essay for language arts

GED Essay-Topics, Samples, And Tips

Last Updated on August 10, 2024.

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One part of the GED Reasoning through Language Arts (RLA) test is writing a GED Essay, also known as the Extended Response. You have 45 minutes to create your essay. The GED essay is an argumentative essay.

A common method for writing this type of essay is the five-paragraph approach.

Writing your GED Essay is not about writing an opinion on the topic at hand. Your opinion is irrelevant. You are asked to determine and explain which of the arguments is better.

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Table of Contents

• 0.1 Video Transcription
• 1 GED Essay Structure
• 2 GED Essay Topics
• 3 GED Essay Samples
• 4 Tips for Writing your GED Essay
• 5 How your GED Essay is Scored

Video Transcription

After reading the stimulus with two different arguments about a subject, your task is to explain why one of these arguments is better.

Remember, when writing your GED Essay, you are NOT writing your opinion on the topic. That’s irrelevant. You must write about why one argument is better than the other.

You are writing an analysis of the author’s two positions and explaining which argument is stronger. These two arguments are presented in the stimulus, so you don’t need to create any own examples.

So again, you only need to decide what argument is stronger and claim it and prove it. It is NOT about your opinion.

Since in your essay, you need to determine which argument is best supported, your claim should clearly state which of the two positions is stronger.

You will be provided with the stimulus material and a prompt.

The stimulus is a text that provides 2 opposing opinions about a certain subject. The prompt provides instructions and tells you what you need to do.

I’ll say it again because so many students make mistakes here, it’s NOT about your opinion on the topic but the subject that matters!

You need to analyze the arguments and determine which opinion is best supported throughout the text.

You are NOT asked which argument you agree with more, and you should NEVER respond with a personal opinion.

So, don’t use the word “I” such as “I think that…” “I agree because…” “In my opinion…”.

The GED essay is graded on a machine that uses algorithms to figure out your score.

So, no teacher will decide about the score in any way.

It’s very important that you remember this!

Let’s take a look at the structure, topics, and format of the GED Essay.

GED Essay Structure

Ged essay topics.

• GED Essay Sample
• GED Essay Scoring
• GED Essay Writing Tips

Remember: you need to analyze which of the presented arguments is better and explain why it’s better.

Likewise, make sure your reasons come from the text – you aren’t making up your examples; you’re talking about the ones in the passages.

How should you prove that one argument is stronger? – Look at the evidence in the text.

Did the author use a relevant statistic from a reliable source, or did he/she assume something with a hypothetical anecdote?

Once you know which is better supported, you’re on your way.

Keep in mind: Don’t Summarize!

It’s easy to substitute a simpler task (summarize each side) for the more complex task of evaluating arguments. But if all you do is summarize, your response will be considered off-topic and likely will not receive any points.

The GED Essay should contain:

• 4-7 paragraphs of 3 to 7 sentences each and 300-500 words in total.
• An essay (or response) that is significantly shorter could put you in danger of scoring a 0 just for not showing enough of your writing skills.
• As you read the stimulus material (text), think carefully about the argumentation presented in the passage(s). “Argumentation” refers to the assumptions, claims, support, reasoning, and credibility on which a position is based.
• Pay close attention to how the author(s) use these strategies to convey his or her position.

Every well-written GED essay has an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

Your response will be an argument or an argumentative essay. Remember that you are NOT writing your opinion on the topic.

You are writing an analysis of two of the author’s positions and explaining which argument is stronger.

Things to keep in mind: the Extended Response (GED Essay) is scored by smart machines that are programmed to recognize correct answers. So, don’t try to be creative; just be correct. Also:

• Use proper grammar and sentence structure.
• Practice writing a 300 to 500-word essay.

Let’s look at the GED Essay structure: an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

• The Introduction introduces the topic you are writing about and states your claim or thesis statement. Stand your position.
• The Body of the essay presents reasoning and evidence to support your claim. This is the longest part of the response and should be at least two paragraphs.
• The concluding paragraph sums up your main points and restates your claim.

Here are a few examples of GED Essay Topics. Click on the title to read a full stimulus and a prompt.

An Analysis of Daylight-Saving Time

The article presents arguments from both supporters and critics of Daylight-Saving Time who disagree about the practice’s impact on energy consumption and safety. Check here to read the full article.

Should the Penny Stay in Circulation?

Analyze the presented arguments and decide which one is better supported. Check here to read the full article.

Is Golf a Sport?

Proponents say that golf meets the definition of “sport.” Opponents say that golf better meets the definition of “game” than “sport. Analyze both opinions and determine which one is better supported. Check here to read the full article.

GED Essay Samples

Click here to access a sample of a GED essay with an explanation of the structure. Getting familiar with GED essay samples will help you plan your essay and understand what elements are important.

When reading the essay subject, you really should take the time to pull together your thoughts. By arranging your ideas rationally, you will be able to express your thoughts far better on paper. When you start writing, concentrate on the guidelines that you came to understand in English class.

Pay attention to English language usage (grammar); you must use the right punctuation and capitalization and decide on suitable word solutions.

Check here to read a GED Essay Sample with our comments.

Tips for Writing your GED Essay

1. Make sure you read the stimulus and prompt cautiously

It’s good to practice this carefully. Check out each question carefully and take a little time to figure out the topic and what kind of answer will be expected.

It is important to read the questions meticulously.

Usually, students simply run over stimulus and prompt and begin to write immediately, believing that they will save time this way.

Well, this actually the most undesirable thing to do. Take a short while and try to understand the questions completely in order to respond to them appropriately. If you wish, highlight the essential words and phrases in the stimulus to be able to look at it from time to time to be certain you stick to the topic.

2. Sketch an outline for the essay

In general, you will only need a few minutes to plan your essay, and it is imperative to take that time. As soon as you grasp the questions entirely, and once you have scribbled down some initial ideas, make an outline of the essay and follow that.

Plan an introduction, body, and conclusion. Following this process is going to save you a lot of time and it helps establish a rational development of thoughts.

3. Stick to the subject

Each paragraph in the body of your response should explain why a piece of evidence supports your claim or disputes the opposing claim to explain your evidence.

You can describe or restate it. This shows that you understand precisely what it means and how it relates to your claim.

Cite the mentioned details or facts of a specific point and relate them to your claim.

