this aspect of business plan includes a study of the plant location

What is Plant Location? Factors, Analysis, Significance, Selection Criteria

• Post last modified: 3 September 2023
• Reading time: 16 mins read
• Post category: Production Management

What is Plant Location?

Plant location refers to the process of selecting a suitable site or place for establishing a manufacturing facility or industrial plant. It is a critical decision for businesses, as the location of a plant can significantly impact the company’s overall success and competitiveness. Plant location considerations are important across various industries, including manufacturing, agriculture, energy generation, and more.

Table of Content

• 1 What is Plant Location?
• 2.1 Availability of Raw Materials
• 2.2 Proximity to Market
• 2.3 Transportation
• 2.4 Availability of Labour
• 2.5 Availability of Power, Fuel or Gas
• 2.6 Supply of Water
• 2.7 Climatic Conditions
• 3 Location Analysis
• 4 Significance of Plant Location
• 5.1 Materials
• 5.2 Machinery
• 5.4 Safety and Security
• 5.5 Future Operations

Entrepreneurs face a major problem with plant location in deciding the best location for their factory or plant. The utmost care must be exercised in selecting the plant location and many different factors must be taken into account. Primarily, the plant must be located where the minimum cost of production and distribution can be obtained but, other factors such as room for expansion and safe living conditions for plant operation as well as the surrounding community are also important. The location of the plant can also have a crucial effect on the profitability of a project.

For example, Consumer industries like televisions, washing machines and other luxury goods are set up near the marketing centers, while producer industries like steel mills are located near the vicinity of raw materials. Plant location is the choice of region and the site selection to set up a business or a factory.

The choice is primarily made after considering all the benefits and costs of various alternative areas. Moreover, it is a strategic plan which cannot be changed after deciding. The location chosen should be selected according to the specific circumstances and requirements. Each entrepreneur has an individual plant and makes an optimum attempt.

Factors Influencing Plant Location

There are several factors that influence plant location. Moreover, moving forward by resolving all other problems and considering these factors leads to success in business. The major factors affecting the plant location are listed as follows:

Availability of Raw Materials

Proximity to market, transportation, availability of labour, availability of power, fuel or gas, supply of water, climatic conditions.

The source of raw materials is one of the most important factors influencing the selection of a plant location. Attention should be given to the purchased price of raw materials, distance from the source of supply, freight and transportation expenses, availability and reliability of supply, purity of raw materials and storage requirements.

The location of markets or intermediate distribution centers affect the cost of product distribution and time required for shipping. Proximity to major markets is important consideration in the selection of the plant location because the buyer usually finds advantageous to purchase from near-by sources.

The transportation of materials and products to and from plant will be an overriding consideration in the selection of plant location. If practicable, a site that it is close to at least two major forms of transport: road, rail, waterway or a seaport, should be selected. Road transport is being increasingly used, and is suitable for local distribution from a central warehouse.

Rail transport will be cheaper for long-distance transport. If possible, the plant location should have access to all three types of transportation. There is usually a need for convenient rail and air transportation facilities between the plant and the main company headquarters, and the effective transportation facilities for the plant personnel are necessary.

Labour will be needed for the construction of plant and its operation. Skilled construction workers will usually be brought in from outside the site, but there should be an adequate pool of unskilled labours available locally; and labour suitable for training to operate the plant. Skilled tradesmen will be needed for plant maintenance. Local trade union customs and restrictive practices will have to be considered when assessing the availability and suitability of labour for recruitment and training.

It is important for an organisation to ensure the continuous supply of power, fuel and gas before selecting a plant location. For example, the location of thermal power plants and steel plants near coal fields is crucial for reducing cost of the fuel transportation.

Water is important for survival. It is required for processing in industries like chemical, sugar and paper industries. Also, water is used for drinking and sanitary purposes. It is important for an organisation to investigate a quality and probable source of supply. In addition, the chemical properties like hardness, alkalinity and acidity level of water should be checked. Apart from that, a thorough study should be conducted related to the disposal of water like effluents, solids, chemicals and other waste products.

The climate of a region where the plant is to be located has great impact on both capital and operational costs. Various aspects related to climatic conditions to be considered by an organisation include the level of snow fall or rain fall in the region, humidity, velocity of wind, frequency of natural calamities and so on.

In most plant locations, the target is to reduce cost. Some items of cost, like freight, could also be higher for one city and lower for the other city, but power costs, for instance, may have the reverse pattern. A little labour supply may cause labour rates to be bid up beyond rates measured during a location survey.

The sort of labour available may indicate future training expenditures. Thus, although a comparative analysis of varied locations may point toward one community, an appraisal of intangible factors could also be the idea of the choice to pick another. The example of a managerial decision with multiple criteria, where trade-offs must be made between the varied values and criteria.

Location Analysis

Every organisation attempts to find an ideal or optimum location. An optimum location is a place where the product cost is less with a huge market share and less risk. To find such location, an organisation needs to perform vast analysis. Business location analysis is a reliable process where an organisation weighs down the pros and cons of each alternative site.

Location analysis is based on the following aspects:

• Demographic analysis
• Competitive analysis
• Site economics
• Trade area analysis
• Traffic analysis

The following are the objectives of location analysis:

• To make sure the smooth running of the business
• To hold minimum investment and operational cost
• To co-ordinate with government policies
• To promote employee welfare

Significance of Plant Location

Strategic significance of plant location is connected with capacity decisions. Plant location involves commitment towards resources to a long-range plan. The criterion for the selection of location should be profit maximisation and cost minimisation. If the costs of products are uniform altogether, then the criterion becomes one among minimising relevant costs. Plant location is generally a stable decision that cannot be changed frequently and requires a lot of cost and efforts.

Any wrong decision can bring huge losses for the organisation. Therefore, it is important for an organisation to consider all the factors that impact the plant location before making the selection. If all processes and costs are independent of location, choices are going to be guided by proximity to potential customers or clients or similar and competing organisations and centres of economic activity generally.

Plant Location Selection Criteria

Most new investments in land, machines, buildings and expertise are made for the long run. This is furthermore important in terms of manufacturing plants. Being the global business environment, the company requires a location that every single day it holds a major role in the new production plant. Organisations can have several reasons to start the location selection process for their new manufacturing plant, cost reduction, the capacity expansion for business growth, new market entries, the pools of labour coping with geopolitical developments.

The factors that play a crucial role in plant location selection are as follows:

Safety and Security

Future operations.

• The layout of the productive equipment will depend on the characteristics of the product to be managed at the facility, as well as different parts and materials to work on.
• Main factors to be considered: size, shape, volume, weight and the physical-chemical characteristics, since they influence the manufacturing methods and storage and material handling processes.
• The sequence and order of operations will affect plant layout as well, taking into account the variety and quantity to produce.
• Having information about the processes, machinery, tools and necessary equipment, as well as their use and requirements is essential to design a correct layout.
• The methods and time studies to improve the processes are closely linked to the plant layout.
• Regarding machinery, we have to consider the type, total availability for each type, as well as quantity of tools and equipment.
• Labour has to be organised in the production process (direct labour, supervision etc.)
• Environment considerations: employees’ safety, light conditions, ventilation, temperature, noise, etc.
• Process considerations: personnel qualifications, flexibility, number of workers required at a given time as well as the type of work to be performed by them.
• Safety always be a consideration in the design or layout of the facility.
• A company can design the most efficient production layout but if it places employees at risk or places the product at risk from the layout, it cannot be implemented.
• Providing a quality product with the least amount of movement and material handling is important, but the most important asset that any company has is its employees. If the safety of those employees is jeopardised, the layout should not imperil employee’s safety.
• Every plan should include a consideration for the future of operations. Whether it is a manufacturing facility that needs to consider future products or variations of the same product or a distribution centre that needs to consider future storage requirements and product configurations, as well as the ability to expand capacity in the future.
• It is important to forecast future changes to avoid having an inefficient plant layout in a short term.
• Flexibility can be reached keeping the original layout as free as possible regarding fixed characteristics, allowing the adjustment to emergencies and variations of the normal process activities.
• Possible future extensions of the facility must be taken into account, as well as the feasibility of production during re-layout.

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Module 12: Managing Processes

Facility location and layout, learning outcomes.

• Explain facility location
• Explain facility layout

Facility Location

Of all the pieces of the planning puzzle, facility location is the most strategic and critical. Once you build a new manufacturing facility, you have made a substantial investment of time, resources, and capital that can’t be changed for a long time. Selecting the wrong location can be disastrous. Some of the key factors that influence facility location are the following:

• Proximity to customers, suppliers, and skilled labor
• Environmental regulations
• Financial incentives offered by state and local development authorities
• Quality-of-life considerations
• Potential for future expansion

The next step, after planning the production process, is deciding on plant layout—how equipment, machinery, and people will be arranged to make the production process as efficient as possible.

Practice Question

Facility layout.

After the site location decision has been made, the next focus in production planning is the facility’s layout. The goal is to determine the most efficient and effective design for the particular production process. A manufacturer might opt for a U-shaped production line, for example, rather than a long, straight one, to allow products and workers to move more quickly from one area to another.

Service organizations must also consider layout, but they are more concerned with how it affects customer behavior. It may be more convenient for a hospital to place its freight elevators in the center of the building, for example, but doing so may block the flow of patients, visitors, and medical personnel between floors and departments.

There are four main types of facility layouts: process, product, fixed-position, and cellular.

The process layout arranges workflow around the production process. All workers performing similar tasks are grouped together. Products pass from one workstation to another (but not necessarily to every workstation). For example, all grinding would be done in one area, all assembling in another, and all inspection in yet another. The process layout is best for firms that produce small numbers of a wide variety of products, typically using general-purpose machines that can be changed rapidly to new operations for different product designs. For example, a manufacturer of custom machinery would use a process layout.

Figure 1. An Example of a Process Facility Layout. Source: Adapted from Operations Management, 9th edition, by Gaither/Frazier.

Products that require a continuous or repetitive production process use the product (or assembly-line ) layout . When large quantities of a product must be processed on an ongoing basis, the workstations or departments are arranged in a line with products moving along the line. Automobile and appliance manufacturers, as well as food-processing plants, usually use a product layout. Service companies may also use a product layout for routine processing operations.

Figure 2. An Example of a Product Facility Layout. Source: Adapted from Operations Management, 9th edition, by Gaither/Frazier.

In the following video, Jansen, a Swiss steel maker, describes how the company’s offices were designed to maximize the productivity and creativity of its engineers:

You can view the transcript for “Office Space – Jansen” (opens in new window)  or  text alternative for “Office Space – Jansen” (opens in new window ).

Some products cannot be put on an assembly line or moved about in a plant. A fixed-position layout lets the product stay in one place while workers and machinery move to it as needed. Products that are impossible to move—ships, airplanes, and construction projects—are typically produced using a fixed-position layout. Limited space at the project site often means that parts of the product must be assembled at other sites, transported to the fixed site, and then assembled. The fixed-position layout is also common for on-site services such as housecleaning services, pest control, and landscaping.

Figure 3. An Example of a Fixed-Position Facility Layout. Source: Adapted from Operations Management, 9th edition, by Gaither/Frazier.

To see an excellent example of fixed-position layout, watch the following video that shows how Boeing builds an airplane. (Note that this video has no narration; only instrumental music. Access audio description by using the widget below the video.)

Access the text alternative for “Making of a Boeing Airplane” (opens in new window).

Cellular layouts combine some aspects of both product and fixed-position layouts. Work cells are small, self-contained production units that include several machines and workers arranged in a compact, sequential order. Each work cell performs all or most of the tasks necessary to complete a manufacturing order. There are usually five to 10 workers in a cell, and they are trained to be able to do any of the steps in the production process. The goal is to create a team environment wherein team members are involved in production from beginning to end.

• Facility Location. Authored by : Linda Williams and Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Facility Location and Layout. Authored by : Linda Williams and Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• Practice Questions. Authored by : Robert Danielson. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution
• rover 200 framing line. Authored by : spencer cooper. Located at : https://www.flickr.com/photos/spenceyc/7481166880/ . License : CC BY-ND: Attribution-NoDerivatives
• Office Space: Jansen. Provided by : BBC. Located at : https://youtu.be/aT-eZXDLQl0 . License : CC BY-NC-ND: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives
• Facility Layout. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] . License : CC BY: Attribution . License Terms : Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected]
• Modification of Image: Process Facility Layout. Authored by : OpenStax CNX; Modification by Lumen Learning. Located at : http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] . License : CC BY: Attribution
• Making of a Boeing air plane. Authored by : Dial647. Located at : https://youtu.be/-ovNi1cB7a4 . License : All Rights Reserved . License Terms : Standard YouTube License

11.4 The Business Plan

Learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Describe the different purposes of a business plan
• Describe and develop the components of a brief business plan
• Describe and develop the components of a full business plan

Unlike the brief or lean formats introduced so far, the business plan is a formal document used for the long-range planning of a company’s operation. It typically includes background information, financial information, and a summary of the business. Investors nearly always request a formal business plan because it is an integral part of their evaluation of whether to invest in a company. Although nothing in business is permanent, a business plan typically has components that are more “set in stone” than a business model canvas , which is more commonly used as a first step in the planning process and throughout the early stages of a nascent business. A business plan is likely to describe the business and industry, market strategies, sales potential, and competitive analysis, as well as the company’s long-term goals and objectives. An in-depth formal business plan would follow at later stages after various iterations to business model canvases. The business plan usually projects financial data over a three-year period and is typically required by banks or other investors to secure funding. The business plan is a roadmap for the company to follow over multiple years.

