mechanical engineering research scope

How to Select Mechanical Engineering Research Topics?

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Selecting the right mechanical engineering research topics is crucial for driving impactful innovation and addressing pressing challenges. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you choose the best research topics:

Identify Your Interests: Start by considering your passions and areas of expertise within mechanical engineering. What topics excite you the most? Choosing a subject that aligns with your interests will keep you motivated throughout the research process.
Assess Current Trends: Stay updated on the latest developments and trends in mechanical engineering. Look for emerging technologies, pressing industry challenges, and areas with significant research gaps. These trends can guide you towards relevant and timely research topics.
Conduct Literature Review: Dive into existing literature and research papers within your field of interest. Identify gaps in knowledge, unanswered questions, or areas that warrant further investigation. Building upon existing research can lead to more impactful contributions to the field.
Consider Practical Applications: Evaluate the practical implications of potential research topics. How will your research address real-world problems or benefit society? Choosing topics with tangible applications can increase the relevance and impact of your research outcomes.
Consult with Advisors and Peers: Seek guidance from experienced mentors, advisors, or peers in the field of mechanical engineering. Discuss your research interests and potential topics with them to gain valuable insights and feedback. Their expertise can help you refine your ideas and select the most promising topics.
Define Research Objectives: Clearly define the objectives and scope of your research. What specific questions do you aim to answer or problems do you intend to solve? Establishing clear research goals will guide your topic selection process and keep your project focused.
Consider Resources and Constraints: Take into account the resources, expertise, and time available for your research. Choose topics that are feasible within your constraints and align with your available resources. Balancing ambition with practicality is essential for successful research endeavors.
Brainstorm and Narrow Down Options: Generate a list of potential research topics through brainstorming and exploration. Narrow down your options based on criteria such as relevance, feasibility, and alignment with your interests and goals. Choose the most promising topics that offer ample opportunities for exploration and discovery.
Seek Feedback and Refinement: Once you’ve identified potential research topics, seek feedback from colleagues, advisors, or experts in the field. Refine your ideas based on their input and suggestions. Iteratively refining your topic selection process will lead to a more robust and well-defined research proposal.
Stay Flexible and Open-Minded: Remain open to new ideas and opportunities as you progress through the research process. Be willing to adjust your research topic or direction based on new insights, challenges, or discoveries. Flexibility and adaptability are key qualities for successful research endeavors in mechanical engineering.

By following these steps and considering various factors, you can effectively select mechanical engineering research topics that align with your interests, goals, and the needs of the field.

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The Future of Mechanical Engineering: A Guide to What’s Next

The mechanical engineering field is constantly evolving. As new technologies are developed and older ones become obsolete, those in the field must adapt to stay ahead of the curve. Here is a guide to what’s next for mechanical engineering, from the latest advances in 3D printing to the rise of artificial intelligence.

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A Look at the Future of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering is a field that has seen tremendous growth over the past few decades. In fact, according to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the employment outlook for mechanical engineers is very positive, with a projected growth of 17% between 2014 and 2024. This growth is due in part to the increasing demand for mechanical engineering services, which includes everything from manufacturing to transportation and infrastructure. One of the most exciting trends in mechanical engineering is the development of 3D printing. 3D printing has the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing process, allowing companies to create complex parts with incredible precision and speed.

What’s next for mechanical engineering?

Mechanical engineering is one of the most in-demand disciplines in today’s workforce. With so many new technologies and innovations taking shape, the future of mechanical engineering looks bright. In this article, we’ll take a look at what the future of mechanical engineering might hold, and what students can do to prepare for it .

The mechanical engineering field is always in flux, changing with the times to stay ahead of the competition. If you are looking to make an impact in the field, you need to be up-to-date on the latest technologies and trends.

Below are some of the answers you need to know, so you can stay ahead of the competition.

What are the latest trends in mechanical engineering?

Some of the latest trends in mechanical engineering include:

-The use of 3D printing technology to create prototypes and end-use products

-The development of autonomous systems, such as drones and driverless cars

-The increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms to design and optimize mechanical systems

-The use of advanced materials, such as graphene and nanomaterials, in mechanical applications

-The increasing focus on sustainability and energy efficiency in mechanical design

What are the most popular areas of research in mechanical engineering?