Your response should include evidence from both passages and explain what strong evidence supports one argument and why faulty evidence weakens the other argument.

4. Proofreading and Revision

By the time you completed writing your essay, you should go back to the beginning and read your essay carefully again, as you quite easily could have forgotten a comma or have misspelled a word while writing your essay. See also this post ->  Is the GED Language Arts Test Hard?

While rereading your essay, pay close attention to whether your essay provides well-targeted points, is organized clearly, presents specific information and facts, comes with proper sentence construction, and has no grammar or spelling mistakes.

How your GED Essay is Scored

Your GED essay is scored by smart machines that are programmed to recognize correct answers. So don’t try to be creative; just be correct.

They will be using five criteria to assess your essay.

• Organization: were you clear about the essential idea, and did you present a well-thought strategy for composing your essay?
• Clear and swift response: did you deal with the subject adequately, without shifting from one focal point to another?
• Progress and details: did you apply relevant examples and specific details to elaborate on your original concepts or arguments, as opposed to using lists or repeating identical information?
• Grammar Rules of English: did you use decent writing techniques like sentence structure, spelling, punctuation, syntax, and grammar, and did you shape and edit your essay after you penned the first draft?
• Word choice: how far did you choose and employ suitable words to indicate your points of view?

Your 45 minutes will go quickly, so focus on these important points to get the best score.

What’s important is to make a clear statement about which position is better supported. Write clear sentences and arrange paragraphs in a logical order.

GED testing includes four modules (independent subtests) in Mathematical Reasoning (Math), Reasoning through Language Arts, Science, and Social Studies that can be taken separately. You should study very well, be effective on test day, and pass the subtest(s) you registered for.

GED writing for essays may be a bit tricky, but you can store all this information for proper learning on a list and change to proper write essay techniques before test day has arrived. Just practice a lot, and you’ll see that it’ll be getting better and better. So now you know all about writing the GED Essay.

GED Extended Response Essay Prompts & Examples

A quick guide to writing an extended response for the ged language arts test.

GED® Reading & Writing Practice Test ( 25 Questions )

GED® Reading & Writing Practice ( Tons Questions )

GED® Reading and Writing Lessons ( 10 Lessons )

Check out our other Free GED© Practice Test

Many students fear the writing part of the GED test. And we understand. After all, it takes effort and time to organize your ideas, fix sentence structures, and ensure that grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling are correct. With only 45 minutes to complete your essay, how will you be able to finish your piece? Thankfully, there are ways to make this part easy for you. You don’t have to be a gifted writer to write succeed in writing a winning essay for the Extended Response portion of the GED writing test. There are tips to succeed in writing your essay.

Start reviewing with our helpful contents: GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Guide

What’s in the GED Writing Extended Response Portion of the Test?

This test will check how well you create arguments and use evidence. Also, it would also test your clarity and command of Standard English language.

Quick Tips to Remember When Writing Your Essay:

• Take a deep breath. Nervous about the test? Ease anxiety by taking deep breaths before writing your essay. Being stressed while writing might keep your focus away from the task and affect the quality of your essay.
• Read the two passages carefully . Make sure you understand each passage before choosing your position.
• Make an outline . Don’t write right away. Create an outline first. Choose a position that you can easily defend based on what you’ve read, then list down the main points to support this position.
• Your essay should have:
• 1. An introduction that states your main argument 2. At least 3 paragraphs with your supporting evidence 3. A conclusion that restates your main argument and main points.
• Focus on the first and last paragraphs first . This will help you stick to your argument and main points.
• Be clear . The paragraphs in between your first and last paragraphs should clearly explain your main points. Start each paragraph by stating the main point that you want to talk about.
• Proofread your work . Check your work for grammar and spelling errors. Improve sentence structures with the time that’s left.

Keep in mind that the saying, “practice makes perfect” applies here. Mastering essay writing takes a lot of practice and reading. Begin practicing your writing as well improving your comprehension skills with our Free GED Practice Tests for Language Arts. We also recommend reading high-quality newspapers, publications, and literary pieces to help build your English writing skills.

Related Topics:

• 7 Top Jobs For GED Graduates: Earn Six Figure Income Without A College Degree
• GED Reading Practice Test
• Reasoning Through Language Arts
• GED Reasoning through Language Arts
• GED Reasoning through Language Art PRACTICE TEST
• GED Math Practice Questions | Fractions
• GED® Reasoning Through Language Arts Practice Tests
• GED Science Practice Questions | GED Study Guide

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How to Write & Pass a GED Essay

By: Jen Denton, Student Success Coach on January 3, 2023 at 3:21 AM

The GED essay intimidates a lot of people. Writing a whole essay from scratch in 45 minutes or less can be tough, but it doesn't have to be. This GED essay writing guide will help you know what to expect and how to pass the written portion of the test. Learn all about the GED extended response with examples, tips, and a breakdown of everything you'll be graded on.

Table of Contents

What is the ged essay, example ged essay questions, example ged essay, ged essay practice, ged essay structure, how is the ged essay scored, 8 tips to help you pass the ged essay.

The GED test is made up of four subjects: mathematical reasoning, social studies, science, and reasoning through language arts (RLA). The RLA subject test includes two parts, one of which is the GED extended response, sometimes called the GED essay. You will have 45 minutes to complete the essay to the best of your ability. If you don’t finish in time, don’t worry! The essay is only worth 20% of your final RLA score, so you can still pass the test even if you don’t get a high score on the essay.

The extended response can be on a variety of topics, but it will always follow the same format. You will be given two different articles on the same topic, usually argumentative essays with a firm position. You will be asked to evaluate the two arguments and write your own argumentative essay determining which article presented the strongest position. The essay should be 3-5 paragraphs long, with each paragraph between 3-7 sentences.

All GED essay questions will ask you to read and evaluate two passages that take different stances on the same topic. Essays should determine which passage presents a stronger argument and back up that claim with analysis of evidence from the passages.

Here is an example GED essay question:

Analyze the arguments presented in the press release and the letter to the editor. In your response, develop an argument in which you explain how one position is better supported than the other. Incorporate relevant and specific evidence from both sources to support your argument.

Remember, the better-argued position is not necessarily the position with which you agree. This task should take approximately 45 minutes to complete. 1

1  "Extended Response Scoring - GED." https://ged.com/wp-content/uploads/extended_response_scoring.pdf . Accessed 25 Feb. 2021.

