case study of the age of industrialisation class 10

Case Study Questions Class 10 History – The Age of Industrialization

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Case study Questions on Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4  are very important to solve for your exam. Class 10 Social Science Chapter 4 Case Study Questions Class 10 History has been prepared for the latest exam pattern. You can check your knowledge by solving case study-based questions for Class 10 Social Science Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialization

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In CBSE Class 10 Social Science Paper, Students will have to answer some questions based on  Assertion and Reason . There will be a few questions based on case studies and passage-based as well. In that, a paragraph will be given, and then the MCQ questions based on it will be asked.

The Age of Industrialization Case Study Questions With answers

Here, we have provided case-based/passage-based questions for Class 10 Social Science  Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialization

Case Study/Passage Based Questions

Case Study 1: Will Thorne is one of those who went in search of seasonal work, loading bricks, and doing odd jobs. He describes how job-seekers walked to London in search of work: ‘I had always wanted to go to London, and my desire … as stimulated by letters from an old workmate … who was now working at the Old Kent Road Gas Works … I finally decided to go … in November 1881. With two friends I started out to walk the journey, filled with the hope that we would be able to obtain employment, when we get there, with the kind assistance of my friend … we had little money when we started, not enough to pay for our food and lodgings each night until we arrived in London. Some days we walked as much as twenty miles and other days less. Our money was gone at the end of the third day … For two nights we slept out – once under a haystack and once in an old farm shed … On arrival in London we tried to find … my friend … but … were unsuccessful. Our money was gone, so there was nothing for us to do but to walk around until late at night and try to find someplace to sleep. We found an old building and slept in it that night. The next day, Sunday, late in the afternoon, we got to the Old Kent Gas Works and applied for work. To my great surprise, the man we had been looking for was working at the time. He spoke to the foreman and I was given a job.

(i) What was the status of human labour in Britain? Select the best suitable option from the following with reference to the context. (a) There was limited number of workers. (b) There was no shortage of labour. (c) Labour had to be imported . (d) There was uneven distribution of labour.

Answer: (b) There was no shortage of labour.

What kinds of production demanded seasonal labour? Identify the best suitable option from the following. (a) Steel and iron (b) Cotton and textiles (c) Handmade goods (d) Bookbinders and printers

Answer: (d) Bookbinders and printers

(iii) What was the possibility of getting a job with abundance of labour in cities such as London? With reference to the above context, infer the appropriate option. (a) Jobs were given on the basis of merit system. (b) Jobs were given who were registered with a particular factory. (c) A job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations in a factory. (d) All of the above

Answer: (c) A job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations in a factory.

(iv) What were the problems workers faced during the Industrialisation? Identify the best suitable option from the following. (a) Migration from one place to another in search of suitable job. (b) Spending nights under bridges or in night shelters. (c) Preferences given to the unskilled labour in the industries. (d) Both (a) and (b)

Answer: (d) Both (a) and (b)

(v) Two statements are given in the question below as Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Read the statements and choose the appropriate option. Assertion (A): Seasonality of work in any industries meant prolonged periods without work. Reason (R): The lives of the workers was adversely affected and they returned towards rural areas. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A (b) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A (c) A is true, but R is false (d) A is false, but R is true

Answer: (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A

Which of the following aspect is correct regarding the given source? Identify the correct option (a) It is extracted from ‘Comers and Goers’. (b) It is quoted by Raphael Samuel. (c) It shows the realities of the Victorian City. (d) All of the above

Answer: (d) All of the above

Case Study 2:

The chapter “The Age of Industrialization” in Class 10 History explores the process of industrialization and its impact on societies during the 18th and 19th centuries. It delves into the transformation of agriculture, the growth of industries, and the emergence of factories and urban centers. The chapter discusses the role of technology, the expansion of railways and steamships, the growth of capitalism, and the experiences of workers and peasants during this period of rapid industrial change. It also highlights the social and environmental consequences of industrialization and the emergence of new social classes.

Which chapter in Class 10 History focuses on the process of industrialization during the 18th and 19th centuries?

a) Chapter 1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

b) Chapter 3: Nationalism in India

c) Chapter 5: The Age of Industrialization

d) Chapter 7: Print Culture and The Modern World

Answer: c) Chapter 5: The Age of Industrialization

What were some of the key features of industrialization during this period?

a) Transformation of agriculture, growth of industries, and emergence of factories

b) Decline of urban centers and expansion of rural areas

c) Focus on handcrafted production methods

d) Promotion of traditional agricultural practices

Answer: a) Transformation of agriculture, growth of industries, and emergence of factories

How did the expansion of railways and steamships contribute to industrialization?

a) They had no impact on industrialization.

b) They facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods.

c) They led to a decline in trade and transportation.

d) They resulted in the closure of factories and industries.

Answer: b) They facilitated the movement of raw materials and finished goods.

What were some of the social and environmental consequences of industrialization?

a) Emergence of new social classes and environmental degradation

b) Preservation of traditional social structures and sustainable practices

c) Decrease in urbanization and pollution levels

d) Promoting equality among different social groups

Answer: a) Emergence of new social classes and environmental degradation

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Chapter 4 Class 10 History - The Age of Industrialization

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Do you know how the world changed from an agricultural society to an industrial one? How did machines, factories, railways, and steamships revolutionize the production and distribution of goods and services? How did industrialisation affect the lives of workers, consumers, farmers, and artisans? How did it create new social classes, political movements, and cultural expressions?

If you want to find out the answers to these questions, then you will enjoy this chapter. In this chapter, you will learn about the history of the age of industrialisation from the 18th century to the early 20th century . You will discover how industrialisation began in Britain and spread to other parts of Europe, America, Asia, and Africa. You will also examine how industrialisation shaped the economic, social, and political aspects of the modern world.

Some of the topics you will cover in this chapter are:

• The first industrial revolution: How innovations in textile, iron, and coal industries transformed Britain into the workshop of the world. 🧵🔩⛏️
• The coming of railways: How the development of steam engines and railways opened up new markets and opportunities for trade and travel. 🚂🛤️🌍
• The industrialisation in other countries: How countries like France, Germany, USA, Japan, and India experienced different paths and challenges of industrialisation. 🇫🇷🇩🇪🇺🇸🇯🇵🇮🇳
• The impact of industrialisation : How industrialisation affected the environment, health, education, culture, and leisure of people. 🌳🏥📚🎨🎭
• The responses to industrialisation: How workers, farmers, artisans, women, and children reacted to the changes brought by industrialisation. 🙋‍♂️👩‍🌾👨‍🎨👩‍💼👦
• The rise of socialism: How thinkers and activists like Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Robert Owen, and others proposed alternative visions of society based on equality and justice. 📚✊🏽❤️

By studying this chapter, you will gain a deeper understanding of how the world became more modern and complex due to industrialisation. You will also develop critical thinking skills to compare and contrast different sources and perspectives on industrialisation. You will also appreciate the diversity and creativity of human responses to the challenges and opportunities of industrialisation.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

Ncert solutions for class 10 history chapter 4 the age of industrialisation social science.

Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 NCERT Solutions

Ncert solutions for class 10 history chapters:, how ncert solutions of chapter 4 the age of industrialisation for class 10 history can be helpful for students, what do you mean by proto-industrialisation, what led to expansion in handloom craft production between 1900 and 1940, what are the contributions of dwarkanath tagore as an entrepreneur of bengal, contact form.

The Age Of Industrialisation Questions | Class 10 | Social Science | Unit 1 | Chapter 4

The age of industrialisation questions.

Below are some of the very important NCERT Class 10 Social Science Section 2 Unit 1 Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions. These Class 10 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions have been prepared by expert teachers and subject experts based on the latest syllabus and pattern of term 2. Questions with Answers to help students understand the concept.

These Questions for Class 10 Social Science The Age Of Industrialisation Questions with answers are very important for the latest CBSE term 2 pattern. These class 10 notes,  Q and A are very important for students who want to score high in CBSE Board.

We have put together these NCERT Questions of Class 10 Social Science chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions for practice on a regular basis to score high in exams. Refer to these Questions with Answers here along with a detailed explanation.

Short Answer (SA) Type Questions

1.  Explain the meaning of the term ‘Industrial Revolution .

2. How did factory production began in England?

3. Highlight any three benefits of industrialisation on the society

4. Describe the conditions of workers in Europe after the industrial revolution. (CBSE 2019)

5. Explain how Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the export trade in the early 18th century.  

6. Mention any three restrictions imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th century.

7. Critically examine how the British companies gradually asserted monopoly rights in India.

8. Examine the causes of clashes between weavers and gomasthas in many weaving villages.

9. Describe any three major problems faced by Indian cotton weavers in the nineteenth century.

10. How did many Indian entrepreneurs survive despite the tight economic control imposed by the British government?

11. Explain the role of European Managing Agencies in India.

12. Describe the role of ‘Jobbers’ in the beginning of the twentieth century in India.

13. Why did industrial production in India increase during the first world war? Or Explain the impact of the first world war on industrial production in India.

14. Give reasons why British industries failed to recapture their old hold on the Indian market after the First World War.

15. ‘Despite stiff competition from machine- made thread, the Indian handloom production not only survived, but also saw a steady growth in the 20th century’. Explain reasons in favor of your answer.  Or How did Handloom cloth production expand steadily in the 20th century? Explain .

Short Answer Type Question Answers

The term ‘ Industrial Revolution ‘ stands for those developments and inventions which revolutionized the technique and organization of production in the later half of the 18th century. 

This Industrial Revolution replaced the previous domestic system of production by the new factory system. In place of manual and animal power, new machines and steam power were used for producing things. 

This revolution replaced cottage industries by factories, hand labor by machine work and craftsmen and artists by capitalists and factory owners.

Factory production began in England with the establishment of early factories by the 1730s. The number of factories increased dramatically in the late 18th century During this period, cotton was the first good whose production flourished. It was followed by the rapid establishment and expansion of the iron and steel industry.

The driving force of industrialisation was the inventions and technological changes of the 18th century. This innovation increased the efficiency at each stage of production and enhanced the output produced per worker, especially in the case of cotton and other textile industries.

