at the end of the reference, as well as the date that the resource was accessed.
Surname, initials (year), “title of electronic source”, available at: persistent URL (accessed date month year).
e.g. Weida, S. and Stolley, K. (2013), “Developing strong thesis statements”, available at: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/588/1/ (accessed 20 June 2018)
Standalone URLs, i.e. those without an author or date, should be included either inside parentheses within the main text, or preferably set as a note (Roman numeral within square brackets within text followed by the full URL address at the end of the paper).
Surname, initials (year), , name of data repository, available at: persistent URL, (accessed date month year).
e.g. Campbell, A. and Kahn, R.L. (2015), , ICPSR07218-v4, Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor), Ann Arbor, MI, available at: https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07218.v4 (accessed 20 June 2018)
There are a number of key steps you should follow to ensure a smooth and trouble-free submission.
Before submitting your work, it is your responsibility to check that the manuscript is complete, grammatically correct, and without spelling or typographical errors. A few other important points:
You will find a helpful submission checklist on the website Think.Check.Submit .
All manuscripts should be submitted through our editorial system by the corresponding author.
The only way to submit to the journal is through the journal’s ScholarOne site as accessed via the Emerald website, and not by email or through any third-party agent/company, journal representative, or website. Submissions should be done directly by the author(s) through the ScholarOne site and not via a third-party proxy on their behalf.
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Don't forget to add your ORCiD ID during the submission process. It will be embedded in your published article, along with a link to the ORCiD registry allowing others to easily match you with your work.
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Visit the ScholarOne support centre for further help and guidance.
You will receive an automated email from the journal editor, confirming your successful submission. It will provide you with a manuscript number, which will be used in all future correspondence about your submission. If you have any reason to suspect the confirmation email you receive might be fraudulent, please contact the journal editor in the first instance.
Review and decision process.
Each submission is checked by the editor. At this stage, they may choose to decline or unsubmit your manuscript if it doesn’t fit the journal aims and scope, or they feel the language/manuscript quality is too low.
If they think it might be suitable for the publication, they will send it to at least two independent referees for double anonymous peer review. Once these reviewers have provided their feedback, the editor, in consultation with the Editorial Advisory Board, may decide to accept your manuscript, request minor or major revisions, or decline your work.
While all journals work to different timescales, the goal is that the editor will inform you of their first decision within 60 days.
During this period, we will send you automated updates on the progress of your manuscript via our submission system, or you can log in to check on the current status of your paper. Each time we contact you, we will quote the manuscript number you were given at the point of submission. If you receive an email that does not match these criteria, it could be fraudulent and we recommend you contact the journal editor in the first instance.
Emerald’s manuscript transfer service takes the pain out of the submission process if your manuscript doesn’t fit your initial journal choice. Our team of expert Editors from participating journals work together to identify alternative journals that better align with your research, ensuring your work finds the ideal publication home it deserves. Our dedicated team is committed to supporting authors like you in finding the right home for your research.
If a journal is participating in the manuscript transfer program, the Editor has the option to recommend your paper for transfer. If a transfer decision is made by the Editor, you will receive an email with the details of the recommended journal and the option to accept or reject the transfer. It’s always down to you as the author to decide if you’d like to accept. If you do accept, your paper and any reviewer reports will automatically be transferred to the recommended journals. Authors will then confirm resubmissions in the new journal’s ScholarOne system.
Our Manuscript Transfer Service page has more information on the process.
Open access.
Once your paper is accepted, you will have the opportunity to indicate whether you would like to publish your paper via the gold open access route.
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For UK journal article authors - if you wish to submit your work accepted by Emerald to REF 2021, you must make a ‘closed deposit’ of your accepted manuscript to your respective institutional repository upon acceptance of your article. Articles accepted for publication after 1st April 2018 should be deposited as soon as possible, but no later than three months after the acceptance date. For further information and guidance, please refer to the REF 2021 website.
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Once we have received your completed licence form, the article will pass directly into the production process. We will carry out editorial checks, copyediting, and typesetting and then return proofs to you (if you are the corresponding author) for your review. This is your opportunity to correct any typographical errors, grammatical errors or incorrect author details. We can’t accept requests to rewrite texts at this stage.
When the page proofs are finalised, the fully typeset and proofed version of record is published online. This is referred to as the EarlyCite version. While an EarlyCite article has yet to be assigned to a volume or issue, it does have a digital object identifier (DOI) and is fully citable. It will be compiled into an issue according to the journal’s issue schedule, with papers being added by chronological date of publication.
Visit our author rights page to find out how you can reuse and share your work.