Mechanical engineering research has focused on a number of areas, including the development of sensors and robotics, the use of nanotechnology to create stronger materials, and the optimization of energy efficiency.

Here are some of the most popular areas of research in mechanical engineering.

-Sensors and robotics

-Nanotechnology and nanomaterials

-Energy efficiency

-Robotics and drones

What are the most promising areas of mechanical engineering?

Here are some of the most promising areas of mechanical engineering research.

-Energy efficiency.

-Alternative energy sources.

-Manufacturing technology.

-Sensors and robotics.

-Nanotechnology and nanomaterials.

What are the most common career paths for mechanical engineers?

Mechanical engineers can pursue a wide range of careers, from designing and developing new products to working in energy-efficient businesses.

Here are some of the most common career paths for mechanical engineers.

-Designing and developing new products.

-Working in businesses that focus on energy efficiency.

-Operating and maintaining industrial machinery.

-Researching and developing new materials.

-Providing consultation and technical support.

-Creating regulatory frameworks for engineering and other professionals.

-Exploring new areas of engineering and design.

-Working in government and military organizations.

– Providing training and instruction.

– Working in the fields of science and technology.

– Managing and developing new systems and products.

– Working in the design and construction industry.

– Creating and maintaining product specifications.

– Working in the food industry.

– Working as a military officer.

What is the outlook for mechanical engineering jobs?

Mechanical engineering is a broad field that covers a variety of different areas. It involves the design, analysis, and manufacture of mechanical systems or machinery. Mechanical engineers work in a wide range of industries, including transportation, aerospace, energy, and manufacturing. The outlook for mechanical engineering jobs is bright, with plenty of opportunities available for those with the right skills and experience. The most in-demand areas for mechanical engineers include transportation, energy, and manufacturing. Transportation companies are always looking for new ways to improve the efficiency of their operations, and energy companies are always on the lookout for new sources of energy that can be used to power their facilities.

What do mechanical engineers do?

Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices, including tools, engines, and machines. They work in a variety of settings, including the military, aerospace, and manufacturing. They may specialize in one area, such as engines or heat exchangers, or they may work in several areas. In addition to designing, mechanical engineers may also be responsible for testing the finished product.

What new technologies will shape the future of mechanical engineering?

If you’re looking to pursue a career in mechanical engineering, you’ll need to be aware of the latest trends and technologies. Take a look at some of the most promising new technologies that are likely to have an impact on the field in the coming years.

New technologies that will shape the future of mechanical engineering are:

Augmented reality
Virtual reality
Green engineering
Materials science
Systems engineering
3D printing
Computer-aided engineering
Finite element analysis
Rapid prototyping
Sustainable engineering

What challenges will mechanical engineers face in the future?

The mechanical engineering field is one that is expected to continue to grow and evolve in the future. As a result, there are a number of challenges that mechanical engineers will face in the future.

One of the biggest challenges that mechanical engineers will face in the future is the increasing demand for energy conservation. This is due to the fact that more and more people are looking to reduce their energy consumption.

Another challenge that mechanical engineers will face in the future is the increasing demand for sustainability. This is due to the fact that more and more people are becoming environmentally conscious.

Finally, another challenge that mechanical engineers will face in the future is the increased need for automation. This is due to the fact that more and more products are being made using machinery. As a result, mechanical engineers will need to develop new ways to make machinery more efficient.

The mechanical engineering field is constantly evolving and students must be up to date on the latest technologies and trends in order to have a successful career.

Some of the most popular areas of research in mechanical engineering include energy efficiency, alternative energy sources, and advances in manufacturing technology. The most promising areas of mechanical engineering include advances in sensors and robotics, nanotechnology and nanomaterials, and manufacturing technology.

The most in-demand skills for mechanical engineers are in designing and developing new products and working in businesses that are energy efficient.