Richard Arkwright laid the foundation of the factory system by creating the cotton mill. The spinning Jenny and other devices were invented to speed up textile production. 

This allowed more careful supervision over the production process, proper check over quality and regulation of the labor force employed. Thus, in the late 19th century, factories increasingly became an intimate part of Britain.

The benefits of industrialisation on the society can be are

• Industrialisation leads to improved standards of the entire society as a whole and improves the condition. 
• It leads to prosperity in the form of the availability of better and more food and clothing and gives longer life expectancies, freedom from hard physical work, more and better facility for development of intellectual capability of individuals. 
• It produces employment wealth and Technical skill, it provides modern convenience medical advances, changes in Lifestyle education, transportation development etc. 

The conditions of  workers in Europe after the industrial revolution were

• In most of the industries, the demand for labor was seasonal. The actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and relations.
• The workers were getting very low wages.
• Factories employed a large number of women. With technological development women gradually lost their industrial jobs.
• Most of the workers were living in slums. Factory or workshop owners did not provide housing facilities to the migrant workers.

Indian merchants and bankers were involved in the export trade in early 18th century in the following ways: 

• They were financing production, carrying goods and supplying exporters.
• The supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions.
• They gave advances to the weavers. produced the woven cloths from weaving villages and carried the supply to the ports.
• At the port the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating Island.

The restriction imposed by the British government upon the Indian merchants in the 19th Century were:

• The British government developed a system of management and controlled that would eliminate competition and restrict the space within which.
• Indian merchants could function Indian merchants are not allowed to trade with Europe in manufactured good 
• Indian merchants had to export mostly raw materials like raw cotton, opium, wheat and Indigo required by the British. They were also gradually thrown out of the shipping business

British companies gradually asserted monopoly rights in India in the following ways

• The company appointed paid gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of cloth   
• The company introduced the system of advances to the weavers to prevent company weavers from dealing with other buyers.
• The company introduced a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.

The causes of clashes between the weavers and the gomasthas were:

• The gomasthas gave loans to the weavers to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the product timely to the gomasthas.
• They had no option to sell their products to other traders. 
• Often the price given by the gomasthas (dictated by the company) was miserably low and the loans the weavers had accepted tied them to the company. Weavers along with village traders revolted and opposed the company official and sometimes migrated to other villages.
• The gomasthas had no feelings for the weavers. They marched into villages with sepoys and peons and punished the weavers.

Thus, clashes between the weavers and gomasthas became very common.

The major problems that the Indian weavers faced in the nineteenth century were:

(i) Their export market collapsed and the local market shrank

(ii) Local market was flooded with Manchester goods (goods imported from Britain). These imported cotton goods were so cheap that Indian Weavers could not easily compete with them

(iii) Due to Civil war in USA Weavers in India did not get sufficient supply of raw cotton and they were formed to buy raw cotton and high prices in this situation weaving were not profitable

Many Indian entrepreneurs survive despite of tight economical control imposed by British government by adopting the following ways: 

• Some merchants traded with Burma, Middle East and East Africa accumulated capital through other rate networks.
• Some merchants operated within India. Carrying goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing traders. 
• When opportunities of investment in industries opened up many Indian entrepreneurs set up their home factories.

Role of European Managing Agencies in India was:

• European Managing Agencies (e.g. Bird Heiglers and Co., Andrew Yule, Jardine Skinner and Co.) dominated industrial production in India. They were interested in certain kinds of products which could be exported.
• By acquiring land at cheap rates from the colonial government, they established tea and coffee plantations.   
• They invested money in mining, indigo and jute. These products were not for sale in India. Most of these products were used for export trade.
• Till the First World War, these agencies controlled a large sector of Indian industries.
• These agencies mobilized capital, set up joint stock companies and managed them.

Jobs where people employed by Industrialist to recruit the right people from among the job seekers very often the Java was an old and trusted were they played an important role in the males of India in the beginning of the twelfth century in the following ways:

• He got people from his village and insured them jobs 
• He helped people to settle them in the City 
• He provided money in time of crisis 
• Jobbers became persons with some authority and power. He began demanding money and gifts for his favor and started to control the lives of workers

Industrial production in India was impacted or increased during the first world war due to the following reasons:

• British Industrialists were busy with wall production to meet the needs of the army and they stopped British goods in other countries like India. It was a good opportunity for Indian industries to fill in empty markets with their own products. Suddenly, Indian industries had a vast home market to supply
• As the war continued Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs like jute bags, cloth for Army uniform tents and Leather boots etc.
• The increased demand for a variety of products led to the setting up of new factories. Production was also increased by the old Industries. Many new workers were employed and forced to work more hours.

British industries failed to recapture their old hold on the Indian market after the First World War because

• During the war years, Indian industries gradually consolidated their position by substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.
• The nationalist movement had gained ground under Mahatma Gandhi and his call for use of Swadeshi products was largely supported.
• Countries like Japan, US and Germany had modernized and Britain could not compete with them.

Thus, the British economy fell down after the world war and cotton production and exports of cotton cloth fell dramatically.

Despite stiff competition from machine made Threads the Indian weavers survived and expanded steadily in the 20th century due to following reasons:

• Indian weavers begin to use fly shuttle which increased productivity per workers, speeded up production and reduced labor demand
• Among the weavers some produced cloth while other woves finer varieties. The finer varieties were brought up by the rich and the sale of Banarasi and Baluchari Sarees were not affected by famines or droughts

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Long Answer (LA) Type Questions

1. What was proto industrialisation? In what ways does proto-industrial production help the poor farmers in the countryside?

2. Describe the role of ‘technology’ in the transformation of the world in the nineteenth century.

3. Describe the life of workers during the 19th century in England.

4. Why did the export of Indian textile decline at the beginning of the nineteenth century? Explain any three reasons. 

5. Describe the role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of industries.

6. By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India. Explain. 

7. ‘We find that from the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements played a vital role in expanding the markets for products.’ Explain the statement in the context of the pre-independence period of our country.

Long Answer Type Question Answers

The proto-industrial system was a part of a network of commercial exchanges. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with the expansion of world trade and acquisition of colonies, the demand for goods expanded. But the merchants could not set up business in towns due to the strict restriction imposed by guilds.

So the merchants turned to the countryside. Proto-industrialisation helped the poor farmers in the countryside in the following ways:

• The peasants and cottagers looked for alternative ways for their survival.
• Many had small land holdings, which couldn’t provide work for all the members.
• When merchants came around and offered money to produce goods for them, peasants eagerly accepted.   
• By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and also could cultivate their own small plots of land.

In this way, proto-industrial production supplemented the shrinking income of the poor peasants and raised their standard of living.

The role of technology in transformation of the world in the nineteenth century was

• Technological advancement through the invention of railways, steamships, telegraph etc transformed the nineteenth century world. Faster railways, lighter wagons and larger ships helped move food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets.   
• Development of new technology like refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods like meat, egg more quickly than before. As a result, poor European countries got better food, This brought social peace and also support for imperialism.
• Industrialisation forced people to migrate from rural areas to urban areas in search of jobs in the factories. It encouraged the spirit of  individualism among both men and women. Collective values of rural life begin to fade out in urban areas.
• It further widened the gap between rich and poor. The factory workers were forced to live in healthy slum areas of cities instead of a pollution free rural landscape. 
• Industrialisation forces the entire household i.e. women and children to work. Child labour become a major problem of the society

The life of workers during the 19th century in England was 

Low wages . The workers were getting very low wages in the third 19th century. About 10% of the population was extremely poor. The abundance of labor in the market affected the lives of the workers.

Women workers. Factories employed large number of women. With technological development women gradually lost their industrial jobs.

Overcrowded cities. Most of the workers were living in slums. As the new possible job opportunities were in the cities, a number of people from the countryside traveled towards the cities in search of work.

Seasonal work . In most of the industries the demand for labor was seasonal. The actual possibility of getting a job depends on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. Many of the workers had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges or night shelters.

By the end of the 19th century, export of Indian textile industry started to decline due to the following reasons:

East India Company Gained Power . Once the East India Company established political power, it asserted a monopoly right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods.

Growth of Cotton Industries in England . As cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups became worried about the imports from other countries. They pressured the government to impose import duties on cotton textile, so that Manchester goods could easily sell in Britain without facing any competition from outside. 

Further the industrialists persuaded the East India Company to sell British products forcefully in the Indian market.

The result of two edge policies . To sell British products in India East India Company followed a two edged policy I.e. no taxes on imports but high taxes on Exports. Due to this policy, local Indian markets were flooded with cheap Manchester machine made products.

Shortage of raw material. Due to the American Civil War, cotton supplies from the US were cut off and Britain turned to India for cotton supplies.  As raw cotton exports from India increased. Indian Weavers face the problem due to the shortage of raw material for the textile industry.

The role of early entrepreneurs of India in the development of industries was 

• From the late 18th century, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England many Indian Businessmen were involved in this trade.
• In the 19th century many cotton mills, Jute mills, spinning and weaving mills were set up and most of this was set up by Indian entrepreneurs.
• In Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore, in Bombay Diksha petit and Jamshedji Tata build huge industrial Empire by accumulating their initial wealth partly from export of China and partly from raw cotton export to England. Other businessmen like Seth Hukumchand, JN Tata setup Jute mill iron and steel factories in India.
• Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma and some others traded with the Middle East and East Africa.
• Some entrepreneurs operated within India, carry goods from one place to another, banking money, transferring funds between cities and financing other traders. When opportunities of investment were opened up, many factories were set up.

By the first decade of the 20th century, a series of changes affected the pattern of industrialisation in India in the following ways:

Effect of Swadeshi and Boycott Movement. After the partition of Bengal, the Swadeshi Movement was developed. It has two sides i.e. positive and negative. In the positive side, nationalists urged people to use only swadeshi goods and ill the negative side to boycott foreign goods.

This movement had an immense effect on the economy. There was an increase in the demand for Indian goods, especially clothes.

Aim of industrial groups. Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests. They pressured the government to increase tariff protection and grant other concessions.

