sample of financial management assignment

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The Ultimate Guide to Excelling in Financial Management Assignments

Any business organization must effectively manage its finances, and assignments on the topic give students the chance to learn more about the guiding principles and ideas of efficient financial management. This guide is intended to give you useful tips on how to create an engaging assignment on financial management, whether you are a finance student looking to improve your understanding or a professional looking to improve your financial management skills. You can make sure that your assignment demonstrates a thorough understanding of financial management principles while capturing the attention of your readers by using the techniques described in this article. This guide covers the necessary steps to assist you in writing a well-structured and informative assignment, from outlining key principles to conducting efficient research to defining financial management and emphasizing its significance. The information provided here will direct you towards success in writing financial management assignment , whether your goal is academic excellence or improving your practical financial management skills.

Understanding the Basics of Financial Management

Understanding the foundational ideas of financial management is essential to writing an effective assignment on the subject. Planning, organizing, directing, and controlling financial activities within an organization are all included in financial management. These fundamental ideas will help you build a strong foundation for your assignment. You will be able to analyze and discuss financial management theories, practices, and concepts with greater accuracy once you have this understanding. Furthermore, a thorough understanding of financial management fundamentals guarantees the coherence and logical flow of your assignment. It aids in contextualizing your arguments and enabling you to reach insightful conclusions. Therefore, spend some time becoming familiar with the foundational ideas of financial management before starting the writing process. You can create a well-structured and informed assignment on financial management using this knowledge as a framework.

Define Financial Management

Start by outlining the meaning of financial management in the context of business. Describe how budgeting, financial analysis, financial forecasting, and decision-making are all included in financial management. Maximizing shareholder wealth, ensuring liquidity, managing risks, and optimizing the use of financial resources, are just a few of the key goals of financial management. Give examples of how financial management helps organizations achieve long-term sustainability, facilitate growth, and maintain financial stability.

Discuss the Importance of Financial Management

Examine the value of financial management for businesses of all sizes and in all sectors. Describe how employing sound financial management techniques can boost revenue, improve investment performance, cash flow management, and financial stability. Highlight how important financial management is for guiding resource allocation, assisting in sustainable growth, and supporting strategic decision-making. Give concrete illustrations and case studies to show how businesses have benefited from putting effective financial management strategies into practice as well as the drawbacks of ineffective financial management techniques.

Outline the Key Principles of Financial Management

Describe and enumerate the main guiding principles of financial management. The time value of money, risk and return trade-offs, diversification, leverage, profitability, and the idea of opportunity cost are some of these concepts. Explain each principle in detail, showing how it applies to financial decision-making. Describe how these principles assist financial managers in assessing investment opportunities, controlling financial risks, and enhancing an organization's capital structure. To show the practical applications of these principles in actual financial management situations, back up your explanations with pertinent examples and case studies.

Conducting Research for Your Financial Management Assignment

Writing an informed and comprehensive financial management assignment requires extensive research. The foundation of your work is research, which gives you the facts and figures you need to back up your claims and analyses. This section will describe how to conduct efficient research, assisting you in compiling pertinent and trustworthy sources for your assignment. You can guarantee the accuracy and reliability of the information you include in your assignment by using a variety of sources, including textbooks, scholarly journals, industry reports, and financial databases. Maintaining up-to-date knowledge of current financial trends and laws is also essential to prove that you comprehend the dynamic nature of financial management. You can improve the quality and depth of your assignment by doing thorough research, which will allow you to present arguments and insights in the field of financial management that are solidly supported.

Utilize Diverse Sources

It is essential to consult a variety of sources for your financial management assignment if you want to guarantee its accuracy and dependability. You will gain a thorough understanding of the subject matter if you rely on a variety of sources, including books, scholarly journals, industry reports, reputable websites, and financial databases. To ensure the accuracy of the data and insights you present in your assignment, evaluate the credibility, relevance, and timelessness of the information you incorporate from these sources. You can improve the depth and caliber of your research by incorporating a variety of sources and providing solid evidence to back up your claims and analyses.

Stay Updated with Current Financial Trends

The field of financial management is constantly evolving and changing. It's crucial to keep up with the most recent financial trends, laws, and practices to write an informed and pertinent financial management assignment. You can demonstrate your knowledge and understanding of the dynamic nature of financial management by staying up to date with recent developments. To gather up-to-date information, turn to reliable financial news sources, business networks, and sector-specific publications. Your assignment will demonstrate your ability to analyze actual situations and apply modern financial management principles by incorporating current trends, case studies, and industry insights. Being current will help your assignment sound more credible and show that you are interested in the constantly changing field of financial management.

Structuring Your Financial Management Assignment

Your financial management assignment's structure is an important component that improves readability and makes it possible for you to communicate your ideas. The logical flow of a well-structured assignment ensures that your arguments and analysis are presented understandably and systematically. You can set the stage for what follows by giving a succinct introduction that describes the aim and goals of your assignment. The main body of your assignment can be organized into sections that each concentrate on different facets of financial management. This allows for a methodical investigation of the subject. The organization and readability of your work are further enhanced when subheadings are used within these sections. Finally, a thoughtful conclusion that summarises the main ideas and highlights their importance brings the assignment together successfully. You can effectively engage your readers and present a strong argument in your financial management assignment by following a solid structure. The fundamental components and format for your financial management assignment are described in this section.

Introduction

Start your financial management assignment off strong with a succinct and captivating introduction. Indicate the precise goals you hope to achieve in your assignment's purpose and objectives, which should be stated clearly. Introduce the subject of financial management by emphasizing its importance and relevance in the fast-paced business environment of today. Give the reader a glimpse of the insightful knowledge they can expect to learn from reading your work by giving a brief overview of the important topics you will be covering in your assignment. You will lay a solid foundation for the remainder of your assignment by establishing the scene and a clear direction from the outset.

The main body of your financial management assignment should be divided into logical sections, each of which should focus on a different facet of the subject. Ensure that sections flow into one another seamlessly to allow for a logical progression of ideas. Include pertinent theoretical frameworks, case studies, and empirical data to back up your claims and analysis. Use subheadings to effectively organize your content so that readers can navigate your assignment and understand the main ideas. You can show that you have a thorough understanding of financial management by putting forth arguments that are supported by a variety of sources and engaging your readers in thought-provoking debates.

Reiterate the important ideas covered in your work throughout your financial management assignment. Summarise the key conclusions and revelations from your study, focusing on their importance in the context of financial management. Restate the main goals of your assignment and demonstrate how you met them successfully in your work. To encourage readers to learn more about the subject in-depth, you should also think about making recommendations for additional research or discussing the useful implications of your findings. A strong conclusion leaves a lasting impression on your audience, reinforcing the significance of your research and giving them something to ponder.

Writing Tips for Your Financial Management Assignment

Effective communication and attention to detail are necessary when writing a financial management assignment. This section offers helpful advice to improve the caliber of your assignment. You can make sure that your readers can understand your ideas by using clear, concise language. Strengthening your analysis and giving your work credibility by supplying pertinent data and evidence to support your claims. To remove errors and increase clarity, proper editing and proofreading are also crucial. Academic integrity requires consistency in referencing and adherence to the proper citation style. Additionally, readability is improved by logically structuring your assignment and organizing your thoughts coherently. By using these writing suggestions, you can create a strong financial management assignment that shows off your knowledge and comprehension of the subject. Take into account the following writing advice to make sure your assignment is effective and clear:

Use Clear and Concise Language

It's crucial to convey your ideas concisely and clearly when writing your financial management assignment. Avoid confusing your readers with jargon and technical terms. Instead, make an effort to speak simply and clearly. To ensure comprehension and give context to your readers, define any technical terms you use. Your assignment will be easier to read and more accessible to a wider audience if you use clear, concise language.