The following is an example high scoring essay:

Both the press release and the letter to the editor offer positions that are supported by both fact and opinion. The press release seeks to exhort the new bill for expansion of Highway 17, while the letter argues that the passing of the bill could prove detrimental to the district. While both sides make an acceptable case, the latter provides a stronger argument.

One example of the letter’s stronger argument is the explanation that federal tax dollars pay for the road, as it will incorporate six different states, therefore eliminating this particular state’s ability to strike the bill down. This proves, with factual information, that the district did not have a fair say in the bill. The notion that few residents will use the road that their tax dollars are providing is an opinion. However, a resident and small-business owner in the town is more credible in the awareness of the town’s concern, as compared to a representative who attended a few meetings in the town hall.

Another example of the better supported argument in the letter is the reference to the construction jobs as temporary. The press release praises the new jobs created by the highway construction, as this is a valid point. However, the author of the letter is correct in the fact that the jobs will not create a boom in the district’s economy, or fill in the gap caused by the closures in the manufacturing plants, as the press release leads listeners to believe. The road construction does not solve the long-term issue of unemployment in the town. In addition, the author of the letter counters the argument that new motels, restaurants, and gas stations along the highway will create permanent jobs for the residents of the town. She explains that, “…only minimum wage jobs will remain.” This is a valid argument also, as unemployed residents that need enough income to support a household would not be much better off. Providing restaurant or motel jobs is very unlikely to feed or support an entire family. It will not pick up the laid-off employees of the manufacturing plants, who may have worked for many years towards promotions and a pension.

Another example of the letter’s stronger argument is the author’s explanation of the 2001 study. She concedes that the representative is correct in citing that bypasses are proven to reduce noise and traffic in town, but she argues that the study shows a negative effect on local businesses. This piece of the study was not mentioned by Representative Walls or the press release, and it is a proven fact. This draws more credibility to the argument in the letter. Also, although it is a speculation, it is more reasonable that traveler’s will stick to the main highway and not venture miles off their path into small town when chain gas stations, restaurants, and motels are conveniently located directly at the highway exits. It is less likely that old roads in the towns will become historical locations, attracting tourists and boosting small business sales.

Despite the argument and evidence given by the press release, it appears that the letter to the editor offers a stronger case. The author’s ideas are backed up by logical explanations and facts with a few speculations. Though the press release offers some fact, it is mainly specked with anticipations and hopes, driven to overshadow any doubts and quell any concerns. The letter is penned by a resident of the town and owner of a business, subject to firsthand opinions of the citizens of the district. The press release is pushed by an elected representative who, upon visiting the town a number of times and consulting a small percentage of the constituents, is convinced she understands the majority. Although both parties may very well have the best interests of the district in mind, and either position could be correct, it is clear that the letter provides a better-supported argument. 2

2  "Extended Response Scoring - GED." https://ged.com/wp-content/uploads/extended_response_scoring.pdf . Accessed 25 Feb. 2021.

For GED essay practice, try writing your own essay based on the example above. Set a timer for 45 minutes and do your best to write an essay with your own analysis and ideas.

You can practice more writing skills with this free test or enroll today in the GED Academy to get access to more GED essay prompts and personalized feedback from GED Essay graders.

The structure for the GED essay can take a few different forms, depending on how you decide to organize your ideas. No matter what, it should include an introduction paragraph, 1-3 body paragraphs, and a conclusion paragraph. To receive a passing score, your essay must present a clear topic supported by details from both passages. Include your main idea in an introductory paragraph. In middle paragraphs, make connections between your details and your main idea. Your conclusion should also fit logically with the details.

The introduction should demonstrate your understanding of the overall topic based on the passages you read and a claim. The claim is a statement of your argument. It doesn’t need to go into detail, but should state your essay’s position on the questions presented.

The body paragraphs will go into more detail. They will include a combination of summary, analysis, and evidence to back up your claim. Be sure to include analysis of both passages.

The conclusion should explain the result of your findings and reinforce your original claim.

You can earn up to six points on the GED extended response. There are three main categories your essay is graded on, and you can earn up to two points for each.

Creation of arguments and use of evidence: Craft a strong claim and use analysis of the arguments and evidence from the passages to support it.

Development of ideas and organizational structure: Write a substantial essay with clear transitions between ideas, including a strong introduction and conclusion.

Clarity and command of standard English conventions: Use appropriate language and demonstrate strong language and grammar skills.

The extended response accounts for 20% of the total RLA score.

• Read all the instructions. The most common reason people score low on the essay is because they misunderstand the prompt.
• Make an outline. After reading the passages and the prompt, write down your ideas and organize them during your pre-writing.
• Make a list of evidence. When you read the passages, take notes on the important details you want to remember later, so you don’t have to spend time searching for it later.
• Write your introduction last. A lot of people get tripped up by how to start the essay. If that’s you, just skip this step and go back to it once you’ve written the rest of the essay.
• Write first, edit later. You only have 45 minutes, so use your time wisely. Write your first draft of the essay before you start fine-tuning and editing it. Save that for your remaining time so you don’t turn in a half-written essay.
• Use formal language. Avoid “I” statements like, “I think” or casual language like slang.
• Don’t check the clock. Time always seems to go faster when you need it to go slow. Every time you look at the clock, that’s breaking your focus on your essay.
• Practice! The only way to get better at writing essays is to write more essays. Practice using the GED Writing Practice Test , and remember to time yourself!

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Home > High School Equivalency > GED > GED Reasoning Language Arts (RLA) Practice Test

GED Reasoning Language Arts (RLA) Practice Test

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Congrats on taking our GED RLA sample quiz. Take our full GED RLA diagnostic exam below to see if you are ready for your exam or not.

1 . Question

Determine whether the underlined portion of the sentence below is correct or whether it needs to be revised.

For homes in typically colder geographic regions , it is particularly important to have effective and efficient heating systems.

• a. For homes in typically colder geographic regions
• b. For people in homes in typically colder geographic regions
• c. For homes in typically cold geographic regions
• d. People in typically colder geographic regions
• e. Homes in typically colder geographic regions

2 . Question

Inside the glove compartment were legal documents, pictures,  and there were a few napkins from the coffee shop, but no gloves.