Decline of export to China . From 1906 the export of Indian yarn to China declined as produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese Market. Thus Industrial Estate in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production. Cotton goods production in India doubled between 1900 and 1912.

Result of the first world war. Till the first world war, industrial growth was slow, British mills became busy with war productions. Thus, Manchester imports to India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills got a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories had to supply different war needs. 

This led to the setting up of new factories and multiple shifts for the old factory. Indian industry developed immensely at that period. After the war Manchester could not recapture its old position in the Indian market.

From the very beginning of the industrial age, advertisements played a vital role in expanding the markets for products in the following ways:

• The Manchester industrialists began selling their cloth in India by putting labels on the cloth bundles. When buyers saw such labels on the cloth like ‘Made In Manchester’, they felt confident about buying the cloth. 
• The manufacturers also used images of Indian Gods, Goddesses and important personalities on these labels. These images helped to make the foreign products somehow familiar to Indian people.
• In the late 19th century, the British manufacturers used calendars to popularize their products. Unlike newspapers and magazines, calendars were being used even by illiterate people.
• Indian manufacturers even advertised the nationalist message which was clear and specific. For example, ‘if you care for the nation then buy products that Indians produce’. Advertisement became a medium of the message of Swadeshi.

Case-Study Based Questions

1. Read the given cases/sources and answer the following questions.

Source A hand Labor and steam power

In Victorian Britain, the upper classes- the aristocrats and the Bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced and carefully designed. Machine made goods were for export to the colonies. 

(i) Evaluate the difference of handmade products by the Aristocrat and Bourgeoisie  in England.

Source B Life of workers  

The abundance of labor in the market affected the lives of workers. As news of possible jobs travel to the countryside hundreds tramped to the cities. The actual possibility of getting a job depends on the existing network of friendship and kin relations. If you had a relative or a friend in a factory you are more likely to get a job quickly. But not everyone has social connections. Many job seekers had to wait weeks spending night under bridges or in night shelters.

(ii) ‘The abundance of labor in the market affects the lives of the workers’. Explain in the context of 19th century Britain?

Source C Manchester comes to India

Cotton weavers in India thus faced two problems at the same time: their export market collapsed and the local market shrank, being glutted with Manchester imports. Produced by machines at lower costs, the imported cotton goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them. By the 1850s, reports from most weaving regions of India narrated stories of decline and desolation.

(iii) What kind of problems were faced by Indian cotton weavers? Describe.

2. Read the given source and answer the following question.

In the countryside poor peasants and artisans begin working for merchants. This was a time when open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed. Cottages and poor presents who had earlier dependent on common lands for their survival, gathering their firewoods, berries, vegetables, hay and straw, had to now look for alternative sources of income. 

Many had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household. So, when merchants came around and offered advances to produce good for them,  peasant households eagerly agreed, by working for the merchant, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots. 

Income from proto industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labor resources.

This proto-industrial system was thus part of a network of commercial exchanges. It was controlled by merchants and the goods were produced by a vast number of producers working within their family farms, not in factories. At each stage of production 20 to 25 workers were employed by each merchant. This meant that each clothier was controlling hundreds of workers.

(i) What is a proto-industrial system? Discuss its importance.

(ii) Which phase of industrialisation is called Proto-industrialisation and why?

(iii) Explain the main features of proto-industrialisation. 

Case-Study Based Answers

The upper class- Aristocrats and the Bourgeoisie preferred things produced by hand because it symbolized refinement and class they were better finished designed and individually produced.

The abundance of labor in the market affected the lives of the workers during the 19th century as news of possible jobs traveled to the countryside, poor peasants and vagrants moved to the cities in large numbers. 

But the actual possibility of getting a job depended on existing networks of friendship and kin relations. But not everyone had social connections. 

Many job seekers had to wait for weeks, spending sleepless nights under bridges or in night shelters.

(iii).  

The problems faced by the Indian weavers were 

• Their export market collapsed 
• The local markets shrank due to the low cost machine made British products.

(i) The proto-industrial system was a network of early forms of commercial exchange before industrialisation. It was controlled by the merchants.

It was important as the peasants could cultivate their own small patches of land and yet could earn some supplementary income by producing for the merchants. This allowed them to make better use of the available family resources.

(ii) The early phase of industrialisation in which large scale production was carried out for international market not at factories, but in decentralized units is called Proto-industrialization. It is called proto industrialisation because products are made by hand only.

(iii)  The main features of proto industrialisation were

• It was controlled by merchants or guilds who had monopoly rights to produce and trade goods.
• Generally family members were involved to the production process and the production was carried out in countryside.

Click Below To Learn Other Chapters SSc

• Unit 1. Sec 1 Chapter 2: Nationalism In India
• Unit 1. Sec 2 Chapter 3: The Making Of Global World
• Unit 2. Chapter 3: Minerals And Energy Resources 
• Unit 2. Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industries 
• Unit 2. Chapter 7: Lifelines of National Economy 
• Unit 3. Chapter 6: Political Parties 
• Unit 3. Chapter 7: Outcome of Democracy
• Unit 4. Chapter 3: Money And Credit 
• Unit 4. Chapter 4: Globalization And The Indian Economy 

Final Words

From the above article, you have practiced Class 10 Social Science chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions. We hope that the above-mentioned notes, Q & A for term 2 will surely help you in your exam. 

If you have any doubts or queries regarding Class 12 Economics Section 2 chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions feel free to reach us and we will get back to you as early as possible.

Click Below To Learn Science Syllabus All Chapters

• Chapter 4: Carbon And Its Compounds Notes / Questions 
• Chapter 5 : Periodic Classification of Elements Notes / Questions
• Chapter 8 : How Do Organism Reproduce  Notes / Questions
• Chapter 9 : Heredity And Evolution Notes / Questions
• Chapter 12 : Electricity Notes / Questions
• Chapter13 : Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Notes / Questions
• Chapter15 : Our Environment Notes / Questions 

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation are provided here. These solutions will help you learn the facts and events easily. With these solutions, you will also learn the right way to write your answers perfectly in exams. We have updated the  NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History  Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation for the current session so that you can easily score high marks in the exams. You can also download PDF of the solutions and use them whenever you are offline.

Class 10 History Chapter 4 NCERT Solutions PDF Download

Write in Brief

Question 1: Explain the following:

(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny. (b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages. (c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century. (d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.

Answer: (a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny because:

• It speeded up the spinning process and reduced labour demand. With the Spinning Jenny only one worker was enough to set a number of spindles in motion by turning one single wheel and could spin several threads at the same time.
• Women workers in Britain had survived on hand spinning.
• The new machine caused a valid fear of unemployment among women working in the woollen industry.

(b) In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages because production in urban areas could not be increased due to the presence of powerful trade guilds. These maintained control over production, regulated prices and competition, and restricted the entry of new people in the trade. Monopolisation was also a common tactic. In the countryside, there were no such rules, and impoverished peasants welcomed these merchants.

(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century because

• The European companies gradually gained power in trade with India.
• They secured many concessions from local courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade.
• This led to a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly from where local merchants had operated. Exports from these ports fell abruptly and local banks here went bankrupt.

(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India to establish a more direct control over the weavers, free of the existing traders and brokers in the cloth trade. The gomasthas were the paid servants who supervised the weavers, collected supplies and examined the quality of cloth. The gomasthas ensured that all management and control of the cloth industry came under the British. This helped in eliminating competition, controlling costs and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk products.

Question 2: Write True or False against each statement:

(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector. Answer: False.

(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century. Answer: True.

(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India. Answer: False.

(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity Answer: True.

Question 3: Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.

Answer: Proto-industrialisation is the phase of industrialisation that was not based on the factory system. Before the coming of factories, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This part of industrial history is known as proto-industrialisation.

Question 1: Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?

Answer: Some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe preferred hand labour over machines because:

• Machines were expensive and their repair was also costly.
• They were not as effective as claimed by their inventors and manufacturers.
• As the poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs, the supply of workers was more than the demand due to which labour was available at low wages.
• In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required.
• The market demanded goods with variety of designs, colours and specific shapes which could not be fulfilled by using machines. Intricate designs and shapes could be produced only with hand labour.
• In Victorian age, the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred articles made by hand only.

Question 2: How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

Answer: After establishing political power, the East India Company successfully procured regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers via a series of actions. These actions were aimed at eliminating competition from other colonial powers, controlling costs and ensuring regular supplies of cotton and silk goods for Britain.

Firstly, it appointed gomasthas or paid servants to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine textile quality.

Secondly, it disallowed Company weavers from dealing with other buyers. This was ascertained by a system of giving advances to the weavers for procuring raw materials. Those who took these loans could not sell their cloth to anyone but the gomasthas.

Question 3: Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.

Answer: Britain and the History of Cotton

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants would trade with rural people in textile production. A clothier would buy wool from a wool stapler, carry it to the spinners, and then, take the yarn to the weavers, fuller and dyers for further levels of production. London was the finishing centre for these goods. This phase in British manufacturing history is known as proto-industrialisation. In this phase, factories were not an essential part of industry. What was present instead was a network of commercial exchanges.

The first symbol of the new era of factories was cotton. Its production increased rapidly in the late nineteenth century. Imports of raw cotton sky-rocketed from 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 22 million pounds in 1787. This happened because of the invention of the cotton mill and new machines, and better management under one roof. Till 1840, cotton was the leading sector in the first stage of industrialisation.

Most inventions in the textile production sector were met with disregard and hatred by the workers because machines implied less hand labour and lower employment needs. The Spinning Jenny was one such invention. Women in the woollen industry opposed and sought to destroy it because it was taking over their place in the labour market.

Before such technological advancements, Britain imported silk and cotton goods from India in vast numbers. Fine textiles from India were in high demand in England. When the East India Company attained political power, they exploited the weavers and textile industry in India to its full potential, often by force, for the benefit of Britain. Later, Manchester became the hub of cotton production. Subsequently, India was turned into the major buyer of British cotton goods.