Support Your Arguments with Evidence

It is crucial to support your claims and arguments with pertinent facts and figures to give your financial management assignment more credibility. When necessary, use tables, graphs, and charts to visually illustrate your points and improve comprehension. Follow the proper referencing style and make sure to consistently and accurately cite your sources. By providing evidence to back up your claims, you show that you have a thorough understanding of the subject at hand and lay the groundwork for your analysis and conclusions.

Proofread and Edit Your Assignment

Spend some time carefully editing and proofreading your financial management assignment before turning it in. Check your assignment carefully for grammatical, spelling, and punctuation errors to make sure it is error-free. Make sure your assignment reads well and is coherent, with logical connections between ideas and paragraphs. Edit your work for readability, clarity, and logical content organization. This entails looking over your sentences for clarity, your writing for consistency, and your assignment as a whole for the overall structure. You can polish your assignment and present a polished piece of work by going through a thorough proofreading and editing process.

In conclusion, writing a financial management assignment necessitates having a firm understanding of the subject and strong research abilities. You can write an engaging essay by studying the foundations of financial management, doing extensive research, and logically arranging your assignment. It is essential to use clear and concise language, back up your claims with proof, and carefully proofread your assignment for accuracy and clarity. By putting these techniques into practice, you'll not only impress your readers but also gain a deeper understanding of this important subject. Accept the challenge, implement the advice in this manual, and let your assignment serve as a showcase for your expertise in and enthusiasm for financial management. Wishing you luck as you complete your assignment!

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Financial Management Explained: Scope, Objectives & Importance

In business, financial management is the practice of handling a company’s finances in a way that allows it to be successful and compliant with regulations. That takes both a high-level plan and boots-on-the-ground execution.

What Is Financial Management?

At its core, financial management is the practice of making a business plan and then ensuring all departments stay on track. Solid financial management enables the CFO or VP of finance to provide data that supports creation of a long-range vision, informs decisions on where to invest, and yields insights on how to fund those investments, liquidity, profitability, cash runway and more.

ERP software can help finance teams achieve these goals: A financial management system combines several financial functions, such as accounting, fixed-asset management, revenue recognition and payment processing. By integrating these key components, a financial management system ensures real-time visibility into the financial state of a company while facilitating day-to-day operations, like period-end close processes.

Video: What Is Financial Management?

Objectives of Financial Management

Building on those pillars, financial managers help their companies in a variety of ways, including but not limited to:

• Maximizing profits: Provide insights on, for example, rising costs of raw materials that might trigger an increase in the cost of goods sold.
• Tracking liquidity and cash flow: Ensure the company has enough money on hand to meet its obligations.
• Ensuring compliance: Keep up with state, federal and industry-specific regulations.
• Developing financial scenarios: These are based on the business’ current state and forecasts that assume a wide range of outcomes based on possible market conditions.
• Manage relationships: Dealing effectively with investors and the boards of directors .

Ultimately, it’s about applying effective management principles to the company’s financial structure.

Scope of Financial Management

Financial management encompasses four major areas:

The financial manager projects how much money the company will need in order to maintain positive cash flow, allocate funds to grow or add new products or services and cope with unexpected events, and shares that information with business colleagues.

Planning may be broken down into categories including capital expenses, T&E and workforce and indirect and operational expenses.

The financial manager allocates the company’s available funds to meet costs, such as mortgages or rents, salaries, raw materials, employee T&E and other obligations. Ideally there will be some left to put aside for emergencies and to fund new business opportunities.

Companies generally have a master budget and may have separate sub documents covering, for example, cash flow and operations; budgets may be static or flexible .

Static vs. Flexible Budgeting

Managing and assessing risk.

Line-of-business executives look to their financial managers to assess and provide compensating controls for a variety of risks, including:

Affects the business’ investments as well as, for public companies, reporting and stock performance. May also reflect financial risk particular to the industry, such as a pandemic affecting restaurants or the shift of retail to a direct-to-consumer model .

The effects of, for example, customers not paying their invoices on time and thus the business not having funds to meet obligations, which may adversely affect creditworthiness and valuation, which dictates ability to borrow at favorable rates .

Finance teams must track current cash flow, estimate future cash needs and be prepared to free up working capital as needed.

This is a catch-all category, and one new to some finance teams. It may include, for example, the risk of a cyber-attack and whether to purchase cybersecurity insurance , what disaster recovery and business continuity plans are in place and what crisis management practices are triggered if a senior executive is accused of fraud or misconduct.

The financial manager sets procedures regarding how the finance team will process and distribute financial data, like invoices, payments and reports, with security and accuracy. These written procedures also outline who is responsible for making financial decisions at the company — and who signs off on those decisions.

Companies don’t need to start from scratch; there are policy and procedure templates available for a variety of organization types, such as this one for nonprofits.

Functions of Financial Management

More practically, a financial manager’s activities in the above areas revolve around planning and forecasting and controlling expenditures.

The FP&A function includes issuing P&L statements, analyzing which product lines or services have the highest profit margin or contribute the most to net profitability, maintaining the budget and forecasting the company’s future financial performance and scenario planning.

Managing cash flow is also key. The financial manager must make sure there’s enough cash on hand for day-to-day operations, like paying workers and purchasing raw materials for production. This involves overseeing cash as it flows both in and out of the business, a practice called cash management.

Along with cash management, financial management includes revenue recognition, or reporting the company’s revenue according to standard accounting principles. Balancing accounts receivable turnover ratios is a key part of strategic cash conservation and management. This may sound simple, but it isn’t always: At some companies, customers might pay months after receiving your service. At what point do you consider that money “yours” — and report the good news to investors?

Finally, managing financial controls involves analyzing how the company is performing financially compared with its plans and budgets. Methods for doing this include financial ratio analysis, in which the financial manager compares line items on the company’s financial statements.

Strategic vs. Tactical Financial Management

On a tactical level, financial management procedures govern how you process daily transactions, perform the monthly financial close, compare actual spending to what’s budgeted and ensure you meet auditor and tax requirements.

On a more strategic level, financial management feeds into vital FP&A (financial planning and analysis) and visioning activities, where finance leaders use data to help line-of-business colleagues plan future investments, spot opportunities and build resilient companies.

Importance of Financial Management

Solid financial management provides the foundation for three pillars of sound fiscal governance:

Strategizing

Identifying what needs to happen financially for the company to achieve its short- and long-term goals. Leaders need insights into current performance for scenario planning , for example.

Decision-making

Helping business leaders decide the best way to execute on plans by providing up-to-date financial reports and data on relevant KPIs.

Controlling

Ensuring each department is contributing to the vision and operating within budget and in alignment with strategy.

With effective financial management, all employees know where the company is headed, and they have visibility into progress.

What Are the Three Types of Financial Management?

The functions above can be grouped into three broader types of financial management:

Capital budgeting

Relates to identifying what needs to happen financially for the company to achieve its short- and long-term goals. Where should capital funds be expended to support growth ?