Some entrepreneurs prefer to use the canvas process instead of the business plan, whereas others use a shorter version of the business plan, submitting it to investors after several iterations. There are also entrepreneurs who use the business plan earlier in the entrepreneurial process, either preceding or concurrently with a canvas. For instance, Chris Guillebeau has a one-page business plan template in his book The $100 Startup . 48 His version is basically an extension of a napkin sketch without the detail of a full business plan. As you progress, you can also consider a brief business plan (about two pages)—if you want to support a rapid business launch—and/or a standard business plan.

As with many aspects of entrepreneurship, there are no clear hard and fast rules to achieving entrepreneurial success. You may encounter different people who want different things (canvas, summary, full business plan), and you also have flexibility in following whatever tool works best for you. Like the canvas, the various versions of the business plan are tools that will aid you in your entrepreneurial endeavor.

Business Plan Overview

Most business plans have several distinct sections ( Figure 11.16 ). The business plan can range from a few pages to twenty-five pages or more, depending on the purpose and the intended audience. For our discussion, we’ll describe a brief business plan and a standard business plan. If you are able to successfully design a business model canvas, then you will have the structure for developing a clear business plan that you can submit for financial consideration.

Both types of business plans aim at providing a picture and roadmap to follow from conception to creation. If you opt for the brief business plan, you will focus primarily on articulating a big-picture overview of your business concept.

The full business plan is aimed at executing the vision concept, dealing with the proverbial devil in the details. Developing a full business plan will assist those of you who need a more detailed and structured roadmap, or those of you with little to no background in business. The business planning process includes the business model, a feasibility analysis, and a full business plan, which we will discuss later in this section. Next, we explore how a business plan can meet several different needs.

Purposes of a Business Plan

A business plan can serve many different purposes—some internal, others external. As we discussed previously, you can use a business plan as an internal early planning device, an extension of a napkin sketch, and as a follow-up to one of the canvas tools. A business plan can be an organizational roadmap , that is, an internal planning tool and working plan that you can apply to your business in order to reach your desired goals over the course of several years. The business plan should be written by the owners of the venture, since it forces a firsthand examination of the business operations and allows them to focus on areas that need improvement.

Refer to the business venture throughout the document. Generally speaking, a business plan should not be written in the first person.

A major external purpose for the business plan is as an investment tool that outlines financial projections, becoming a document designed to attract investors. In many instances, a business plan can complement a formal investor’s pitch. In this context, the business plan is a presentation plan, intended for an outside audience that may or may not be familiar with your industry, your business, and your competitors.

You can also use your business plan as a contingency plan by outlining some “what-if” scenarios and exploring how you might respond if these scenarios unfold. Pretty Young Professional launched in November 2010 as an online resource to guide an emerging generation of female leaders. The site focused on recent female college graduates and current students searching for professional roles and those in their first professional roles. It was founded by four friends who were coworkers at the global consultancy firm McKinsey. But after positions and equity were decided among them, fundamental differences of opinion about the direction of the business emerged between two factions, according to the cofounder and former CEO Kathryn Minshew . “I think, naively, we assumed that if we kicked the can down the road on some of those things, we’d be able to sort them out,” Minshew said. Minshew went on to found a different professional site, The Muse , and took much of the editorial team of Pretty Young Professional with her. 49 Whereas greater planning potentially could have prevented the early demise of Pretty Young Professional, a change in planning led to overnight success for Joshua Esnard and The Cut Buddy team. Esnard invented and patented the plastic hair template that he was selling online out of his Fort Lauderdale garage while working a full-time job at Broward College and running a side business. Esnard had hundreds of boxes of Cut Buddies sitting in his home when he changed his marketing plan to enlist companies specializing in making videos go viral. It worked so well that a promotional video for the product garnered 8 million views in hours. The Cut Buddy sold over 4,000 products in a few hours when Esnard only had hundreds remaining. Demand greatly exceeded his supply, so Esnard had to scramble to increase manufacturing and offered customers two-for-one deals to make up for delays. This led to selling 55,000 units, generating $700,000 in sales in 2017. 50 After appearing on Shark Tank and landing a deal with Daymond John that gave the “shark” a 20-percent equity stake in return for $300,000, The Cut Buddy has added new distribution channels to include retail sales along with online commerce. Changing one aspect of a business plan—the marketing plan—yielded success for The Cut Buddy.

Link to Learning

Watch this video of Cut Buddy’s founder, Joshua Esnard, telling his company’s story to learn more.

If you opt for the brief business plan, you will focus primarily on articulating a big-picture overview of your business concept. This version is used to interest potential investors, employees, and other stakeholders, and will include a financial summary “box,” but it must have a disclaimer, and the founder/entrepreneur may need to have the people who receive it sign a nondisclosure agreement (NDA) . The full business plan is aimed at executing the vision concept, providing supporting details, and would be required by financial institutions and others as they formally become stakeholders in the venture. Both are aimed at providing a picture and roadmap to go from conception to creation.

Types of Business Plans

The brief business plan is similar to an extended executive summary from the full business plan. This concise document provides a broad overview of your entrepreneurial concept, your team members, how and why you will execute on your plans, and why you are the ones to do so. You can think of a brief business plan as a scene setter or—since we began this chapter with a film reference—as a trailer to the full movie. The brief business plan is the commercial equivalent to a trailer for Field of Dreams , whereas the full plan is the full-length movie equivalent.

Brief Business Plan or Executive Summary

As the name implies, the brief business plan or executive summary summarizes key elements of the entire business plan, such as the business concept, financial features, and current business position. The executive summary version of the business plan is your opportunity to broadly articulate the overall concept and vision of the company for yourself, for prospective investors, and for current and future employees.

A typical executive summary is generally no longer than a page, but because the brief business plan is essentially an extended executive summary, the executive summary section is vital. This is the “ask” to an investor. You should begin by clearly stating what you are asking for in the summary.

In the business concept phase, you’ll describe the business, its product, and its markets. Describe the customer segment it serves and why your company will hold a competitive advantage. This section may align roughly with the customer segments and value-proposition segments of a canvas.

Next, highlight the important financial features, including sales, profits, cash flows, and return on investment. Like the financial portion of a feasibility analysis, the financial analysis component of a business plan may typically include items like a twelve-month profit and loss projection, a three- or four-year profit and loss projection, a cash-flow projection, a projected balance sheet, and a breakeven calculation. You can explore a feasibility study and financial projections in more depth in the formal business plan. Here, you want to focus on the big picture of your numbers and what they mean.

The current business position section can furnish relevant information about you and your team members and the company at large. This is your opportunity to tell the story of how you formed the company, to describe its legal status (form of operation), and to list the principal players. In one part of the extended executive summary, you can cover your reasons for starting the business: Here is an opportunity to clearly define the needs you think you can meet and perhaps get into the pains and gains of customers. You also can provide a summary of the overall strategic direction in which you intend to take the company. Describe the company’s mission, vision, goals and objectives, overall business model, and value proposition.

Rice University’s Student Business Plan Competition, one of the largest and overall best-regarded graduate school business-plan competitions (see Telling Your Entrepreneurial Story and Pitching the Idea ), requires an executive summary of up to five pages to apply. 51 , 52 Its suggested sections are shown in Table 11.2 .

Are You Ready?

Create a brief business plan.

Fill out a canvas of your choosing for a well-known startup: Uber, Netflix, Dropbox, Etsy, Airbnb, Bird/Lime, Warby Parker, or any of the companies featured throughout this chapter or one of your choice. Then create a brief business plan for that business. See if you can find a version of the company’s actual executive summary, business plan, or canvas. Compare and contrast your vision with what the company has articulated.

• These companies are well established but is there a component of what you charted that you would advise the company to change to ensure future viability?
• Map out a contingency plan for a “what-if” scenario if one key aspect of the company or the environment it operates in were drastically is altered?

Full Business Plan

Even full business plans can vary in length, scale, and scope. Rice University sets a ten-page cap on business plans submitted for the full competition. The IndUS Entrepreneurs , one of the largest global networks of entrepreneurs, also holds business plan competitions for students through its Tie Young Entrepreneurs program. In contrast, business plans submitted for that competition can usually be up to twenty-five pages. These are just two examples. Some components may differ slightly; common elements are typically found in a formal business plan outline. The next section will provide sample components of a full business plan for a fictional business.

Executive Summary

The executive summary should provide an overview of your business with key points and issues. Because the summary is intended to summarize the entire document, it is most helpful to write this section last, even though it comes first in sequence. The writing in this section should be especially concise. Readers should be able to understand your needs and capabilities at first glance. The section should tell the reader what you want and your “ask” should be explicitly stated in the summary.

Describe your business, its product or service, and the intended customers. Explain what will be sold, who it will be sold to, and what competitive advantages the business has. Table 11.3 shows a sample executive summary for the fictional company La Vida Lola.

Business Description

This section describes the industry, your product, and the business and success factors. It should provide a current outlook as well as future trends and developments. You also should address your company’s mission, vision, goals, and objectives. Summarize your overall strategic direction, your reasons for starting the business, a description of your products and services, your business model, and your company’s value proposition. Consider including the Standard Industrial Classification/North American Industry Classification System (SIC/NAICS) code to specify the industry and insure correct identification. The industry extends beyond where the business is located and operates, and should include national and global dynamics. Table 11.4 shows a sample business description for La Vida Lola.

Industry Analysis and Market Strategies

Here you should define your market in terms of size, structure, growth prospects, trends, and sales potential. You’ll want to include your TAM and forecast the SAM . (Both these terms are discussed in Conducting a Feasibility Analysis .) This is a place to address market segmentation strategies by geography, customer attributes, or product orientation. Describe your positioning relative to your competitors’ in terms of pricing, distribution, promotion plan, and sales potential. Table 11.5 shows an example industry analysis and market strategy for La Vida Lola.

Competitive Analysis

The competitive analysis is a statement of the business strategy as it relates to the competition. You want to be able to identify who are your major competitors and assess what are their market shares, markets served, strategies employed, and expected response to entry? You likely want to conduct a classic SWOT analysis (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats) and complete a competitive-strength grid or competitive matrix. Outline your company’s competitive strengths relative to those of the competition in regard to product, distribution, pricing, promotion, and advertising. What are your company’s competitive advantages and their likely impacts on its success? The key is to construct it properly for the relevant features/benefits (by weight, according to customers) and how the startup compares to incumbents. The competitive matrix should show clearly how and why the startup has a clear (if not currently measurable) competitive advantage. Some common features in the example include price, benefits, quality, type of features, locations, and distribution/sales. Sample templates are shown in Figure 11.17 and Figure 11.18 . A competitive analysis helps you create a marketing strategy that will identify assets or skills that your competitors are lacking so you can plan to fill those gaps, giving you a distinct competitive advantage. When creating a competitor analysis, it is important to focus on the key features and elements that matter to customers, rather than focusing too heavily on the entrepreneur’s idea and desires.

Operations and Management Plan

In this section, outline how you will manage your company. Describe its organizational structure. Here you can address the form of ownership and, if warranted, include an organizational chart/structure. Highlight the backgrounds, experiences, qualifications, areas of expertise, and roles of members of the management team. This is also the place to mention any other stakeholders, such as a board of directors or advisory board(s), and their relevant relationship to the founder, experience and value to help make the venture successful, and professional service firms providing management support, such as accounting services and legal counsel.

Table 11.6 shows a sample operations and management plan for La Vida Lola.

Marketing Plan

Here you should outline and describe an effective overall marketing strategy for your venture, providing details regarding pricing, promotion, advertising, distribution, media usage, public relations, and a digital presence. Fully describe your sales management plan and the composition of your sales force, along with a comprehensive and detailed budget for the marketing plan. Table 11.7 shows a sample marketing plan for La Vida Lola.

Financial Plan

A financial plan seeks to forecast revenue and expenses; project a financial narrative; and estimate project costs, valuations, and cash flow projections. This section should present an accurate, realistic, and achievable financial plan for your venture (see Entrepreneurial Finance and Accounting for detailed discussions about conducting these projections). Include sales forecasts and income projections, pro forma financial statements ( Building the Entrepreneurial Dream Team , a breakeven analysis, and a capital budget. Identify your possible sources of financing (discussed in Conducting a Feasibility Analysis ). Figure 11.19 shows a template of cash-flow needs for La Vida Lola.

Entrepreneur In Action

Laughing man coffee.

Hugh Jackman ( Figure 11.20 ) may best be known for portraying a comic-book superhero who used his mutant abilities to protect the world from villains. But the Wolverine actor is also working to make the planet a better place for real, not through adamantium claws but through social entrepreneurship.

A love of java jolted Jackman into action in 2009, when he traveled to Ethiopia with a Christian humanitarian group to shoot a documentary about the impact of fair-trade certification on coffee growers there. He decided to launch a business and follow in the footsteps of the late Paul Newman, another famous actor turned philanthropist via food ventures.