• a. and there were a few napkins from the coffee shop, but no gloves.
• b. and there were a few napkins from the coffee shop, but not any gloves.
• c. and napkins from the coffee shop, no gloves were there.
• d. and napkins from the coffee shop, but no gloves.
• e. and napkins from the coffee shop, there were no gloves.

3 . Question

Concerns about global warming have grown into actual efforts sanctioned by non-governmental organizations and governments that not only work to  understand global warming and also to prevent it.

• a. understand global warming and also to prevent it.
• b. understand global warming but also to prevent it.
• c. understand global warming yet also to prevent it.
• d. understand global warming but also to prevent its growth.
• e. understand global warming yet also to prevent it’s growth.

4 . Question

Technology is rapidly expanding the scope of capabilities for both professional and personal use; such is the case with smart phones. Professionals now have devices available to them capable of digital media, internet access, phone communication, multi-person scheduling and office tools for documents and presentations. Businesspeople that are often mobile may maximize the use of these critical features on smart phones. Individuals who simply enjoy the luxury of multi-function devices often use these devices for frivolous pursuits such as downloading catchy ring tones, instant messaging about the latest gossip and looking up the world record for most cans crushed on one’s head during the Superbowl. This fusion of capabilities and increased availability of such devices could be a sign of a growing blend in society between work and personal life, or individuals could simply be taking a luxurious approach to their connectivity in personal lives.

The term “frivolous” implies that the author

• a. is fascinated by the endless capabilities on smart phones.
• b. hopes that technology ceases to expand its scope.
• c. believes that the average individual does not need a smart phone.
• d. has a smart phone.
• e. wants to see more developments added to smart phone technology.

5 . Question

What is the purpose of the conclusion sentence?

• a. Draw a conclusion about what we know smart phones can do
• b. Assume where technology is headed and how it will affect society
• c. Comment on human connectivity through the use of smart phones
• d. Predict how the government will regulate and guide future technology
• e. Present two possible explanations for the growing popularity of smart phones

6 . Question

But man is not destined to vanish. He can be killed, but he cannot be destroyed, because his soul is deathless and his spirit is irrepressible. Therefore, though the situation seems dark in the context of the confrontation between the superpowers, the silver lining is provided by amazing phenomenon that the very nations which have spent incalculable resources and energy for the production of deadly weapons are desperately trying to find out how they might never be used. They threaten each other, intimidate each other and go to the brink, but before the total hour arrives they withdraw from the brink.

The main point from the author’s view is that

• a. Man's soul and spirit can not be destroyed by superpowers.
• b. Man's destiny is not fully clear or visible.
• c. Man's soul and spirit are immortal.
• d. Man's safety is assured by the delicate balance of power in terms of nuclear weapons.
• e. Human society will survive despite the serious threat of total annihilation.

7 . Question

The phrase ‘Go to the brink’ in the passage means

• a. Retreating from extreme danger.
• b. Declare war on each other.
• c. Advancing to the stage of war but not engaging in it.
• d. Negotiate for peace.
• e. Commit suicide.

8 . Question

In the author’s opinion

• a. Huge stockpiles of destructive weapons have so far saved mankind from a catastrophe.
• b. Superpowers have at last realized the need for abandoning the production of lethal weapons.
• c. Mankind is heading towards complete destruction.
• d. Nations in possession of huge stockpiles of lethal weapons are trying hard to avoid actual conflict.
• e. There is a silver lining over the production of deadly weapons.

GED RLA Prep Course (100% Pass Guarantee)

Diagnostic ged language arts practice test.

Take our GED language arts practice test below. It is a diagnostic exam, so you will get a good idea of how well prepared you are.

Utilize our answer explanations to learn how to solve the problems.

If you want to practice other subjects, visit our  GED practice test  home.

GED Language Arts Overview

The GED language arts test includes 3 main topics:

• Reading for Meaning (35%)
• Identifying and Creating Arguments (45%)
• Grammar and Language (20%)

You will have 150 minutes to complete this portion of the GED exam. Of the 150 minutes, 3 minutes will be slotted for instructions and final review, 10 minutes for a break between parts 2 and 3, and 45 minutes dedicated for the written essay.

In terms of format on the GED language arts test, there are 3 sections. Question types include multiple-choice, drag and drop, select an area, and drop-down questions. 1 of the 3 sections is a written essay (extended response).

You can practice for the other sections of the exam by visiting our free GED practice test home. Here is the official GED RLA page .

Frequently Asked Questions

How many questions are on the ged language arts section.

The number of questions varies, but you can expect there to be around 46 questions and a written essay.

What is a passing score for the GED language arts section?

You will need to score a 145 or higher to pass this section of the exam. For more information, read our guide to  GED scores .

What kind of topics are tested on GED language arts?

There are 3 main topics tested. Those 3 topics are reading for meaning, identifying and creating arguments, and grammar and language.

• Authored By: Dave Evangelisti
• Last Updated: July 12, 2024

GED Language Arts Study Guide In 2024

This GED Language Arts study guide will provide you with all the information you need to pass the test and get a GED certificate. Check it out!

January 1, 2022

Reading and writing are important skills to have not only for academic and professional studies but also for everyday life. Your ability to read and write well demonstrates your ability to express yourself logically and effectively, as well as think critically about the information you consume. As a result, the GED Reasoning Through Language Arts (GED RLA) , also known as the GED Language Arts portion, has included these skills in their test in order to prepare you for a college or professional environment. However, you should not be concerned about the exam because this GED Language Arts study guide will provide you with all of the information you need to pass the exam and obtain a GED certificate.

What’s On The GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Test?

There are three specific aspects you will be tested on the GED Reasoning Through Language Arts exam including reading (read efficiently and critically), writing (identify and create arguments, write coherently), and grammar and language . The GED RLA test has around 46 to 53 questions which vary in types such as multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, drop-down, drag-and-drop, and extended-response. The test lasts for 150 minutes (2.5 hours) and you will have a 10-minute break between sections 2 and 3. 

Section 1 and 3 will test all content. You have 35 minutes to complete section 1, and 60 minutes to finish section 3. Both of these sections will test content. The length of reading comprehension text is usually 450-900 words. Section 2 is the essay part of the test and you must finish it in 45 minutes. This part will give you two short passages with opposing views on a topic. You will be asked to read these passages and then choose which argument is better supported. 