Capital structure

Determine how to pay for operations and/or growth. If interest rates are low, taking on debt might be the best answer. A company might also seek funding from a private equity firm , consider selling assets like real estate or, where applicable, selling equity.

Working capital management

As discussed above, is making sure there’s enough cash on hand for day-to-day operations, like paying workers and purchasing raw materials for production.

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What Is an Example of Financial Management?

We’ve covered some examples of financial management in the “functions” section above. Now, let’s cover how they all work together:

Say the CEO of a toothpaste company wants to introduce a new product: toothbrushes. She’ll call on her team to estimate the cost of producing the toothbrushes and the financial manager to determine where those funds should come from — for example, a bank loan.

The financial manager will acquire those funds and ensure they’re allocated to manufacture toothbrushes in the most cost-effective way possible. Assuming the toothbrushes sell well, the financial manager will gather data to help the management team decide whether to put the profits toward producing more toothbrushes, start a line of mouthwashes, pay a dividend to shareholders or take some other action.

Throughout the process, the financial manager will ensure the company has enough cash on hand to pay the new workers producing the toothbrushes. She’ll also analyze whether the company is spending and generating as much money as she estimated when she budgeted for the project.

NetSuite: Financial Management for Startups and Beyond

At the outset, financial management responsibilities within a startup include making and sticking to a budget that aligns with the business plan, evaluating what to do with profits and making sure your bills get paid and that customers pay you.

Financial management gets more complicated as the company grows and adds finance and accounting contractors or staffers. You must ensure your employees get paid with accurate deductions, properly file taxes and financial statements, and watch for errors and fraud.

This all circles back to our opening discussion of balancing strategic and tactical. By building a plan, you can answer the big questions: Are our goods and services profitable? Can we afford to launch a new product or make that hire? What might the coming 12 to 18 months bring for the business? Solid financial management provides the systems and processes to answer those questions.

Financial management challenges can be daunting for both startups and growing businesses. This is where NetSuite's financial management software comes into play. With its comprehensive, cloud-based solutions, NetSuite ensures that your financial data is accurate, up-to-date, and accessible anytime, anywhere.

From automating complex financial processes to offering real-time visibility into performance, NetSuite is the go-to solution for businesses aiming for seamless integration and efficient financial operations. As your company expands, NetSuite scales with you, ensuring you have the right tools to make informed strategic decisions at every stage. Make the smart choice for your business's financial future with NetSuite.

Financial Management

What is Financial Contingency Plan? A Step-by-Step Guide to Creating One

Creating a financial contingency plan is a wise move for any business. Crises and setbacks can strike suddenly, from natural disasters to economic downturns, technical failures, partner bankruptcies and customer…

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BUS202: Principles of Finance

Unit 2 Financial Statement Analysis Exercises

Complete these exercises and problems and then check your work.

The income statement captures all activity related to revenues and expenses over a particular time period. For instance, the quarterly income statement includes all revenue and expense items for that quarter. The beginning of the quarter is treated the same as the end of the quarter. The same applies for annual income statements. However, balance sheets represent a firm's assets, liabilities, and owners' equity at a particular point in time. The quarterly balance sheet only reflects the last day of that quarter and the annual balance sheet only reflects the last day of the year. As such, the balance sheet is more open to seasonality issues and short-term fluctuations. For instance, if the balance sheet is prepared 1 day prior to a large cash payment the cash account will appear artificially large. On the other hand, if it is prepared 1 day after the payment the cash account will appear artificially small.

The firm has $60 million in total liabilities.

A = L + OE $100M = L + $40M $60M = L

Depreciation is a noncash expense. While it lowers net income, the firm is not actually paying anything for depreciation so it has no impact on cash flows (ignoring taxes…when considering taxes, depreciation lowers net income but increases cash flows as less cash is paid in taxes). The cash flow impact of an asset purchase from a finance perspective occurs when the asset is purchased. Spreading the cost equally over the assets useful life ignores the time value of money and understates the true cost of the purchase. A few other issues that may create a difference between cash flows and earnings include (this is not a complete list) –

• Revenue recognition
• Inventory accounting method
• Prepaid expenses
• Accounts Payable/Receivable

While many people use ratio analysis, the primary parties interested are

• Competitors
• Stockholders (and potential stockholders)
• Long-Term Creditors
• Short-Term Creditors

When analyzing  Liquidity Ratios , the most interested parties are management and short-term creditors. Management needs to understand the firm's liquidity position in order to properly manage the firm. Short-term creditors typically do not care much about the long-term health of the firm, but only if they have enough liquid capital to meet the short-term obligations. Long-term creditors and stockholders would also be interested, but primarily only if the liquidity ratios were weak enough to damage the long-term health of the firm.

When analyzing  Asset Management Ratios , the most interested parties are management, competitors, and stockholders. Again, management must be interested in all the ratios as they must manage all aspects of the firms operations. Competitors are interested as a gauge of their own performance. If our competition has a total asset turnover of 2.50 and ours is only 1.95 we must understand what they are doing to outperform us in this measure. By identifying our weaknesses, we can address them. Stockholders have some interest in that often asset management ratios impact a firm's ability to generate profits and increase firm value. Long-term and short-term creditors are typically not significantly concerned with these measures as they do not share in any “extra” profits the company generates. As long as the firm is able to meet interest and principle obligations, debt holders are happy.

Management, long-term creditors, short-term creditors, and stockholders are all focused on  Debt Management Ratios . These ratios measure a firm's ability to meet their debt obligations, so creditors want to see these ratios strong in order to be confident of receiving their full interest and principle payments. Long-term creditors are probably more focused on this as short-term creditors hope to be repaid quickly enough that they are more concerned about the liquidity issues. Stockholders are concerned because if the firm is unable to meet its debt obligations it will be forced into bankruptcy and the stockholders will likely lose all of their investment.

Profitability Ratios  are a concern primarily for management, competitors, and stockholders. Creditors, both LT and ST, do not participate in profits so their only concern with profitability ratios is if they are negative and threaten the ability of the firm to meet interest and principal payments. Like asset management ratios, competitors use profitability ratios as a method to gauge their strengths and weaknesses. Since stockholders “own” the business, the profits belong to them. Therefore, the stronger the profitability ratios, the happier the stockholders are.

Market Value Ratios  are looked at by stockholders and management. These ratios measure how “cheap” or “expensive” the stock is. Management typically wants these ratios to be high as it is a sign that they are maximizing firm value. Potential stockholders typically want them low as that is an indication that the stock may be cheap (except for dividend yield). As a side note, market value ratios are often much more difficult to analyze than many people would like.

The key to this question recognizing the role of the equation A = L + OE in these two ratios. Because all firms use some degree of liabilities (long-term debt, accounts payable, accruals, etc.), we know that Assets must be larger than Owners' Equity. The greater the amount of debt financing (liabilities), the greater the difference between Assets and Owners Equity will be. Also, since the difference between ROA and ROE is the denominator (ROA is NI/Assets while ROE is NI/OE), ROE will always be higher than ROE (for firms with positive NI). Finally, the greater the amount of debt financing (liabilities), the greater the difference between ROA and ROE will be.

When considering the above paragraph, we can now comment on the specific ROA and ROE numbers for Company A and B. Since Company B has a lower ROA and a higher ROE (relative to Company A), we know that Company B is using more leverage (debt financing) than Company A.