To find tips on increasing the visibility of your published paper, read about how to promote your work .
Sometimes errors are made during the research, writing and publishing processes. When these issues arise, we have the option of withdrawing the paper or introducing a correction notice. Find out more about our article withdrawal and correction policies .
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| The only time we will ever ask you for money to publish in an Emerald journal is if you have chosen to publish via the gold open access route. You will be asked to pay an APC (article-processing charge) once your paper has been accepted (unless it is a sponsored open access journal), and never at submission.
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| Typically, papers are added to an issue according to their date of publication. If you would like to know in advance which issue your paper will appear in, please contact the content editor of the journal. You will find their contact details on the editorial team tab on this page. Once your paper has been published in an issue, you will be notified by email. |
| Please email the journal editor – you will find their contact details on the editorial team tab on this page. If you ever suspect an email you’ve received from Emerald might not be genuine, you are welcome to verify it with the content editor for the journal, whose contact details can be found on the editorial team tab on this page. |
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| Authorship and the order in which the authors are listed on the paper should be agreed prior to submission. We have a right first time policy on this and no changes can be made to the list once submitted. If you have made an error in the submission process, please email the Journal Editorial Office who will look into your request – you will find their contact details on the editorial team tab on this page. |
CiteScore 2023
CiteScore is a simple way of measuring the citation impact of sources, such as journals.
Calculating the CiteScore is based on the number of citations to documents (articles, reviews, conference papers, book chapters, and data papers) by a journal over four years, divided by the number of the same document types indexed in Scopus and published in those same four years.
For more information and methodology visit the Scopus definition
CiteScore Tracker 2024
(updated monthly)
CiteScore Tracker is calculated in the same way as CiteScore, but for the current year rather than previous, complete years.
The CiteScore Tracker calculation is updated every month, as a current indication of a title's performance.
2023 Impact Factor
The Journal Impact Factor is published each year by Clarivate Analytics. It is a measure of the number of times an average paper in a particular journal is cited during the preceding two years.
For more information and methodology see Clarivate Analytics
5-year Impact Factor (2023)
A base of five years may be more appropriate for journals in certain fields because the body of citations may not be large enough to make reasonable comparisons, or it may take longer than two years to publish and distribute leading to a longer period before others cite the work.
Actual value is intentionally only displayed for the most recent year. Earlier values are available in the Journal Citation Reports from Clarivate Analytics .
Time to first decision
Time to first decision , expressed in days, the "first decision" occurs when the journal’s editorial team reviews the peer reviewers’ comments and recommendations. Based on this feedback, they decide whether to accept, reject, or request revisions for the manuscript.
Data is taken from submissions between 1st June 2023 and 31st May 2024
Acceptance to publication
Acceptance to publication , expressed in days, is the average time between when the journal’s editorial team decide whether to accept, reject, or request revisions for the manuscript and the date of publication in the journal.
Data is taken from the previous 12 months (Last updated July 2024)
Acceptance rate
The acceptance rate is a measurement of how many manuscripts a journal accepts for publication compared to the total number of manuscripts submitted expressed as a percentage %
Data is taken from submissions between 1st June 2023 and 31st May 2024 .
This figure is the total amount of downloads for all articles published early cite in the last 12 months
(Last updated: July 2024)
Peer review process.
This journal engages in a double-anonymous peer review process, which strives to match the expertise of a reviewer with the submitted manuscript. Reviews are completed with evidence of thoughtful engagement with the manuscript, provide constructive feedback, and add value to the overall knowledge and information presented in the manuscript.
The mission of the peer review process is to achieve excellence and rigour in scholarly publications and research.
Our vision is to give voice to professionals in the subject area who contribute unique and diverse scholarly perspectives to the field.
The journal values diverse perspectives from the field and reviewers who provide critical, constructive, and respectful feedback to authors. Reviewers come from a variety of organizations, careers, and backgrounds from around the world.
All invitations to review, abstracts, manuscripts, and reviews should be kept confidential. Reviewers must not share their review or information about the review process with anyone without the agreement of the editors and authors involved, even after publication. This also applies to other reviewers’ “comments to author” which are shared with you on decision.
Discover practical tips and guidance on all aspects of peer review in our reviewers' section. See how being a reviewer could benefit your career, and discover what's involved in shaping a review.
More reviewer information
The publishing and editorial teams would like to thank the following, for their invaluable service as 2022 reviewers for this journal. We are very grateful for the contributions made. With their help, the journal has been able to publish such high...