One of the biggest challenges that mechanical engineers will face in the future is the increasing demand for energy conservation. Another challenge that mechanical engineers will face in the future is the increasing demand for sustainability. Finally, another challenge that mechanical engineers will face in the future is the increased need for creativity.

The mechanical engineering field is constantly evolving, thanks to the advances in technology. With 3D printing becoming more popular, artificial intelligence becoming more prevalent, and other technologies changing on a regular basis, mechanical engineers need to stay on top of the latest changes. By keeping up with the latest innovations, they can ensure that their machines are more efficient and effective, while also keeping themselves ahead of the curve.

For mechanical engineers looking to stay ahead of the curve, it’s important to stay up-to-date on the latest advances in technology. 3D printing is revolutionizing the manufacturing process, and artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly important in design and analysis. By keeping abreast of the latest developments in these and other areas, mechanical engineers can ensure that they remain at the forefront of their field.

Which mechanical engineering is best for future?

The field of mechanical engineering is vast and diverse, with many areas that are expected to have significant growth in the future. Here are a few areas that show particular promise:

1. Robotics : As automation continues to play a significant role in various industries, the demand for mechanical engineers with expertise in robotics will likely increase.

2. Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: With growing concerns about climate change and the depletion of natural resources, there is a push towards more sustainable and efficient energy solutions. Mechanical engineers can contribute significantly to this field.

3. Nanotechnology: This involves working on the molecular or atomic level to create new materials and devices. It has potential applications in numerous fields, including medicine, electronics, and energy production.

4. Biomedical Engineering: The intersection of healthcare and engineering is a rapidly growing field. Mechanical engineers can contribute to the design and manufacture of medical devices, artificial organs, and prosthetics.

5. Aerospace Engineering: The exploration of space continues to be a frontier for scientific discovery. Mechanical engineers can contribute to the design and manufacture of spacecraft and satellite technology.

Remember, the “best” area in mechanical engineering depends largely on an individual’s interests, skills, and career goals. It’s important to explore different areas and keep up-to-date with the latest trends and advancements to make an informed decision.

Will mechanical engineers always be in demand?

Mechanical engineering is a field that has consistently been in demand and is projected to continue to be so in the future. The industry is becoming more innovative-driven, requiring experts in the trade to design and build machinery and other equipment for businesses. Countries like China, the United States, Germany, and France have particularly high demands for this profession.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a 10% growth in employment for mechanical engineers from 2022 to 2032, which is much faster than the average for all occupations. This translates to about 19,200 job openings for mechanical engineers each year over the decade. However, some sources suggest a slightly lower growth rate of around 4% from 2021 to 2031, which is on par with the average growth of all other occupations combined.

The future of mechanical engineering looks promising, with an expected rise in demand for renewable energy and sustainable technologies. Advancements in technology, the need for energy efficiency, and infrastructure projects are some of the prime factors contributing to this growth. Mechanical engineers also have diverse job opportunities, with the ability to work in various industries such as aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing.

However, it’s important to note that while the overall outlook is positive, the demand for mechanical engineers can vary by industry and geographical location. For instance, the Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a 2.2% employment growth for mechanical engineers between 2021 and 2031, with an estimated 6,400 jobs opening up during that period.

In conclusion, while there may be fluctuations in the demand for mechanical engineers based on various factors, the overall trend suggests a steady demand for professionals in this field.

Is mechanical engineering worth it anymore?

Mechanical engineering is a field that continues to hold significant value and relevance in today’s world. A degree in mechanical engineering equips individuals with a range of skills including problem-solving, teamwork, and the ability to design and build solutions to improve efficiency across various industries. This makes it a highly versatile and applicable field of study. Mechanical engineering is also a promising career path. It can lead to jobs in diverse fields such as manufacturing and aerospace, which offer strong annual salaries.

For instance, in 2023, the average salary for a Mechanical Engineer was reported to be $77,163. At a mid-level for lead or principal engineers, salaries can range from £35,000 to £50,000, and when a senior level is reached, such as chief engineer, salaries of £45,000 to £60,000+ can be achieved. The best Mechanical Engineer jobs can pay up to $156,500 per year. The job prospects for mechanical engineers are also encouraging. The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects a growth of 10 percent in employment of mechanical engineers from 2022 to 2032, much faster than the average for all occupations.