There are two types of materials that you will read on the GED Reasoning Through Language Arts exam. The first one is information text which accounts for up to 75% of the test questions, are the text from the workplace and non-fictional content. The second one is literacy text which accounts for 25% of the test. To be able to answer the question, you need to read, analyze, and apply the information from the texts. 

To pass the GED Reasoning Through Language Arts exam, you need to know what knowledge categories you will be tested on the test. Below is the list of topics we have prepared for you:

Section 1: Reading for meaning

• Events, plots, characters, settings, and ideas
• Understanding main ideas and details
• Point of view and purpose
• Tone and figurative language
• Organizing ideas
• Comparing different ways of presenting ideas

Section 2: Identifying and Creating Arguments

• The relationship of evidence to main ideas and details 
• Drawing conclusions, making inferences, and evaluating evidence
• Data, graphs, or pictures as evidence
• Extending your understanding to new situations

Section 3: Grammar and Language

• Sentence structure
• Transition words
• Capitalization, punctuation, and apostrophes

Read more >> GED Social Studies Study Guide In 2024

FAQs About The GED RLA Test 

Is the language arts ged test hard .

Because Language Arts is a multifaceted subject, the GED Reasoning through Language Arts exam is also made up of various components. Furthermore, you must complete the test under time constraints . As a result, the test is fairly difficult; however, it may be easier if you study and prepare for the GED RLA test using quality resources.

How many questions can I miss on the Language Arts Test?

The number of questions you can miss on the GED RLA depends on your score essay. If your essay score is high, you will need fewer correct answers and vice versa. Basically, if you get 100% on your essay, you can miss 31 multiple choice answers, and if you get 0 on your essay, you can miss 19 multiple choice answers. In general, to pass the GED RLA test, you must answer correctly between 32 and 42 questions. Let’s take our free GED Language Arts Practice Test to get ready for your coming exam!

How will my essay be graded?

Your GED Reasoning Through Language Arts will be graded on three elements including:

• How you analyze  arguments and use evidence
• How you develop ideas and structure
• How clear you are in expressing your ideas to check your command of Standard English

How long is the GED Language Arts Test?

The GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Test lasts for 150 minutes (2.5 hours) with a 10-minute break between sections 2 and 3. 

How can I pass my GED essay: 

Although you don’t know what essay topics you will be asked on the GED RLA, you should know what makes for a good essay for sure. Ideally, your essay should:

• Respond to the prompt. Remaining focused on the topic while you write.
• Be organized. Your writing should have a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Have supporting details. It’s necessary to give examples from the reading and explain how they connect to the main idea. 
• Use correct grammar and punctuation that make your essay easy to read.
• Use good word choice. You should avoid using words that are too informal or uncommon, and avoid repeating words.
• Use good sentence structure. You shouldn’t use overly complex sentences; still, you should vary your sentence structure. 

GED Tips and Tricks

To pass the GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Test, you should not only study for the test but also know how to use tips and tricks while taking the test. Below are ten GED Language Arts Test tips you should apply:

1. Read the questions carefully

Many students often fall into traps as they read the questions too fast. Therefore, you should read each question carefully twice before answering or looking at the answers. Reading the answers carefully, at least twice, is also necessary. A question is often missed simply because students misread some terms. 

In addition, you should keep in mind that don’t read the RLA questions too much. They are usually pretty straightforward than you think, and if you read them too much, you may be misunderstanding the common meaning. The best answer is your common sense. 

• Answer the easy questions first

When you meet with difficult questions and don’t know what is the right answer, you should skip them. Wasting time on these questions is useless, instead, you should move ahead and answer the questions you know the answers to for sure. Because you must finish the test in the allotted time, so answering the easy questions first is right. Once you have finished all the questions that were easy for you, you can go back to hard questions and try to answer them. Other questions may give you hints and make you more confident with your choices.

• Use lots of practice tests

The best way to learn for the GED Reasoning through Language Arts exam is to practice. Once you take our GED practice test 2024 and read our GED Study Guide , you will be more familiar with the test format, and time limitations, and know clearly what could be asked on the test. 

Our test has helped thousands of candidates pass their GED test easily. You can practice with thousands of free GED practice questions on our website or download our app on your phone. Let’s start now!

• Do not jump to conclusions

Some of the GED RLA questions will require pretty careful analysis. Therefore, when you first look at the question, don’t choose the answer immediately as some wrong answer will appear to be correct at a first casual glance. This is a sort of trap when writers of the GED test often put a misleading answer first. When you read a complex piece of text, recognizing the main idea is extremely important because it helps you find the correct answer easier. 

Sometimes, you’ll meet questions that you find there are more than one correct answer. In that case, you should select the best answer option based on what the question asks, not on your assumption. 

5. Use more formal language

Many examinees are familiar with informal languages that they use when speaking or texting with friends, then they write these slang or abbreviations on their essays that make their essays deducted points. Keep in mind that using more formal language as the essay’s score is based on how well you use English language conventions. Your essay must be correct in grammar, word choice, sentence structure, and tone. 

• Answer all of the questions

While you take the GED RLA exam, make sure that you complete all the tests. Even for questions that you don’t know the right answer to, you should guess and select one option. This test does not penalize for guessing or wrong answers. When you need to guess, you can eliminate one or two options that are definitely incorrect. Then, the options come to only two and you have a higher ability to choose the correct one. 

• Eliminate obviously wrong answers

Reading the questions carefully, then looking at the answers, there will be some of them that are definitely wrong. By eliminating wrong answers, you can be more concentrated on the options that have the higher correct ability. Look carefully at the questions that are matching the questions’ context clues, you can get the right answers easier. 

• Keep an eye on the clock

Although the GED Reasoning through Language Arts exam has been calculated to give examinees enough time to finish all parts of the test. You should be careful about the time and keep your eye on the clock. You should distribute your time properly, and avoid wasting too much time on the questions which you are not sure about the right answer. On the other hand, for questions you know for sure, you also shouldn’t rush through them, read them carefully and select the best option.

• Edit and proofread your extended response

You should spend your last 10 minutes proofreading your extended response. This is a very significant step as you can find your spelling mistakes, grammar errors, and perhaps unclear statements while you check your writing. By proofreading, you can correct your mistakes immediately.

• Trust your instinct

Once you’ve decided on the answer you believe is correct, don’t overthink your decision. This action not only consumes your time but also increases your stress. You might even want to change the option that is currently your best choice. Furthermore, you will not have time to go over the answers that have obvious errors at the end.