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Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies (JEEE) is the first journal to focus on qualitative and quantitative research in all areas of business, entrepreneurship, marketing, and policies that inhibit or stimulate entrepreneurship, development and sustainability in emerging economies.
Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies (JEEE) takes an interdisciplinary approach and focuses on the changing contours of entrepreneurship research and training in Brazil, India, China, South Africa, and other emerging markets throughout the world. JEEE acquaints the readers with the latest trends and directions of explorations in the theory and practice of entrepreneurship.
For the research section, the JEEE considers high-quality theoretical and empirical academic research articles in the field of entrepreneurship, as well as general reviews.
The ‘Entrepreneurship in practice’ section publishes insights from industry, case studies, policy focus pieces and interviews with entrepreneurs. This section will consider both invited pieces and contributed pieces. The papers submitted to ‘Entrepreneurship in practice’ will be subject to an editorial review and not the standard double-anonymous peer review process associated with the other sections of JEEE .
Coverage will focus primarily on the following topics:
A summary of submission requirements:
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In 2001, China’s accession to the World Trade Organization and the attainment of permanent Most Favored Nation (MFN) status from the USA significantly reduced external trade policy uncertainties for the country. Utilizing comprehensive data from 1998 to 2006, this paper employs a Difference-in-Differences (DID) regression approach to dissect the intricate relationship between trade policy uncertainties, financing constraints, and enterprise innovations. Our findings reveal that a notable decrease in trade policy uncertainties has considerably spurred innovation among Chinese enterprises, particularly for high-productivity firms and regions with advanced marketization. However, this effect is mitigated by financing constraints. The uniqueness of this paper lies in its detailed exploration of how trade policy uncertainties influence enterprise innovation through financing constraints. Specifically, the reduction in uncertainties boosts corporate profitability, fosters the growth of cluster commercial credit, and enhances credit resource allocation efficiency. Consequently, it alleviates financial pressures on enterprises, thereby facilitating innovation. While our data covers the period from 1998 to 2006, the insights remain relevant in the current global trade environment characterized by heightened uncertainties. Future research could validate these findings using updated data or investigate how emerging technologies like fintech and blockchain finance can alleviate financing constraints, thus aiding businesses in navigating trade policy uncertainties.
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Most-favored-nation treatment refers to the legal treatment provisions of trade treaties and agreements between countries. It is also known as “nondiscrimination treatment,” in which countries provide preferential benefits to each other, provide necessary convenience, and enjoy certain privileges in terms of import and export trade, taxation, navigation, etc. It usually refers to the preferential treatment, privileges, or immunities that the contracting parties give to each other in terms of trade, navigation, customs duties, civil legal status, etc., which are not lower than those currently or in the future to any third country.
The Smoot-Hawley tariff was a bill signed and promulgated by the then President of the United States, Hoover, in 1930. The bill raised the tariff of more than 20,000 goods imported by the United States from other countries to the highest level in history. At that time, the promulgation of the bill was opposed by a large number of scholars, and after the promulgation of the law, many countries also responded by imposing retaliatory tariff measures on the United States, which led to the rapid decline of global trade (the scale of world trade shrank by approximately 66% between 1929 and 1934), and became the catalyst of the Great Depression. With the establishment of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the continuous progress of trade liberalization, the United States began to impose the most-favored-nation tariff on the countries with normal trade relations, and the Smoot-Hawley tariff was also basically put on the shelf. At present, it is only imposed on a few countries such as North Korea.
In 1998, the United States Congress passed a bill to change the name of MFN treatment to “Normal Trade Relations.”.
The data were collated by the author.
HS code is the World Customs Organization on the classification of international trade commodity standard catalog, used to unify the national customs on the classification of commodity definition standards, HS code full name “International Convention on the Harmonization System of Commodity Names and Coding System” (abbreviated as the HS code). By means of the HS code, commodities can be classified and customs can determine the corresponding duties to be imposed on different commodities and the management measures to be taken. The HS8 generation refers to the 8-digit customs product code and the HS6 generation refers to the 6-digit customs code.
CIC refers to the China Industry Classification system. It is widely used in the collection of official statistical data on companies and organizations throughout Mainland China. As defined in Chinese national standard number “GB/T 4754,” the China Industry Classification system identifies 95 different industry categories. For more details, see http://www.stats.gov.cn/xxgk/tjbz/gjtjbz/201710/t20171017_1758922.html .
In fact, we could use tariff data for any year prior to 2001 since they would all be the same.