About 19,200 openings for mechanical engineers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Furthermore, mechanical engineering is at the forefront of technological advancements. Concepts like smart factories, automation, data analytics, and robotics are becoming increasingly important in this field. Mechanical engineers play a crucial role in implementing these transformative changes.

They are also involved in the development of sustainable technologies, addressing environmental concerns and climate change. However, like any profession, mechanical engineering has its challenges. It requires consistent licensing and may involve long work hours. Despite these challenges, the benefits of being a mechanical engineer, such as developing innovation and creativity, excellent job security, and good pay, often outweigh the drawbacks.

In conclusion, mechanical engineering continues to be a worthwhile field of study and profession. It offers a range of career opportunities, competitive salaries, and the chance to be at the forefront of technological advancements and innovations.

What is the Future of mechanical engineering in the world?

Mechanical engineering, a discipline that emerged during the Industrial Revolution, has evolved dramatically over the years and continues to shape the future. The field is projected to grow by 10 percent from 2022 to 2032, which is faster than the average for all occupations. This growth is driven by various emerging trends and technological advancements.

One of the significant changes in mechanical engineering is the way products are developed, prototyped, and manufactured. Technology is creating increased opportunities for mechanical engineers to design improved products and adapt them to changing customer demands. In the past, designing new equipment often required multiple prototypes before the final version. However, the advent of technologies like Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and digital twinning has revolutionized this process. CAD has evolved from being just a design tool to a multifunctional software used for performance simulations, stress tests, generative design, and digital twinning. Digital twinning, in particular, reduces the need for physical prototypes, as it creates a virtual model that accurately represents an item in the physical world.

The integration of mechanics and technology has also led to the rise of additive manufacturing or 3D printing. This technology is reshaping global manufacturing practices, with the global 3D printing market expected to be worth more than $51 billion by 2030. Mechanical engineers are at the forefront of pushing the boundaries of this technology, finding new applications for it, and developing sustainable materials and flexible systems for on-demand 3D printing. Automation and smart systems are other facets beginning to heavily influence the field. Automation is becoming a valuable tool for taking over tedious, monotonous, or dangerous tasks, with robotics playing a crucial role.

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which relies heavily on communication between old machinery and new sensors, is another area where mechanical engineers will play a significant role in the coming years. Sustainability is another key trend shaping the future of mechanical engineering. With the world striving to reduce CO2 emissions and achieve net-zero emissions before 2050, there is a growing movement towards green engineering technologies. Mechanical engineers are playing a crucial role in developing energy-efficient systems and renewable energy sources like wind turbines and solar panels.

In conclusion, the future of mechanical engineering looks immensely exciting, with new technologies emerging every day. As the world moves towards a more automated and interconnected future, mechanical engineers will become even more vital in creating the infrastructure and technology necessary to make it a reality.

Best future jobs for mechanical engineers

The future job prospects for mechanical engineers are quite diverse, as the skills acquired in this field can be applied across a range of industries. Here are some potential job roles that hold promising futures for mechanical engineers:

1. Robotics Engineer: As automation and robotics continue to advance, there will be an increased demand for engineers who can design, maintain, and improve these systems.

2. Renewable Energy Engineer: With growing emphasis on sustainability and reducing carbon footprints, mechanical engineers with expertise in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower will be highly sought after.

3. Nanotechnology Engineer: The field of nanotechnology offers exciting possibilities for creating new materials and devices at the atomic and molecular level. Mechanical engineers can play a key role in this innovative field.

4. Biomedical Engineer: This is a rapidly growing field where mechanical engineers can contribute to the development of medical devices, artificial organs, and prosthetics.

5. Aerospace Engineer: With continued interest in space exploration and travel, mechanical engineers will be needed to design and manufacture spacecraft and satellite technology.

6. Automotive Engineer: As the automotive industry continues to evolve with electric vehicles and self-driving technology, mechanical engineers will be at the forefront of these developments.