Jackman launched Laughing Man Coffee two years later; he sold the line to Keurig in 2015. One Laughing Man Coffee café in New York continues to operate independently, investing its proceeds into charitable programs that support better housing, health, and educational initiatives within fair-trade farming communities. 55 Although the New York location is the only café, the coffee brand is still distributed, with Keurig donating an undisclosed portion of Laughing Man proceeds to those causes (whereas Jackman donates all his profits). The company initially donated its profits to World Vision, the Christian humanitarian group Jackman accompanied in 2009. In 2017, it created the Laughing Man Foundation to be more active with its money management and distribution.

• You be the entrepreneur. If you were Jackman, would you have sold the company to Keurig? Why or why not?
• Would you have started the Laughing Man Foundation?
• What else can Jackman do to aid fair-trade practices for coffee growers?

What Can You Do?

Textbooks for change.

Founded in 2014, Textbooks for Change uses a cross-compensation model, in which one customer segment pays for a product or service, and the profit from that revenue is used to provide the same product or service to another, underserved segment. Textbooks for Change partners with student organizations to collect used college textbooks, some of which are re-sold while others are donated to students in need at underserved universities across the globe. The organization has reused or recycled 250,000 textbooks, providing 220,000 students with access through seven campus partners in East Africa. This B-corp social enterprise tackles a problem and offers a solution that is directly relevant to college students like yourself. Have you observed a problem on your college campus or other campuses that is not being served properly? Could it result in a social enterprise?

Work It Out

Franchisee set out.

A franchisee of East Coast Wings, a chain with dozens of restaurants in the United States, has decided to part ways with the chain. The new store will feature the same basic sports-bar-and-restaurant concept and serve the same basic foods: chicken wings, burgers, sandwiches, and the like. The new restaurant can’t rely on the same distributors and suppliers. A new business plan is needed.

• What steps should the new restaurant take to create a new business plan?
• Should it attempt to serve the same customers? Why or why not?

This New York Times video, “An Unlikely Business Plan,” describes entrepreneurial resurgence in Detroit, Michigan.

• 48 Chris Guillebeau. The $100 Startup: Reinvent the Way You Make a Living, Do What You Love, and Create a New Future . New York: Crown Business/Random House, 2012.
• 49 Jonathan Chan. “What These 4 Startup Case Studies Can Teach You about Failure.” Foundr.com . July 12, 2015. https://foundr.com/4-startup-case-studies-failure/
• 50 Amy Feldman. “Inventor of the Cut Buddy Paid YouTubers to Spark Sales. He Wasn’t Ready for a Video to Go Viral.” Forbes. February 15, 2017. https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestreptalks/2017/02/15/inventor-of-the-cut-buddy-paid-youtubers-to-spark-sales-he-wasnt-ready-for-a-video-to-go-viral/#3eb540ce798a
• 51 Jennifer Post. “National Business Plan Competitions for Entrepreneurs.” Business News Daily . August 30, 2018. https://www.businessnewsdaily.com/6902-business-plan-competitions-entrepreneurs.html
• 52 “Rice Business Plan Competition, Eligibility Criteria and How to Apply.” Rice Business Plan Competition . March 2020. https://rbpc.rice.edu/sites/g/files/bxs806/f/2020%20RBPC%20Eligibility%20Criteria%20and%20How%20to%20Apply_23Oct19.pdf
• 53 “Rice Business Plan Competition, Eligibility Criteria and How to Apply.” Rice Business Plan Competition. March 2020. https://rbpc.rice.edu/sites/g/files/bxs806/f/2020%20RBPC%20Eligibility%20Criteria%20and%20How%20to%20Apply_23Oct19.pdf; Based on 2019 RBPC Competition Rules and Format April 4–6, 2019. https://rbpc.rice.edu/sites/g/files/bxs806/f/2019-RBPC-Competition-Rules%20-Format.pdf
• 54 Foodstart. http://foodstart.com
• 55 “Hugh Jackman Journey to Starting a Social Enterprise Coffee Company.” Giving Compass. April 8, 2018. https://givingcompass.org/article/hugh-jackman-journey-to-starting-a-social-enterprise-coffee-company/

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What Is a Business Plan?

Understanding business plans, how to write a business plan, common elements of a business plan, how often should a business plan be updated, the bottom line, business plan: what it is, what's included, and how to write one.

Adam Hayes, Ph.D., CFA, is a financial writer with 15+ years Wall Street experience as a derivatives trader. Besides his extensive derivative trading expertise, Adam is an expert in economics and behavioral finance. Adam received his master's in economics from The New School for Social Research and his Ph.D. from the University of Wisconsin-Madison in sociology. He is a CFA charterholder as well as holding FINRA Series 7, 55 & 63 licenses. He currently researches and teaches economic sociology and the social studies of finance at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem.

A business plan is a document that details a company's goals and how it intends to achieve them. Business plans can be of benefit to both startups and well-established companies. For startups, a business plan can be essential for winning over potential lenders and investors. Established businesses can find one useful for staying on track and not losing sight of their goals. This article explains what an effective business plan needs to include and how to write one.

Key Takeaways

• A business plan is a document describing a company's business activities and how it plans to achieve its goals.
• Startup companies use business plans to get off the ground and attract outside investors.
• For established companies, a business plan can help keep the executive team focused on and working toward the company's short- and long-term objectives.
• There is no single format that a business plan must follow, but there are certain key elements that most companies will want to include.

Investopedia / Ryan Oakley

Any new business should have a business plan in place prior to beginning operations. In fact, banks and venture capital firms often want to see a business plan before they'll consider making a loan or providing capital to new businesses.

Even if a business isn't looking to raise additional money, a business plan can help it focus on its goals. A 2017 Harvard Business Review article reported that, "Entrepreneurs who write formal plans are 16% more likely to achieve viability than the otherwise identical nonplanning entrepreneurs."

Ideally, a business plan should be reviewed and updated periodically to reflect any goals that have been achieved or that may have changed. An established business that has decided to move in a new direction might create an entirely new business plan for itself.

There are numerous benefits to creating (and sticking to) a well-conceived business plan. These include being able to think through ideas before investing too much money in them and highlighting any potential obstacles to success. A company might also share its business plan with trusted outsiders to get their objective feedback. In addition, a business plan can help keep a company's executive team on the same page about strategic action items and priorities.

Business plans, even among competitors in the same industry, are rarely identical. However, they often have some of the same basic elements, as we describe below.

While it's a good idea to provide as much detail as necessary, it's also important that a business plan be concise enough to hold a reader's attention to the end.

While there are any number of templates that you can use to write a business plan, it's best to try to avoid producing a generic-looking one. Let your plan reflect the unique personality of your business.

Many business plans use some combination of the sections below, with varying levels of detail, depending on the company.

The length of a business plan can vary greatly from business to business. Regardless, it's best to fit the basic information into a 15- to 25-page document. Other crucial elements that take up a lot of space—such as applications for patents—can be referenced in the main document and attached as appendices.

These are some of the most common elements in many business plans:

• Executive summary: This section introduces the company and includes its mission statement along with relevant information about the company's leadership, employees, operations, and locations.
• Products and services: Here, the company should describe the products and services it offers or plans to introduce. That might include details on pricing, product lifespan, and unique benefits to the consumer. Other factors that could go into this section include production and manufacturing processes, any relevant patents the company may have, as well as proprietary technology . Information about research and development (R&D) can also be included here.
• Market analysis: A company needs to have a good handle on the current state of its industry and the existing competition. This section should explain where the company fits in, what types of customers it plans to target, and how easy or difficult it may be to take market share from incumbents.
• Marketing strategy: This section can describe how the company plans to attract and keep customers, including any anticipated advertising and marketing campaigns. It should also describe the distribution channel or channels it will use to get its products or services to consumers.
• Financial plans and projections: Established businesses can include financial statements, balance sheets, and other relevant financial information. New businesses can provide financial targets and estimates for the first few years. Your plan might also include any funding requests you're making.

The best business plans aren't generic ones created from easily accessed templates. A company should aim to entice readers with a plan that demonstrates its uniqueness and potential for success.

2 Types of Business Plans

Business plans can take many forms, but they are sometimes divided into two basic categories: traditional and lean startup. According to the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) , the traditional business plan is the more common of the two.

• Traditional business plans : These plans tend to be much longer than lean startup plans and contain considerably more detail. As a result they require more work on the part of the business, but they can also be more persuasive (and reassuring) to potential investors.
• Lean startup business plans : These use an abbreviated structure that highlights key elements. These business plans are short—as short as one page—and provide only the most basic detail. If a company wants to use this kind of plan, it should be prepared to provide more detail if an investor or a lender requests it.

Why Do Business Plans Fail?

A business plan is not a surefire recipe for success. The plan may have been unrealistic in its assumptions and projections to begin with. Markets and the overall economy might change in ways that couldn't have been foreseen. A competitor might introduce a revolutionary new product or service. All of this calls for building some flexibility into your plan, so you can pivot to a new course if needed.

How frequently a business plan needs to be revised will depend on the nature of the business. A well-established business might want to review its plan once a year and make changes if necessary. A new or fast-growing business in a fiercely competitive market might want to revise it more often, such as quarterly.

What Does a Lean Startup Business Plan Include?

The lean startup business plan is an option when a company prefers to give a quick explanation of its business. For example, a brand-new company may feel that it doesn't have a lot of information to provide yet.

Sections can include: a value proposition ; the company's major activities and advantages; resources such as staff, intellectual property, and capital; a list of partnerships; customer segments; and revenue sources.

A business plan can be useful to companies of all kinds. But as a company grows and the world around it changes, so too should its business plan. So don't think of your business plan as carved in granite but as a living document designed to evolve with your business.

Harvard Business Review. " Research: Writing a Business Plan Makes Your Startup More Likely to Succeed ."

U.S. Small Business Administration. " Write Your Business Plan ."

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The 10 Key Components of a Business Plan

Written by Dave Lavinsky

Over the past 20+ years, we have helped over 1 million entrepreneurs and business owners write business plans. These plans have been used to raise funding and grow countless businesses.

Download our Ultimate Business Plan Template here >

From working with all these businesses, we know what the 10 elements in any great business plan. Providing a comprehensive assessment of each of these components is critical in attracting lenders, angel investors, venture capitalists or other equity investors.

Get started with a title page that includes your company name, logo and contact information, since interested readers must have a simple way to find and reach out to you. After that be sure to include the 10 parts of a business plan documented below.

What are the 10 Key Components of a Business Plan?

The 10 sections or elements of a business plan that you must include are as follows:

1. Executive Summary

The executive summary provides a succinct synopsis of the business plan, and highlights the key points raised within. It often includes the company’s mission statement and description of the products and services. It’s recommended by me and many experts including the Small Business Administration to write the executive summary last.

The executive summary must communicate to the prospective investor the size and scope of the market opportunity, the venture’s business and profitability model, and how the resources/skills/strategic positioning of the company’s management team make it uniquely qualified to execute the business plan. The executive summary must be compelling, easy-to-read, and no longer than 2-4 pages.  

2. Company Analysis

This business plan section provides a strategic overview of the business and describes how the company is organized, what products and services it offers/will offer, and goes into further detail on the business’ unique qualifications in serving its target markets. As any good business plan template will point out, your company analysis should also give a snapshot of the company’s achievements to date, since the best indicator of future success are past accomplishments.

3. Industry or Market Analysis

This section evaluates the playing field in which the company will be competing, and includes well-structured answers to key market research questions such as the following:

• What are the sizes of the target market segments?
• What are the trends for the industry as a whole?
• With what other industries do your services compete?

To conduct this market research, do research online and leverage trade associations that often have the information you need.  

4. Analysis of Customers

The customer analysis business plan section assesses the customer segment(s) that the company serves. In this section, the company must convey the needs of its target customers. It must then show how its products and services satisfy these needs to an extent that the customer will pay for them.

The following are examples of customer segments: moms, engaged couples, schools, online retailers, teens, baby boomers, business owners, etc.

As you can imagine, the customer segment(s) you choose will have a great impact on the type of business you operate as different segments often have different needs. Try to break out your target customers in terms of their demographic and psychographic profiles. With regards to demographics, including a discussion of the ages, genders, locations and income levels of the customers you seek to serve. With regards to psychographic variables, discuss whether your customers have any unique lifestyles, interests, opinions, attitudes and/or values that will help you market to them more effectively.

5. Analysis of Competition

All capable business plan writers discuss the competitive landscape of your business. This element of your plan must identify your direct and indirect competitors, assesses their strengths and weaknesses and delineate your company’s competitive advantages. It’s a crucial business plan section.

Direct competitors are those that provide the same product or service to the same customer. Indirect competitors are those who provide similar products or services. For example, the direct competitors to a pizza shop are other local pizza shops. Indirect competitors are other food options like supermarkets, delis, other restaurants, etc.

The first five components of your business plan provide an overview of the business opportunity and market research to support it. The remaining five business plan sections focus mainly on strategy, primarily the marketing, operational, financial and management strategies that your firm will employ.