Feenstra et al. ( 2002 ) and others sorted out the Class I tariff (MFN tariff) and Class II tariff (nonnormal trade relations tariff) imposed by the United States on China from 1989 to 2001. Considering that the data window period of the industrial enterprise database used in this paper is 1998–2006, we choose the United States tariff level in 1997 and use the logarithm of the tariff difference in the later regression. Referring to Brandt et al. ( 2017 ), we compare the tariffs of the HS6 products to the industry level of the fourth national economy (CIC4) first and then carry out a simple average.
For more details, please see from World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) | Data on Export, Import, Tariff, NTM (worldbank.org).
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This research has been granted by two programs of Fujian Provincial Social Science Foundation, which are “Research on the Mechanism and Path of Digital Technology Empowering the High Quality Development of Rural Characteristic Advantage Industries in Fujian Province” (Project No. FJ2023C044) and “Research on the Mechanism and Path of Digital Transformation of Fujian’s Manufacturing Industry Empowering Export Resilience” (Project No. FJ2023C043).
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Gao, S., Li, Z. Trade Policy Uncertainty, Financing Constraints, and Firm Innovation: Evidence from China. J Knowl Econ (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02246-8
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Published : 12 August 2024
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-024-02246-8
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Interdependent influences of reverse logistics implementation barriers in the conditions of an emerging economy.
2. research methodology, 2.1. reverse logistics implementation barriers.
Barriers | Literature Source Reference |
---|---|
Lack of awareness of the importance of reverse logistics and its benefits | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of support and commitment of management to the implementation of reverse logistics | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Resistance to change by employees | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of employee training, incompetence, and lack of qualified employees | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of systems for performance measurement and management | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Fear of failure regarding the implementation of reverse logistics | [ , , , ] |
Lack of corporate social responsibility of organizations | [ , , , , ] |
Lack of common understanding of best practices within the organization | [ , , , , ] |
Lack of adequate waste management practices | [ , , , ] |
Lack of strategic planning, goals, and plans regarding the implementation of reverse logistics | [ , , , , , , , , , ] |
The organization’s policy does not emphasize the importance of reverse logistics | [ , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Reverse logistics does not have priority over other activities and investments of the organization | [ , , , , ] |
Lack of cooperation with scientific institutions and professional associations to acquire knowledge and follow trends in the field | [ , , , , ] |
Inadequate internal and external communication in the organization and exchange of information on reverse product flows | [ , , , , ] |
Lack of capacity within the organization in terms of facilities and equipment for the implementation of reverse logistics | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of adequate technological and IT systems for the implementation of reverse logistics and monitoring of reverse product flows | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Difficulties in ensuring the required and uniform product quality | [ , , , , , , , ] |
Complexity of reverse logistics operations | [ , , ] |
Non-application and difficulties in designing products suitable for recycling and/or reuse | [ , , , ] |
Difficulties in cooperation and engagement of “third parties” for the application of reverse logistics (Third Party Logistics—3PL) | [ , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of initial capital for the implementation of reverse logistics | [ , , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of funds for employee training | [ , , , , , ] |
Lack of funds and investments in storage and material handling activities | [ , , , ] |
Lack of funds for reverse product flow monitoring systems | [ , ] |
High salary costs of employees in the field of reverse logistics | [ , , ] |
Uncertainty regarding the realized profit from the implementation of reverse logistics | [ , , , , , , , , , , ] |
High initial and operating costs of reverse logistics | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of economies of scale | [ , , , , , , , ] |
Financial burden of additional tax liabilities | [ , , , , , ] |
Lower economic value of the product at the end-of-life stage | [ ] |
Lack of financial resources to expand production | [ ] |
Higher costs due to the use of eco-friendly packaging | [ , ] |
High costs of storage and disposal of hazardous materials | [ , , , ] |
Inaccessibility of banking funds for the implementation of “green” technologies | [ , , , , , ] |
High procurement and maintenance costs and lack of investment in technological and IT systems for reverse logistics | [ , , , , , ] |
Costs of collecting used products | [ , , , ] |
Lack of public awareness of environmental protection needs | [ , , , , , ] |
No organization in the area of waste management and the existence of many informal practices | [ , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of adequate standards and practices in the field of recycling and reuse of products | [ , , , , , , ] |
Inadequate interpretation, difficulties in interpreting and applying legal norms in the field | [ , , , ] |
Lack of motivating regulations in the field | [ , , , , , , , , , , , , ] |
Difficulties in holding producers from other countries accountable | [ , , , ] |
Lack of support from professional associations and NGOs | [ , , , ] |
Users not aware of the rights and possibilities of product returns and its benefits | [ , , , , , , ] |
Perception of poorer product quality by users and promotion of the use of new products | [ , , , , , , , , ] |
Reverse logistics is not considered a critical aspect of market competitiveness and performance | [ , , , , , , ] |
Uncertainty of returns and demand for products | [ , , , , , , , , ] |
Lack of user awareness of the importance of reverse logistics | [ , , , , , ] |
Uncertainty regarding the quality and quantity of returned products | [ , , , , , , , , , ] |
2.3. development and collection of the survey questionnaire, 4. discussion, 5. conclusions.
