geography waterfall essay

A waterfall is a steep descent of a river or other body of water over a rocky ledge.

Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography

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A waterfall is a river or other body of water's steep fall over a rocky ledge into a plunge pool below. Waterfalls are also called cascades .

The process of erosion , the wearing away of earth, plays an important part in the formation of waterfalls. Waterfalls themselves also contribute to erosion.

Often, waterfalls form as streams flow from soft rock to hard rock. This happens both laterally (as a stream flows across the earth) and vertically (as the stream drops in a waterfall). In both cases, the soft rock erodes, leaving a hard ledge over which the stream falls.

A fall line is the imaginary line along which parallel rivers plunge as they flow from uplands to lowlands. Many waterfalls in an area help geologists and hydrologists determine a region's fall line and underlying rock structure.

As a stream flows, it carries sediment . The sediment can be microscopic silt , pebbles , or even boulders. Sediment can erode stream beds made of soft rock, such as sandstone or limestone. Eventually, the stream's channel cuts so deep into the stream bed that only a harder rock, such as granite, remains. Waterfalls develop as these granite formations form cliffs and ledges.

A stream's velocity increases as it nears a waterfall, increasing the amount of erosion taking place. The movement of water at the top of a waterfall can erode rocks to be very flat and smooth. Rushing water and sediment topple over the waterfall, eroding the plunge pool at the base . The crashing flow of the water may also create powerful whirlpools that erode the rock of the plunge pool beneath them.

The resulting erosion at the base of a waterfall can be very dramatic, and cause the waterfall to " recede ." The area behind the waterfall is worn away, creating a hollow, cave-like structure called a "rock shelter." Eventually, the rocky ledge (called the outcropping ) may tumble down, sending boulders into the stream bed and plunge pool below. This causes the waterfall to "recede" many meters upstream. The waterfall erosion process starts again, breaking down the boulders of the former outcropping.

Erosion is just one process that can form waterfalls. A waterfall may form across a fault , or crack in the Earth’s surface. An earthquake , landslide , glacier , or volcano may also disrupt stream beds and help create waterfalls.

Classifying Waterfalls

There is not a standard way to classify waterfalls. Some scientists classify waterfalls based on the average volume of water in the waterfall. A Class 10 waterfall using this scale is Inga Falls, Democratic Republic of Congo, where the Congo River twists in a series of rapids . The estimated volume of water discharged from Inga Falls is 25,768 cubic meters per second (910,000 cubic feet per second).

Another popular way of classifying waterfalls is by width. One of the widest waterfalls is Khone Phapheng Falls, Laos. At the Khone Phapheng Falls, the Mekong River flows through a succession of relatively shallow rapids. The width of the Khone Phapheng Falls is about 10,783 meters (35,376 feet).

Waterfalls are also classified by height. Angel Falls, the world’s tallest waterfall, plummets 979 meters (3,212 feet) into a remote canyon in a rain forest in Venezuela. The water, from the Gauja River, often does not reach the bottom. The fall is so long, and so steep, that air pressure is stronger often than the water pressure of the falls. The water is turned to mist before it reaches the small tributary  below.

Types of Waterfalls

One of the most popular, if least scientific, ways to classify waterfalls is by type. A waterfall's type is simply the way the descends. Most waterfalls fit more than one category.

A block waterfall descends from a wide stream. Niagara Falls, in the United States and Canada, is a block waterfall on the Niagara River.

A cascade is a waterfall that descends over a series of rock steps. Monkey Falls, in the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in Tamil Nadu, India, is a gently sloping cascade. The waterfall is safe enough for children to play in the water.

A cataract is a powerful, even dangerous, waterfall. Among the widest and wildest of cataracts are the thundering waters of the Iguazu River on the border between Brazil and Argentina.

A chute is a waterfall in which the stream passage is very narrow, forcing water through at unusually high pressure. Three Chute Falls is named for the three "chutes" through which the Tenaya Creek falls in Yosemite National Park, California, U.S.

Fan waterfalls are named for their shape. Water spreads out horizontally as it descends. Virgin Falls is a striking fan waterfall on Tofino Creek, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada.

Frozen waterfall s are just what they sound like. For at least part of the year, the waterfall freezes. Mountaineers often climb frozen waterfalls as a challenging test of their skill. The Fang is a single pillar of ice in Vail, Colorado, U.S., that vertically plunges more than 30 meters (100 feet).