Neither approach is necessarily “better” or “worse” than the other. They are just different. Company B is using a more aggressive (riskier) strategy of financing. The higher level of debt increases the risk, but also means stockholders earn a greater return on their money when the company does well. However, if the company does poorly, the higher leverage (debt financing) will magnify the losses (as the interest must still be paid and the loss is spread over less shareholder capital). Thus, higher amounts of debt financing are riskier, but also increase the potential return. Which approach is better depends on the level of risk aversion for each shareholder.

The DSO ratio does provide an indication of how long it is taking a firm to collect its credit sales. Thus, a high DSO ratio can be an indication of a problem in managing a firm's accounts receivables. However, one must be very careful in jumping to conclusions. First, DSO can be very industry dependent. Second, and the issue in this question, is that DSO uses both balance sheet and income statement values to calculate the ratio. As the Annual Income statement is not subject to seasonality while the Annual Balance Sheet is, there is the potential for seasonality issues to distort the ratio. Specifically, Company A has larger accounts receivable on their annual balance sheet due to the seasonal nature of their sales. This inflates their DSO ratio. Company B has had plenty of time to collect their accounts receivable. This is a prime example of why you need to consider seasonality when evaluating ratios.

If we think of the inventory turnover ratio, Company A should appear to be doing better. Specifically, they will have less inventory on hand at the end of the year (as their heavy sales season is winding down and they approach seasonally lower sales). Alternatively, Company B's inventory will be high to meet their seasonally high 1st and 2nd quarter sales that are right around the corner.

Subject to Seasonality – Quarterly Income Statement, Quarterly Balance Sheet, Annual Balance Sheet

Not Subject to Seasonality – Annual Income Statement

This is a FALSE statement. While it is true that everything else equal, a higher profit margin is better than a lower profit margin there is not enough information to make this a true statement. We are ignoring both trend analysis and comparative analysis, so we don't have the necessary context to evaluate the profit margin number. For instance company A could be in a low profit margin industry (such as banking or retail) while company B could be in a high profit margin industry (such as software or pharmaceuticals). Also, profit margin is only one ratio and to label one company as outperforming another based on a single ratio is shortsighted. We need to consider the larger picture before making such a statement. The purpose of this question is to illustrate that one ratio without context is close to meaningless.

Trend Analysis refers to looking at a firm's ratios over a period of 3-5 years to identify whether specific areas are strengthening or weakening. Comparative analysis refers to looking at a firm's ratios relative to other firms in the same industry to evaluate whether they are better or worse than industry averages. Trend/comparative analysis provides us some of the necessary context to properly interpret the ratios.

QUESTION 10

Potential problems with trend analysis include

Potential problems with comparative analysis include

QUESTION 11

A very low quick ratio may be cause for concern because it could indicate liquidity concerns. A low level of cash and accounts receivable relative to our current liabilities could indicate that we will have a hard time paying those current liabilities when they are due. A very high quick ratio may be cause for concern because it indicates an inefficient allocation of resources. Cash and accounts receivable are not high return assets. We would likely be better off allocating our assets to areas with higher rates of return.

QUESTION 12

The primary objective of financial statement analysis from the perspective of management is to identify potential strengths and weaknesses of our firm relative to our competitors so we can take full advantage of our strengths and work on fixing our weaknesses.

There are several difficulties that management might encounter in conducting a complete financial statement analysis. Some are mentioned in the question on potential problems with trend analysis and comparative analysis above. Other problems include comparability of financial statements across firms in the industry due to different fiscal years and/or different accounting procedures. Also, the need to dig beyond the numbers is critical. For example, is a high ROE due to a well-run company or due to too much leverage that could cause significant problems if we hit a small rough patch? Another issue is that financial statement analysis may help us identify potential strengths and weaknesses. However, even after confirming them by digging deeper, the financial statement analysis often does not recommend HOW we can fix the weakness or exploit the strength.

The primary objective of financial statement analysis from the perspective or the stockholder is to identify companies to invest in (potential stockholders) or evaluate the companies the stockholder currently owns (current stockholders).

Stockholders face many of the same problems discussed above with management. However, an important challenge for stockholders is that they must not only analyze the company's financial health, but also evaluate how much they are paying for it. There may be situations where buying stock in a company with poor financial health is a good opportunity (the stock price is “cheap” enough and there is a chance for the company to rebound). There may also be situations where selling shares of stock in a company with strong financial health is good (the stock price is so expensive that the firm's success is already more than fully reflected in the stock price). Too often stockholders get caught up in what they are buying and don't think enough about how much they are paying for it.

CR = CA/CL = 7,000,000/4,500,000 = 1.56 QR = (CA – Inv)/CL = (7,000,000 – 2,000,000)/4,500,000 = 1.11 ITR = CGS/Inv = 6,000,000/2,000,000 = 3 times DSO = AR/(Sales/365) = 2,000,000/(15,000,000/365) = 48.67 days FAT = Sales/Fixed Asst = 15,000,000/10,000,000 = 1.5 times TAT = Sales/Total Asst = 15,000,000/17,000,000 = 0.88 times TD/TA = 10,000,000/17,000,000 = 58.8% TD/OE = 10,000,000/7,000,000 = 142.86% TIE = EBIT/Int = 4,000,000/1,000,000 = 4 times GPM = (Sales – CGS)/Sales = (15,000,000 – 6,000,000)/15,000,000 = 60% NPM = NI/Sales = 2,100,000/15,000,000 = 14.0% ROA = NI/Asst = 2,100,000/17,000,000 = 12.4% ROE = NI/OE = 2,100,000/7,000,000 = 30.0% PE = Price/EPS = 25/1.05 = 23.81 M/B = Price/BV = 25/(7,000,000/2,000,000) = 7.14 DY = Div/Price = $0.50/$25 = 2.00%

CR = CA/CL = 11,050,000/7,000,000 = 1.58 QR = (CA – Inv)/CL = (11,050,000 – 4,000,000)/7,000,000 = 1.01 ITR = CGS/Inv = 11,000,000/4,000,000 = 2.75 times DSO = AR/(Sales/365) = 4,000,000/(20,000,000/365) = 73 days FAT = Sales/Fixed Asst = 20,000,000/11,000,000 = 1.82 times TAT = Sales/Total Asst = 20,000,000/22,050,000 = 0.91 times TD/TA = 15,000,000/22,050,000 = 68.0% TD/OE = 15,000,000/7,050,000 = 212.77% TIE = EBIT/Int = 3,000,000/1,500,000 = 2 times GPM = (Sales – CGS)/Sales = (20,000,000 – 11,000,000)/20,000,000 = 45% NPM = NI/Sales = 1,050,000/20,000,000 = 5.25% ROA = NI/Asst = 1,050,000/22,050,000 = 4.76% ROE = NI/OE = 1,050,000/7,050,000 = 14.89% PE = Price/EPS = 17.5/0.525 = 33.33 M/B = Price/BV = 17.5/(7,050,000/2,000,000) = 4.96 DY = Div/Price = $0.50/$17.50 = 2.86%

Each item in the income statement is expressed as a percentage of sales (revenues) and each item in the balance sheet is presented as a percentage of total assets.