Data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
Sums of the Columns | Sums of the Rows |
---|---|
5.623408058 | 5.626321315 |
5.488892873 | 4.97082107 |
5.827794653 | 4.549468852 |
5.260598647 | 4.861875878 |
5.570943513 | 5.562029209 |
5.09204943 | 5.60664724 |
4.837062849 | 4.462976677 |
5.317298085 | 4.759749961 |
4.367603812 | 4.522223869 |
5.564996732 | 4.773407048 |
4.471545243 | 4.484996502 |
4.256421822 | 4.924220551 |
3.907297234 | 5.435499165 |
4.011719221 | 5.297910542 |
3.947072962 | 3.861728738 |
4.204069922 | 4.048898441 |
Sums of the Columns | Sums of the Rows |
---|---|
5.936483288 | 5.902794762 |
5.88941195 | 5.238089444 |
6.217521505 | 4.886816995 |
5.616217674 | 5.161682413 |
5.863111086 | 5.893665099 |
5.379724257 | 5.88963136 |
5.074404165 | 4.69955839 |
5.620990503 | 5.016801103 |
4.614046171 | 4.75910513 |
5.814500902 | 5.021463096 |
4.673472737 | 4.76487518 |
4.476577083 | 5.23240806 |
4.139817559 | 5.728115936 |
4.234417682 | 5.580889116 |
4.157339513 | 4.103044428 |
4.463028557 | 4.292124121 |
FI | 1 | 4 | 5 | 7 | 2 | 3 | 11 | 8 | 14 | 6 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 16 | 15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r + c | 11.84 | 11.13 | 11.10 | 10.78 | 11.76 | 11.27 | 9.77 | 10.64 | 9.37 | 10.84 | 9.44 | 9.71 | 9.87 | 9.82 | 8.26 | 8.76 |
F | B01 | B02 | B03 | B04 | B05 | B06 | B07 | B08 | B09 | B10 | B11 | B12 | B13 | B14 | B15 | B16 |
R − c | −0.03 | −0.65 | −1.33 | −0.45 | 0.03 | 0.51 | −0.37 | −0.60 | 0.15 | −0.79 | 0.09 | 0.76 | 1.59 | 1.35 | −0.05 | −0.17 |
IFI | RI | RI | RI | RI | EI | EI | RI | RI | EI | RI | EI | EI | EI | EI | RI | RI |
B01 | B02 | B03 | B04 | B05 | B06 | B07 | B08 | B09 | B10 | B11 | B12 | B13 | B14 | B15 | B16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 0.62 | 0.51 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.51 | 0.27 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.31 | |
0.40 | 0.00 | 0.62 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.32 | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.25 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.29 | |
0.41 | 0.40 | 0.00 | 0.49 | 0.47 | 0.41 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.22 | |
0.48 | 0.45 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.41 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.32 | |
0.65 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.24 | 0.44 | 0.26 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.31 | 0.24 | 0.28 | |
0.39 | 0.55 | 0.48 | 0.45 | 0.51 | 0.00 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.40 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.29 | 0.23 | 0.29 | |
0.30 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.26 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 0.43 | 0.35 | 0.43 | 0.31 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.29 | |
0.31 | 0.38 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.32 | 0.41 | 0.22 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.28 | |
0.28 | 0.28 | 0.33 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.28 | 0.27 | 0.29 | 0.00 | 0.39 | 0.43 | 0.33 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | |
0.34 | 0.30 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.32 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 0.33 | 0.32 | |
0.29 | 0.30 | 0.26 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.18 | |
0.34 | 0.23 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 0.40 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.38 | 0.26 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.00 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.25 | 0.23 | |
0.44 | 0.36 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.51 | 0.36 | 0.41 | 0.40 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.29 | |
0.46 | 0.33 | 0.40 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.42 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.33 | 0.41 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.26 | 0.00 | 0.33 | 0.30 | |
0.31 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.39 | 0.22 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 0.33 | |
0.23 | 0.22 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 0.22 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.00 |
B01 | B02 | B03 | B04 | B05 | B06 | B07 | B08 | B09 | B10 | B11 | B12 | B13 | B14 | B15 | B16 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.00 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
0.07 | 0.00 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
0.07 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.04 | |
0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
0.11 | 0.10 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
0.07 | 0.09 | 0.08 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
0.05 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | |
0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | |
0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.03 | |
0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | |
0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.05 | |
0.08 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.06 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.06 | 0.05 | |
0.05 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.00 | 0.06 | |