6. Marketing, Sales & Product Plan

The marketing and sales plan component of your business plan details your strategy for penetrating the target markets. Key elements include the following:

• A description of the company’s desired strategic positioning
• Detailed descriptions of the company’s product and service offerings and potential product extensions
• Descriptions of the company’s desired image and branding strategy
• Descriptions of the company’s promotional strategies
• An overview of the company’s pricing strategies
• A description of current and potential strategic marketing partnerships/ alliances

7. Operations Strategy, Design and Development Plans

These sections detail the internal strategies for building the venture from concept to reality, and include answers to the following questions:

• What functions will be required to run the business?
• What milestones must be reached before the venture can be launched?
• How will quality be controlled?

8. Management Team

The management team section demonstrates that the company has the required human resources to be successful. The business plan must answer questions including:

• Who are the key management personnel and what are their backgrounds?
• What management additions will be required to make the business a success?
• Who are the other investors and/or shareholders, if any?
• Who comprises the Board of Directors and/or Board of Advisors?
• Who are the professional advisors (e.g., lawyer, accounting firm)?

9. Financial Plan

The financial plan involves the development of the company’s revenue and profitability model. These financial statements detail how you generate income and get paid from customers,. The financial plan includes detailed explanations of the key assumptions used in building the business plan model, sensitivity analysis on key revenue and cost variables, and description of comparable valuations for existing companies with similar business models.

One of the key purposes of your business plan is to determine the amount of capital the firm needs. The financial plan does this along with assessing the proposed use of these funds (e.g., equipment, working capital, labor expenses, insurance costs, etc.) and the expected future earnings. It includes Projected Income Statements, Balance Sheets (showing assets, liabilities and equity) and Cash Flow Statements, broken out quarterly for the first two years, and annually for years 1-5.

Importantly, all of the assumptions and projections in the financial plan must flow from and be supported by the descriptions and explanations offered in the other sections of the plan. The financial plan is where the entrepreneur communicates how he/she plans to “monetize” the overall vision for the new venture. Note that in addition to traditional debt and equity sources of startup and growth funding that require a business plan (bank loans, angel investors, venture capitalists, friends and family), you will probably also use other capital sources, such as credit cards and business credit, in growing your company.

10. Appendix

The appendix is used to support the rest of the business plan. Every business plan should have a full set of financial projections in the appendix, with the summary of these financials in the executive summary and the financial plan. Other documentation that could appear in the appendix includes technical drawings, partnership and/or customer letters, expanded competitor reviews and/or customer lists.

Find additional business plan help articles here.

Expertly and comprehensively discussing these components in their business plan helps entrepreneurs to better understand their business opportunity and assists them in convincing investors that the opportunity may be right for them too.

In addition to ensuring you included the proper elements of a business plan when developing your plan always think about why you are uniquely qualified to succeed in your business. For example, is your team’s expertise something that’s unique and can ensure your success? Or is it marketing partnerships you have executed? Importantly, if you don’t have any unique success factors, think about what you can add to make your company unique. Doing so can dramatically improve your success. Also, whether you write it on a word processor or use business plan software , remember to update your plan at least annually. After several years, you should have several business plans you can review to see what worked and what didn’t. This should prove helpful as you create future plans for your company’s growth.

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How to Choose the Right Business Location 10 Factors You Should Know

Free Business Startup Checklist

Ayush Jalan

• December 12, 2023

Choosing a business location is one of the key decisions you’ll have to make as an entrepreneur. Doing so shouldn’t be based on a personal whim, but rather on a detailed understanding of your needs and limits. To do this, you need to understand how you can choose the right location.

In this article, we’ll see how to pick the right location for your business, and the factors that influence your decision.

Why is it important to choose the right business location?

You’ll need to make a strategic decision regarding the state, city, and neighborhood where your business will be located in order to select the right taxes, zoning laws, and regulations. It also affects the factors that influence your operations, profitability, scalability, expenses, etc.

A well-planned location can help you increase your market share , reduce labor and raw material costs, minimize risk, and take advantage of local laws and policies.

“The precept that location is key to the success of a business applies to art, and even to life itself: we thrive or wither depending on how nourishing our environment is.” – Yann Martel

How to pick the right location for your business

Picking the right business location depends greatly on what you want that location to do for you.

Asking the following question can be a great start to conducting your location analysis:

• What is the size of your future shop or office?
• What are your infrastructure requirements? Are you looking for a place to set up shop or to build your own office?
• What’s your budget to set up the new location?
• Do you need to be closer to a particular supplier for raw materials?

Depending on your business, your requirements will vary. Once you’ve identified your company needs, look at the factors that affect your business location to get a better idea of your options.

Factors influencing business location

Several factors determine how your business functions and sustains itself. These are some of them you should consider before picking your business location:

1. Proximity to target customers

In most cases, it pays to be in a location where there’s a high demand for your product. However, depending on your business type, you can decide whether you need to be near your target customers.

For instance, if you’re planning to start a restaurant , it might be more profitable to be in an urban locality where people eat out frequently. Conversely, if you plan on starting a manufacturing business , being close to your target customers might not be a priority.

Regardless of your business type, your proximity to your customers becomes more significant if:

• Your product life cycle is short
• Your transportation cost is high
• Your products are fragile
• Your products require after-sales services

2. Competitors’ location

Picking a location closer to a competitor can impact your business in many ways. Done wisely, it can even turn out to be a good strategy.

If your products have a competitive advantage , setting up a shop near your competitors can work in your favor. Not only can you capture their market share, but also provide your customers with a sense of choice.

Here are the benefits of setting up your business near a competitor:

• Healthy competition will fuel innovation.
• You can leverage your competitors’ marketing strategies for your benefit. Since they have already pulled in customers to the area, you don’t have to spend a lot on advertising yourself.
• Being close to your competitors allows you to strategize better and understand what works and what doesn’t in the market.
• If you happen to build a good relationship with your competitor, you can even collaborate with them.

If you’re afraid that your competitors’ offerings may outperform yours, you may choose other locations that will place you in the center of the market.

3. Talent acquisition

It’s not just customers and suppliers you need to worry about when picking a location; you also need to consider your recruitment needs.

If you plan to build a team, you need to check the following:

• Are there enough talented workers in the area you can hire?
• Does the location have good transportation and other facilities?
• Will the location help boost your staff’s productivity?
• How far is the location from the nearest residential area?
• Will you be reimbursing your staff’s travel expenses?

4. Operating and other costs

The location of your business will greatly influence the expenses you will have to incur.

Some of those expenses to look out for are:

• Transportation of raw materials
• Product delivery
• Inventory costs
• Parking fees
• Labor costs
• Electricity costs
• Water costs

There are a variety of taxes you would have to pay once you’ve set up your business. These vary depending on state and location. Moreover, some areas favor particular industries, creating favorable tax conditions. So, it’s essential to consider the same before deciding on the location of your business.

A few of the commonly levied taxes on businesses are:

• Property tax
• Corporate tax

6. Government incentives

Most young entrepreneurs are constantly on the lookout for funding and support. The good news is that some local and state governments do offer help. This can be in the form of financial incentives, business grants , low-interest loans, tax relaxations, and other benefits.

Make sure to research these before you lock your decision.

Some websites where you can find relevant info are:

• U.S. Chamber of Commerce
• U.S. Small Business Administration
• USA Government

7. Government laws and policies

Converse to the last point, there could be several government laws and policies that may restrict or negatively impact your business activities. Make sure to consider these before finalizing your business location.

Some of the aspects you should look into are:

• Licenses and permits
• Labor and employment laws
• Trade barriers
• Building codes
• Environmental regulations
• Advertising regulations

8. Local zoning ordinances

Local authorities have fixed rules and regulations regarding land usage—these laws are called zoning ordinances. Check if your plans of using and modifying the property comply with local laws to avoid running into problems later down the line.

Some locations have laws that deny permits for specific industries or restrict certain business activities. So, verify with the local municipal corporations or similar authorities to ensure you’re allowed to do business in that location.

9. Local community

While opening your business, it’s crucial to consider the impact of the local community on your business.

Asking the below questions might help you to choose the right business location:

• Is the community welcoming of small businesses?
• Does your business benefit the community in any way?
• Are the local values compatible with your company’s values?
• Will you be able to foster long-term relationships with the community ?

10. Safety and security

Feeling safe and conducting your business without any disturbances is critical.

Inquire about the following while looking for a location:

• Is the crime rate in the area high?
• How well is the policing system enforced?
• Is there a danger of theft or burglary? Will your inventory be secure?
• Is it a safe place for you and your employees?
• Will you need to upgrade the property to safeguard your business?

Choose the right location for your business

Going through a myriad of business location ideas can often cause decision fatigue due to the irreversibility of the action. However, you can increase your chances of success by evaluating your options via extensive research.

Examine the above factors to analyze your compatibility with your desired location and identify potential fits to check if it’s viable. Make sure to take your time to avoid making the wrong investment. You can even consider hiring an advisor to choose the right business location.

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About the Author

Ayush is a writer with an academic background in business and marketing. Being a tech-enthusiast, he likes to keep a sharp eye on the latest tech gadgets and innovations. When he's not working, you can find him writing poetry, gaming, playing the ukulele, catching up with friends, and indulging in creative philosophies.

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How To Write the Management Section of a Business Plan

Susan Ward wrote about small businesses for The Balance for 18 years. She has run an IT consulting firm and designed and presented courses on how to promote small businesses.

Ownership Structure

Internal management team, external management resources, human resources, frequently asked questions (faqs).

When developing a business plan , the 'management section' describes your management team, staff, resources, and how your business ownership is structured. This section should not only describe who's on your management team but how each person's skill set will contribute to your bottom line. In this article, we will detail exactly how to compose and best highlight your management team.

Key Takeaways

• The management section of a business plan helps show how your management team and company are structured.
• The first section shows the ownership structure, which might be a sole proprietorship, partnership, or corporation.
• The internal management section shows the department heads, including sales, marketing, administration, and production.
• The external management resources help back up your internal management and include an advisory board and consultants.
• The human resources section contains staffing requirements—part-time or full-time—skills needed for employees and the costs.

This section outlines the legal structure of your business. It may only be a single sentence if your business is a sole proprietorship. If your business is a partnership or a corporation, it can be longer. You want to be sure you explain who holds what percentage of ownership in the company.

The internal management section should describe the business management categories relevant to your business, identify who will have responsibility for each category, and then include a short profile highlighting each person's skills.

The primary business categories of sales, marketing , administration, and production usually work for many small businesses. If your business has employees, you will also need a human resources section. You may also find that your company needs additional management categories to fit your unique circumstances.

It's not necessary to have a different person in charge of each category; some key management people often fill more than one role. Identify the key managers in your business and explain what functions and experience each team member will serve. You may wish to present this as an organizational chart in your business plan, although the list format is also appropriate.

Along with this section, you should include the complete resumés of each management team member (including your own). Follow this with an explanation of how each member will be compensated and their benefits package, and describe any profit-sharing plans that may apply.

If there are any contracts that relate directly to your management team members, such as work contracts or non-competition agreements, you should include them in an Appendix to your business plan.

While external management resources are often overlooked when writing a business plan , using these resources effectively can make the difference between the success or failure of your managers. Think of these external resources as your internal management team's backup. They give your business credibility and an additional pool of expertise.

Advisory Board

An Advisory Board can increase consumer and investor confidence, attract talented employees by showing a commitment to company growth and bring a diversity of contributions. If you choose to have an Advisory Board , list all the board members in this section, and include a bio and all relevant specializations. If you choose your board members carefully, the group can compensate for the niche forms of expertise that your internal managers lack.

When selecting your board members, look for people who are genuinely interested in seeing your business do well and have the patience and time to provide sound advice.

Recently retired executives or managers, other successful entrepreneurs, and/or vendors would be good choices for an Advisory Board.

Professional Services

Professional Services should also be highlighted in the external management resources section. Describe all the external professional advisors that your business will use, such as accountants, bankers, lawyers, IT consultants, business consultants, and/or business coaches. These professionals provide a web of advice and support outside your internal management team that can be invaluable in making management decisions and your new business a success .

The last point you should address in the management section of your business plan is your human resources needs. The trick to writing about human resources is to be specific. To simply write, "We'll need more people once we get up and running," isn't sufficient. Follow this list:

• Detail how many employees your business will need at each stage and what they will cost.
• Describe exactly how your business's human resources needs can be met. Will it be best to have employees, or should you operate with contract workers or freelancers ? Do you need full-time or part-time staff or a mix of both?
• Outline your staffing requirements, including a description of the specific skills that the people working for you will need to possess.
• Calculate your labor costs. Decide the number of employees you will need and how many customers each employee can serve. For example, if it takes one employee to serve 150 customers, and you forecast 1,500 customers in your first year, your business will need 10 employees.
• Determine how much each employee will receive and total the salary cost for all your employees.
• Add to this the cost of  Workers' Compensation Insurance  (mandatory for most businesses) and the cost of any other employee benefits, such as company-sponsored medical and dental plans.

After you've listed the points above, describe how you will find the staff your business needs and how you will train them. Your description of staff recruitment should explain whether or not sufficient local labor is available and how you will recruit staff.

When you're writing about staff training, you'll want to include as many specifics as possible. What specific training will your staff undergo? What ongoing training opportunities will you provide your employees?

Even if the plan for your business is to start as a sole proprietorship, you should include a section on potential human resources demands as a way to demonstrate that you've thought about the staffing your business may require as it grows.