7. Systems Engineer: These professionals work on complex projects and systems, ensuring all parts work together seamlessly. This role often involves a significant amount of problem-solving and troubleshooting.

8. Materials Engineer: This role involves developing, processing, and testing materials to be used in products that must meet specialized design and performance specifications.

9. Energy Efficiency Engineer: These engineers work to reduce energy use and increase efficiency in everything from building HVAC systems to advanced power systems.

10. 3D Printing Engineer: As 3D printing technology continues to advance, there will be increasing demand for mechanical engineers who can harness this technology for manufacturing and prototyping processes.

It’s important to note that the “best” job will depend on an individual’s interests, skills, and career goals. Staying up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies in mechanical engineering will also be key to identifying new opportunities and staying competitive in the job market.

Future of mechanical engineering in usa

Mechanical engineering in the United States is currently experiencing a steady growth, with an annual increase of 2% in job opportunities. As of July 2023, there are over 128,047 mechanical engineers employed in the country, with women making up 9.4% of this workforce.

The USA is also home to some of the top-ranked universities for Mechanical Engineering globally, producing graduates who earn salaries ranging from 42,400 to 135,000 USD.

The future prospects for mechanical engineering in the USA are promising. Employment of mechanical engineers is projected to grow by 10 percent from 2022 to 2032, which is much faster than the average for all occupations. This growth translates to about 19,200 job openings for mechanical engineers each year over the decade. Mechanical engineering is undergoing significant advancements and developments.

Engineers are now developing self-assembling nanobots shaped like strands of DNA and revolutionizing transport with self-driving cars, magnetically propelled maglev trains, and vacuum-propelled Hyperloops. The field is also experiencing radical shifts due to the influence of robotics, virtual reality (VR), artificial intelligence (AI), and big data. These technologies are transforming the way engineers design and develop projects, reducing the need for multiple prototypes and test runs. Specific trends and technologies are expected to impact the future of mechanical engineering in the USA.

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers has identified key technology trends transforming the field, including small modular reactors, hydrogen fuel, and additive manufacturing. Robotics is also becoming increasingly important in mechanical engineering, with sophisticated robots performing complex tasks and improving the accuracy and efficiency of building machines.

In terms of employment, states like Michigan, California, Pennsylvania, Texas, and Ohio have the highest employment levels for mechanical engineers. Graduates can find rewarding career opportunities in diverse industries, with postgraduate degree holders being in high demand across all industries. The advent of AI and big data is expected to drive industry growth over the next decade, increasing the demand for mechanical engineers who can keep up with these disruptive technologies.

In conclusion, the future of mechanical engineering in the USA looks bright, with steady job growth, promising advancements in technology, and increasing demand for skilled professionals.

Future of mechanical engineering by reddit

The future of mechanical engineering appears to be promising, according to various sources including Reddit discussions and professional projections. The employment of mechanical engineers is expected to grow by 10 percent from 2022 to 2032, a rate much faster than the average for all occupations. This growth is anticipated to result in about 19,200 job openings for mechanical engineers each year over the decade.

Mechanical engineering offers diverse career paths, with aerospace engineering being one of the most popular. Aerospace engineers work on creating and executing mechanical concepts like robotics, missiles, spacecraft, and satellites. Technological advancements have enabled mechanical engineers to develop more efficient and effective solutions to complex problems. With these advances, new materials, and innovative ideas, mechanical engineers are set to make a significant impact in the future.

Reddit discussions on the future of mechanical engineering reflect a similar optimism. Users highlight the dynamic nature of the field and its status as an “evergreen branch” of engineering. Despite concerns about competition from computer science and other engineering domains, many believe that the versatility of mechanical engineering will continue to open up opportunities in non-traditional fields.

They also emphasize the importance of staying updated with the latest technologies related to mechanical engineering.

In conclusion, the future of mechanical engineering looks bright with numerous opportunities only limited by one’s imagination. As people start to understand the versatility of the field, more opportunities will arise, making it an exciting field with many possibilities.