Click HERE to download the official GED Language Arts Study Guide .

Eligibility Requirements For GED In District of Columbia

November 25, 2022

Eligibility Requirements For GED In New York

Eligibility Requirements For GED In Wyoming

You may learn more about how to obtain a GED in Wyoming by reading the answers to the questions related to GED requirements in Wyoming we receive below.

September 19, 2022

GED Essay Question

The Reasoning Through Language Arts section of the GED includes an “Extended Response” question. This is simply an essay question. You will have 45 minutes to type your answer. This is a tricky part of the GED test, so it’s very important to familiarize yourself with this task ahead of time. First read our essay guide and then review our sample question. Try typing out your own essay before you look at our sample response.

• GED Essay Writing Guide
• GED Essay Practice Question
• GED Essay Sample Response

52 Language Arts Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best language arts topic ideas & essay examples, ✅ simple & easy language arts essay titles, 📌 interesting topics to write about language arts.

• Lesson Plan: English/Language Arts Lesson Name of Activity: English/Language Arts Lesson. Materials, Resources, and Educational Technology Needed: Computer with projector for PowerPoint presentation and internet access Text-To-Speech Assistive Tools Sound-Field Systems Proofreading software Pens and notebooks
• 5th Grade Language Arts Classroom Language arts are essential to learners as it helps in communication, critical thinking and problem solving, creativity and innovation, productivity, imagination, and curiosity.
• Teaching Language Arts: Phonemic Awareness The paper will be based upon the National Reading Panel report that, according to the program of Congress, studied a lot of research in the field of reading instruction so that to increase the number […]
• Observation Lesson Plan: Math, Science and Language Arts As far as the science lesson plan is concerned, it incorporates elements of the student-centered approach and the so-called Montessori method. Researchers stress that the development of students’ creativity is important as it positively affects […]
• Language Arts: Major Areas and Teacher’s Role The purpose of Language Arts is to develop the child’s oral and written language, as well as to teach the child reading and paying attention to her or his handwriting.
• Narratives in the Middle School Language Arts It is important to note that the narrative is not the story itself, but the event of telling the story; the narrative is not several happenings, but the act of communicating those events, possibly omitting […]
• English Language Arts Lesson Plan: Valentine’s Day Subject English Language Arts Lesson Title Valentine’s Day Grade Level 4th grade Central Focus The focus of this lesson will be the identification of similarities as well as differences in the way people of different […]
• English Language Arts Standards in Reading As far as the table limits the description of the Understanding by Design lesson template, it is necessary to evaluate particular parts of the template separately.
• English Language Arts and Common Core State Standards In the proposal, the author does not define the target audience, and it is impossible to say whether the chosen subject matter is age-appropriate for the audience.
• Language Arts Development in Elementary-Aged Children To develop the ability to communicate effectively the skills of reading, listening, writing, representing ideas visually, and viewing are essential for this purpose. With regard to elementary aged students, visual representing comes in the form […]
• Educational Strategies for the Fourth Grade English Language Arts The teachers should use strategies to enable the students to learn the use of euphemisms, affixes and roots and be able to apply them in their work.
• History of Language Arts: Ethos, Pathos, Logos
• New York State Standards in English Language Arts
• Charles Dickens and Great Expectations for Language Arts Activities
• Investigating the Relevance and Importance of Language Arts
• Writing and Language Arts in Literature: Fables, Parables and Allegories
• Language Arts for Cover Letters and Resumes PPT
• Grammar Corrections in Language Arts
• Language Arts: Curriculum Adaptations
• California Language Arts Framework Analysis
• The Common Core State Standard for Language Arts
• Magical Realism and Gothic Horror of Language Arts
• Skills Children Learn in First Grade Language Arts
• What’s on the GED: Reasoning through Language Arts
• Language Arts: Teaching Effectiveness Techniques
• Intervention Programs Increase Student Achievement in Language Arts
• Achieving Language Arts Standards: Using the Ruler Approach to Social and Emotional Learning
• Language Arts: Essential Tool Used in Everyday Life
• Comparation between Satire and Parodia: Language Arts Activities
• Student’s Achievement in Language Arts: Getting Ideas for Narrative
• The Connection of Language Arts, Education and Science
• Chinese Language Arts for Lower Primary Schools
• Language Art and How It Effects Society
• Language Arts and the Uses of Technology
• Cooperative and Direct Learning Approaches in the Language Arts
• Environmental Education through Science, Visual and Language Arts
• Modern and Innovative Technologies for Teaching Language Arts
• Language Arts: Linguistic Picture of the World and Linguistic Mentality
• Importance of Synthetic Phonics in Language Arts
• The Main Stages of the Development of Writing in Language Arts
• Language Arts – Core Knowledge Foundation
• The Importance of Language Arts Development
• Analyzing the Most Traditional Language Arts Programs
• The Main Components of Language Arts: Listening, Reading, Speaking, and Writing
• Charlotte Mason’s Approach to Language Arts
• The Link Between Culture And Language Arts
• Language Arts: Building Better Introductory Paragraphs
• A Phonic Approach to Reading in Language Arts
• The Six Language Arts: Definitions & Skills
• Homeschool Language Arts Programs
• Literacy Essay Ideas
• Cross-Cultural Management Research Topics
• Emotional Development Questions
• Academic Dishonesty Research Ideas
• Emotional Intelligence Paper Topics
• Dyslexia Topics
• Humor Essay Topics
• Bilingual Education Essay Ideas
• Chicago (A-D)
• Chicago (N-B)

IvyPanda. (2023, September 26). 52 Language Arts Essay Topic Ideas & Examples. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/language-arts-essay-topics/

"52 Language Arts Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." IvyPanda , 26 Sept. 2023, ivypanda.com/essays/topic/language-arts-essay-topics/.

IvyPanda . (2023) '52 Language Arts Essay Topic Ideas & Examples'. 26 September.

IvyPanda . 2023. "52 Language Arts Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." September 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/language-arts-essay-topics/.

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IvyPanda . "52 Language Arts Essay Topic Ideas & Examples." September 26, 2023. https://ivypanda.com/essays/topic/language-arts-essay-topics/.