0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
Click here to enlarge figure
Barriers | Barrier Groups |
---|---|
—Lack of expertise and knowledge on reverse logistics on the part of management | Organizational and management barriers (OMB) |
—Lack of expertise and knowledge on reverse logistics on the part of employees | |
—Resistance to changes (organizational and technical-technological) on the part of employees | |
—Inadequate internal and external communication in the organization on reverse flows of products | |
—Lack of cooperation with scientific institutions and professional associations to acquire knowledge and follow trends in the field | |
—Lack of management support | |
—Lack of adequate technical and technological capacities | Technical and technological barriers (TTB) |
—Lack of systems for measuring and managing reverse logistics performance | |
—Difficulties in ensuring the required and uniform product quality | |
—Difficulties in designing products suitable for recycling and/or reuse | |
—Lack of financial resources | Economic, financial and market barriers (EFB) |
—High initial cost and operating costs of reverse logistics | |
—Lack of banking funds for “green technologies,” lack of state incentives (e.g., tax reliefs) and legal norms | |
—Presence of risks (uncertainties) regarding the functioning of reverse logistics and benefits that would be realized | |
—Consumer impression that used (e.g., recycled) products are of poorer quality | |
—Users’ lack of knowledge about the rights and options for returning used products to the manufacturer |
Parameter | Value | Determination Method |
---|---|---|
Threshold Value | 0.321 | Set based on the calculation |
Fuzzy Membership Function | Triangular | Based on the literature review |
Normalization Factor | 1/Max Sum | Ensures all matrix elements are between 0 and 1 |
Linguistic Variable | Influence Score | Corresponding Triangular Fuzzy Numbers |
---|---|---|
No influence | 0 | 0; 0.1; 0.3 |
Very low influence | 1 | 0.1; 0.3; 0.5 |
Low influence | 2 | 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 |
High influence | 3 | 0.5; 0.7; 0.9 |
Very high influence | 4 | 0.7; 0.9; 1 |
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Brkljač, N.; Delić, M.; Orošnjak, M.; Medić, N.; Rakić, S.; Popović, L. Interdependent Influences of Reverse Logistics Implementation Barriers in the Conditions of an Emerging Economy. Mathematics 2024 , 12 , 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12162508
Brkljač N, Delić M, Orošnjak M, Medić N, Rakić S, Popović L. Interdependent Influences of Reverse Logistics Implementation Barriers in the Conditions of an Emerging Economy. Mathematics . 2024; 12(16):2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12162508
Brkljač, Nebojša, Milan Delić, Marko Orošnjak, Nenad Medić, Slavko Rakić, and Ljiljana Popović. 2024. "Interdependent Influences of Reverse Logistics Implementation Barriers in the Conditions of an Emerging Economy" Mathematics 12, no. 16: 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12162508
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EGC affiliate Orazio Attanasio and coauthors Ingvild Almås and Pamela Jervisin in Econometrica, July 2024.
Most empirical work in economics has considered only a narrow set of measures as meaningful and useful to characterize individual behavior, a restriction justified by the difficulties in collecting a wider set. However, this approach often forces the use of strong assumptions to estimate the parameters that inform individual behavior and identify causal links. In this paper, we argue that a more flexible and broader approach to measurement could be extremely useful and allow the estimation of richer and more realistic models that rest on weaker identifying assumptions. We argue that the design of measurement tools should interact with, and depend on, the models economists use. Measurement is not a substitute for rigorous theory, it is an important complement to it, and should be developed in parallel to it. We illustrate these arguments with a model of parental behavior estimated on pilot data that combines conventional measures with novel ones.
Almås, Ingvild, Orazio Attanasio, and Pamela Jervis. 2024. "Presidential Address: Economics and Measurement: New Measures to Model Decision Making." Econometrica, 92 (4): 947-78
Exchange-rate models fit very well for the U.S. dollar in the 21st century. A “standard” model that includes real interest rates and a measure of expected inflation for the U.S. and the foreign country, the U.S. comprehensive trade balance, and measures of global risk and liquidity demand is well-supported in the data for the U.S. against other G10 currencies. The monetary and non-monetary variables play equally important roles in explaining exchange rate movements. In the 1970s – early 1990s, the fit of the model was poor but the fit (as measured by t- and F-statistics, and R-squareds) has increased almost monotonically to the present day. We make the case that it is better monetary policy (inflation targeting) that has led to the improvement, as the scope for self-fulfilling expectations has disappeared. We provide a variety of evidence that links changes in monetary policy to the performance of the exchange-rate model.