During the First World War, British factories were too busy providing for war needs. Hence, demand for Indian textiles rose once again. The history of cotton in Britain is replete with such fluctuations of demand and supply.

Question 4: Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Answer: Industrial production in India increased during the First World War due to following reasons:

• British industries became busy in producing and supplying the war-essentials. Hence, they stopped exporting British goods or clothes for colonial markets like that in India.
• With the decline of imports suddenly, it was a good opportunity for Indian industries to produce enough goods to meet the demand of home market.
• As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs such as jute bags, cloth for the army uniforms, tents and leather boots, etc.
• To meet the increased demands of variety of products, new factories were set up and old ones were made to increased their production.
• Many new workers were employed. Thus, the First World War gave a boost to Indian industries.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 4 The Age of Industrialisation: Chapter Overview

In this chapter you learn about the following topics:

• Before the Industrial Revolution
• Hand Labour and Steam Power
• Industrialisation in the Colonies
• Factories Come Up
• The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth
• Market for Goods

The Age of Industrialisation

Class 10 - ncert history india & contemporary world 2 solutions, intext activity.

Give two examples where modern development that is associated with progress has led to problems. You may like to think of areas related to environmental issues, nuclear weapons or disease.

Modern development has pros as well as cons. New innovations made life easier but they also have numerous drawbacks. Two such examples are:

• Environmental degradation — Industrial activities released pollutants into the air, water, and soil, contributing to issues such as air pollution, deforestation, soil erosion, and climate change. The exploitation of natural resources and the emission of greenhouse gases have resulted in long-term consequences for ecosystems, biodiversity, and overall planetary health.
• Nuclear weapons — The use of nuclear weapons, as witnessed in historical events like the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, showcased the devastating impact on human populations and the environment. So, even though we might think of these weapons as protecting us, they also bring a big risk of causing serious harm to our world.

The way in which historians focus on industrialisation rather than on small workshops is a good example of how what we believe today about the past is influenced by what historians choose to notice and what they ignore. Note down one event or aspect of your own life which adults such as your parents or teachers may think is unimportant, but which you believe to be important.

My parents and teachers tend to prioritize academic achievements over my accomplishments in sports. While securing the first rank in class is undoubtedly commendable, I believe that excelling in sports, such as coming first in a 100-meter race, is equally valuable. Both academics and sports contribute significantly to a person's overall development, fostering a well-rounded individual. So both should be given equal importance.

Look at Figs. 4 and 5. Can you see any difference in the way the two images show industrialisation? Explain your view briefly.

The Lancashire cotton mill shown in figure 4, suggests a positive perception of industrialisation emphasising job creation and economic growth. The overall impression is one of power, industry, and progress. The massive mills, equipped with expensive machinery, captured the imagination of people and they forgot the bylanes and the workshops where production still continued.

Figure 5 shows the landscape of Manchester dominated by chimneys billowing smoke symbolizing the environmental degradation associated with industrialisation. The overall impression is one of grime, pollution, and harsh working conditions. It emphasises the negative aspects of industrialisation such as environmental concerns, worker exploitation and social inequality.

The two images provide a valuable contrast that helps us to understand the full impact of industrialisation.

Imagine that you are a merchant writing back to a salesman who has been trying to persuade you to buy a new machine. Explain in your letter what you have heard and why you do not wish to invest in the new technology.

Dear ........

I am writing you regarding your request to buy the new machine. I feel that buying this machine is not economically feasible for me. Following are the reasons why I think so:

• The machine is very expensive and presently work is efficiently done by cheap labourers.
• I have heard that the repairing cost of these machines are very high and also they break down very often.
• The machine is not as effective as claimed by you and manufacturers. They cannot match the quality of hand made stuffs.

For all these reasons, I will not be able to purchase the machine offered by you.

Yours Sincerely

On a map of Asia, find and draw the sea and land links of the textile trade from India to Central Asia, West Asia and Southeast Asia.

Below map shows the sea and land links of the textile trade from India to Central Asia, West Asia and Southeast Asia:

Intext Discuss

Look at Figs. 3, 7 and 11, then reread source B. Explain why many workers were opposed to the use of the Spinning Jenny.

A magistrate reported in 1790 about an incident when he was called in to protect a manufacturer’s property from being attacked by workers:

‘From the depredations of a lawless Banditti of colliers and their wives, for the wives had lost their work to spinning engines … they advanced at first with much insolence, avowing their intention of cutting to pieces the machine lately introduced in the woollen manufacture; which they suppose, if generally adopted, will lessen the demand for manual labour. The women became clamorous. The men were more open to conviction and after some expostulation were induced to desist from their purpose and return peaceably home.’

J.L. Hammond and B. Hammond, The Skilled Labourer 1760-1832, quoted in Maxine Berg, The Age of Manufactures.

By looking at the given figures it is clear that earlier one wheel could yarn only one spindle. At that time all members of a family were employed and earning. But due to Spinning Jenny, productivity increased, as many spindles could be yearned at one time from one wheel. This led to an increase in unemployment specially among women as they lost their traditional job. Therefore, many workers were opposed to the use of Spinning Jenny.

Write in brief

Explain the following:

(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.

(b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.

(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.

(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.

(a) The Spinning Jenny was opposed by British women workers because it created a fear of losing jobs. It sped up the spinning process and, as a result, reduced labour demand. They had been surviving on hand spinning up until now, but the introduction of efficient and fast new machine was ready to make them jobless. Therefore, women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.

(b) With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. In the seventeenth century urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. That is why the the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages to meet the international demands.

(c) Before industrialisation, Indian silk and cotton goods dominated the international market in textiles. Surat on Gujarat coast was one of the main pre-colonial ports through which a vibrant sea trade operated. By the 1750s, the European companies gradually gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat. Exports from these ports of Surat and Hooghly fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been Rs 16 million. By the 1740s it had slumped to Rs 3 million.

(d) The East India Company proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. Therefore, the Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and established a more direct control over the weaver. It appointed a paid servant called the gomasthas to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth. The new gomasthas were outsiders, with no long-term social link with the village. They acted arrogantly, marched into villages with sepoys and peons, and punished weavers for delays in supply – often beating and flogging them.

Write True or False against each statement:

(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.

(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.

(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.

(d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity.

(a) False Corrected Statement — At the end of the nineteenth century, less than 20 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.

(c) False Corrected Statement — When the American Civil War broke out and cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India.

Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.

The term 'proto' refers to early form of something. Before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market. This was not based on factories. Most of the production was done by cottage industries based in countryside. It involved decentralized, home based production. Merchants provided raw materials and collected finished products. Final finishing was done mainly in London. Many historians refer to this phase of industrialisation as proto-industrialisation. This implies to production and trade before industrialisation, which was earlier ignored by historians.

Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?

Some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe preferred hand labour over machines because:

• The machines were very expensive and they were cautious to use it.
• The machines often broke down and the cost of repairing them was huge.
• The machines were not as effective as claimed by their inventors and manufacturers.
• Cheap labour was available in plenty. Merchants preferred to use labour as it was economical for them.
• Machine-produced products could not match the quality of hand made products.

How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

Earlier, the East India Company had found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export. The French, Dutch, Portuguese as well as the local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth. So the weaver and supply merchants could bargain and try selling the produce to the best buyer. However, once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control costs, and ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk goods. Following steps were taken:

• Company tried to eliminate the existing traders and brokers connected with the cloth trade, and establish a more direct control over the weaver by appointing gomastha a paid servant called to supervise weavers, collect supplies, and examine the quality of cloth.
• Company prevented its weavers from dealing with other buyers. One way of doing this was through the system of advances. Once an order was placed, the weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over the cloth they produced to the gomastha. They could not take it to any other trader.

Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.

Cotton, the versatile and ubiquitous fabric, has played a significant role in British history, shaping its industry, society, and even its global influence. From its humble beginnings as an imported luxury to becoming the cornerstone of the Industrial Revolution, the story of cotton in Britain is intricately linked with innovation, empire, and social change.

Early Introduction of Cotton

Cotton's journey to Britain began in the 17th century, brought in by the East India Company. Initially regarded as a luxurious and exotic fabric, cotton was a symbol of status and wealth. The high cost and limited supply restricted its widespread use.

The Coming Up of the Factory

The Industrial Revolution ushered in a transformative era for the British cotton industry. In 1760, Britain was importing 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton to feed its cotton industry. By 1787, this import soared to 22 million pounds. Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill bringing the entire production process together under one roof and management. Inventions like the spinning jenny (1764) and the power loom (1784) revolutionized production, making cotton affordable and accessible to the masses. Cotton was now the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s. The demand for raw cotton soared, leading Britain to source it from its colonies in the Americas and India.

The Rise of Cottonopolis

Fueled by innovation and cheap labour, cotton mills mushroomed in northern England, particularly in Lancashire, which earned the nickname "Cottonopolis." Cities like Manchester became hubs of industry, attracting migrants seeking work and transforming the social landscape. However, the rapid growth came at a human cost, with harsh working conditions and exploitation plaguing mill workers.

The Role of the British Empire

The consolidation of East India Company power in India slowly led to its control over Indian market. British cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand in Europe. However, once the East India Company established political power, it could assert a monopoly right to trade. Soon it was in control of exports of cotton from India and it also used India as its market for factory made cheap products. While the British cotton industry undoubtedly benefited from India's resources and markets, the impact on India was largely negative.

Cotton's story in Britain is a tapestry woven with threads of innovation, exploitation, and transformation. It reflects the nation's industrial might, its imperial reach, and the evolving social fabric of its people.

Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

The increase in industrial production in India during the First World War was fueled by disruptions in global trade and the strategic needs of the British Empire. With British mills busy with war production to meet the needs of the army, Manchester imports into India declined. Suddenly, Indian mills had a vast home market to supply. As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply war needs: jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles and a host of other items. New factories were set up and old ones ran multiple shifts. Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours. Therefore, the war led to an increase in industrial production.