Horsetail waterfalls maintain contact with the hard rock that underlies them. Reichenbach Falls, a fall on the Reichenbach Stream in Switzerland, is a horsetail waterfall where legendary detective Sherlock Holmes allegedly fell to his doom.

Multi-step waterfalls are a series of connected waterfalls, each with their own plunge pool. The breathtaking "falling lakes" of Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia, are a series of multi-step waterfalls.

Plunge waterfalls , unlike horsetail falls, lose contact with the hard rock. The tallest waterfall in Japan, Hannoki Falls, is a plunge waterfall that stands 497 meters (1,640 feet). Hannoki Falls is seasonally fed by snowmelt from the Tateyama Mountains.

Punchbowl waterfalls are characterized by wide pools at their base. Wailua Falls is a punchbowl waterfall on the island of Kauai, Hawai'i, U.S. Although the plunge pool is tranquil and popular for swimming, the area around Wailua Falls itself is dangerous.

The water flowing over segmented waterfalls separate as distinct streams. Huge outcroppings of hard rock separate the streams of Nigretta Falls, a segmented waterfall in Victoria, Australia, before they meet in a large plunge pool.

Case Study: Niagara Falls

The Niagara River has two falls, one in the U.S. state of New York and one in the province of Ontario, Canada. Each waterfall is less than 60 meters (200 feet) tall, but together they are more than a kilometer (0.62 miles) wide.

Niagara and many other falls with large volumes of water are used to generate hydroelectric power . A tremendous volume of water flows over Niagara Falls, as much as 5,525 cubic meters (195,000 cubic feet) per second. Power stations upstream from the falls convert hydroelectric energy into electricity for residential and commercial use.

The U.S. and Canadian governments manage the Niagara River so carefully that it is possible for either country to "turn off" the falls. This is done at night, so as not to disturb the tourism industry, and the falls are never actually turned off, just slowed down. Water is diverted to canals and reservoirs , and the decreased flow allows engineers to check for erosion and other damage on the falls. U.S. and Canadian authorities also work together to ensure Niagara Falls doesn’t freeze in the winter, which would threaten power production.

Because waterfalls are barriers to navigation , canals are sometimes built to get around them. Niagara Falls prevents passage between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario on the Niagara River. In the 19th century, the Welland Canal was built to make passage between the two Great Lakes possible.

Daredevils Because waterfalls are so dramatic and dangerous, thrill-seekers like to perform stunts or events on or around them. People cross waterfalls on tightropes, in canoes, and even in barrels, which provide more protection. Many of these stunts, such as jet-skiing over Niagara Falls, do not go off as planned, and many daredevils have plunged to their deaths. Only two people are known to have survived a plunge from Niagara Falls without any protection. Those two men sustained serious injuries.

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Last Updated

October 19, 2023

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Essay on Waterfall

Students are often asked to write an essay on Waterfall in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Waterfall

Introduction.

Waterfall is a natural feature where water flows over a vertical drop in the course of a river or stream. It is a beautiful spectacle that captivates us with its power and majesty.

Waterfalls are formed when water erodes the rocks. Softer rocks wear away faster, creating a drop over which the water falls.

Types of Waterfalls

There are several types of waterfalls. Some are tall and thin, while others are wide and powerful. The most famous waterfall is the Niagara Falls.

Waterfalls are important as they generate hydroelectric power and are also popular tourist attractions.

Also check:

• 10 Lines on Waterfall

250 Words Essay on Waterfall

Waterfalls, nature’s majestic spectacle, have fascinated humans for millennia. They are more than just a scenic beauty; they symbolize life’s relentless flow and dynamism, while also offering insights into geological processes and ecological interdependence.

Geological Significance

Waterfalls are geological artistry, formed by the erosive activity of water on diverse rock formations. The differential erosion of hard and soft rocks leads to the formation of a waterfall. Thus, they serve as windows to geological history, revealing the earth’s age and the tectonic forces at play.

Ecological Role

Waterfalls play a crucial role in the ecosystem. They oxygenate water, facilitating the survival of aquatic life. Additionally, the moist microclimate around waterfalls supports a diverse array of flora and fauna, contributing to biodiversity.

Symbolism and Cultural Significance

Waterfalls have been revered in various cultures for their symbolic meaning. They often represent strength, power, and the impermanence of life. Many indigenous cultures consider waterfalls as sacred, attributing them with spiritual powers.