To start the analysis of finding strengths and weaknesses, I started with the common size statements. The first thing that I noticed was the increase in Cost of Goods Sold from 40% of sales in 2015 to 55% of sales in 2017. This indicates that our production costs jumped significantly and will act to lower our net income. Selling and Administrative expenses dropped slightly from 20% of sales to 17.5% of sales. This is a strength, but is not a very large change so I don't place much emphasis on it. The declines in EBIT and Net Income as a % of sales are due to the increase in CGS, so do not need further analysis. Thus, from the Common Size Income statement, I focus on the increase in CGS as a significant weakness and would classify the decline in S&A Expenses as a small strength.

Next I proceed to the Common Size balance sheet. The first things I notice are the increases in accounts receivable and inventory as a % of total assets. This is a concern that needs more analysis before I declare it a weakness. Consider accounts receivable first. AR could increase due to higher sales levels. If 25% of my sales are done on credit and sales increase, my AR will automatically increase as well. This could result in AR being a bigger portion of my firm's assets and would not be seen as a negative. On the other hand, AR may be increasing because fewer customers are paying their bills on time. This could lead to more bad debt expense or higher collection costs. I can not tell which explanation is causing the increase in AR from the CS balance sheet, so I will make a note of it and look more at the issue as I move through my analysis. Like AR, inventory increases may or may not be a weakness. If sales increase, I will need more inventory on hand to handle the increase in sales which is likely to cause inventory to make up a larger portion of my firm's assets. Alternatively, if I am getting stuck with more out-of-date inventory it will also make up a larger portion of my firm's assets until I am forced to do a write down and take the loss. From the CS balance sheet I can't tell which scenario is taking place so this is also something to investigate further.

Net PPE shows a large drop in the CS Balance sheet, but that is primarily a result of the increase in current assets caused by the jump in AR and Inv which have already been discussed, so I will not pay much attention to the decline in Net PPE. Notes Payable shows a large jump, however that could just be a function of me financing some of my increase in current assets so again that is not something that would concern me too much. I would probably want to note it and make sure I find out the reason for the increase but it likely is not a strength/weakness. The jump in Total Liabilities as a % of total assets is something that might concern me. Higher levels of liabilities as a % of total assets indicates higher risk levels. The firm has a greater chance of serious financial problems is there is a slowdown. This is not necessarily bad as the higher debt levels also have the chance to increase our profits if things go well, however it is something to note with a degree of caution due to the higher risk. Finally, the drop in OE is merely the flip side to the increase in TL, so needs no further analysis.

Next I move on to the ratio analysis. My liquidity ratios appear to be sound as both are stable from year to year and similar to the industry averages. Next is my Inv. Turnover Ratio. This, combined with the increase in inventory on the CS balance sheet indicates a problem. If my inventory increase was merely a result of increased sales, the inventory turnover ratio would hold steady or increase slightly. Instead it has decreased slightly and is noticeably lower than the industry average. This means that I am tying up more of my capital as inventory and probably ending up with older inventory that will need to be marked down and sold at a loss.

I also notice problems with my Days Sales Outstanding ratio. The significant jump in the DSO ratio tells me its taking me an about 24 days longer on average to collect each dollar in sales. Since this is also much higher than the industry average it means one of two things. Either I have a lot of customers that aren't paying on time and may end up with higher levels of bad debts or that I have to offer more favorable credit terms to my customers to keep sales from dropping. Both of these possibilities are bad, so my accounts receivable situation is a definite cause for concern.

Fixed Asset Turnover and Total Asset Turnover both look good. FAT is up and both are higher than the industry average. This is a sign that I am doing a good job overall of using my assets (especially my LT assets) to generate sales.

The debt management ratios are troublesome. My TD/TA and TD/OE ratios have increased by quite a bit and are higher than the industry averages. Also, my TIE ratio has dropped and is lower than the industry average. This means that our firm is using more debt financing and has less margin for error. If we experience an off year or two our firm is likely to run into severe financial problems and could face bankruptcy. On the other hand, if we have a couple of strong years, we will make higher returns for our shareholders due to the leverage provided by debt. This is not necessarily a strength/weakness but is a sign of high financial risk.

The profitability ratios are all showing an interesting pattern that ties back into my CGS observation from the CS income statement. My profitability (PM, ROA, ROE) is down due to the increase in CGS. However, all three ratios are consistent with the industry average. This might be an indication that the increase in CGS is more of an industry issue rather than firm specific. If a key input had a price increase, this is likely to impact all firms in the industry equally. For example, if grain prices jumped significantly both Kellogg's and General Mills may see a jump in their CGS and a decline in their profit margins. It doesn't indicate a management problem, but an industry issue. If my profitability ratios declined significantly AND were lower than the industry average I would be more concerned about company specific problems.

Finally we have the market value ratios which are difficult to interpret in this instance. The PE ratio has increased significantly as my stock price fell, but earnings fell faster. It is also higher than the industry average which indicates the stock is more expensive in terms of what investors pay for each dollar of earnings (possibly indicating that they believe the earnings drop is not permanent). The MV/BV ratio has decreased significantly which indicates the stock is cheaper. This is because book value is less sensitive to the recent earnings decline which lowered the stock price (making the stock cheaper relative to its book value). However, the stock is still slightly more expensive than the industry average. While our dividend yield increased and is higher than the industry average (which is good), there is a danger sign here. If earnings drop any further, we may have to cut our dividend which would cause the yield to drop.

To summarize, our financial statement analysis indicates

• The firm needs to address the CGS issue, but that it is probably an industry issue instead of a company specific problem. This doesn't mean we can ignore it, just that it will be more difficult to fix.
• The firm needs to get control of its credit policies and improve its collections process.
• The firm needs to get control of its inventory concerns
• The firm is doing a good job at generating sales from its LT Assets.
• The firm has a high degree of financial risk
• The firm does not appear to have any major liquidity constraints.
• The stock is relatively expensive relative to the industry average and the dividend yield (while attractive) should be viewed with caution as it may not be sustainable.

You know that you need the current stock price and the book value per share in order to get the MV/BV ratio. To get current stock price, you can use the PE ratio: PE = Price/EPS ⇒ Price = (PE)×(EPS)

To get EPS, you need Net Income which you can get from the net profit margin: Net Profit Margin = Net Income/Sales ⇒ Net Income = Net Profit Margin×Sales

You have the Profit Margin, so you need Sales. You can get Sales from the Total Asset Turnover Ratio: Total Asset Turnover = Sales /Assets ⇒ Sales = TA Turnover×Assets

Sales = (1.5)×($6,000,000) = $9,000,000 Net Income = (0.05)×($9,000,000) = $450,000 EPS = ($450,000)/(600,000 shares) = $0.75 per share Stock Price = (13)×(0.75) = $9.75

Now you need to solve for Book Value which is Owners' Equity per Share. We know the Return on Equity, so we can use that (along with Net Income) to get Owners' Equity: ROE = Net Income/Owners Equity ⇒ Owners Equity = NI/ROE

Owners' Equity = ($450,000)/(0.14) = $3,214,285.71 Book Value = $3,214,285.71)/(600,000 shares) = $5.36 per share MV/BV = ($9.75)/($5.36) = 1.82

Our MV/BV ratio is 1.82. This is a tough problem as it not only tests your knowledge of ratios, but your problem solving skills. Don't worry if you didn't get it at first, but hopefully once you see the solution it makes sense.

Financial Management Report

When you do business, you know for a fact that managing your finances is a part of the job. Being able to manage how much money you are going to spend on projects, on maintaining the business and how much you will need to keep up with your budget is important. This is why it is not something of a surprise to see businessmen and women writing up management reports that focus mainly on the financial aspects of their business. Are you thinking about making a report for your financial management? Check out the examples for them and start right away.