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• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Chapter 5 - The Age Of Industrialisation
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Mastering Class 10 Social Science Chapter 5: The Age of Industrialisation - PDF Download, Tips to Success

In this study material of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science India and the Contemporary World - II Chapter 5 - The Age of Industrialisation, the students can get access to all the NCERT solutions of this chapter which will help them to form an idea of the questions that can be asked in the CBSE Class 10 exam. They will also be able to clear their doubts and be aware of the answers to all the text-book questions. Check this article to get an idea of the same.

NCERT Solutions of India and the Contemporary World - II Chapter 5 - The Age of Industrialisation PDF Download - How Will it Help a CBSE Class 10 Students? 

The NCERT solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 5 will help students in many ways. Check these pointers below to know how will it be beneficial:

The NCERT Solutions of India and the Contemporary World - II Chapter 5 - The Age of Industrialisation will help to acquire a better understanding of the subject. 

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Finding solutions to the questions asked in Chapter 5 can be a bit of an issue, but a student can easily find them in NCERT Solutions. 

With the Chapter 5 History Class 10 NCERT solutions, you would be in an advantageous position to score flying marks. 

The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 NCERT Solutions allows the students to get a grasp on topics like pro-industrialisation and the industrial revolution.

Register Online for Class 10 Science tuition on Vedantu.com to score more marks in the CBSE board examination. Maths Students who are looking for better solutions can download Maths NCERT Solutions Class 10 to help you to revise the complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

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Access NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History – Chapter 5 – The Age of Industrialisation

Write in brief.

1. Explain the following:

(a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.

(b) In the seventeenth-century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.

(c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.

(d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.

(a) The Spinning Jenny was opposed by British women workers because it sped up the spinning process and, as a result, reduced labour demand. Women in the woolen sector had a legitimate concern of losing their jobs as a result of this. They had been surviving on hand spinning up until now, but the new machine put that in jeopardy.

(b) The guild of trade and commerce was in charge of the market, raw materials, personnel, and the manufacturing of commodities in the towns. Merchants that wished to enhance production by hiring more men faced difficulties as a result of this. As a result, they resorted to country peasants and artisans for help.

(c) Surat's port fell by the end of the eighteenth century, owing to the increasing prominence of European firms in India's trade. They were granted several concessions by local courts, as well as exclusive trading privileges. As a result, the traditional ports of Surat and Hooghly, from which local merchants had operated, began to dwindle.

Exports stalled, and local banks went out of business.

(d) Gomasthas were recruited by the English East India Company to:

Abolish the existence of traders and brokers and create direct control over the weavers and

To prevent weavers from interacting with other customers through advances and control. Weavers who obtained loans and fees in advance were beholden to the British in this way.

2. Write True or False against each statement:

(a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 percent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.

(b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.

(c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.

Ans: False.

3. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialization.

Ans: The phase of industrialization prior to the factory system is known as proto-industrialization. There was large-scale industrial manufacturing for a worldwide market prior to the arrival of factories. Proto-industrialisation is the term for this period of industrial history.

1. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?

Ans: Hand labour was preferred by certain industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe over machinery because:

Machine-made clothing could not meet market expectations for a wide range of styles, colours, and types. Only human skills could create intricate designs and colours.

During the Victorian era, nobles and other upper-class individuals favoured solely handcrafted items.

Machines were expensive, ineffectual, difficult to repair, and required large capital investments.

At the time, labour was readily accessible at modest salaries.

Only seasonal labour was necessary for seasonal businesses.

2. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

Ans: The English East India Company employed a variety of methods to obtain silk and cotton from weavers, including:

The appointment of paid supervisors is known as Gomasthas. They also gathered supplies and evaluated the weavers' cloth quality.

Through a system of advances and loans, Company weavers are prevented from dealing with other purchasers.

3. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.

Ans:   Britain and the cotton history: 

Merchants traded with rural people in the textile industry during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. A clothier would purchase wool from a stapler, transport it to the spinners, and then deliver the yarn to the weavers, fullers, and dyers for further processing. For these items, London served as the final destination. Proto- industrialization is the term for this period in British manufacturing history. Factories were not a necessary part of the industry at this time. Instead, a network of commercial exchanges was present.

Cotton was the original industrial symbol. In the late nineteenth century, its output grew at a tremendous pace. Raw cotton imports increased dramatically, from 2.5 million pounds in 1760 to 22 million pounds in 1787. Because of the advent of the cotton mill and new machines, as well as better management under one roof, this happened. In the early stages of the industry, cotton was the most important sector until 1840.

The employees reacted with disdain and contempt to most inventions in the textile industry since machines meant less manual labour and fewer jobs. One such creation was the Spinning Jenny. Woolen industry women were opposed to it and attempted to destroy it since it was displacing them in the labour market.

Britain used to import a lot of silk and cotton from India before technical improvements.

In England, fine Indian textiles were quite popular. When the East India Company gained political control, they used coercion to fully exploit India's weavers and textile industry for Britain's benefit. Manchester thereafter became the centre of cotton production.

As a result, India became a significant customer of British cotton products.

British factories were too preoccupied with meeting the demands of the First World War to produce anything else. As a result, there was a surge in demand for Indian textiles.

Cotton's history in the United Kingdom is littered with demand and supply changes.

4. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Ans: During the first world war, India's industrial output grew for the following reasons:

The rising demand for a wider range of products led to the establishment of new factories and the expansion of existing ones.

A large number of new employees were hired, and everyone was required to work greater hours.

It was an excellent opportunity for Indian businesses to fill in the gaps in the Indian market with their goods. This was accomplished. As a result, India's industrial production grew.

Britain's industry became preoccupied with making and supplying war supplies.

As a result, they ceased exporting British goods or clothing to colonial markets such as India.

Jute bags, fabric or army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddles, and other combat necessities were also requested by the British colonial authorities.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science India and the Contemporary World - II Chapter 5 - The Age of Industrialisation

By using these Class 10 History Chapter 5 NCERT solutions pdf, you can comprehend the trickier components of the chapters. What’s more, every solution has been drafted in a step-by-step manner so that you don’t face any difficulties. The solutions to CBSE Class 10 Social Science India and the contemporary world would boost your confidence levels greatly. Students must prepare NCERT textbook questions. The Age of industrialization Class 10 solutions provides you with all the right answers which make you comfortable with the subject.

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Students can refer to the chapter-wise NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science - India and the Contemporary World II  by visiting the links given below. All these solutions are available in free PDFs and are solved by our master teachers to help students with their preparation.

Chapter 1 - The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Chapter 2 - The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China

Chapter 3 - Nationalism in India

Chapter 4 - The Making of a Global World

Chapter 6 - Work, Life and Leisure

NCERT Solutions of Class 10 History Chapter Age of Industrialisation? - Salient features of the Notes 

History Chapter 5 Class 10 NCERT solutions are an integral component in your exam preparation process. Most often, students tend to write long answers by not discussing the key points which the evaluator prefers to see. This leads to unnecessary deduction of marks, which has a detrimental impact on the student's overall mark sheet. To guard against these errors, you should refer to the NCERT solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Age of Industrialization.

NCERT Solutions for History Ch 5 Class 10 inspire students to write answers by keeping in mind the key points.

Writing the key points which the evaluator wants to see increases the chance of scoring high.

The solutions comply with the latest CBSE guidelines, which is imperative for students to be successful.

Adhering to CBSE rules, students would score flying marks.

The solutions are framed by expert teachers with years of experience, who have drafted the answers in the appropriate format.

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The in-house subject matter experts are the brain behind these solutions. 

The solutions adhere to the right format, increasing the chances of scoring big.

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Students are advised to utilize these notes to their advantage and take note of the important topic coverage of the chapter.

Downloading the free PDF can help students enjoy free learning.

FAQs on NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Chapter 5 - The Age Of Industrialisation

1. How the Class 10 SST Ch 5 History Solutions help to Concepts?

The solutions to Ch 5 have been drafted in a simple-to-understand manner. That’s why they are simple for students to comprehend.

2. Are These Solutions Time-Saving?

Yes, these solutions are time-saving for students. With these solutions, you don’t have to search for answers from your NCERT textbook.

3. Can they be Downloaded Easily?

These NCERT solutions are easily accessible and downloadable, which makes learning intuitive and smart.

4. What does Chapter 5 of NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History deal with?

The NCERT Solutions of Chapter 5 of Class 10 History deals with the period before the industrialization, the pace of change during the industrialization, the life of workers during the period, industrialization in the colonies, age of Indian textiles, coming up of the factories and so on. This was a major development in the textile industry. The chapter has the details of the development and also the suffering of some labourers. It is an interesting chapter as it gives us a piece of the history of our country. 

5. How can I make use of the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 History Chapter 5 for board exam preparation?

NCERT Solutions are the best guide for board preparation. The chapter-wise solutions given will help you to be thorough in answering the questions in the right format. All the topics in the chapter are explained in such a manner that the student will not have any difficulty in understanding the same. Students can also make their notes from the NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science available to download free of cost at Vedantu’s official website which will be very helpful during the board preparation. The sample question papers given will also help you to get an idea of the pattern of the question paper.

6. Explain the age of Indian Textiles.

Before the rise of the machine industries, silk and cotton from India were in great demand. The finer varieties of cotton came from India. The goods were taken from Punjab to Afghanistan by the Persian merchants. The fine textiles were carried on the camelback and were taken through the mountain passes and the desserts. Sea trade was operated in the Pre-colonial ports. Many Indian merchants and bankers were also involved in the export trade.

7. Define the terms Sepoy, Stapler, Fuller and Carding, Spinning Jenny?

The given terms are defined as follows.

The term Sepoy means Indian soldier pronounced by the British.

The term Stapler means a person who does the sorting of wool according to its fibre.

Fuller means a person who does the gathering of the cloth by pleating.

Carding is the process of the preparation of fibres like woodland cotton before spinning.

Spinning Jenny was devised by James Hargreaves which helped in the speeding process of spinning and the labour demand was reduced.

NCERT Class 10 Social Science India and the Contemporary World - II Chapterwise Solutions

Ncert solutions for class 10 social science, cbse study materials.