Waterfalls, in their grandeur and vitality, encapsulate the essence of nature’s dynamism. They are a testament to the earth’s geological evolution and a vital cog in the ecological machinery. Their cultural and symbolic significance further adds to their allure, making them an intriguing subject of study. As we delve deeper into understanding these natural wonders, we come to appreciate the intricate workings of our planet and our profound connection with nature.

500 Words Essay on Waterfall

Waterfalls, the natural marvels that they are, have been a source of inspiration and fascination for centuries. They are not just a sight to behold but also an embodiment of the sheer power and beauty of nature. This essay delves into the scientific, ecological, and cultural aspects of waterfalls, exploring their formation, impact on ecosystems, and significance in human culture and mythology.

The Science of Waterfalls

Waterfalls are formed when a river or stream flows over a steep descent, causing a sudden drop in the water’s elevation. This is often due to geological activity such as tectonic movement, erosion, or glaciation. The formation of a waterfall is a dynamic process, involving the interplay of various geological forces. Over time, the falling water erodes the riverbed, creating a plunge pool. The continuous process of erosion and deposition can even lead to the retreat of the waterfall, changing the landscape significantly.

Ecological Role of Waterfalls

Waterfalls play a crucial role in local ecosystems. The plunge pool at the base of a waterfall is often a unique habitat, supporting a variety of aquatic species. The turbulence created by the falling water increases the oxygen content of the water, beneficial for fish and other aquatic organisms. Furthermore, waterfalls act as natural barriers, influencing the distribution of aquatic species and contributing to biodiversity by isolating populations.

Waterfalls and Human Culture

Waterfalls have been integral to human culture and mythology around the world. They are often considered sacred and are associated with legends and folklore. For instance, in Japan, waterfalls are seen as a place of spiritual cleansing and meditation. In many indigenous cultures, waterfalls are believed to be the dwelling place of spirits.

In modern times, waterfalls have become significant tourist attractions, contributing to local economies. They are also often used as sources of renewable energy through hydropower plants, demonstrating the balance between harnessing nature’s power and preserving its beauty.

Conservation of Waterfalls

Despite their natural beauty and ecological significance, waterfalls face threats from human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and dam construction. These activities can disrupt the flow of rivers, alter habitats, and lead to the loss of biodiversity. Therefore, it is essential to promote sustainable practices and conservation efforts to preserve these magnificent features of our planet.

Waterfalls, with their mesmerizing beauty and ecological importance, are a testament to the dynamic and powerful forces of nature. They are symbols of natural strength and resilience, constantly adapting and evolving in response to environmental changes. They remind us of our responsibility to respect and preserve the natural world, and the delicate balance that exists between human progress and environmental conservation. Understanding and appreciating waterfalls’ multifaceted aspects can inspire us to value and protect these awe-inspiring wonders of nature.

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Geography Revision

GCSE, AS and A Level Geography Revision

Waterfalls: Formation, Types, Location

Waterfalls stand among the world’s most captivating natural wonders, casting a spellbinding spectacle as water gracefully cascades downward. Travelers from across the globe embark on journeys spanning thousands of kilometers to witness and immerse themselves in the enchanting allure of these cascading marvels.

What is a Waterfall and How Is it Formed?

Waterfalls materialize within youthful river systems, a result of a deep and narrow channel that accommodates their formation. Such natural wonders emerge within a river’s upper course, where a stratum of robust rock lies adjacent to a layer of more yielding stone. Referred to as bedrock, these strata comprise the river’s loose sand, soil, and sediment, coursing swiftly along its steep gradients.

Initially, waterfalls can originate as rapid currents. The river courses over rugged rock, while the underlying soft stone undergoes erosion. This erosion of the softer rock transpires at a swifter rate compared to the more resilient rock, causing the latter to elevate above the riverbed below. The erosion process of these stones varies based on the strength and thickness of the rock, as well as the velocity of the flowing river.

Through a process known as abrasion, which entails the erosion of rock surfaces due to the friction between stones and moving particles carried by the river, the genesis of a waterfall takes shape. Gradually, a vertical descent emerges as the delicate rock undergoes increasing erosion and is transported downstream. The ceaseless interplay of hydraulic action and abrasion works to erode the softer rock, ultimately leading to the formation of a plunge pool beneath the river’s flow. Over time, the hard rock also succumbs to continuous erosion, contributing to the plunge pool’s expansion.

In due course, the river’s gradient steepens, giving rise to the iconic structure of a waterfall. The hard rock, undergoing progressive erosion, eventually detaches and plunges into the plunge pool. Here, it swirls and whirls until a steep-sided valley, known as a gorge, materializes.