Understanding the Broad Scope of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering is a broad and adaptable field. It uses physics and math to create, study, build, and keep mechanical systems running. This area covers many specialties, such as heat science, material properties, how structures hold up, and making machines that can perform tasks on their own. Mechanical engineers are crucial in making new technology. They work in different areas, from cars to planes, and from energy solutions to medical tools. They make things we use every day, and these things work so well in our lives that we often don’t even notice them.

As the world changes, mechanical engineers face new problems and opportunities, like making things last longer, using smart technology, and automating more tasks. To stay ahead in technology, mechanical engineers must always be learning and adapting.

For example, in the automotive industry, mechanical engineers might develop a new car engine that uses less fuel and produces fewer emissions, helping to address environmental concerns. In the medical field, they could design an innovative prosthetic limb that gives amputees better mobility and control. These contributions are essential because they improve our quality of life and tackle some of the biggest challenges our world faces.

Principles of Mechanical Engineering

In mechanical engineering, we start by learning the basic rules that everything follows. These rules come from physics and how materials work, and they help us figure out how to design and make things that move or have parts that move. We look at things like how forces affect objects (mechanics), how things move (kinematics), how heat and energy work (thermodynamics), and how energy changes from one form to another.

Understanding the strength and behavior of different materials is also key. This is important because we need to make sure that whatever we build can handle the forces and stress it will face without breaking. Engineers use all these ideas to make detailed studies of how things might bend or break, how heat moves through materials, how liquids and gases flow, and how energy is turned into work.

This careful study helps us come up with new and better ways to design machines. We want to make sure that they are safe to use, don’t waste energy, and do their job well.

Mechanical engineering is really diverse. It covers the tiniest parts inside a watch to the biggest engines that power ships.

Key Subdisciplines Explored

Mechanical engineering is a broad field that includes important smaller areas of study.

These include materials science, which looks at what engineering materials are made of and how they behave. This knowledge is crucial when creating machines that last and work well.

Fluid mechanics is another important area, focusing on how liquids and gases move and how they interact with solid objects. This is key in designing things like airplanes and boats.

Control systems is a more complex area that deals with creating computer programs and gadgets to control machines automatically, making sure they run smoothly and efficiently.

All these parts of mechanical engineering are connected, and experts often need to know about more than one area to solve complicated problems. They also have to keep learning as new technology and computer methods are developed.

For example, someone working on a new jet engine would need to understand materials science to choose the best metal that can handle high temperatures. They would also need to know fluid mechanics to make sure the engine is aerodynamic. Lastly, they’d need control systems to automate the engine’s operation.

It’s like piecing together a complex puzzle where each piece is crucial for the whole picture.

Role in Technological Innovation

Mechanical engineers are crucial in making new technology for a lot of different areas. They use their knowledge of how materials work, how fluids move, and how to control systems to create amazing new products and systems that help industries like aerospace, cars, energy, and health get better.

They use their understanding of how things move, how heat works, and how robots work to make current technology better and to come up with new ways to solve hard problems. Mechanical engineers pay close attention to every part of a project, from the design to the making to how it works, to make sure it meets high standards for how well it performs.

Because of this, mechanical engineers are really important for creating new technology that is sustainable, works well, and meets the needs of a society that relies on technology.

Mechanical Engineering in Daily Life

Mechanical engineering is all around us and it plays a big part in our everyday life. It’s the reason our homes and offices are comfortable and have clean air, thanks to well-designed heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. When we drive, we’re relying on the work of mechanical engineers who have made our cars safer and more fuel-efficient by applying mechanics and dynamics. At home, our fridges and washing machines work smoothly because of the principles of thermal and fluid sciences. Even riding a bike is an example of mechanical engineering in action, with gears and frames designed using kinematics and materials science.

All these examples show how mechanical engineering is key to making our lives easier and more comfortable, even though we might not always notice it.

Future Trends and Challenges

The field of mechanical engineering is changing fast, with new materials and technologies leading the way. Engineers now need to learn about these new materials that are stronger or more efficient, and this means they need better ways to analyze and use them in designs. For example, there’s a greater need for understanding 3D printing since it’s becoming a common way to make parts.