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The authors evaluated scores of studies and metrics to estimate that as of the end of 2023, about 6 percent of adults and about 1 percent of children — or about 400 million people — had ever had long Covid since the pandemic began. They said the estimate accounted for the fact that new cases slowed in 2022 and 2023 because of vaccines and the milder Omicron variant.
They suggested that the actual number might be higher because their estimate included only people who developed long Covid after they had symptoms during the infectious stage of the virus, and it did not include people who had more than one Covid infection.
The authors cited studies suggesting that only 7 percent to 10 percent of long Covid patients fully recovered two years after developing long Covid. They added that “some manifestations of long Covid, including heart disease, diabetes, myalgic encephalomyelitis and dysautonomia are chronic conditions that last a lifetime.”
The consequences are far-reaching, the authors wrote: “Long Covid drastically affects patients’ well-being and sense of self, as well as their ability to work, socialize, care for others, manage chores and engage in community activities — which also affects patients’ families, caregivers and their communities.”
The report cited estimates that between two million and four million adults were out of work because of long Covid in 2022 and that people with long Covid were 10 percent less likely to be employed than those who were never infected with the virus. Long Covid patients often have to reduce their work hours, and one in four limit activities outside work in order to continue working, the report said.
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Emerging Economy Studies intends to provide intellectual space to scholars and practitioners working on diverse issues concerning emerging economies. The journal invites contributions from scholars who are analyzing, corporate managers who are … | View full journal description. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics ...
Bimal Jalan, President of the National Council of Applied Economic Research in New Delhi, India ... It is encouraging research on questions that are critical for emerging markets. The papers are invariably of high quality, debating theory, practice and experience of monetary policy, exchange rate systems, capital flows and reserve management ...
This article documents recent developments in emerging markets in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, assesses their prospects and challenges, and discusses appropriate policy settings for the medium term. It argues that EM policymakers' ability to grapple with an incomplete and uneven recovery will be constrained by high public debt and uncertain inflation prospects as well as external ...
The Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies, a refereed journal, promoted by the Emerging Markets Institute of Beijing Normal University, publishes original empirical as well as research papers, policy papers, book reviews and essays related … | View full journal description. This journal is a member of the Committee on Publication Ethics ...
words, the paper was seen as giving legitimacy not only to business research in CEE, but to emerging economy business research more generally. As the field has evolved, the geographic entity "CEE" in 2015 is not as theoretically meaningful as it was in 2005 (or in 1995). This is because of both divergence of countries within the region and conver-
Emerging Markets: Prospects and Challenges. Tryggvi Gudmundsson, Vladimir Klyuev, Leandro Medina, Boaz Nandwa, Dmitry Plotnikov, Francisco Schiffrer, and Di Yang. WP/22/35. IMF Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to encourage debate. The views expressed in IMF Working Papers are ...
The twenty-first century saw the emerging market countries rise as a cluster, ... National Bureau of Economic Research. Google Scholar. Kuznets S. (1965). ... Routledge. Google Scholar. Lin Y. (2011). New structural economics: A framework for rethinking development (Policy Research Working Paper Series 5197). The World Bank. https://ideas.repec ...
Emerging economy business research is converging on common themes and shared theoretical ideas, while identifying critical variations that constrain generalizations among and beyond emerging economies. ... In other words, the paper was seen as giving legitimacy not only to business research in CEE, but to emerging economy business research more ...
DOI 10.3386/w16428. Issue Date October 2010. This paper provides an overview of the complex conceptual and practical challenges that emerging market economies face as they attempt to reform their frameworks for financial regulation. These economies are striving to balance the quest for financial stability with the imperatives of financial ...
This paper provides a review of the existing literature about the co-evolution of emerging economy multinational enterprises (EMNEs) and institutions and proposes directions for future study. We find that many existing studies involving the institution-EMNE relationship focus on the impact of institutions on EMNEs, and the research on their co ...
NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138 ... do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. NBER working papers are circulated for discussion and comment purposes. They have not been peer- ... Emerging market financial systems, including those in Asia, generally have ...