Business plans are about the future and the hypothetical challenges and successes that await. It's worth visualizing and documenting the details of your business so that the materials and network around your dream can begin to take shape.

What is the management section of a business plan?

The 'management section' describes your management team, staff, resources, and how your business ownership is structured.

What are the 5 sections of a business plan?

A business plan provides a road map showing your company's goals and how you'll achieve them. The five sections of a business plan are as follows:

• The  market analysis  outlines the demand for your product or service.
• The  competitive analysis  section shows your competition's strengths and weaknesses and your strategy for gaining market share.
• The management plan outlines your ownership structure, the management team, and staffing requirements.
• The  operating plan  details your business location and the facilities, equipment, and supplies needed to operate.
• The  financial plan  shows the map to financial success and the sources of funding, such as bank loans or investors.

SCORE. " Why Small Businesses Should Consider Workers’ Comp Insurance ."

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5.1.5: The Business Plan

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Learning Objectives

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Describe the different purposes of a business plan
• Describe and develop the components of a brief business plan
• Describe and develop the components of a full business plan

Unlike the brief or lean formats introduced so far, the business plan is a formal document used for the long-range planning of a company’s operation. It typically includes background information, financial information, and a summary of the business. Investors nearly always request a formal business plan because it is an integral part of their evaluation of whether to invest in a company. Although nothing in business is permanent, a business plan typically has components that are more “set in stone” than a business model canvas, which is more commonly used as a first step in the planning process and throughout the early stages of a nascent business. A business plan is likely to describe the business and industry, market strategies, sales potential, and competitive analysis, as well as the company’s long-term goals and objectives. An in-depth formal business plan would follow at later stages after various iterations to business model canvases. The business plan usually projects financial data over a three-year period and is typically required by banks or other investors to secure funding. The business plan is a roadmap for the company to follow over multiple years.

Some entrepreneurs prefer to use the canvas process instead of the business plan, whereas others use a shorter version of the business plan, submitting it to investors after several iterations. There are also entrepreneurs who use the business plan earlier in the entrepreneurial process, either preceding or concurrently with a canvas. For instance, Chris Guillebeau has a one-page business plan template in his book The $100 Startup . His version is basically an extension of a napkin sketch, without the detail of a full business plan. As you progress, you can also consider a brief business plan (about two pages)—if you want to support a rapid business launch—and/or a standard business plan.

As with many aspects of entrepreneurship, there are no clear hard and fast rules to achieving entrepreneurial success. You may encounter different people who want different things (canvas, summary, full business plan), and you also have flexibility in following whatever tool works best for you. Like the canvas, the various versions of the business plan are tools that will aid you in your entrepreneurial endeavor.

Business Plan Overview

Most business plans have several distinct sections (Figure 5.1.5.1). The business plan can range from a few pages to twenty-five pages or more, depending on the purpose and the intended audience. For our discussion, we’ll describe a brief business plan and a standard business plan. If you are able to successfully design a business model canvas, then you will have the structure for developing a clear business plan that you can submit for financial consideration.

Both types of business plans aim at providing a picture and roadmap to follow from conception to creation. If you opt for the brief business plan, you will focus primarily on articulating a big-picture overview of your business concept.

The full business plan is aimed at executing the vision concept, dealing with the proverbial devil in the details. Developing a full business plan will assist those of you who need a more detailed and structured roadmap, or those of you with little to no background in business. The business planning process includes the business model, a feasibility analysis, and a full business plan, which we will discuss later in this section. Next, we explore how a business plan can meet several different needs.

Purposes of a Business Plan

A business plan can serve many different purposes—some internal, others external. As we discussed previously, you can use a business plan as an internal early planning device, an extension of a napkin sketch, and as a follow-up to one of the canvas tools. A business plan can be an organizational roadmap, that is, an internal planning tool and working plan that you can apply to your business in order to reach your desired goals over the course of several years. The business plan should be written by the owners of the venture, since it forces a firsthand examination of the business operations and allows them to focus on areas that need improvement.

Refer to the business venture throughout the document. Generally speaking, a business plan should not be written in the first person.

A major external purpose for the business plan is as an investment tool that outlines financial projections, becoming a document designed to attract investors. In many instances, a business plan can complement a formal investor’s pitch. In this context, the business plan is a presentation plan, intended for an outside audience that may or may not be familiar with your industry, your business, and your competitors.

You can also use your business plan as a contingency plan by outlining some “what-if” scenarios and exploring how you might respond if these scenarios unfold. Pretty Young Professional launched in November 2010 as an online resource to guide an emerging generation of female leaders. The site focused on recent female college graduates and current students searching for professional roles and those in their first professional roles. It was founded by four friends who were coworkers at the global consultancy firm McKinsey. But after positions and equity were decided among them, fundamental differences of opinion about the direction of the business emerged between two factions, according to the co-founder and former CEO Kathryn Minshew. “I think, naively, we assumed that if we kicked the can down the road on some of those things, we’d be able to sort them out,” Minshew said. Minshew went on to found a different professional site, The Muse, and took much of the editorial team of Pretty Young Professional with her. Whereas greater planning potentially could have prevented the early demise of Pretty Young Professional, a change in planning led to overnight success for Joshua Esnard and The Cut Buddy team. Esnard invented and patented the plastic hair template that he was selling online out of his Fort Lauderdale garage while working a full-time job at Broward College and running a side business. Esnard had hundreds of boxes of Cut Buddies sitting in his home when he changed his marketing plan to enlist companies specializing in making videos go viral. It worked so well that a promotional video for the product garnered 8 million views in hours. The Cut Buddy sold over 4,000 products in a few hours when Esnard only had hundreds remaining. Demand greatly exceeded his supply, so Esnard had to scramble to increase manufacturing and offered customers two-for-one deals to make up for delays. This led to selling 55,000 units, generating $700,000 in sales in 2017. After appearing on Shark Tank and landing a deal with Daymond John that gave the “shark” a 20-percent equity stake in return for $300,000, The Cut Buddy has added new distribution channels to include retail sales along with online commerce. Changing one aspect of a business plan—the marketing plan—yielded success for The Cut Buddy.

LINK TO LEARNING

Watch this video of Cut Buddy’s founder, Joshua Esnard, telling his company’s story to learn more.

If you opt for the brief business plan, you will focus primarily on articulating a big-picture overview of your business concept. This version is used to interest potential investors, employees, and other stakeholders, and will include a financial summary “box,” but it must have a disclaimer, and the founder/entrepreneur may need to have the people who receive it sign a nondisclosure agreement (NDA). The full business plan is aimed at executing the vision concept, providing supporting details, and would be required by financial institutions and others as they formally become stakeholders in the venture. Both are aimed at providing a picture and roadmap to go from conception to creation.

Types of Business Plans

The brief business plan is similar to an extended executive summary from the full business plan. This concise document provides a broad overview of your entrepreneurial concept, your team members, how and why you will execute on your plans, and why you are the ones to do so. You can think of a brief business plan as a scene setter or—since we began this chapter with a film reference—as a trailer to the full movie. The brief business plan is the commercial equivalent to a trailer for Field of Dreams , whereas the full plan is the full-length movie equivalent.

Brief Business Plan

As the name implies, the executive summary summarizes key elements of the entire business plan, such as the business concept, financial features, and current business position. The executive summary version of the business plan is your opportunity to broadly articulate the overall concept and vision of the company for yourself, for prospective investors, and for current and future employees.

A typical executive summary is generally no longer than a page, but because the brief business plan is essentially an extended executive summary, the executive summary section is vital. This is the “ask” to an investor. You should begin by clearly stating what you are asking for in the summary.

In the business concept phase, you’ll describe the business, its product, and its markets. Describe the customer segment it serves and why your company will hold a competitive advantage. This section may align roughly with the customer segments and value-proposition segments of a canvas.

Next, highlight the important financial features, including sales, profits, cash flows, and return on investment. Like the financial portion of a feasibility analysis, the financial analysis component of a business plan may typically include items like a twelve-month profit and loss projection, a three- or four-year profit and loss projection, a cash-flow projection, a projected balance sheet, and a breakeven calculation. You can explore a feasibility study and financial projections in more depth in the formal business plan. Here, you want to focus on the big picture of your numbers and what they mean.

The current business position section can furnish relevant information about you and your team members and the company at large. This is your opportunity to tell the story of how you formed the company, to describe its legal status (form of operation), and to list the principal players. In one part of the extended executive summary, you can cover your reasons for starting the business: Here is an opportunity to clearly define the needs you think you can meet and perhaps get into the pains and gains of customers. You also can provide a summary of the overall strategic direction in which you intend to take the company. Describe the company’s mission, vision, goals and objectives, overall business model, and value proposition.

Rice University’s Student Business Plan Competition, one of the largest and overall best-regarded graduate school business-plan competitions, requires an executive summary of up to five pages to apply. Its suggested sections are shown in Table 5.1.5.1.

ARE YOU READY?

Create a Brief Business Plan

Fill out a canvas of your choosing for a well-known startup: Uber, Netflix, Dropbox, Etsy, Airbnb, Bird/Lime, Warby Parker, or any of the companies featured throughout this chapter or one of your choice. Then create a brief business plan for that business. See if you can find a version of the company’s actual executive summary, business plan, or canvas. Compare and contrast your vision with what the company has articulated.

• These companies are well established but is there a component of what you charted that you would advise the company to change to ensure future viability?
• Map out a contingency plan for a “what-if” scenario if one key aspect of the company or the environment it operates in were drastically is altered?

Full Business Plan

Even full business plans can vary in length, scale, and scope. Rice University sets a ten-page cap on business plans submitted for the full competition. The IndUS Entrepreneurs, one of the largest global networks of entrepreneurs, also holds business plan competitions for students through its Tie Young Entrepreneurs program. In contrast, business plans submitted for that competition can usually be up to twenty-five pages. These are just two examples. Some components may differ slightly; common elements are typically found in a formal business plan outline. The next section will provide sample components of a full business plan for a fictional business.

Executive Summary

The executive summary should provide an overview of your business with key points and issues. Because the summary is intended to summarize the entire document, it is most helpful to write this section last, even though it comes first in sequence. The writing in this section should be especially concise. Readers should be able to understand your needs and capabilities at first glance. The section should tell the reader what you want and your “ask” should be explicitly stated in the summary.

Describe your business, its product or service, and the intended customers. Explain what will be sold, who it will be sold to, and what competitive advantages the business has. Table 5.1.5.2 shows a sample executive summary for the fictional company La Vida Lola.

Business Description

This section describes the industry, your product, and the business and success factors. It should provide a current outlook as well as future trends and developments. You also should address your company’s mission, vision, goals, and objectives. Summarize your overall strategic direction, your reasons for starting the business, a description of your products and services, your business model, and your company’s value proposition. Consider including the Standard Industrial Classification/North American Industry Classification System (SIC/NAICS) code to specify the industry and ensure correct identification. The industry extends beyond where the business is located and operates, and should include national and global dynamics. Table 5.1.5.3 shows a sample business description for La Vida Lola.

Industry Analysis and Market Strategies

Here you should define your market in terms of size, structure, growth prospects, trends, and sales potential. You’ll want to include your TAM and forecast the SAM. This is a place to address market segmentation strategies by geography, customer attributes, or product orientation. Describe your positioning relative to your competitors’ in terms of pricing, distribution, promotion plan, and sales potential. Table 5.1.5.4 shows an example industry analysis and market strategy for La Vida Lola.

Competitive Analysis

The competitive analysis is a statement of the business strategy as it relates to the competition. You want to be able to identify who are your major competitors and assess what are their market shares, markets served, strategies employed, and expected response to entry? You likely want to conduct a classic SWOT analysis (Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats) and complete a competitive-strength grid or competitive matrix. Outline your company’s competitive strengths relative to those of the competition in regard to product, distribution, pricing, promotion, and advertising. What are your company’s competitive advantages and their likely impacts on its success? The key is to construct it properly for the relevant features/benefits (by weight, according to customers) and how the startup compares to incumbents. The competitive matrix should show clearly how and why the startup has a clear (if not currently measurable) competitive advantage. Some common features in the example include price, benefits, quality, type of features, locations, and distribution/sales. Sample templates are shown in Figure 5.1.5.2 and Figure 5.1.5.3. A competitive analysis helps you create a marketing strategy that will identify assets or skills that your competitors are lacking so you can plan to fill those gaps, giving you a distinct competitive advantage. When creating a competitor analysis, it is important to focus on the key features and elements that matter to customers, rather than focusing too heavily on the entrepreneur’s idea and desires.

Operations and Management Plan

In this section, outline how you will manage your company. Describe its organizational structure. Here you can address the form of ownership and, if warranted, include an organizational chart/structure. Highlight the backgrounds, experiences, qualifications, areas of expertise, and roles of members of the management team. This is also the place to mention any other stakeholders, such as a board of directors or advisory board(s), and their relevant relationship to the founder, experience and value to help make the venture successful, and professional service firms providing management support, such as accounting services and legal counsel.

Table 5.1.5.5 shows a sample operations and management plan for La Vida Lola.