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What Is a Financial Management Report?

A financial management report is a written document that provides information about how a company, a business, or an organization can function in the way it should through managing the financial aspects of the business. The report acts as a roadmap to help find the right balance and path to a successful business or a successful financial outcome. 

In addition, due to the nature of these documents, how a financial management report is addressed and administered will be based on the previous annual financial reports that were made. The main purpose of this report is to give a periodic view of the financial status of a business, a company or an organization. The report is to track down any issues regarding the financial status or financial budget of that given month or quarter.

How to Create a Financial Management Report

Creating a financial management report is crucial for any business, company, or organization to thrive. Especially one with a tight budget. As you continue with your report, take a look at some of the steps to creating a financial management report and what you should and should not add to it.

Step 1: Create a Financial Budget for the Entire Year

The first thing to be seen in your report is to create a financial budget for the entire year. You can also check out your financial budgets from the previous years to get a good glimpse of whether or not your previous budgets can be added to your current ones.

Step 2: Make Some Cost Estimates for Projects

The next part of your report will be to make some cost estimates for projects. Since this is a financial management report, it is expected to also add in cost estimates for projects that would benefit the company or the business. In order to get the proper budget for these kinds of projects, writing a cost estimate is beneficial.

Step 3: List Down in Details the Projects and Resources Used

Apart from the cost estimates, you must also add a summary of details regarding your projects and the financial resources used. This will give you a rundown of how much budget is required for this and see whether or not it may affect the overall budget being proposed or given.

Step 4: Review Your Report before Handing It Over

The last part of your report is to review. Simply put, to make sure that all the important aspects and details of the report are written down. The budget, the projects, and the management of the budget as well. It is also the best way to see whether or not you need to make some changes to your report.

What is a financial management report?

A type of report that focuses mainly on how to manage a financial budget that covers projects and tasks for an organization, a company, or a business. The report acts as a roadmap that gives businessmen the right path to take so they do not suffer from huge financial losses.

What are other types of budget reports?

The types of budget reports are:

• Monthly budget management reports
• Budget reports
• Project budget reports

When can a financial management report be written?

Many companies often write this report before the year ends, but others write them within the first month. When you are going to write it will depend on the company or the business.

When doing business, companies and organizations know that a financial report is part of the paperwork they go through. The report explains the ongoing progress of the financial budget they make for a year, a quarter, or even a month. It shows them where the budget is going and how it is being processed.

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• Financial Literacy for High School Students

Home » Financial Literacy » Resources for Teachers » Financial Literacy for High School Students

Are You Teaching Financial Literacy To High School Students?

The teaching curriculum consists of fourteen lesson plans & worksheets designed to augment a semester course in life skills and personal finance management. The Teacher’s Guide, compiled in a separate, easy-to-use notebook, includes an outline of the curriculum:

• Lesson objectives
• Suggested resources
• Teaching notes
• Chart indicating appropriate age groups for the key learnings offered in each lesson
• Presentation slides
• Answer keys to worksheets (when necessary)

Introductory Overview to Financial Literacy for High School Students

Lesson one: making personal finance decisions.

Each day, we are faced with many decisions. While most decisions are simple, such as “what should I wear?” or “what should I eat?,” others are more complex, such as “should I buy a new or used car?”  As decision-making skills are used and improved, a person’s quality of life is enhanced. Wiser choices result in better use of time, money, and other resources.  This introductory lesson provides students with an opportunity to learn more about decision-making. The lesson starts with an overview of the decision-making process followed by a discussion of various internal and external factors that affect decisions.

Teacher’s Guide –  Lesson One: Making Decisions

Student Guide – Lesson One: Making Decisions

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson One: Making Decisions

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson One: Making Decisions

Lesson Two: Making Money

Building your career is one of the surest ways to increase income and make money. When planning for the future, one of the most critical financial decisions is determining your career path.  In this lesson, students will be encouraged to consider various topics related to career planning and the financial aspects of employment. This variation of the decision-making process can help a person match personal abilities and interests with appropriate employment opportunities.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Two: Making Money

Student Guide – Lesson Two: Making Money

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Two: Making Money

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Two: Making Money

Lesson Three: The Art of Budgeting

A personal budget is a financial plan that allocates future income toward expenses, savings, and debt repayment. “Where does the money go?” is a common dilemma faced by many individuals and households when it comes to budgeting and money management.  Effective money management starts with a goal and a step-by-step plan for saving and spending. Financial goals should be realistic, be specific, have a timeframe, and imply an action to be taken. This lesson will encourage students to take the time and effort to develop their own personal financial goals and budget.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Three: The Art Of Budgeting

Student Guide – Lesson Three: The Art Of Budgeting

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Three: The Art Of Budgeting

Teachers Power Point Presentation – Lesson Three: The Art Of Budgeting

Lesson Four: Living on Your Own

As young people grow up, a common goal is to live on their own. However, the challenges of independent living are often quite different from their expectations. This lesson provides a reality check for students as they investigate the costs associated with moving, obtaining furniture and appliances, and renting an apartment.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Four: Living On Your Own

Student Guide  – Lesson Four: Living On Your Own

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Four: Living On Your Own

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Four: Living On Your Own

Lesson Five: Buying a Home

For many, buying a home is the single most important financial decision they will make in their lifetime.  However, the process of becoming a first-time homebuyer can be overwhelming, and requires a foundation for basic home-buying knowledge.  This lesson will provide students with information on buying a home and where and how to begin the process. After comparing the differences between renting and buying, students will be introduced to a five-step process for home buying. This framework provides an overview for the activities involved with selecting and purchasing a home.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Five: Buying A Home

Student Guide – Lesson Five: Buying A Home

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Five: Buying A Home

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Five: Buying A Home

Lesson Six: Banking Services

If the fee for an ATM transaction to withdraw money is $1 and a person withdraws money twice a week, the banking fees for that person will be $104 a year. Over a five-year period, those fees invested at five percent would grow to more than $570.  Most students know that banks and other financial institutions (credit unions, savings and loan associations) offer a variety of services. However, few people know how to make wise choices when using financial services. In this lesson, students will learn about the different types of financial service products available and the features of each.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Six: Banking Services

Student Guide – Lesson Six: Banking Services

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Six: Banking Services

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Six: Banking Services

Lesson Seven: Credit

In today’s world, credit is integrated into everyday life. From renting a car to reserving an airline ticket or hotel room, credit cards have become a necessary convenience. However, using credit wisely is critical to building a solid credit history and maintaining fiscal fitness. While most students have a general idea about the advantages and disadvantages of credit, this lesson provides an opportunity to discuss these issues in more detail.

Teachers Guide – Lesson Seven: Credit

Student Guide – Lesson Seven: Credit

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Seven: Credit

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Seven: Credit

Lesson Eight: Credit Cards

What is APR? What is a grace period? What are transaction fees?  These and other questions will be answered in this lesson as students learn about credit cards, and the different types of cards available and features of each, such as bank cards, store cards, and travel and entertainment cards.