NCERT Solutions For Class 10

The Age Of Industrialisation Questions and Answers Class 10

The NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History : India and the Contemporary World-II Chapter 4 offer a comprehensive resource to aid students in preparing for CBSE examinations by providing answers to the questions from the textbook. This chapter delves into the emergence of modern industrialization during the Age of Industrialization. The advent of this era saw the establishment of new factories that generated mass-produced goods, fostering global trade. Concurrently, technological advancements and inventive breakthroughs accelerated this transformative process, resulting in the expansion of European colonies and the initiation of modernization. The chapter follows the trajectory of industrialization, commencing with Britain as the pioneering industrial nation, and subsequently shifts focus to India, where industrialization’s patterns were influenced by colonial governance.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation Questions and Answers

Write in brief :

Q1. Explain the following:

a) Women workers in Britain attacked the Spinning Jenny.

b) In the seventeenth century merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages.

c) The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century.

d) The East India Company appointed gomasthas to supervise weavers in India.

(a) Because the women  were depended on hand spinning so they fill peril from the new machine.

(b)  Because the demand for goods the expansion of world trade was increased. The colonies was also responsible for the increase in demand and the town producers failed to produce the required quantity.

(c) Because the European companies gradually gained power in trade with The India and they secured many concessions from local courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade.

(d)  Because the eliminate the existence of traders and brokers and establish a direct control over the weavers and the ensure regular supply of fine silk and cotton textiles.

Q2. Write True or False against each statement.

a) At the end of the nineteenth century, 80 per cent of the total workforce in Europe was employed in the technologically advanced industrial sector.

b) The international market for fine textiles was dominated by India till the eighteenth century.

c) The American Civil War resulted in the reduction of cotton exports from India.

d) The introduction of the fly shuttle enabled handloom workers to improve their productivity

(a)  False

(b)  True

(c)  False

(d)  True

Q3. Explain what is meant by proto-industrialisation.

Answer: Even before factories began to dot the landscape in England and Europe, there was large-scale industrial production for an international market, which was not based on factories. This phase of industrialisation is called proto industrialisation.

Q1. Why did some industrialists in nineteenth-century Europe prefer hand labour over machines?

Sol. In the 19th century, some British industrialists of Europe preferred hand labor over machines because of these following things.

⇒ New technologies and machines were expensive, and new technologies were not properly tested, ineffective and difficult to repair and repairing them was an expensive affair. Also it was very hard to repair 

⇒ labor was available at low wages at that period of time because Poor peasants and migrants moved to cities in large numbers in search of jobs. They need jobs, that’s why they don’t demand high wages and start working for low wages.

⇒ In seasonal industries, where production fluctuated with the seasons, industrialists usually preferred hand labor, employing workers only for the season, when it was needed.

⇒ Market demands of a variety of design and color and specific types of products required in the market could not be produced by the machines available at that time. In the mid-nineteenth century, Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes were produced, these required human skills and not mechanical technology.

⇒ In the Victorian age, the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred articles made by hand not by machine because they needed a large amount of labor.

Q2. How did the East India Company procure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers?

Sol. The East India Company adopted so many steps to ensure regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles and these are some steps of them.

⇒ The East India Company procured regular supplies of cotton and silk textiles from Indian weavers by creating a system of monopolies. 

⇒ Under this system, the company would grant a monopoly to a single merchant for the purchase of a particular good from a particular region. This merchant would then be responsible for supplying the company with that good.

⇒ They developed a system of management and control that would eliminate competition, control cost and ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods. This system forced the sale at a price dictated by the company. By giving the weavers a loan, the company tied the weavers with them.

Q3. Imagine that you have been asked to write an article for an encyclopaedia on Britain and the history of cotton. Write your piece using information from the entire chapter.

Sol. Industrial production in India increased during the First World War due to the following reasons

Cotton is a soft, white, downy fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant. The cotton plant is a shrub that is a member of the mallow family, which includes hollyhocks, okra, and cacao. The plant is thought to have originated in India or the region that is now Pakistan. Cotton was cultivated in the Indus Valley by 4000 BCE and was used to make clothing and other objects. 

Cotton was introduced to Britain by the Romans, who brought it with them when they invaded in the first century CE. The Romans used cotton to make cloth and ropes. After the Romans left Britain, the use of cotton declined. It was not until the eleventh century that cotton began to be used again in Britain. 

During the Industrial Revolution, cotton became an important part of the British economy. The invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom in the eighteenth century made it possible to mass-produce cotton cloth. The cotton industry was centered in the north of England, in the cities of Manchester and Leeds.

Today, cotton is grown in many parts of the world, including the United States, India, China, and Africa. Britain is no longer a major producer of cotton

Q4. Why did industrial production in India increase during the First World War?

Sol. The following inventions in 18th century England (given in chronological order) are important milestones in the history of cotton.

⇒ During the First World War, industrial production in India increased due to the demand for military supplies from the British government. India was a major supplier of military goods to the British Empire, and the increase in demand led to an increase in industrial production. 

⇒ The war also led to the development of new industries in India, such as the production of munitions and aircraft.

⇒ The British mills were busy with war production to meet the needs of the army; thus, Manchester imports into India declined.

⇒ Also the British colonial government asked Indian factories to supply the war needs like – jute bags, cloth or army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse and mule saddle, etc.

⇒ The increased demands of a variety of products led to the setting up of new factories and old ones increased their production.

⇒ Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work longer hours.

⇒ At the end of the first world war, the First World War gave a boost to Indian industries.

The Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 Extra Questions :

Q1. What were trade guilds’?

Answer: These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

Q2. Why did merchants turn to countryside?

Answer: Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly rights to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So, they turned to the countryside.

Q3. Who is a ‘Stapler and a fuller’?

Answer: (i) A person who staples or sorts wool according to its fibre is called a stapler

(ii) A person who feels: That is gathered cloth by pleating is called a fuller

Q4. How did income from proto-industrial production supplement the shrinking income of small farmers?

Answer: Many farmers had tiny plots which could not provide work for all members of the household. So, merchants offered advances to produce goods for them. Peasants agreed as by working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots t0o.

Q5. Who created the cotton mill?

Answer: Richard Arkwright created the cotton mill. So, now the costly new machines could be purchased, set up and maintained in the mill.

FAQ : NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 The Age Of Industrialisation

FAQ 1: Why should I use NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4, “The Age of Industrialisation,” for my studies?

NCERT Solutions for Chapter 4 provide a comprehensive understanding of the transformative era of industrialization. By utilizing these solutions, you can delve into the economic, social, and technological changes that accompanied industrialization. This knowledge is essential for comprehending the foundations of modern industrial societies and their impact on various aspects of life.

FAQ 2: How can NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 help me prepare for exams?

Engaging with NCERT Solutions offers precise and well-structured answers to the questions outlined in the curriculum. By studying these solutions, you’ll gain a solid grasp of the concepts discussed in the chapter, including the industrial revolution, urbanization, and labor movements. This understanding enhances your ability to respond to exam questions accurately and with deeper insights into the effects of industrialization on society, economy, and labor.

FAQ 3: Are NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 4 suitable for self-study?

Absolutely. NCERT Solutions for Chapter 4, “The Age of Industrialisation,” are crafted to support self-directed learning. The solutions break down complex historical concepts into accessible explanations, making it easier for you to learn independently. They incorporate relevant examples and historical context, enhancing your understanding of the subject matter. Utilizing these solutions during self-study empowers you to navigate through the intricacies of industrialization and its implications effectively.

The Age of Industrialisation MCQ Class 10

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The Age of Industrialization Notes Class 10 History CBSE

• Post last modified: 22 May 2022
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Notes of the chapter ‘The Age of Industrilisation’ are given here. These notes will help in the revision of the chapter. The notes are given proper headings and sub headings to help understand the chapter ‘The Age of Industrilisation’ of Class 10 NCERT History.

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The Age of the Industrialisation Notes

i. The images on publisher E.T Paull’s music book as well as a trade magazine glorifies machine and technology.

ii. A picture which appeared on the page of a trade magazine shows two magicians. This picture offers us a glimpse of the modern world which is associated with innovations, machines, factories, rapid technological change, railways and steamships.

iii. The history of industrialisation is a story of development and the modern age is considered to be a good time for technological progress.

Before the Industrial Revolution

Q. Hint: What was the proto-Industrial system in Europe?

Proto-industrialisation

i. Many equate industrialisation with the growth of factory industry. However, there was wide scale industrial production even before the arrival of factories in England and Europe. This phase is referred to as proto-industrialisation.

ii. Merchants from European towns moved to the countryside to persuade the peasants to produce for the international market.

iii. The demand for goods increased but merchants failed to expand production within towns due to powerful urban crafts and trade guilds. Hence, they turned their attention to the countryside.

iv. Poor peasants in the countryside worked for merchants and were paid in advance. By working for the peasants, they could remain in the countryside, cultivate their small plots and also utilise family labour resources.

v. The proto industrial system was controlled by merchants while the goods were produced by peasants.

The earliest factories come up

i. The earliest factories came up by the 1730s but it was only in the late eighteenth century that the number of factories increased.

ii. Cotton was the first symbol that heralded the arrival of the new era.

iii. The production process which comprised of carding, twisting, spinning and rolling enhanced the output per worker, enabled each producer to work more and produce stronger threads and yarn.

iv. A big change in cotton cloth production came with the setting up of the cotton mill by Richard Arkwright. This pioneering step brought cotton cloth production, which was earlier carried out within village households, under one roof and management.

v. Factories became an integral part of the English landscape in the early nineteenth century.

Pace of Industrialisation in the 18th century?

Growth of iron and steel industry.

i. The most active industries in Britain were metal and cotton industries. The first phase of industrialisation saw the rise of cotton as a leading sector, followed by steel and iron industry.

ii. The demand for steel and iron increased with the expansion of railways in England from 1840s and in the colonies from 1860s.

Growth of non-mechanised sectors

i. New industries failed to displace traditional industries.

ii. Textiles was a dynamic sector but a large portion of the total output was produced by domestic units and not in factories.

iii. Ordinary and small innovations were the basis for the growth of non-mechanised sectors like pottery, glass work, food processing, building, tanning, production of implements and furniture making.