Marketing Plan

Here you should outline and describe an effective overall marketing strategy for your venture, providing details regarding pricing, promotion, advertising, distribution, media usage, public relations, and a digital presence. Fully describe your sales management plan and the composition of your sales force, along with a comprehensive and detailed budget for the marketing plan. Table 5.1.5.6 shows a sample marketing plan for La Vida Lola.

Financial Plan

A financial plan seeks to forecast revenue and expenses; project a financial narrative; and estimate project costs, valuations, and cash flow projections. This section should present an accurate, realistic, and achievable financial plan for your venture. Include sales forecasts and income projections, pro forma financial statements, a breakeven analysis, and a capital budget. Identify your possible sources of financing. Figure 5.1.5.4 shows a template of cash-flow needs for La Vida Lola.

ENTREPRENEUR IN ACTION

Laughing Man Coffee

Hugh Jackman (Figure 5.1.5.5) may best be known for portraying a comic-book superhero who used his mutant abilities to protect the world from villains. But the Wolverine actor is also working to make the planet a better place for real, not through adamantium claws but through social entrepreneurship.

A love of java jolted Jackman into action in 2009, when he traveled to Ethiopia with a Christian humanitarian group to shoot a documentary about the impact of fair-trade certification on coffee growers there. He decided to launch a business and follow in the footsteps of the late Paul Newman, another famous actor turned philanthropist via food ventures.

Jackman launched Laughing Man Coffee two years later; he sold the line to Keurig in 2015. One Laughing Man Coffee café in New York continues to operate independently, investing its proceeds into charitable programs that support better housing, health, and educational initiatives within fair-trade farming communities. Although the New York location is the only café, the coffee brand is still distributed, with Keurig donating an undisclosed portion of Laughing Man proceeds to those causes (whereas Jackman donates all his profits). The company initially donated its profits to World Vision, the Christian humanitarian group Jackman accompanied in 2009. In 2017, it created the Laughing Man Foundation to be more active with its money management and distribution.

• You be the entrepreneur. If you were Jackman, would you have sold the company to Keurig? Why or why not?
• Would you have started the Laughing Man Foundation?
• What else can Jackman do to aid fair-trade practices for coffee growers?

WHAT CAN YOU DO?

Textbooks for Change

Founded in 2014, Textbooks for Change uses a cross-compensation model, in which one customer segment pays for a product or service, and the profit from that revenue is used to provide the same product or service to another, underserved segment. Textbooks for Change partners with student organizations to collect used college textbooks, some of which are re-sold while others are donated to students in need at underserved universities across the globe. The organization has reused or recycled 250,000 textbooks, providing 220,000 students with access through seven campus partners in East Africa. This B-corp social enterprise tackles a problem and offers a solution that is directly relevant to college students like yourself. Have you observed a problem on your college campus or other campuses that is not being served properly? Could it result in a social enterprise?

WORK IT OUT

Franchisee Set Out

A franchisee of East Coast Wings, a chain with dozens of restaurants in the United States, has decided to part ways with the chain. The new store will feature the same basic sports-bar-and-restaurant concept and serve the same basic foods: chicken wings, burgers, sandwiches, and the like. The new restaurant can’t rely on the same distributors and suppliers. A new business plan is needed.

• What steps should the new restaurant take to create a new business plan?
• Should it attempt to serve the same customers? Why or why not?

This New York Times video, “An Unlikely Business Plan,” describes entrepreneurial resurgence in Detroit, Michigan.

Plant Location: Importance, Techniques and Procedure

Introduction :

Location of an industry is an important management decision. It is a two-step decision: first, choice of general area or region and second, the choice of site within the area selected. Location decision is based on the organisations long-term strategies such as technological, mar­keting, resource availability and financial strategies.

The objective of plant location decision-making is to minimise the sum of all costs affected by location.

Plant location is important because of the following:

(i) Location influences plant layout facilities needed.

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(ii) Location influences capital investment and operating costs.

Location decisions are strategic, long-term and non-repetitive in nature. Without sound and careful location planning in the beginning itself, the new facilities may create continuous operating problems in future. Location decision also affects the efficiency, effectiveness, produc­tivity and profitability.

The location decision should be taken very carefully, as any mistake may cause poor location, which could be a constant source of higher cost, higher investment, difficult marketing and transportation, dissatisfied and frustrated employees and consumers, frequent interruptions of production, abnormal wastages, delays and substandard quality etc.

Therefore, it should be based upon a careful consideration of all factors that are essentially needed in efficient running of a particular industry. The necessary factors in the selection of plant location vary among industries and with changing technical and economical conditions.

Site selection is not an easy problem because if the selection is not proper then all money spent on factory building, machinery and their installation etc., will go as waste and the owner has to suffer a great loss. Therefore, while selecting a site, owner must consider technical, commercial, financial aspects which may provide maximum advantages.

It is sometimes pos­sible that all the requirements and features of ideal site may not be available at one particular location but then it will be advantageous to find out suitable site with combinations of all essential requirements of the particular industry to be established as explained in following paras.

Locational Economics :

The selection of the location for an industrial plant is a long time commitment. A new enterprise may be suffered throughout its life due to unfavourable location. Once a plant has been built, the expense and disruption of activities necessary to move it to a more favourable location is quite impracticable. Therefore, the search for plant site justifies very careful consid­eration.

For evaluation of economical location following factors should be considered:

1. Raw material procurement.

2. Proximity of market.

3. Availability of labour, their training and compensation.

4. Availability of power.

5. Availability of finance.

6. Miscellaneous considerations like donations, subsidies, taxes and non-interference by government or local bodies, war and political effects and other facilities or bottle necks.

For comparing, the problem is divided into five main factors. The cost of each factor or sub- factor is calculated per unit as shown in Table 31.1, which will help us in deciding most eco­nomical site.

Let R 1 and R 2 be the two available sources of raw material supply, one place of market or consumption is M, and L is the location of the factory. Then, if L is at M, only freight on raw material will be paid or if L is at R 1 or R 2 , there will be only distribution charges on the manu­factured goods.

Now, again if an intermediate place is selected both incoming and outgoing freights will be paid. Actually in practice, a comparison should be made of each element of the cost required to be involved, if the plant is erected at each of these alternative locations as shown in triangular form in Fig. 31.1.

In order to explain the mechanics of optimal choice of location the following examples are taken. It is not necessary to consider all the factors of site selection given in Table 31.1, only the most effective factors can be considered. An optimal location is one, which is the best in given and existing circumstance.

Now on the basis of operating costs alone Alwar city would appear to be best location. If we include the other factors such as community attitude and employee housing, Kota offers the best possibilities for location and would probably be chosen.

A new industrialist wants to locate a small factory. On surveying he found the three possibilities of Delhi, Gaziabad and Meerut with different advantages. The initial invest­ment is going to be of the order of Rs. 2 lacs. The industrialist wants to calculate the rate of returns of the three proposed sites with highest rate of returns will be the optimal choice of location for the factory.

Out of above factors 1 and 2 can be headed under sales and distribution cost and other five factors under production cost.

Now Total cost of production and distribution, i.e.,

• Prodromos Chatzoglou 1 ,
• Dimitrios Chatzoudes   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-7383-0759 1 ,
• Zografia Petrakopoulou 1 &
• Elena Polychrou 1  

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Selecting the appropriate plant location is among the most important decisions a company will ever make. The present study examines the criteria affecting investors’ decisions concerning the location of their plants. Its main purpose is to incorporate the most significant measures used in the international literature and develop a new decision model (research model). The proposed research model was tested on a sample of Greek manufacturing companies. Empirical data were analysed using the “structural equation modelling” technique. The present study is explanatory (examines cause and effect relationships), deductive (tests research hypotheses), empirical (collects primary data), and quantitative (analyses quantitative data that were collected using a newly-developed structured questionnaire). The results indicate that cost issues (land, production process, raw materials and labour), market characteristics (size and prospects for future growth) and infrastructure are the main factors that affect investors’ decisions. Moreover, subsidies and tax incentives offered by the central government seem to affect, to a great extent, entrepreneurs’ decisions to invest in the specific region. The present study is conducted in an economy under crisis that has specific structural characteristics and finds great difficulty in attracting and retaining new investments. Its results may be generalised in other developed countries whose economy faces similar challenges. Moreover, the present study used qualitative data in order to enhance its proposed research model. Such an approach has very randomly used in the relevant literature. Finally, it updates the literature on plant location selection, since very few studies have been conducted during the last 5 years.

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12 Key Elements of a Business Plan (Top Components Explained)

Starting and running a successful business requires proper planning and execution of effective business tactics and strategies .

You need to prepare many essential business documents when starting a business for maximum success; the business plan is one such document.

When creating a business, you want to achieve business objectives and financial goals like productivity, profitability, and business growth. You need an effective business plan to help you get to your desired business destination.

Even if you are already running a business, the proper understanding and review of the key elements of a business plan help you navigate potential crises and obstacles.

This article will teach you why the business document is at the core of any successful business and its key elements you can not avoid.

Let’s get started.

Why Are Business Plans Important?

Business plans are practical steps or guidelines that usually outline what companies need to do to reach their goals. They are essential documents for any business wanting to grow and thrive in a highly-competitive business environment .

1. Proves Your Business Viability

A business plan gives companies an idea of how viable they are and what actions they need to take to grow and reach their financial targets. With a well-written and clearly defined business plan, your business is better positioned to meet its goals.

2. Guides You Throughout the Business Cycle

A business plan is not just important at the start of a business. As a business owner, you must draw up a business plan to remain relevant throughout the business cycle .

During the starting phase of your business, a business plan helps bring your ideas into reality. A solid business plan can secure funding from lenders and investors.

After successfully setting up your business, the next phase is management. Your business plan still has a role to play in this phase, as it assists in communicating your business vision to employees and external partners.

Essentially, your business plan needs to be flexible enough to adapt to changes in the needs of your business.

3. Helps You Make Better Business Decisions

As a business owner, you are involved in an endless decision-making cycle. Your business plan helps you find answers to your most crucial business decisions.

A robust business plan helps you settle your major business components before you launch your product, such as your marketing and sales strategy and competitive advantage.

4. Eliminates Big Mistakes

Many small businesses fail within their first five years for several reasons: lack of financing, stiff competition, low market need, inadequate teams, and inefficient pricing strategy.

Creating an effective plan helps you eliminate these big mistakes that lead to businesses' decline. Every business plan element is crucial for helping you avoid potential mistakes before they happen.

5. Secures Financing and Attracts Top Talents

Having an effective plan increases your chances of securing business loans. One of the essential requirements many lenders ask for to grant your loan request is your business plan.

A business plan helps investors feel confident that your business can attract a significant return on investments ( ROI ).

You can attract and retain top-quality talents with a clear business plan. It inspires your employees and keeps them aligned to achieve your strategic business goals.

Key Elements of Business Plan

Starting and running a successful business requires well-laid actions and supporting documents that better position a company to achieve its business goals and maximize success.

A business plan is a written document with relevant information detailing business objectives and how it intends to achieve its goals.

With an effective business plan, investors, lenders, and potential partners understand your organizational structure and goals, usually around profitability, productivity, and growth.

Every successful business plan is made up of key components that help solidify the efficacy of the business plan in delivering on what it was created to do.

Here are some of the components of an effective business plan.

1. Executive Summary

One of the key elements of a business plan is the executive summary. Write the executive summary as part of the concluding topics in the business plan. Creating an executive summary with all the facts and information available is easier.

In the overall business plan document, the executive summary should be at the forefront of the business plan. It helps set the tone for readers on what to expect from the business plan.

A well-written executive summary includes all vital information about the organization's operations, making it easy for a reader to understand.

The key points that need to be acted upon are highlighted in the executive summary. They should be well spelled out to make decisions easy for the management team.

A good and compelling executive summary points out a company's mission statement and a brief description of its products and services.

An executive summary summarizes a business's expected value proposition to distinct customer segments. It highlights the other key elements to be discussed during the rest of the business plan.

Including your prior experiences as an entrepreneur is a good idea in drawing up an executive summary for your business. A brief but detailed explanation of why you decided to start the business in the first place is essential.

Adding your company's mission statement in your executive summary cannot be overemphasized. It creates a culture that defines how employees and all individuals associated with your company abide when carrying out its related processes and operations.

Your executive summary should be brief and detailed to catch readers' attention and encourage them to learn more about your company.

Components of an Executive Summary

Here are some of the information that makes up an executive summary:

• The name and location of your company
• Products and services offered by your company
• Mission and vision statements
• Success factors of your business plan

2. Business Description

Your business description needs to be exciting and captivating as it is the formal introduction a reader gets about your company.

What your company aims to provide, its products and services, goals and objectives, target audience , and potential customers it plans to serve need to be highlighted in your business description.

A company description helps point out notable qualities that make your company stand out from other businesses in the industry. It details its unique strengths and the competitive advantages that give it an edge to succeed over its direct and indirect competitors.

Spell out how your business aims to deliver on the particular needs and wants of identified customers in your company description, as well as the particular industry and target market of the particular focus of the company.

Include trends and significant competitors within your particular industry in your company description. Your business description should contain what sets your company apart from other businesses and provides it with the needed competitive advantage.

In essence, if there is any area in your business plan where you need to brag about your business, your company description provides that unique opportunity as readers look to get a high-level overview.