As waterfalls persist over vast spans of time, they initiate a retreat. This occurs within a horizontal basin parallel to the waterfall’s position. Over many years, the basin enlarges, and the waterfall gradually transforms into a sloping riverbed. The Earth’s crustal movements, such as earthquakes and volcanic activity, can induce changes in the landscape, thereby influencing the formation of waterfalls.

A third mechanism by which waterfalls can take shape is through the action of glaciers. Glaciers descend valleys, melting and enlarging them significantly. Consequently, smaller valleys that once flowed into the glacier valley become abandoned, diverting the water they carried into the air and culminating in the creation of a waterfall.

Types of Waterfalls

One of the most recognizable yet somewhat unconventional methods of classifying waterfalls is by their type, primarily defined by their manner of descent. Many waterfalls often fall into multiple categories.

A block waterfall descends from a broad river. An example of a block waterfall is Niagara Falls, situated on the Niagara River, spanning the United States and Canada.

A cascade represents a waterfall that gracefully descends over a sequence of rocky terraces. An instance of a cascade is Monkey Falls, found within the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary and National Park in Tamil Nadu, India. This gently sloping feature provides a safe environment for children to frolic in the water.

A cataract, in contrast, embodies a forceful and potentially perilous waterfall. Among the most expansive and awe-inspiring cataracts are the thundering Iguazu River Falls located on the border between Brazil and Argentina.

Meanwhile, a chute characterizes a waterfall where the watercourse narrows considerably, compelling water to surge through at exceptionally high pressure. Three Chute Falls in Yosemite National Park, California, derives its name from the three narrow “chutes” through which Tenaya Creek plummets.

Fan waterfalls are named for their shape. Water spreads out on a level plane as it drops. Virgin Falls is a striking fan waterfall on Tofino Creek, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. 

Frozen waterfalls are precisely as the term suggests: waterfalls that solidify during a portion of the year. These icy formations often serve as challenging endeavors for mountain enthusiasts who undertake frozen waterfall climbing to test their skills. An exemplar of such frozen beauty is The Fang, a solitary pillar of ice in Vail, Colorado, that descends vertically for over 30 meters (100 feet).

Horsetail waterfalls maintain a connection with the solid rock that underlies them. An illustration of a horsetail waterfall is Reichenbach Falls, located along the Reichenbach Stream in Switzerland, which is famously associated with the dramatic fall of the legendary detective Sherlock Holmes.

Multi-step waterfalls , on the other hand, encompass a sequence of interconnected cascades, each accompanied by its own plunge pool. The captivating “falling lakes” within Plitvice Lakes National Park in Croatia exemplify a series of multi-step waterfalls that contribute to its breathtaking beauty.

In contrast, plunge waterfalls detach from the underlying rock. The towering Hannoki Falls in Japan, measuring 497 meters (1,640 feet) in height, is a prime example of a plunge waterfall. This majestic cascade is periodically augmented by snowmelt originating from the Tateyama Mountains.

Punchbowl waterfalls are characterized by their expansive plunge pools at the foot. An illustration of this type is Wailua Falls, situated on the island of Kauai, Hawaii. While the calm plunge pool is inviting for swimming, caution is advised within the vicinity of Wailua Falls due to potential hazards.

In the realm of segmented waterfalls, the flowing water is channeled into distinct streams, partitioned by substantial outcroppings of solid rock. Nigretta Falls, a segmented waterfall located in Victoria, Australia, exemplifies this phenomenon as its surges are divided before converging into a vast plunge pool.

Location of Famous Waterfalls

Jog falls, india .

Nestled within the expanse of Karnataka, the magnificent Jog (or Joga) Falls awaits discovery – heralded as the second steepest waterfall across all of India. Standing at an imposing height of 830 feet (253 meters), these falls unveil captivating vistas of cascading waters amidst an incredibly verdant Indian panorama. For those with an unwavering fascination for waterfalls traversing through India, Jog Falls indisputably merits a prominent spot on your itinerary.

Sutherland Falls, New Zealand 

Nestled discreetly within New Zealand’s South Island lies the breathtaking Sutherland Falls. While the debate lingers over whether Sutherland Falls claims the title of New Zealand’s loftiest, standing regally at an impressive 1,904 feet (580 meters), it undeniably possesses a grandeur capable of astonishing even the most discerning admirer. Although Sutherland Falls has been scaled since 1890, numerous adventurers still marvel at the remote and unexpected route that nature weaves through the Milford Track. This is particularly true during New Zealand’s winter season, regarded as the off-peak period, known for its sporadic weather patterns.