Arrival of new technologies and reaction to them

i. Technological changes occurred at a slow pace. Merchants were cautious about using new technology as it was expensive and the machines were ineffective.

ii. Newcomen’s steam engine was improved upon by James Watt, who patented the new engine in 1781. It was manufactured by Mathew Boulton.

iii. Industrialists were slow in their acceptance of new technology. This is proved by the fact that in the beginning of the 19th century, there were more than 321 steam engines of which 80 were used in cotton industries, nine in wool and the rest in canal works, iron works and mining.

(iv) Historians have recognised the mid-19th century worker as a labourer and traditional craftsperson.

The Effects of Industrialisation on Ordinary People

Q. Hint: What effects did early periods of industrialisation have on ordinary people?

Seasonal employment

i. Industrialists in Victorian Britain did not want to introduce machines that required huge capital investment and relied on low-wage human labour, which was available in plenty.

ii. Demand for labour in many industries was seasonal. So, more workers were required during peak demand. Gas works, breweries, book binders, printers and ship repair industry became busy during the winter.

iii. In all the industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialists employed hand labour for the busy season.

Preference for hand-made products

i. The aristocrats as well as the bourgeoisie in Britain preferred hand-made goods over machine-made goods, which were later exported to the colonies.

ii. Hand-made products had specific shapes as well as intricate designs. For instance, 500 varieties of hammers and 45 kinds of axes were produced in Britain in the mid-19th century. These required human skill and not mechanical technology.

iii. Hand-made products symbolised class and refinement.

Life of workers

i. Availability of excess labour in Britain’s market adversely affected the lives of the workers. Social connections and contacts played a vital role in getting a job in a factory.

ii. Many job seekers from rural area had to spend weeks living under bridges in cities waiting to be appointed. While some stayed in night refuges set up by private individuals, others went to the casual wards maintained by Poor Law authorities.

iii. Seasonality of work meant prolonged unemployment. The end of a busy season meant workers had to return to the countryside while some undertook odd jobs for survival.

iv. The anxiety caused by the possibility of unemployment made workers hostile to the advent of new technology. For instance, women who worked on hand spinning attacked the spinning jenny when it was introduced in the market.

v. After 1840s, employment opportunities increased due to building activity in the cities. There was an increase in the number of workers in the transport industry.

Industrialisation in the Colonies

Q. Hint: How did colonisation impact Indian textiles and people associated with it

The age Indian textiles

i. Silk and fine cotton from India dominated the international textile market before European imperialism.

ii. Bales of fine cotton were carried through tough terrains on camels.

iii. A vibrant sea trade operated in major pre-colonial ports like Surat, Musalipatam and Hoogly.

iv. Indian merchants were involved in the export trade network in different capacities. By the 1870s, this network of merchants was breaking down.

v. European companies operating in India obtained concessions from local courts and then monopoly rights to trade. As a result, the old ports of Surat and Hoogly declined, export rates fell, and local bankers went bankrupt. New port cities of Bombay and Calcutta sprang up, which symbolised colonial power.

Condition of weavers

i. The English East India Company wanted to expand textile exports from India due to the high demand for Indian fabrics in the west.

ii. The English faced stiff competition from the French, Portuguese and Dutch traders and from local traders.

iii. The English East India Company asserted the monopoly right to trade after asserting their political power.

iv. It developed a system of management and control that removed competition. It appointed gomasthas who supervised weavers and prevented them from trading with anyone but the English.

v. To escape punishment and misery, weavers of Carnatic and Bengal migrated to other villages, set up looms in places where they had relatives. Many weavers opposed Company officials, refused loans, closed their workshops and took up agriculture.

Competition from Manchester goods

i. By the beginning of the 19th century, textile exports from India declined despite their fine quality.

ii. Industrial groups in England forced their government to impose import duties on cotton textiles. They wanted to remove competition so that only Manchester goods could sell in Britain.

iii. Indian weavers faced a new problem by the 1860s due to the American Civil War.

iv. When the civil war broke out, cotton supplies from the US stopped, and Britain turned to India for supplies. The rise in raw cotton exports led to an increase in the local price of raw cotton, forcing Indian weavers to buy raw cotton at high prices.

v. By the end of 19th century, Indian weavers had to compete with machine-made goods from England that flooded the market.

Development of Industries in India

Q. Hint: How did industries develop in India under colonial rule?

Factories come up

i. The first cotton mill in Bombay province came up in 1854 and went into production two years later. By 1862, four mills were in operation with 94,000 spindles and 2,150 looms. In 1862, another jute mill came up.

ii. The first jute mill was set up in 1855 and another one after seven years in 1862.

iii. In the 1860s, the Elgin Mill was started in Kanpur, and a year later the first cotton mill of Ahmedabad was set up.

iv. By 1874, the first spinning and weaving mill of Madras province began production.

The Early Entrepreneurs

i. From the late 18th century, the British in India began exporting opium to China and took tea from China to England.

ii. Most of the early Indian entrepreneurs were traders who once were junior players in the British trade with China.

iii. In Bengal, Dwarkanath Tagore made his fortune in the China trade. Then he turned to industrial investment and set up six joint stock companies in the 1830s and 1840s.

iv. In Bombay province, Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India. They had accumulated their wealth partly from exports to China and partly from raw cotton shipments to England.

v. Seth Hukumchand, a Marwari businessman, set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917. The opportunities of investments in industries opened up and many of them set up factories.

Role of Indian merchants

i. As colonial control over Indian trade tightened, the role of Indian merchants in this trade became increasingly limited.

ii. Indian merchants were not allowed to trade with Europe in manufactured goods. Their trade was limited to exporting raw materials to Britain, such as raw cotton, opium, wheat and indigo.

iii. On the industrial front too, the role of Indian traders and financiers was limited to providing capital to European managing agencies for setting up and managing joint stock companies. These were some of the reasons why many Indian merchants became entrepreneurs.

iv. In colonial India, industrial machinery, railways, locomotives and other capital goods were mostly imported. So, the capital goods industry could not see significant development until independence.

Where Did the Workers Come From?

i. With the expansion of factories, the demand of workers also increased.

ii. In most industrial regions, workers came from neighbouring districts in search of work. Peasants and artisans who found no work in the village went to the industrial centres in search of work.

iii. Over 50 per cent of the workers in the Bombay cotton industries in 1911 came from the neighbouring district of Ratnagiri, while the mills of Kanpur got most of their textile hands from the villages within the district of Kanpur.

iv. As news of employment spread, workers travelled great distances in the hope of work in the mills.

Role of jobbers

i. It was difficult to get jobs even when mills multiplied and the demand for workers increased. The numbers seeking work were always greater than the jobs available.

ii. In the early decades of the 20th century, Indian mills started drawing jobseekers in huge numbers.

iii. To regulate the employment process, industrialists employed a jobber whose job was to hire mill workers. Generally, the jobber would be an old and trusted worker.

iv. He got people from his village, ensured them jobs, helped them settle in the city and provided them money in times of crisis.

The jobber became powerful and a figure of authority. He began demanding money and gifts from job-seekers.

The Peculiarities of Industrial Growth

Q. Hint: What were the peculiarities of industrial growth in India?

i. European Managing Agencies were interested in certain kinds of products. These agencies acquired land at cheap rates from the colonial government and established tea and coffee plantations and invested in mining, indigo and jute. Most of these products were exported to Europe and were not sold in India.

ii. Indian businesses began setting up industries in the late 19th century. To do well in business, they avoided competing with Manchester goods in the Indian market.

iii. Consequently, the early spinning mills started producing coarse cotton thread or yarn rather than fabric because coarse yarn was not an important Manchester import for India.

iv. The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was either exported to China or supplied to handloom weavers in India.

Changes in the Industrialisation pattern

i. The pattern of industrialisation was affected by a series of changes. The production policy of Indian spinning mills changed when the Swadeshi movement gathered momentum. As nationalists mobilised people to boycott foreign cloth, the demand for Indian cloth started rising.

ii. From 1906, Indian yarn exports to China declined since produce from Chinese and Japanese mills flooded the Chinese market. So, Indian industrialists began shifting from yarn production to cloth production.

World War I and increased industrial growth

i. Up to the First World War, industrial growth was slow. The war changed conditions, and Indian mills took advantage of the situation.

ii. During the First World War, India’s industrial production saw an unprecedented boom. The main reason for this boom was a huge decline in Manchester imports into India. This happened because British mills were busy producing goods to meet the army’s wartime needs.

iii. As the war went on, Indian mills also got the orders to supply war needs such as jute bags, cloth or army uniforms, tents, leather boots, horse and mule saddles.

iv. New factories were set up, and old ones ran multiple shifts. Industrial production boomed over the years and after the war.

v. After the war, Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian market. Britain was unable to modernise and compete with the US, Germany and Japan. As a result, its economy crumbled after the war.

Small-scale Industries Continue to Predominate

Predominance of small-scale industries.

i. Despite the steady growth of factory industries after the First World War, Indian weavers and craftspeople did not become irrelevant. In fact, some instances showed growth in handicrafts production.

ii. Except in Bengal and Bombay provinces, where most of the large industries had been established, small-scale production continued to be the dominant feature of India’s industrial scene. The main players were small workshops and household units, which employed about 90 per cent of India’s industrial workforce.

Competition between handicraft production and mill production

i. Several technological innovations helped Indian weavers improve their productivity and compete with automated production. One such innovation was the fly shuttle. This increased productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.

ii. Some weavers were in a better position than others to survive the competition with mill industries. Some weavers produced coarser cloth while some produced finer varieties. Demand for coarser cloth fluctuated.

iii. The coarser cloth was bought by the poor and its demand fluctuated. During bad harvests and famines, poor people could not afford to buy cloth. Demand for the finer varieties of cloth was more stable. Famines did not affect the sale of banarasi or baluchari saris.

iv. Moreover, mills could not imitate specialised weaves produced by weavers. That was why the saris with woven borders, or the famous lungis and handkerchiefs of Madras, could not be easily displaced by mill production.