Components of a Business Description

Your business description needs to contain these categories of information.

• Business location
• The legal structure of your business
• Summary of your business’s short and long-term goals

3. Market Analysis

The market analysis section should be solely based on analytical research as it details trends particular to the market you want to penetrate.

Graphs, spreadsheets, and histograms are handy data and statistical tools you need to utilize in your market analysis. They make it easy to understand the relationship between your current ideas and the future goals you have for the business.

All details about the target customers you plan to sell products or services should be in the market analysis section. It helps readers with a helpful overview of the market.

In your market analysis, you provide the needed data and statistics about industry and market share, the identified strengths in your company description, and compare them against other businesses in the same industry.

The market analysis section aims to define your target audience and estimate how your product or service would fare with these identified audiences.

Market analysis helps visualize a target market by researching and identifying the primary target audience of your company and detailing steps and plans based on your audience location.

Obtaining this information through market research is essential as it helps shape how your business achieves its short-term and long-term goals.

Market Analysis Factors

Here are some of the factors to be included in your market analysis.

• The geographical location of your target market
• Needs of your target market and how your products and services can meet those needs
• Demographics of your target audience

Components of the Market Analysis Section

Here is some of the information to be included in your market analysis.

• Industry description and statistics
• Demographics and profile of target customers
• Marketing data for your products and services
• Detailed evaluation of your competitors

4. Marketing Plan

A marketing plan defines how your business aims to reach its target customers, generate sales leads, and, ultimately, make sales.

Promotion is at the center of any successful marketing plan. It is a series of steps to pitch a product or service to a larger audience to generate engagement. Note that the marketing strategy for a business should not be stagnant and must evolve depending on its outcome.

Include the budgetary requirement for successfully implementing your marketing plan in this section to make it easy for readers to measure your marketing plan's impact in terms of numbers.

The information to include in your marketing plan includes marketing and promotion strategies, pricing plans and strategies , and sales proposals. You need to include how you intend to get customers to return and make repeat purchases in your business plan.

5. Sales Strategy

Sales strategy defines how you intend to get your product or service to your target customers and works hand in hand with your business marketing strategy.

Your sales strategy approach should not be complex. Break it down into simple and understandable steps to promote your product or service to target customers.

Apart from the steps to promote your product or service, define the budget you need to implement your sales strategies and the number of sales reps needed to help the business assist in direct sales.

Your sales strategy should be specific on what you need and how you intend to deliver on your sales targets, where numbers are reflected to make it easier for readers to understand and relate better.

6. Competitive Analysis

Providing transparent and honest information, even with direct and indirect competitors, defines a good business plan. Provide the reader with a clear picture of your rank against major competitors.

Identifying your competitors' weaknesses and strengths is useful in drawing up a market analysis. It is one information investors look out for when assessing business plans.

The competitive analysis section clearly defines the notable differences between your company and your competitors as measured against their strengths and weaknesses.

This section should define the following:

• Your competitors' identified advantages in the market
• How do you plan to set up your company to challenge your competitors’ advantage and gain grounds from them?
• The standout qualities that distinguish you from other companies
• Potential bottlenecks you have identified that have plagued competitors in the same industry and how you intend to overcome these bottlenecks

In your business plan, you need to prove your industry knowledge to anyone who reads your business plan. The competitive analysis section is designed for that purpose.

7. Management and Organization

Management and organization are key components of a business plan. They define its structure and how it is positioned to run.

Whether you intend to run a sole proprietorship, general or limited partnership, or corporation, the legal structure of your business needs to be clearly defined in your business plan.

Use an organizational chart that illustrates the hierarchy of operations of your company and spells out separate departments and their roles and functions in this business plan section.

The management and organization section includes profiles of advisors, board of directors, and executive team members and their roles and responsibilities in guaranteeing the company's success.

Apparent factors that influence your company's corporate culture, such as human resources requirements and legal structure, should be well defined in the management and organization section.

Defining the business's chain of command if you are not a sole proprietor is necessary. It leaves room for little or no confusion about who is in charge or responsible during business operations.

This section provides relevant information on how the management team intends to help employees maximize their strengths and address their identified weaknesses to help all quarters improve for the business's success.

8. Products and Services

This business plan section describes what a company has to offer regarding products and services to the maximum benefit and satisfaction of its target market.

Boldly spell out pending patents or copyright products and intellectual property in this section alongside costs, expected sales revenue, research and development, and competitors' advantage as an overview.

At this stage of your business plan, the reader needs to know what your business plans to produce and sell and the benefits these products offer in meeting customers' needs.

The supply network of your business product, production costs, and how you intend to sell the products are crucial components of the products and services section.

Investors are always keen on this information to help them reach a balanced assessment of if investing in your business is risky or offer benefits to them.

You need to create a link in this section on how your products or services are designed to meet the market's needs and how you intend to keep those customers and carve out a market share for your company.

Repeat purchases are the backing that a successful business relies on and measure how much customers are into what your company is offering.

This section is more like an expansion of the executive summary section. You need to analyze each product or service under the business.

9. Operating Plan

An operations plan describes how you plan to carry out your business operations and processes.

The operating plan for your business should include:

• Information about how your company plans to carry out its operations.
• The base location from which your company intends to operate.
• The number of employees to be utilized and other information about your company's operations.
• Key business processes.

This section should highlight how your organization is set up to run. You can also introduce your company's management team in this section, alongside their skills, roles, and responsibilities in the company.

The best way to introduce the company team is by drawing up an organizational chart that effectively maps out an organization's rank and chain of command.

What should be spelled out to readers when they come across this business plan section is how the business plans to operate day-in and day-out successfully.

10. Financial Projections and Assumptions

Bringing your great business ideas into reality is why business plans are important. They help create a sustainable and viable business.

The financial section of your business plan offers significant value. A business uses a financial plan to solve all its financial concerns, which usually involves startup costs, labor expenses, financial projections, and funding and investor pitches.

All key assumptions about the business finances need to be listed alongside the business financial projection, and changes to be made on the assumptions side until it balances with the projection for the business.

The financial plan should also include how the business plans to generate income and the capital expenditure budgets that tend to eat into the budget to arrive at an accurate cash flow projection for the business.

Base your financial goals and expectations on extensive market research backed with relevant financial statements for the relevant period.

Examples of financial statements you can include in the financial projections and assumptions section of your business plan include:

• Projected income statements
• Cash flow statements
• Balance sheets
• Income statements

Revealing the financial goals and potentials of the business is what the financial projection and assumption section of your business plan is all about. It needs to be purely based on facts that can be measurable and attainable.

11. Request For Funding

The request for funding section focuses on the amount of money needed to set up your business and underlying plans for raising the money required. This section includes plans for utilizing the funds for your business's operational and manufacturing processes.

When seeking funding, a reasonable timeline is required alongside it. If the need arises for additional funding to complete other business-related projects, you are not left scampering and desperate for funds.

If you do not have the funds to start up your business, then you should devote a whole section of your business plan to explaining the amount of money you need and how you plan to utilize every penny of the funds. You need to explain it in detail for a future funding request.

When an investor picks up your business plan to analyze it, with all your plans for the funds well spelled out, they are motivated to invest as they have gotten a backing guarantee from your funding request section.

Include timelines and plans for how you intend to repay the loans received in your funding request section. This addition keeps investors assured that they could recoup their investment in the business.

12. Exhibits and Appendices

Exhibits and appendices comprise the final section of your business plan and contain all supporting documents for other sections of the business plan.

Some of the documents that comprise the exhibits and appendices section includes:

• Legal documents
• Licenses and permits
• Credit histories
• Customer lists

The choice of what additional document to include in your business plan to support your statements depends mainly on the intended audience of your business plan. Hence, it is better to play it safe and not leave anything out when drawing up the appendix and exhibit section.

Supporting documentation is particularly helpful when you need funding or support for your business. This section provides investors with a clearer understanding of the research that backs the claims made in your business plan.

There are key points to include in the appendix and exhibits section of your business plan.

• The management team and other stakeholders resume
• Marketing research
• Permits and relevant legal documents
• Financial documents

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Martin luenendonk.

Martin loves entrepreneurship and has helped dozens of entrepreneurs by validating the business idea, finding scalable customer acquisition channels, and building a data-driven organization. During his time working in investment banking, tech startups, and industry-leading companies he gained extensive knowledge in using different software tools to optimize business processes.

This insights and his love for researching SaaS products enables him to provide in-depth, fact-based software reviews to enable software buyers make better decisions.

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How to Select the Location of Your New Manufacturing Plant

11/29/2017 | 152 Likes | Manufacturing , Assembly , Heavy Duty , Industrial Facilities , Material Handling ,

Determining where to locate your next manufacturing plant can be a difficult decision, and it’s one that requires significant due diligence. We take a comprehensive look at the key factors — from the availability of skilled workers to effective corporate tax rates and quality of life issues — that can make your manufacturing relocation plan a success.

First, a quick disclaimer: as well all know, no two manufacturing operations are alike. For example, the needs of a specialized, R&D-driven medical devices company will be different from a price-sensitive, mass-market consumer goods operation. Likewise, an OEM electronics component supplier whose output delivery needs to be timed to the minute to satisfy a major automotive manufacturing plant will have different location requirements than a manufacturer processing raw materials sourced from a mining operation in Wyoming.

In other words, even though we’re presenting a comprehensive framework of manufacturing relocation factors, we hope it’s obvious that the importance of any one factor will be determined by the specific needs of your organization! Having said that, let’s take a look at hard costs first, followed by indirect, soft costs. Then we’ll look at some future trends to consider when weighing a manufacturing relocation decision, followed by a short list of some of the leading low-cost domestic and foreign locations. Finally, we’ll take stock of the pros and cons that could influence your own decision.

Manufacturing Relocation: Direct Hard Cost Factors to Consider

In this section, we’ll look at five relocation factors that can have a direct, measurable impact on the bottom line.

1. Supply Chain Infrastructure / Logistics and Access to Customer Markets

Does the candidate location bring you closer to your customer markets? Moving your manufacturing plant closer to your customers can help you increase profits or build up market share by speeding up delivery times, reducing inventory, and cutting costs.

Can you build an efficient, end-to-end supply chain in the candidate city, or will delivery of some components or raw materials be compromised by long distances or unreliable connections? Will weather conditions create unacceptable delays during part of the year?

We recommend performing a complete review of the region’s infrastructure, e.g. deepwater ports, freight rail access, trucking and highway connections, international airports, expediting and transshipment services, as well as Internet, communication, power and water utilities to determine if they are reliable and efficient enough to meet your specific needs.

2. Effective Corporate Tax Rates and Incentives

For each candidate location, it’s crucial to calculate the total impact of local, state, and national taxes, including property-based taxes. Quite a few jurisdictions offer tax breaks and rebates to companies in exchange for activities that benefit their community, such as renovating existing facilities or remediating brown-field sites, investing in targeted industries that create new jobs or conducting research and development activities.

(If your customer includes the Federal Government, don’t overlook preferential contract treatment set-asides — through the HUBZone program, for example — for companies headquartered in historically low-income census tracts.)

It’s also becoming more common for major companies, such as Boeing or Amazon, to conduct highly-publicized campaigns when choosing the location of a new facility. Many cities, regions, and states are willing to negotiate multi-year tax incentives or abatements in exchange for creating new jobs or locating facilities in their jurisdictions. Incentives may be available at the country level as well; for example, France has become notably more aggressive in courting tech-oriented companies .

3. Tax Domiciles, Exchange Rates and Economic Conditions

While smaller manufacturing companies are likely to keep things simple by limiting themselves to domestic operations, large corporations, such as Apple and Nike, have recently been thrust into the news as details of their highly complex tax domicile and ownership structures have been leaked to the press.

That’s quite a bit beyond our remit to provide that level of corporate advice*, as we’d rather stick to much more transparent considerations, such as exchange rates and general economic conditions. With respect to exchange rates, quite a few multi-national companies find it advantageous to hedge against dramatic shifts in exchange rates by having multiple manufacturing bases around the world. When one currency goes up, production can shift to a location with a more favorable exchange rate. And countries with long-term economic growth (and rising consumer incomes) obviously make better candidates for locating consumer goods manufacturing plants — unless your goal is to export 100% of the goods from countries with very low, depressed wages.

*We do note that proposed changes to the US Corporate tax code now before Congress (as of late November 2017) are worth careful monitoring as potential changes to the tax code may encourage US companies to repatriate their foreign-earned profits back to the USA.

4. Business Regulatory Regimes and Customs/Trade Agreements

Substantial trade agreements (such as NAFTA in North America), customs unions (such as the European Union), and special economic zones (such as China’s Shenzhen, the city immediately north of Hong Kong) have helped create regional manufacturing zones, where goods in process (as well as completed goods) can travel across country borders with minimal delays or customs duties.  Harmonizing regulations across borders has also reduced non-tariff-based trade barriers. This combination has led to the development of highly-sophisticated manufactured goods supply chains; for example, oftentimes the individual components of automobiles produced North America make multiple trips across the Mexican, US, and Canadian borders before final assembly.