As students start to shop for their first (or next) credit card, this lesson will make them aware of various costs and features. Included in this section is a discussion of the methods for calculating finance charges.  Various federal laws protect our rights as we apply for and use credit cards, such as procedures for disputes and protection from card theft and fraud. In this lesson, students will also be given an opportunity to analyze the information contained on a credit card statement.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Eight: Credit Cards

Student Guide – Lesson Eight: Credit Cards

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Eight: Credit Cards

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Eight: Credit Cards

Lesson Nine: Cars and Loans

“Should I buy a new car or a used car?”  “Where is the best place to finance my automobile purchase?”  “Is it better to take the rebate or the low-rate financing plan?”  These are typical questions asked by people buying vehicles. In this lesson, students are asked to identify costs associated with owning and operating a motor vehicle. Since these costs are commonly underestimated, guidelines are provided on how much to spend when buying vehicles.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Nine: Cars And Loans

Student Guide – Lesson Nine: Cars And Loans

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Nine: Cars And Loans

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Nine: Cars And Loans

Lesson Ten: The Influence of Advertising

In today’s modern world, advertising seems to be everywhere we look; online, television, billboards, magazines, newspapers, on buses, grocery carts, even cell phones.  In addition, some forms of advertising can be subliminal, such as the strategically-placed soda can in a movie. We can’t help but be influenced and manipulated as consumers. In this lesson, students will become aware of the various techniques and appeals used to influence consumer behavior.

Teachers Guide – Lesson Ten: The Influence Of Advertising

Lesson 10: The Influence of Advertising – High School Student Guide

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Ten: The Influence Of Advertising

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Ten: The Influence Of Advertising

Lesson Eleven: Consumer Awareness

Decisions, decisions. With so many choices available to us, how can we be sure we’re making the right decision?  Wise consumer buying starts with a plan. Using a systematic purchasing strategy will provide students with an ability to make more effective purchases. Comparative shopping techniques will be discussed to encourage students to carefully consider price, product attributes, warranties, and store policies. Next, this lesson covers a variety of buying methods, such as buying clubs, shopping by phone, catalogs, online, and door-to-door selling.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Eleven: Consumer Awareness

Student Guide – Lesson Eleven: Consumer Awareness

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Eleven: Consumer Awareness

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Eleven: Consumer Awareness

Lesson Twelve: Saving and Investing

Saving just 35 cents a day will result in more than $125 in a year. Small amounts saved and invested can easily grow into larger sums. However, a person must start to save.  This lesson provides students with a basic knowledge of saving and investing. The process starts with setting financial goals. Next, a commitment to saving is discussed.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Twelve: Saving And Investing

Student Guide – Lesson Twelve: Saving And Investing

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Twelve: Saving And Investing

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Twelve: Saving And Investing

Lesson Thirteen: In Trouble

The material in this lesson will help students become aware of the warning signs of financial difficulties. This lesson includes information on where to go for debt consolidation help and for nonprofit credit counseling .

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Thirteen: In Trouble

Student Guide – Lesson Thirteen: In Trouble

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Thirteen: In Trouble

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Thirteen: In Trouble

Lesson Fourteen: Consumer Privacy

In today’s information age, keeping your personal financial information private can be challenging. What you put on an application for a loan, your payment history, where you make purchases, and your account balances are but a few of the financial records that can be sold to third parties and other organizations.  This lesson, with attached budgeting activities, will encourage high school students to take the time and effort to develop their own personal financial goals and spending behaviors.

Teacher’s Guide – Lesson Fourteen: Consumer Privacy

Student Guide – Lesson Fourteen: Consumer Privacy

Teacher’s Slide Presentation – Lesson Fourteen: Consumer Privacy

Teacher’s Power Point Presentation – Lesson Fourteen: Consumer Privacy

Supplementary Resources

In an effort to give you the most up-to-date information for teaching and making personal financial decisions, we’ve compiled the following lists of periodicals and organizations that can enhance your use of Practical Money Skills for Life.

More Resources for Students: The Cost of College 

The cost to attend college has soared faster than almost any segment of the economy over the last 30 years. The average cost for students attending a public university is up 213% ($3,190 in 1988 to $9,970 in 2018), while private school is up 129% ($15,160 to $34,740) over the same time period.

That’s the primary reason Americans are $1.4 trillion in debt on student loans.

The good news is that are hundreds of online sites offering tips on not just what it will cost, but what you can do to pay for it. So, take a deep breath and check out these sites that should help you find a college you can afford to attend.

• www.collegedata.com : This is a wonderful resource for everything from cost factors to how to apply to how to pay your own way.
• www.trends.collegeboard.org : They specialize in providing historical data on college pricing, financial aid and what your degree will be worth when you graduate.
• https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/prepare-for-college/choosing-schools/consider/costs : This is the site for the Department of Education, which provides approximately 67% of college financial aid. You will find detailed evaluation of costs and financial aid here.
• https://www.aie.org/ : This site offers answers on the cost of college, how to finance it and even how to manage money while you’re there.
• https://nces.ed.gov/ : This is a government site that collects and analyzes date from every college and provides accurate data on average cost of attendance.
• www.mykidscollegechoice.com : Very focused on finding a college you can afford and ways to pay for it.
• www.collegecountdown.com : Asks and answers questions about actual costs of college, school that fit you financially and how to evaluate offers you receive from colleges.

Other Resources for Teachers

• Debt Relief For Teachers
• Student Loan Forgiveness for Teachers
• Financial Literacy for Teachers

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El ciberdelito o delito informático es todo aquel acto ilegal realizado por un ciberdelincuente en el espacio digital a través de las redes informáticas y diversos dispositivos electrónicos. Dichos actos ilegales atentan la integridad y confidencialidad de los datos y de los sistemas informáticos, y tienen el objetivo de estafar y robar datos. Estos ciberdelitos se realizan a través de programas maliciosos, también llamados malwares, desarrollados para dañar, deteriorar, borrar, hacer inaccesibles, suprimir o alterar datos informáticos sin la autorización del propietario y con fines monetarios y de daño. Cybercrime, or computer crime, encompasses any illegal activity carried out by cybercriminals in the digital space via computer networks and various electronic devices. These unlawful acts threaten the integrity and confidentiality of data and computer systems, aiming to defraud and steal data. Cybercrimes are executed through malicious programs, also known as malware, designed to damage, deteriorate, delete, render inaccessible, suppress, or alter computer data without the owner's authorization, for monetary gain and to cause harm.

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Bulletin of the History of Medicine, vol. 97, no. 2 (Summer 2023), 197–226. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/905729 Phlegm figures as a major cause and consequence of disease in late imperial Chinese medicine. Curiously, however, when we go back to the classics, the very notion of phlegm is entirely absent. The rise of phlegm is one of the fundamental transformations in the history of Chinese medicine. This article suggests that the little-known Yuan dynasty treatise On the Art of Nourishing Life (1338), which is notable for extending Chinese phlegm theory in unprecedented ways, was pivotal for this transformation. Noting a strong resemblance of the innovations of this treatise with Galenic medical theories, this article argues that they were inspired by an encounter with the Galenic medical tradition. It submits that these innovations radically altered pre-existing Chinese understandings of the body’s materiality and the nature of disease. And it calls for closer attention to the transcultural movements of theories and concepts in the historiography of Chinese and global medicine.

Kwartalnik Historyczny, Eng.-Language Edition no. 6

Jarosław Pałka

During the Cold War, the Polish People’s Army (hereinafter: PPA) planned to occupy Denmark, the northern regions of the Federal Republic of Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium through an offensive campaign. An essential element of this scheme was air and seaborne landing operations aimed at capturing the Danish island of Zealand and the country’s capital, Copenhagen. The actions undertaken by the PPA were intended to comprise part of a large-scale campaign of the allied forces of member states of the Warsaw Pact against NATO. In the mid-1980s, the landing tasks of the PPA were limited to the occupation of the Danish island of Bornholm.