Gullfoss Falls, Iceland 

Amidst the coursing currents of Iceland’s mighty Olfusa River, Gullfoss Falls stands as a symbol of the nation’s striking natural beauty, sculpted by the icy touch of its environment. This iconic waterfall, often admired from an aerial perspective, presents a breathtaking spectacle: the cascade appears as if the water hurtling off the precipice is vanishing into thin air like an ethereal phantom. Despite once being considered as a potential energy source due to its impressive might, the waterfall’s course spans a mere 104 feet (32 meters). Yet, do not be misled by the modest measurements, for it is the sheer force of the surging water that renders Gullfoss an essential attraction for any traveler.

Kaieteur Falls, Guyana 

Nestled deep within the heart of the Amazon, Kaieteur Falls is hailed as one of the Amazon rainforest’s most cherished treasures and a gem of South America as a whole. It also holds the distinction of being the largest waterfall in terms of water volume in a single drop, so be prepared for a refreshing mist! Standing tall at 741 feet (226 meters), Kaieteur provides a remarkable glimpse into the awe-inspiring marvels of nature, along with a touch of extraordinary adventure. However, despite its remote location, do not be deceived; Kaieteur was discovered in 1870 and has since become an undeniable highlight of any adventurous journey.

Plitvice Falls, Croatia 

When the concept of waterfalls comes to mind, Eastern Europe may not be your initial thought. However, overlooking the enchanting Plitvice Falls in Croatia would be a novice’s oversight. Nestled within Plitvice Lakes National Park, the largest national park in Croatia, Plitvice Falls boasts an impressive height of 255 feet (77 meters), rendering it a captivating spectacle! Just inquire from the approximately 1 million visitors who have been embarking on a pilgrimage to witness these stunning falls annually since 1949.

Yosemite Falls, California, USA 

Rare is the individual who has ventured into the splendid splendor of California’s Yosemite National Park and not found themselves awestruck. Even rarer are those who have gazed upon the grandeur of Yosemite’s truly towering waterfalls, which boast an astounding height of 2,425 feet (740 meters), and not returned with enthusiastic praises. Yosemite Falls is nothing short of immense and exquisitely stunning. While the ascent to the upper falls may prove demanding, the experience is unquestionably rewarding. However, its grandeur is substantial enough to be appreciated even by those who choose not to undertake the journey to its summit.

Niagara Falls, New York and Ontario 

When does a waterfall transform into a dual-nation excursion without any additional cost? The answer lies with the mighty Niagara Falls, a renowned marvel that straddles the border between the United States (via New York State) and Ontario, Canada. Soaring to a staggering height of 167 feet (or 99 meters, for our Canadian friends), these falls are equally impressively long, seemingly stretching into eternity. While the Canadian side offers a bustling tourist town perfect for a weekend getaway, the American side predominantly treats visitors to natural, scenic vistas. Both sides warrant a visit to fully appreciate the breathtaking sight of the falls.

Angel Falls, Venezuela 

Standing at an awe-inspiring 3,210 feet (978 meters), Angel Falls reigns supreme as the world’s most awe-inspiring solitary waterfall and proudly claims the title of the tallest waterfall on our list! For those venturing to Venezuela, it stands as an absolute must-see attraction. As if its sheer height wasn’t already captivating, Angel Falls has also earned the prestigious designation of a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is said to have been discovered by the renowned explorer Sir Walter Raleigh during his quest for the mythical city of El Dorado. Modern-day visitors to the falls are in for a remarkable upriver journey, as Angel Falls still remains wonderfully remote. Yet, intrepid waterfall enthusiasts will be richly rewarded with the opportunity to witness one of the most breathtaking wonders on our planet.

Iguazu Falls, Argentina and Brazil 

Similar to the case with Niagara Falls, Iguazu Falls stands as a dual-nation marvel, straddling the border between Argentina and Brazil. Yet, if the allure of obtaining two stamps in your passport isn’t incentive enough, these Falls hold the distinction of being the largest waterfall system in the world. Despite its height measuring a modest 269 feet (82 meters), the cascading curtain of water extends over an impressive distance of 5,249 feet (1,600 meters). In fact, it stretches so far that legend has it that upon witnessing it, Eleanor Roosevelt exclaimed, “Poor Niagara!” Skeptical? Why not witness it firsthand and form your own impression?