There are also new agreements are on the horizon that may impact manufacturing relocation decisions as well, such as the revived negotiations for a pan-Pacific trade agreement (once known as the Trans-Pacific Partnership) that will stretch from Canada to Chile, to New Zealand and Australia, to Japan and, potentially, Korea. (The US has opted out, and China has yet to be invited.)

On the one hand, so important are the ramifications of major trade agreements and customs unions, such as NAFTA and the EU, that they can be considered in some cases to be the sole determining factor when deciding where to locate a new manufacturing plant. On the other hand, these agreements can be politically controversial: witness the UK’s vote to leave the EU over issues such as free movement of people — despite repeated warnings from companies, such as Honda and Airbus, that a ‘hard’ Brexit would put their UK manufacturing operations at risk. Similarly, many American workers have come to resent NAFTA, for whom the agreement represents nothing more than jobs shifting to Mexico. However, changes to the NAFTA agreement recently proposed by the US trade representatives may prove just as disruptive to workers in the Detroit automobile industry as it will to mid-west farmers who depend upon grain sales to Mexico.

North American automotive manufacturing experts discuss ways that changes proposed by the US Administration to NAFTA’s rules-of-origin content regulation will affect North American manufacturing competitiveness.

The bottom line: when choosing a manufacturing location, have your eyes wide open to potential treaty and regulatory regime changes that may be on the horizon. Carefully investigate business regulations, permitting times (maddeningly long in Brazil and Greece), environmental regulations, and labor rules that would apply in your proposed new location. For example, European Union rules governing environmental pollution (such as the elimination of lead in manufacturing processes) and greenhouse gas reduction can be surprisingly strict, as can requirements for compensation and notice due to workers facing potential layoffs.

5. Business Operating Costs

Performing due diligence on direct business operating costs is next. You’ll want to collect data on these areas:

Facility / Real Estate Costs

What is the market for purchasing or leasing real estate? Will it be more advantageous to build or rent a new facility or renovate an existing one? Can you get an option for potential expansion? What are the tax implications (mentioned above) for owned property, including tools and inventory?

Utility Costs

Is the country self-sufficient in energy or could its supplies be disrupted by an energy boycott or cutoff? Are the utility costs favorable and services reliable? Will you need to budget for more than just emergency backup generators? Industries with high energy demands, such as data centers or aluminum alloy manufacturers, tend to gravitate to locations with low-cost energy resources, such as hydroelectric power.

Labor Unions and Wage Costs

What is the availability of skilled workers required for your manufacturing plant? What are the current local wage rates and minimum wage standards? Are there local training centers that graduate workers with the skills you need, or will you need to invest in training programs or pay to relocate staff? Are most manufacturing plants unionized in this location? Does the location have open or closed shop union regulations? How would you characterize the labor union’s relationship with local industry?

Employee Benefits such as Healthcare, Pensions, Unemployment, Insurance

What are the customary employee benefits in this location?

For example, will defined-benefit retirement plans (e.g. traditional pensions) or defined-contribution retirement plans (e.g. 401K) planned-benefit pensions be required as part of the compensation package?

What about employer-provided healthcare plans? Keep in mind that outside the USA most healthcare plans do not require employer contributions, these are provided either by direct insurance plans paid directly by individuals or funded by the government directly.

Is the employer responsible for paying unemployment, occupational accident or life insurance policy premiums in the proposed location? While these are benefits typically offered by American companies, this can vary worldwide.

Manufacturing Relocation: Indirect and Soft Cost Factors to Consider

Now let’s take stock of some of the indirect factors that you should consider when undertaking a manufacturing plant location analysis.

1. Network Effect / Industry Clusters / Talent and Knowledge Base

Historically, many industries tend to cluster in certain geographic areas. Examples of this include the auto and truck industry in Detroit, computers and software in Silicon Valley, pharmaceuticals in New Jersey, entertainment and media in Los Angeles, and finance in New York City or London. If there is such a cluster of industry in your sector, you should weigh potential pros and cons of the “network effect” that comes from being located near your competitors. When a region is known for a particular industry segment, it can attract talent and support institutional “know-how” that takes many beneficial forms, from informal industry contacts to educational programs in area schools and universities. It could also lead to job poaching or worse, such as compromising industrial secrets, which may lead you to decide to avoid being located anywhere near a competitor!

2. Business Transparency and Criminal Activity

As Americans, we tend to think of successful business transactions in terms of offering the best deal, the best product, the best service. As such, the idea that you have to pay a bribe to a potential customer or an official to secure a deal, or obtain a license or agreement doesn’t happen that often (not the least of which because it’s illegal this country). However, this level of business transaction transparency is not universal around the world. Paying money to customers, government officials, and organized crime figures can be commonplace in some parts of the world, which in turn, can pose problems for Americans who want to avoid these practices and also avoid violating American law. The stakes can be even higher. Criminal activities can be life-threatening in countries such as Mexico, Honduras, or El Salvador, where kidnapping company officials (or their spouses or children) for exorbitant ransoms are not unheard of. In these regions, hiring bodyguard protection and the use of secure, armored vehicles are considered a good investment.

3. Cost of Living for Employees

Can your employees afford to live well in the proposed location or will high or rising costs drive up wage costs? Take a look at housing affordability, the effective income tax rates (for national, state, and city taxes, if applicable) as well a property taxes.

Is there a way for employees to get to work efficiently, such as via a cost-effective public transportation system? Will they spend hours commuting to work — either because the road/transit system is poor and overcrowded or the commute distance between the manufacturing plant and affordable housing is too far?

4. Quality of Life Consideration

Health and safety.

What’s the homicide rate? How many deaths occur on the highway due to accidents? Are there drug and crime epidemics in the region? Do the area’s hospitals and doctors provide sufficient preventative and emergency care?

Educational Institutions

Are the public schools high quality, or will it be necessary for employees to educate their children privately, for example, at expensive, English-language international schools?

Are there institutions of higher learning that can attract candidates and provide a source of skilled, creative employees?

Cultural Institutions, Language, Religious Worship

Does the city offer museums, symphonies, theater and other enriching cultural institutions? Will company executives and family members need to learn a foreign language? Does the city or state allow for freedom of assembly and religious worship?

Diversity and Inclusion

Are the city and its workforce culturally and racially diverse? If located abroad, are there equal opportunities for women, or will female managers or expat family members find themselves excluded from many aspects of daily work and home life? Will LGBT employees and expat family members be accepted or discriminated against?

Recreation and Leisure

Are there amateur or professional sports teams in the city or region?

Are there plenty of outdoor and leisure activities to promote good health and mental well-being?

Can you Future Proof Your Manufacturing Plant Decisions?

It’s hard to predict the future, but it’s a useful exercise to think about potentially disruptive changes that could have an effect on your choice of a manufacturing location. It’s easy to get blindsided by unexpected developments… after all, even Michael Bloomberg, founder of the eponymous Bloomberg financial intelligence and media company, was caught out by the unexpected plans for the UK to exit the European Union just as he opened up Bloomberg’s spanking new European headquarters — in London! 

Some of the items on this future possible developments checklist to consider include:

• Continued impact of smart, manufacturing automation and robots .
• Jobs that will be replaced by automation .
• The increasing importance of sustainability and the impact of renewable energy on manufacturing.

Top Lowest Cost USA Manufacturing Plant Locations

So, what do you think are the best locations in the US for siting your next manufacturing plant? For many, it’s not the west coast — detractors point to overcrowding and high costs, especially in real estate and salaries. (In fact, some investors are taking a second look at the mid-west as a place to invest in new tech startups .) Yet, Elon Musk has made a successful go at it, building Tesla cars in the expensive Bay Area and rocket ships along the coast east of Los Angeles.

As we said at the beginning of this article, the answer to which is the right manufacturing location for you is dependent on your industry sector and your particular mix of requirements. So we’ve turned to KPMG, who has handily enough undertaken a sector-by-sector analysis of different cities , here in the USA and abroad, and ranked them.

On a cost basis only, KPMG found these were the lowest-cost cities for operating manufacturing facilities in the US in 2016:

• Shreveport, LA
• Montgomery, AL
• Savannah, GA
• Baton Rouge, LA
• Nashville, TN
• New Orleans, LA
• Lexington, KY
• Gulfport-Biloxi, MS

Indeed, some famous names in manufacturing have moved to these cities, including Airbus (Mobile, AL), Gulfstream (Savannah, GA), Hyundai (Montgomery, AL), Lockheed Martin Corp/NASA (New Orleans, LA), Nissan (Nashville, TN), and Northrup-Grumman ( New Orleans, LA).

States with Lower Tax Rates

These states have no personal income tax:

• South Dakota

However, income tax rates are not the complete picture: sales tax, property tax, and other local taxes can affect the effective tax rate. Kiplingers publishes a comprehensive ranking of each state , which is worth evaluating to see how your candidate location ranks among the other states.

What about taxes on manufacturing facilities? According to the Tax Foundation, these states have the lowest tax rates for labor-intensive manufacturing facilities :

• Wyoming (4.3%)
• Virginia (4.3%)
• Georgia (4.6%)
• Maryland (4.9%)
• Nebraska (5.5%)
• Missouri (5.8%)
• Arizona (6%)
• South Dakota (6.0%)
• Louisiana (6.9%)
• Michigan (6.3%)

States with Low Cost of Living

In addition to taxes, there are many other factors which keep the cost of living lower in certain states. For example, states with moderate weather have reduced the need for winter heating or summer cooling. Housing, local utility rates, the cost of food, healthcare, insurance, and transportation can drive up the cost of living in a particular location.

CNBC recently published a report that ranked each state according to its cost of living . The ten cheapest states were:

• Mississippi

Open Shop States

For some, the site location selection will be influenced by laws governing labor unions. These states have “open shop” laws (also known as “Right-to-Work” laws) which make joining a labor union optional for individual employees. In 2017, over half of the states have open shop laws:

• North Carolina
• North Dakota
• South Carolina
• West Virginia

Top Low-Cost Global Manufacturing Plant Locations

What about international locations?

During 2016, KPMG found that, among ten major western economies, the strong US dollar made America the most expensive among these ten countries. Mexico came out on top, as the most cost-effective in KPMG’s ranking. Here is the list, from least to most expensive.

• Netherlands

However, the KPMG study didn’t investigate cities and countries that are increasingly making themselves known for inexpensive manufacturing, such as Poland, Romania, and Bulgaria in eastern Europe and Malaysia, India, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam in Asia.

The consulting firm Deloitte performed a worldwide analysis that ranked countries according to their manufacturing competitiveness .  While KPMG ranked the USA as the highest cost manufacturing location, Deoitte’s ranks the US as the most competitive overall. By the year 2020, Deloitte anticipates that the top 20 most competitive manufacturing companies will be ranked like this, with the US still the most competitive:

• United States
• South Korea
• United Kingdom
• Switzerland
• Czech Republic

Deloitte’s 2020 forecasts indicate that India and Vietnam will each move up six slots (compared to 2016), and Malaysia and Indonesia will each move up four slots. Along with Thailand, these countries, dubbed the “MITI V” group by Deloitte , are poised to be more competitive than China in the manufacture of labor-intensive products, such as commodity textiles, toys, and basic consumer goods.

The cost of corruption, especially bribery and extortion, is another important consideration for your manufacturing facility site selection criteria. This map from Transparency International shows the relative rankings of countries in 2016 . Denmark and New Zealand are tied for the least corrupt countries. The United States has slipped to #18.

Weighing the Pros and Cons: Why Formaspace is in Austin, Texas

Decisions get made for a variety of reasons.

As for Formaspace, we looked at the pros and cons and found that for us, locating our factory headquarters in Austin, Texas was the right location:

• We are fortunate that our region in Texas has steel manufacturers so that we can get high-quality steel locally.
• Being located in the center of the country speeds up shipping times and reduces costs for our customers.
• Austin is well-known for the University of Texas, as well as many cultural activities and festivals, including the Austin City Limits music festival and SXSW Conference for the film, interactive, and music industries.
• We enjoy good weather (despite complaining about the heat in July and August), and there are plenty of outdoor recreational activities, including cycling, hiking, and water sports.
• On the other hand, the city has grown very fast (too many of you have come!), and now it’s difficult to get around during many times of the day; new roads and public transportation projects have been slow to close the gap.
• Austin is no longer inexpensive either; housing prices have increased dramatically in recent years, making it harder to live close to the city.

Nonetheless, we’re proud to be here and wouldn’t have it any other way!

Formaspace Can Help Make Your Manufacturing Relocation a Success

When you are ready to build, renovate, or expand your manufacturing operations, you should involve Formaspace early in the process.

Our Formaspace Design Consults can work with your architect and space planners to lend our extensive advice on how to make your manufacturing facility as efficient and productive as possible — from the executive office to the production floor to the warehouse. The process starts with a Formaspace Rapid Plant Assessment : our manufacturing experts review your plans and make recommendations on ways to improve efficiency, from implementing lean manufacturing methods to proposing technical furniture solutions, such as custom manufacturing workbenches , to make your manufacturing plant more productive than ever.

Find out why Fortune 500 companies like Dell, General Electric, and Lockheed Martin turn to Formaspace to help them create productive spaces that can have a major positive impact on their bottom line.

Learn more. Contact your friendly Formaspace Design Consultant today. Just fill out your information in the quick contact form below, and get the conversation started.