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FREE GED Language Arts (RLA) Practice Tests

All ged language arts (rla) resources, free ged language arts (rla) diagnostic tests, ged language arts (rla) diagnostic test 1.

On the 2014 version of the GED, the Reading and Writing sections are now integrated into a single Reasoning Through Language Arts (RLA) test. This section of the GED assesses test-takers’ abilities to read closely, write clearly, and edit according to the rules of standard written English. While the language component tests grammar and mechanics, the reading component measures test-takers’ abilities to read, comprehend, and interpret passages from various sources, including literature, reviews, and work-related documents. Additionally, there is a writing component, which combines writing and reading, asking test-takers to produce an analysis which draws from a text or texts provided; they are given one or more passages and asked to write cohesively about them.

The Language Arts (RLA) test is 150 minutes long in total, split into three parts, and includes a ten-minute break. The first section is 35 minutes long and tests reading, writing, and language content, and the second section is the extended response, or essay component section, and lasts for 45 minutes. After the break, the last section is given, which, like the first section, tests reading, writing, and language, but lasts for 60 minutes. Throughout the exam, test-takers are given passages to read and questions to answer about them: 75% of these passages are informational—or non-fiction drawn from science, social studies, and business. The remaining 25% of passages are taken from literature.

Since the passages range from literature to business mission-statements, undoubtedly some test-takers require more time to read and interpret certain types of passages than others. Some questions may ask you to identify the main idea or topic sentence, supporting ideas or examples, or define a word in context. Others will ask about the style, tone, or structure of the passage: How is it organized? What is the attitude of the author towards the subject about which he or she is writing? What kind of passage is it: a story, a legal policy, an advertisement?

In addition to these more general questions, the GED Language Arts (RLA) section analyzes test-takers’ abilities to interpret different genres of writing. In fiction passages, you may be asked questions regarding the theme of the story—what beliefs and attitudes about life, society, or politics can be inferred from the passage. You may also be asked about figurative language like similes and metaphors. While metaphors, similes, and themes may seem a little abstract, and you won’t be directly tested on their definitions in the GED, it’s helpful to understand these concepts, as interpreting fiction and poetry can be difficult. You might be asked why characters act in a certain way or make statements, so it’s important to read between the lines and feel confident in your ability to make inferences about the text.

While most test-takers will take advantage of their pens and note boards in the Math section, very few will take notes or work out questions on their note boards in the Language Arts (RLA) test; however, this is a mistake; it’s incredibly helpful to write notes quickly while reading and answering questions. If you’re taking the paper test, underline and circle important parts of the passage: the topic sentence; an important event; or where the author makes a crucial point. When answering questions, it can be helpful to look back to what you underlined or circled.

When you finish reading a dense passage, write a quick summary. This is particularly useful in non-fiction passages, although you can briefly summarize fiction as well. First, skim the passage, reading it in a few minutes; don’t worry about understanding everything, because you’ll have to re-read it while answering questions anyway. Next, write a sentence or short notation about each paragraph or section. What happens? What is the author advocating or recommending? These summaries can be helpful in answering questions concerning what the passage is about or how it is organized. They’re also a way of keeping your mind active while you read.

Finally, use your pencil on multiple-choice and drag-and-drop items to eliminate answer choices that are clearly wrong. In the Language Arts (RLA) test, it may seem like many questions are completely relative: two or more of the answers might seem equally correct. There’s always a correct answer, but it may be difficult to find. After reading a question, scan the answers and immediately eliminate any that are wrong, where the passage says something completely different or where something is completely off-topic. Then you can compare the remaining answers to find the correct one. Even if you have to make an educated guess, it’s better to guess between fewer options.

As you prepare to face the GED’s Language Arts (RLA) section, Varsity Tutors’ free Language Arts (RLA) practice tests can help you bring increased focus to your review. Each practice test consists of a dozen problems styled after those you’ll see on the GED’s Language Arts (RLA) section. After completing the test, you receive detailed results that break down your performance in each of the categories of knowledge tested on this section. Such detailed feedback makes it easy for you to identify areas in which you need to improve in order to bolster your score.  Practice tests are available as random selections of problems or groups of questions about a specific topic, providing you with practice material tailored to the areas on which you most need to focus. Plus, your practice test results are kept on your Dashboard, so you can refer to them later and track the progress you make as you study. Don’t spend more time stressing about the GED’s Language Arts (RLA) section when Varsity Tutors’ free GED Language Arts (RLA) practice tests can help you analyze your own skills and start studying quickly and efficiently!

Free GED Language Arts (RLA) Practice Tests

Practice tests by concept, evidence and argument practice test, main idea practice test, argument relationships practice test, assumptions practice test, evaluating argument reasoning practice test, identifying main idea practice test, other main idea concepts practice test, summary practice test, theme practice test, using evidence practice test, evaluating evidence effectiveness practice test, generalizations based on evidence practice test, identifying evidence practice test, identifying supporting details practice test, supporting the main idea practice test, language usage and grammar practice test, punctuation practice test, apostrophes practice test, commas practice test, other punctuation practice test, semi-colons practice test, syntax practice test, completing sentences practice test, other sentence structure practice test, parallelism practice test, run-on sentences practice test, transitions practice test, word usage practice test, adjectives and adverbs practice test, other word usage practice test, pronoun usage practice test, subject-verb agreement practice test, verb tenses practice test, passage meaning and inference practice test, conclusions about the author practice test, bias practice test, point of view practice test, tone, opinion, and purpose practice test, conclusions about the passage practice test, inferences practice test, inferences about characters practice test, inferences about passage ideas and meanings practice test, inferences about plot and setting practice test, other inferences practice test, language in the passage practice test, effect of literary devices practice test, literary devices in the passage practice test, other language in the passage practice test, passage organization practice test, topic transitions practice test, word meanings practice test, passage content practice test, comparing two passages practice test, main idea or argument practice test, other passage content practice test, practice quizzes, ged language arts (rla) problem set 31, ged language arts (rla) problem set 30, ged language arts (rla) problem set 29, ged language arts (rla) problem set 28, ged language arts (rla) problem set 26, ged language arts (rla) problem set 25, ged language arts (rla) problem set 24, ged language arts (rla) problem set 23, ged language arts (rla) problem set 22, ged language arts (rla) problem set 21, ged language arts (rla) problem set 20, ged language arts (rla) problem set 19, ged language arts (rla) problem set 18, ged language arts (rla) problem set 17, ged language arts (rla) problem set 16, ged language arts (rla) problem set 15, ged language arts (rla) problem set 14, ged language arts (rla) problem set 13, ged language arts (rla) problem set 12, ged language arts (rla) problem set 11, ged language arts (rla) problem set 10, ged language arts (rla) problem set 7, ged language arts (rla) problem set 6, ged language arts (rla) problem set 5, ged language arts (rla) problem set 4, ged language arts (rla) problem set 3.