Victoria Falls, Zambia and Zimbabwe 

It comes as no surprise that the top spot on the list is reserved for the world’s most renowned waterfall: the iconic Victoria Falls. Positioned on the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe, these falls can be accessed from the Western Zimbabwe town bearing the same name. But why does Victoria Falls claim the number one position? Although not the tallest (standing at a mere 355 feet or 107 meters) or the widest, Victoria Falls is acclaimed as the largest waterfall on the planet due to its awe-inspiring curtain of rapidly descending water. These falls have earned a place of distinction, and numerous travelers to Africa embark on a special journey to Zambia or Zimbabwe solely to witness views often described as “unparalleled” by many. Having gained fame as a sought-after tourist destination since the turn of the last century, the reputation of Victoria Falls has only grown in recent times, and it is likely to continue flourishing in the years ahead.

Read more about the Long Profile of a River

Frequently Asked Questions

How are waterfalls formed.

Waterfalls form when a river flows over a resistant rock layer followed by a softer rock layer, leading to differential erosion and the creation of a vertical drop.

What determines the height and size of a waterfall?

The height and size of a waterfall depend on factors such as the gradient of the river, the volume of water, and the characteristics of the underlying rock layers.

What are some famous examples of waterfalls around the world?

Notable waterfalls include Niagara Falls (USA/Canada), Victoria Falls (Zambia/Zimbabwe), and Angel Falls (Venezuela), the world’s tallest waterfall.

How are segmented, block, and plunge waterfalls different from each other?

Segmented waterfalls flow over a series of ledges, block waterfalls have a wide, rectangular profile, and plunge waterfalls drop vertically.

How do erosional and depositional features contribute to waterfall formation?

Erosional features like plunge pools deepen over time, while depositional features like talus slopes may form at the base of waterfalls.

• Top 10 Most Beautiful Waterfalls in the World . (n.d.). Retrieved from PANDOTRIP: https://www.pandotrip.com/top-10-most-beautiful-waterfalls-in-the-world-709/
• Waterfall . (n.d.). Retrieved from National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/waterfall/ What Types Of Waterfalls Are There? (n.d.). Retrieved from World of Waterfalls: https://www.world-of-waterfalls.com/what-types-of-waterfalls-are-there/

Cite/Link to This Article

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"Waterfalls: Formation, Types, Location". Geography Revision . Accessed on April 16, 2024. https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/waterfalls/.

"Waterfalls: Formation, Types, Location". Geography Revision , https://geography-revision.co.uk/a-level/physical/waterfalls/. Accessed 16 April, 2024.

Waterfalls commonly form where water rushes down steep hillsides in upland areas. They are typical of the upper valley but can be found in the rivers lower courses where the process of  rejuvenation  creates enough potential energy for vertical erosion to recommence closer to the mouth of the river. The height and number of waterfalls along a stream or river depend upon the type of rocks that are being eroded by the water. This typically occurs in areas where alternating bands of bedrock, made up of varying levels of resistance, form the bedrock. Some types of rocks (shale, for example) wear away more easily than others (such as sandstone or limestone).

As the river or stream wears away the weak rocks, they travel across the surface of stronger rocks. These more resistant rocks become the capstones to waterfalls. The number and thickness of these stronger rock units in a vertical sequence of rocks control how many waterfalls there are and how much vertical drop there is on each waterfall.

Waterfall cross section

The diagram above shows the formation of a waterfall. Soft rock is undercut (1). This leaves a layer of hard rock which overhangs the layer of soft rock (2).

The water flows over the overhang and creates a plunge pool in the soft rock below. As the water hits the plunge pool it will erode it by both hydraulic action (the force of the water against the bedrock) and by abrasion (where the material carried by the river acts like sandpaper against the riverbed) (3). Eventually, the overhang will collapse due to the erosion of the soft rock beneath it. The waterfall then retreats upstream (4). This creates a steep, gorge-like valley.

The formation of a waterfall.

An example of a waterfall is High Force on the River Tees. At 22 metres it is the tallest waterfall in England.  The River Tees tumbles over the Whin Sill, a layer of a hard rock called dolerite, which is known locally as whinstone. This resistant rock lies on top of softer sandstone, shale and limestone. The retreating waterfall has created a gorge 500m long.

The model below shows the formation of a gorge

The model below shows Low Force, another series of waterfalls along the River Tees.

Low Force Waterfall by  Internetgeog on  Sketchfab

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What is a waterfall?

A waterfall is a step in the long profile of the valley. It is where water falls down the vertical drop in the channel usually from a considerable height.

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