Life of weavers

i. Although production expanded throughout the 20th century, weavers and other craftspeople did not live an affluent life.

ii. They lived hard lives and worked long hours. Very often, the entire family had to work at various stages of the production process.

iii. Weavers and craftsmen played an important part in the course of industrialisation.

Market for Goods

Q. Hint: What role did advertisement play in developing the market of Swadeshi goods?

The role of advertisements

i. Advertisements play a vital role in creating new consumers by making products seem desirable, shaping people’s ideas and creating new needs.

ii. Advertisements appear in newspapers and magazines, and on street walls, television screens and hoardings.

iii. Historically, advertisements played an important role in expanding the markets for products and forming a new consumer culture.

Advertisement strategies of British manufacturers

i. Manchester industrialists sold their cloth with ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written in bold on the label.

ii. This was done to make consumers feel confident that they were buying fine quality cloth.

iii. Labels carried text and images of Indian gods and goddesses like Krishna and Saraswati. These images made the cloth manufactured in a foreign land connect with Indian consumers.

iv. Manufacturers began printing calendars to popularise their products. The calendars were widely used in offices, tea shops, middle-class apartments and poor people’s homes.

v. Images of emperors and kings also adorned the calendars and advertisements to denote the high quality of the product by implying that they were used by kings.

Advertisement strategies of Indian manufacturers

i. Indian manufacturers advertised patriotic messages to promote swadeshi products.

ii. They stated that if one cared for the nation, one must buy Indian products, thus creating a nationalist sentiment in the minds of consumers.

Age of Industries

i. The age of industries saw the growth of factories as well as a new labour force.

ii. Hand technology and small-scale production remained an integral part of the industrial topography.

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Case Based Questions Test: The Age of Industrialisation - Class 10 MCQ

15 questions mcq test - case based questions test: the age of industrialisation, read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. with the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. but merchants could not expand production within towns. this was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. these were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. it was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. so they turned to the countryside. answer the following mcqs by choosing the most appropriate option q. merchants from the towns europe began moving to the:.

• A. Countryside
• C. Villages
• D. Foreign Countries

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option Q. Associations of .................. trained Craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade.

• A. Manufacturers
• B. Customers
• C. Producers
• D. Retailers

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows: In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside. Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option Q. The Merchants persuaded peasants and artisans to produce for:

• A. Local market
• B. State market
• C. International market
• D. National market

Read the source given below and answer the questions that follows:

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, merchants from the towns in Europe began moving to the countryside, supplying money to peasants and artisans, persuading them to produce for an international market. With the expansion of world trade and the acquisition of colonies in different parts of the world, the demand for goods began growing. But merchants could not expand production within towns. This was because here urban crafts and trade guilds were powerful. These were associations of producers that trained craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated competition and prices, and restricted the entry of new people into the trade. Rulers granted different guilds the monopoly right to produce and trade in specific products. It was therefore difficult for new merchants to set up business in towns. So they turned to the countryside.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option

Q. With the expansion of World trade, the demand for goods began ..................

• C. falling down
• D. increased

Consider the case of the steam engine. James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781. His industrialist friend Matthew Boulton manufactured the new model. But for years he could find no buyers. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were no more than 321 steam engines all over England. Of these, 80 were in cotton industries, nine in wool industries, and the rest in mining, canal works and iron works. Steam engines were not used in any of the other industries till much later in the century. So, even the most powerful new technology that enhanced the productivity of labour manifold was slow to be accepted by industrialists.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option:

Q. Who invented or produced the first Steam Engine?

• A. James Watt
• B. Isaac Newton
• C. Newcomen
• D. Albert Einstein

Q. How many Steam Engines were there at the beginning of the nineteenth century all over the England?

Q. Out of 321 Steam Engines, how many were used in Cotton Industries?

Q. Who manufactured the new model of Steam Engine?

• A. Matthew Boulton
• B. Newcomen
• C. James Watt
• D. Isaac Newton

A range of products could be produced only with hand labour. Machines were oriented to produce uniforms, standardised goods with intricate designs and specific shapes. In mid-nineteenth century Britain, for instance, 500 varieties of hammers were produced and 45 kinds of axes. These required human skill, not mechanical technology. In Victorian Britain, the upper classes – the aristocrats and the bourgeoisie – preferred things produced by hand. Handmade products came to symbolise refinement and class. They were better finished, individually produced, and carefully designed. Machine made goods were for export to the colonies. In countries with labour shortage, industrialists were keen on using mechanical power so that the needed for human labour can be minimised. This was the case in nineteenth-century America. Britain, however, had no problem hiring human hands.

Q. ............... were Standardised products, which were produced for a mass market.

• B. Uniforms

Q. In Victorian Britain, the aristocrats and bourgeoisie belonged to the ...................

• A. Priest classes
• B. Lower classes
• C. Upper classes
• D. Middle classes

Mainly the upper class- aristocrats and bourgeoise preferred the things produced by hand.

Q. .............. products symbolised refinement and class.

• A. Machine made
• B. Hand made
• C. Man made
• D. None of the above

Q. ................. varieties of hammers and ................ kinds of axes were produced in Britain in mid nineteenth century.

• C. 300, 145

The European companies gradually gained power – first securing a variety of concessions from local courts, then the monopoly rights to trade. This resulted in a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hooghly through which local merchants had operated. Exports from these ports fell dramatically, the credit that had financed the earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt. In the last years of the seventeenth century, the gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been ₹16 million. By the 1740s it had slumped to ₹3 million.

Answer the following MCQs by choosing the most appropriate option.

Q. Who secured concessions from local Courts?

• A. The American companies
• B. The European companies
• C. The Asian companies
• D. The Africa companies

Exports from these ports fell abruptly and local banks here went bankrupt.

Q. .............. slowly went bankrupt.

• A. Exporters
• D. Customers

Q. The gross value of trade that passed through Surat had been ..................

• A. ₹18 million
• B. ₹17 million
• C. ₹19 million
• D. ₹16 million

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• Class 10 Social Science MCQs
• The Age Of Industrialisation Class 10 MCQs

CBSE The Age of Industrialisation Class 10 MCQs History Chapter 5

Cbse mcq questions for class 10 social science – the age of industrialisation.

CBSE The Age of Industrialisation MCQs will help students while studying the chapter The Age of Industrialisation. It is an important chapter in the syllabus of Class 10 Social Science. Solving the Age of Industrialisation MCQ Questions, in addition to referring to the CBSE Notes for Class 10 Social Science, will help students to understand the chapter in a comprehensive manner and to prepare better for the board examination.

Students must solve MCQ Questions and Sample Papers for CBSE Class 10 Social Science to understand their level of preparation. The Age of Industrialisation MCQs given below will help students to revise and recollect the important concepts and points related to topics such as the period before industrialisation, the pace of industrial change, steam power, hand labour, the life of workers, industrialisation in colonies, the status of weavers, the arrival of Manchester goods in India, the introduction of factories in India, and market for goods.

Apart from the MCQs given below, students are instructed to access MCQ Questions and Answers for Class 10 Social Science to get the complete list of MCQs for all the chapters of Class 10 Social Science subjects, History, Geography, Political Science and Economics.

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Explore the age of industrialisation mcqs for cbse class 10.

1) The earliest factories in England came up by the _____. But it was only in the late eighteenth century that the number of factories multiplied.

d) None of the above

Answer: Option (c)

2) The first symbol of the new era was ________. Its production boomed in the late nineteenth century.

d) Aluminium

Answer: Option (a)

3) ___________ created the cotton mill.

a) Orville Wright

b) Richard Arkwright

c) James Watt

Answer: Option (b)

4) The production process (carding, twisting and spinning, and rolling) is associated with the production of _______.

c) Railways

5) Growing at a rapid pace, ________ was the leading sector in the first phase of industrialisation up to the 1840s.

a) Shipping

b) Mineral industry

6) With the expansion of railways in England from the 1840s and in the colonies from the 1860s, the demand for ______ and _______ increased rapidly.

a) Iron and Steel

b) Jute and Cotton

c) Aluminium and Bauxite

d) Copper and Steel

7) By 1873, Britain was exporting iron and steel worth about £ 77 million, double the value of its ________export.

c) Steam engines

8) Ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many _______ sectors such as _________.

a) Non-mechanised

b) Mechanised

c) Both (a) and (b)

9) Even at the end of the nineteenth century, ________ of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors.

a) Less than 20 per cent

b) More than 80 per cent

c) Less than 70 per cent

d) More than 50 per cent

10) James Watt patented the new engine in _______.

Answer: Option (d)

11) Which of the following statements are true about Steam Engines?

a) At the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were not more than 321 steam engines

all over England.

b) Mathew Boulton manufactured the new model of steam engines.

c) James Watt improved the steam engine produced by Newcomen and patented the new engine in 1781.

d) All of the above.

12) __________ products came to symbolise refinement and class.

a) Machine Made

b) Handmade

13) ________ goods were for export to the colonies.

a) Handmade

b) Machine made

c) None of the above

d) Both (a) and (b)

14) Before the age of machine industries, silk and cotton goods from _________ dominated the international market in textiles.

15) _______ and ______ merchants took the goods from Punjab to Afghanistan, Eastern Persia and Central Asia.

a) Turkish and Persian

b) Armenian and Persian

c) Afghan and Persian

d) Chinese and Persian

16) ________ on the Coromandel Coast had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

b) Masulipatam

c) Mangalore

17) _______ on the Gujarat coast connected India to the Gulf and the Red Sea Ports.

b) Porbandar

18) Hoogly in _______ had trade links with Southeast Asian ports.

a) Maharashtra

19) As Surat and Hoogly ports in India decayed, _____ and _____ ports grew in India.

a) Bombay and Calcutta

b) Madras and Bombay

c) Calcutta and Madras

d) Masulipatnam and Calcutta

20) Which of the following statements are true about Gomasthas.

a) In many weaving villages, there were reports of clashes between weavers and gomasthas.

b) The new gomasthas were outsiders with no long-term social link with the village.

c) Gomasthas had a close relationship with weavers.

d) Both (a) and (b).

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