GED Sample Essay

The following is an example of a high-scoring essay response to our free practice GED Essay Prompt. Below our GED sample essay is a brief analysis justifying its perfect score.

Police militarization is a hot-button topic these days. Some believe that criticizing the actions of the police hurts their ability to do their job, while others argue that the police are overstepping their authority and often cause more harm than good. Both passages address this issue head on; however, the critique of police militarization published by the ACLU is the best-supported and ultimately the most convincing argument.

While the second passage lacks specific statistical data, the ACLU states that there were 80,000 military raids by police last year. This is surprising and supports the idea that military-style raids have become too commonplace in society. The writer then highlights the inherent problem with these raids: “of all the incidents studied where the number and race of the people impacted were known, 39 percent were Black, 11 percent were Latino, 20 were white.” Police militarization has disproportionately impacted African-Americans, further supporting how detrimental police militarization is to society.

Another reason why the ACLU’s argument is better-supported than Hagner’s argument is because it directly discusses ethical corruption, unlike Hagner’s essay. The ACLU states, “Companies like Lockheed Martin and Blackhawk Industries are making record profits by selling their equipment to local police departments that have received Department of Homeland Security grants.” The ACLU implies that the reason for this militarization is profit; if this is true, then there is no actual real-world need for the militarization of the police. Private companies are ultimately designed to make money, not help the police, so police militarization poses an ethical problem.

Finally, the ACLU’s argument is much more convincing than Hagner’s argument because it uses much more impactful diction. The forcefulness of calling the drug war “wasteful and failed” highlights the high-stakes nature of this issue. Readers, most likely taxpayers, have a vested interest in not having their money wasted by the government. The author goes on to imply that the reader may not be safe, since “heavily armed SWAT teams are raiding people’s homes in the middle of the night.” The tone of this essay is much more impassioned than the tone of the second, helping to draw engage the reader on an emotional level.

Sample Essay Analysis

This essay is very well-organized. It uses 5 paragraphs and lays out the structure in the following manner:

• Paragraph 1 — Introduction (why the ACLU position is better-supported)
• Paragraph 2 — Reason #1 — Statistics (two examples given from passage)
• Paragraph 3 — Reason #2 — Ethics (one example given from passage)
• Paragraph 4 — Reason #3 — Diction (two examples given from passage)
• Paragraph 5 — Conclusion

In the introduction, the author thoughtfully presents the topic of police militarization and explains why it is relevant in today’s society. Both arguments are introduced, and the thesis is clearly placed at the end of the paragraph so they are easy for the reader to find. The thesis clearly states which argument the author believes is better-supported, and the language is confident.

Each of the next three body paragraphs is well-organized, starting with transitional words or phrases and including at least one example that supports the thesis. The body paragraphs cite specific examples from the passage, and then explain how those examples support the overall argument. The author uses three different examples: statistics, ethics, and vocabulary, to prove why the ACLU’s argument is better-supported. These diverse examples show that the author understands what makes an argument weak or strong.

Finally, the concluding paragraph makes a minor concession to the opposing side, praising the numbered list that appears therein, before reiterating the thesis from the Introduction.

The essay avoids any grammar or spelling errors and the sentence structure is clear and varied with the appropriate usage of commas and other punctuation. Clear command of the English language is demonstrated. As a result, this essay would earn a perfect score.

GED Practice Questions >>

Common Core State Standards Initiative

English Language Arts Standards

The Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts & Literacy in History/Social Studies, Science, and Technical Subjects (“the standards”) represent the next generation of K–12 standards designed to prepare all students for success in college, career, and life by the time they graduate from high school.

The Common Core asks students to read stories and literature, as well as more complex texts that provide facts and background knowledge in areas such as science and social studies. Students will be challenged and asked questions that push them to refer back to what they’ve read. This stresses critical-thinking, problem-solving, and analytical skills that are required for success in college, career, and life.

The standards establish guidelines for English language arts (ELA) as well as for literacy in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects. Because students must learn to read, write, speak, listen, and use language effectively in a variety of content areas, the standards promote the literacy skills and concepts required for college and career readiness in multiple disciplines.

The College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards form the backbone of the ELA/literacy standards by articulating core knowledge and skills, while grade-specific standards provide additional specificity. Beginning in grade 6, the literacy standards allow teachers of ELA, history/social studies, science, and technical subjects to use their content area expertise to help students meet the particular challenges of reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language in their respective fields.

It is important to note that the grade 6–12 literacy standards in history/social studies, science, and technical subjects are meant to supplement content standards in those areas, not replace them. States determine how to incorporate these standards into their existing standards for those subjects or adopt them as content area literacy standards.

The skills and knowledge captured in the ELA/literacy standards are designed to prepare students for life outside the classroom. They include critical-thinking skills and the ability to closely and attentively read texts in a way that will help them understand and enjoy complex works of literature. Students will learn to use cogent reasoning and evidence collection skills that are essential for success in college, career, and life. The standards also lay out a vision of what it means to be a literate person who is prepared for success in the 21 st century.

• Key Design Consideration
• Students Who are College and Career Ready in Reading, Writing, Speaking, Listening, & Language
• How to Read the Standards
• College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Reading
• College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Writing
• College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Speaking and Listening
• College and Career Readiness Anchor Standards for Language
• Introduction for K-5
• Kindergarten
• Introduction for 6-12
• Grade 11-12
• Introduction
• Language Progressive Skills
• Measuring Text Complexity: Three Factors
• Range of Text Types for K-5
• Texts Illustrating the Complexity, Quality, & Range of Student Reading K-5
• Staying on Topic Within a Grade & Across Grades
• Range of Text Types for 6-12
• Texts Illustrating the Complexity, Quality, & Range of Student Reading 6-12
• English Language Arts Appendix A
• English Language Arts Appendix B
• English Language Arts Appendix C