Miles to go. Emerging markets must balance overcoming the pandemic, returning to more normal policies, and rebuilding their economies. As the COVID-19 pandemic enters a second year, concerns are rising about how well emerging markets will fare. So far, they have been agile in responding to the economic fallout from the pandemic with ...
Emerging market challenges. The papers summarized here are part of the Spring 2023 edition of the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (BPEA), the leading conference series and journal in ...
This paper aims to investigate financial resilience in the context of an emerging economy. In doing so, it explores the multidimensional nature of the construct. Malaysia is chosen as it is one of the countries that is categorised as an upper middle-income nation. ... In World Bank Policy Research Working Paper (No. 7722; Issue June). https ...
As a result, the research papers vary in terms of emerging economies that are considered in this Special Issue. However, each paper complements the other as they are all focused on entrepreneurship in emerging economies. ... aggregated time-Series evidence from an emerging economy." Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment, doi:https://doi ...
In this paper, we discuss the field of government and economics, an emerging body of work that aims to better understand government's role, incentives and behavior in a modern market economy, as well as how government actions shape the economy's performance.. In the first part of the paper, we present evidence that the size and scope of government in market economies have grown much larger ...
Abstract. Circular Economy (CE) and the adoption of its principles globally are more important than ever to sustain the rate of production of goods and services to meet the ever-increasing consumer demand that is burdening the environment and society. This study investigates the adoption of CE principles amongst emerging economies as the ...
Today, roughly 30 countries are considered to be in transition to higher levels of economic development and have hence earned the title "emerging markets" from the International Finance Corporation (IFC) of The World Bank. Initially (in 1981) the IFC emerging market index included stocks of publicly traded companies from nine countries.
Founded in 1920, the NBER is a private, non-profit, non-partisan organization dedicated to conducting economic research and to disseminating research findings among academics, public policy makers, and ... The first part of the paper deals with policies of the emerging market economies that affect the likelihood of crises, including exchange ...
Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies (JEEE) is the first journal to focus on qualitative and quantitative research in all areas of business, entrepreneurship, marketing, and policies that inhibit or stimulate entrepreneurship, development and sustainability in emerging economies. ISSN: 2053-4604.
To define emerging economies in a simple and objective way, this paper considers three economic indicators. These are: (1) rate of GDP (gross domestic product) growth (GDP growth is referred to as economic growth in this paper), (2) per capita GDP and (3) size of GDP. By comparing these three statistics of each country with
SUBMIT PAPER. Emerging Economy Studies. Journal indexing and metrics. JOURNAL HOMEPAGE. SUBMIT PAPER. ... Sage Research Methods Supercharging research opens in new tab; ... Emerging Economy Studies ISSN: 2394-9015; Online ISSN: 2454-2148; About Sage;
In 2001, China's accession to the World Trade Organization and the attainment of permanent Most Favored Nation (MFN) status from the USA significantly reduced external trade policy uncertainties for the country. Utilizing comprehensive data from 1998 to 2006, this paper employs a Difference-in-Differences (DID) regression approach to dissect the intricate relationship between trade policy ...
IMI Konnect V olume 9 (1) 2020. F uture of Gig Economy: Opportunities. and Challenges. Gobinda Roy* and Avinash K Shrivastava**. Abstract. The term "gig economy " is def ined by a market which ...
This research paper aims to investigate the interdependent influences of barriers to implementing reverse logistics in the broad spectrum of processing activities in the conditions of an emerging economy. An effort was made to approach these barriers (i.e., organizational and management barriers, technical and technological barriers, and economic, financial, and market barriers) based on the ...
Research has shown that the unilateral accumulation of international reserves by a country can improve its own macro-financial stability. However, we show that when many countries accumulate reserves, the induced general equilibrium effects weaken financial and macroeconomic stability, especially for countries that do not accumulate reserves.
Abstract Most empirical work in economics has considered only a narrow set of measures as meaningful and useful to characterize individual behavior, a restriction justified by the difficulties in collecting a wider set. However, this approach often forces the use of strong assumptions to estimate the parameters that inform individual behavior and identify causal links.
The United States still leads China in overall research spending, in terms of dollars spent and also in terms of the share of each country's economy. Research and development represented 3.4 ...
Exchange-rate models fit very well for the U.S. dollar in the 21st century. A "standard" model that includes real interest rates and a measure of expected inflation for the U.S. and the foreign country, the U.S. comprehensive trade balance, and measures of global risk and liquidity demand is well-supported in the data for the U.S. against other G10 currencies.
The report included research recommendations and policy proposals. The report calls for much more research into treatments, diagnostics, biological mechanisms and the economic and social effects ...