Jens Wilkens

Marín‐Buzón, C. Pérez‐Romero, A., López‐Castro, J.L., Ben Jerbania, I. y Manzano‐Agugliaro, F., “Photogrammetry as a New Scientific Tool in Archaeology: Worldwide Research Trends”, Sustainability 2021, 13, 5319.

José Luis López Castro

Archaeology has made significant advances in the last 20 years. This can be seen by the remarkable increase in specialised literature on all archaeology-related disciplines. These advances have made it a science with links to many other sciences, both in the field of experimental sciences and in the use of techniques from other disciplines such as engineering. Within this last issue it is important to highlight the great advance that the use of photogrammetry has brought for archaeology. In this research, through a systematic study with bibliometric techniques, the main institutions and countries that are carrying them out and the main interests of the scientific community in archaeology related to photogrammetry have been identified. The main increase in this field has been observed since 2010, especially the contribution of UAVs that have reduced the cost of photogrammetric flights for reduced areas. The main lines of research in photogrammetry applied to archaeology are close-range photogrammetry, aerial photogrammetry (UAV), cultural heritage, excavation, cameras, GPS, laser scan, and virtual reconstruction including 3D printing.

Mariela Peller

Contratapa En La intimidad de la revolución, Mariela Peller reconstruye el vínculo entre militancia, afectos y vida cotidiana en el PRT-ERP, una de las organizaciones revolucionarias más importantes de los años setenta en Argentina. Inscripto en el corpus de investigaciones que examina sin juicios morales las militancias armadas, el libro propone una lectura que atiende a las voces de quienes participaron de esa experiencia revolucionaria con todas sus expectativas, pero también toma en cuenta las inconsistencias y contradicciones de una militancia que se proponía transformar todos los aspectos de la vida. Nos encontramos ante un riguroso trabajo analítico, nutrido de un largo linaje de críticas feministas, que asume sin concesiones los desafíos conceptuales de poner en el mismo registro la racionalidad de la política-militar y la emocionalidad de lo íntimo y de revisar los controvertidos significados que la igualdad asumió para los y las militantes. Para ello se detiene en diferentes tópicos, como la división del trabajo y la misma noción de igualdad. El trabajo no pagado que exige la reproducción de la vida, esa serie de labores fundamentales para sostener la actividad militante, ¿son o no del orden lo político? ¿qué valor le otorgó el Partido? ¿las organizaciones guerrilleras ejecutaron nuevos modos de la división sexual del trabajo? El discurso articulado en torno a la figura del hombre nuevo, con su pretensión de universalidad, ¿en qué medida era capaz de contener la diferencia femenina? Enhebrado en torno a una serie de preguntas agudas y escrito con precisión analítica y sutileza narrativa, La intimidad de la revolución constituye un aporte fundamental para comprender aquellos tiempos intensos donde se tensionan el drama y la felicidad, y una invitación a reflexionar sobre nuestro presente. Alejandra Oberti https://www.prometeoeditorial.net/productos/la-intimidad-de-la-revolucion-peller/

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The assignments in this course are openly licensed, and are available as-is, or can be modified to suit your students’ needs. Selected answer keys are available to faculty who adopt Waymaker, OHM, or Candela courses with paid support from Lumen Learning. This approach helps us protect the academic integrity of these materials by ensuring they are shared only with authorized and institution-affiliated faculty and staff.

If you import this course into your learning management system (Blackboard, Canvas, etc.), the assignments will automatically be loaded into the assignment tool.

Sun City Boards Assignments and Discussions

Half of the written assignments and discussions are based on a case study, whose focus is a fictional high-end surfboard company, Sun City Boards, which is also highlighted in the Why It Matters and Putting it Together in Module 3: Planning and Mission. Many of these assignments take the form of asking students to give Tom, the company’s inexperienced owner, advice about how he can run his business more effectively. The Sun City Boards assignments create a common framework for applying knowledge and skills developed through the course, encouraging students to demonstrate mastery of the content through real-world tasks and work products.

Alternate Assignments and Discussions

The other half of the written assignments and discussions use a variety of approaches, depending on the subject and learning outcome being assessed; many ask students to go beyond course content to form connections between research topics and what they’ve learned in class.

Using Assignments

We recommend assigning one discussion OR one assignment per chapter, rather than all of them. Some instructors prefer to stick with the Sun City Boards theme throughout the course; others like to use some of the alternates along the way. You can view any assignments or discussions below or throughout the course.

You can view them below or throughout the course:

Rubric for Assignments

There is also a sample rubric to assist you in grading. Instructors may modify these guidelines or use their own.

Open Pedagogy Assignments

Open Pedagogy Assignments are assignments in which students use their agency and creativity to create knowledge artifacts that can support their own learning, their classmates’ learning, and the learning of students around the world. (See this  peer-reviewed article  for more details.) All of the assignments can be created with a cell phone camera or any video recording device, Google or Word documents, and your learning management system.

Discussions

The following discussion assignments will also be preloaded (into the discussion-board tool) in your learning management system if you import the course. They can be used as is, modified, or removed. You can view them below or throughout the course.

Rubric for Discussion Posts

• This discussion invites conversation on race, which might require additional monitoring and involvement from instructors. This blog post from the Choices Program at Brown University contains links to helpful resources to facilitate talking about race in the classroom: "Approaching Race in the Classroom, Actively" ↵
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MGT 2220: Principles of Management (Assignment)

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Term assignment.

TERM PROJECT

• Background and Context: Discuss type of industry, products/services, and how organizational vision and strategies have influenced their management.
• Analysis of current managerial style and organizational culture.
• One NEW recommendation by you that the company can embark on in the near future meaning the next one to three years. This can be a goal to fix issues the company may be experiencing, or to address new endeavors from a growth perspective. Ensure that these align with the organization’s vision and values.   This recommendation must not be identical or very similar to anything the organization is planning already or is currently involved in.  The management involves the four functions of management being applied to achieve some type of organizational goal.
• For your recommendation you will select one goal that will be accomplish. This goal must be a specific goal following the SMART goal setting theory. That means the goal must be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time bound.
• Once your goal is selected for your new strategic initiative you will complete the following four areas regarding the four functions of management.

List and describe the 4 functions of management.  Then, for each of the functions describe how your goal will be achieved by the organization. This section should be approximately eight paragraphs. Four paragraphs to describe the four functions, and then four paragraphs to apply the four functions to how the organization will address your recommendation.

Getting Started

A published SWOT report or company profile is always a good starting point for your company analysis.   These reports will also provide the name of the top management executives at your company.

To Locate SWOT Reports:

• Business Insights  - From the main page in Business Insights, select a company or search for the name of your company. There are Company Profiles for 400,000+ companies, and the largest 1000 public companies have a SWOT analysis right next to the Company Overview.
• ProQuest Central  - From the main search page in ProQuest Central, type the name of your company and SWOT into the search bar. From the results, choose the relevant record

To Locate Company Profiles:

Business Market Research Collection  -  This collection includes Hoover’s Company Profiles for thousands of public and non-public companies.   From the main search page, type the name of your company and HOOVERS into the search bar.   From the results, choose the relevant record.

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