As more devices become ‘smart’ and connected, like in the Internet of Things (IoT), mechanical engineers have to be good with robotics, knowing how to use sensors and make sense of the data they collect. On top of this, there’s a big push to make things more sustainable. This means finding ways to use less energy and more renewable resources, which is not just a technical challenge but also involves following new rules and regulations.

Mechanical engineers have to stay sharp and ready to change with these trends. They have to keep learning and be ready to use new technologies in their work. This could mean, for instance, using a new type of solar panel material in a machine to make it more eco-friendly or designing a robot that can interact with smart home systems.

It’s all about being able to adapt and think ahead in a world where technology moves quickly.

To sum up, mechanical engineering is essential for the development of new technology and making our lives easier. It’s at the heart of many specialized areas that lead to creative products and services in different fields. We see the results of mechanical engineering every day, which shows how widespread its impact is. As this area of study continues to grow, it will have to keep up with new trends and tackle upcoming problems by combining deep knowledge with hands-on problem-solving. This is how mechanical engineering will stay important and effective in creating a future filled with advanced technology.

Let me give you an example: Mechanical engineers have worked on everything from cars to air conditioning systems, which are things we use all the time. They are also involved in designing robots, which are increasingly used in manufacturing to improve efficiency and safety. As new materials and technologies, like 3D printing, become more common, mechanical engineers will have to learn and apply these to keep innovating. Their work is crucial for progress, and it touches almost every part of our daily lives.

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ME x90 (290, 390, 490) are individual or group project work where students apply mechanical engineering principles to research, innovation, service or entrepreneurship projects. Undergraduate students have the opportunity to work alongside world-renowned faculty in state-of-the -art facilities on real-world projects that impact our society and future. Students can participate in a RISE project a) individually with an ME professor, b) as a member of a larger multi-disciplinary project, or c) through their co-curricular experiences across the University (e.g. BLUELab, Multidisciplinary Design Program, International Programs or the College of Engineering Honors Program). Students may engage in the RISE program for one or several terms throughout their academic career. This unique experience teaches students to holistically connect all aspects of their UM life including coursework, co-curricular activities, and community to make a lasting difference in the world. Visit the RISE page for more information .

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Mechanical Engineering Journal (MEJ) is an Open Access, peer-reviewed journal involved in the master journal list of WoS that publishes significant and novel contributions in all fields of mechanical engineering. The journal’s primary aim is to facilitate the emergence of new concepts and important innovations that advance worldwide progress in mechanical engineering.

MEJ publishes Research Papers and Selected Papers in 12 broad categories: Solid Mechanics and Materials Engineering; Fluids Engineering; Thermal, Engine and Power Engineering; Dynamics & Control, Robotics & Mechatronics; Micro/Nano Science and Technology; Computational Mechanics; Design, Systems, and Manufacturing; Bio, Medical, Sports and Human Engineering; Environmental and Process Engineering, Safety; Transportation and Logistics; Space Engineering; and Law, History, Education and Management Engineering. The journal especially welcomes articles that bridge the diverse topics in the field.

MEJ articles are published as Advanced Online Publications and are compiled into bimonthly issues, all of which are freely available from the J-STAGE platform. The journal’s broad readership includes researchers and engineers from around the world.

The journal welcomes the submission of Research Papers, Selected Papers and Review Papers which are subject to peer review. These are full and comprehensive reports describing original research presented in the standard format of Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion and References. The main text (references, tables, and figure legends) should not exceed 20 A4 (or equivalent) pages.

MEJ upholds the highest standards in scholarly publishing. Before submitting a manuscript to the journal, authors must ensure that they have read and complied with the journal’s policies. The journal reserves the right to reject without review, or retract, any manuscript that the Editor believes may not comply with these policies.

The responsibilities of the journal’s authors, editors, reviewers and publisher regarding research and publication ethics are described in full below.

Submission to the journal implies that the manuscript has not been previously published (in part or in whole, in any language), is not in press, is not under consideration for publication elsewhere, is factual, and is not defamatory or libelous. Authors must inform the editors if any related manuscripts are under consideration, in press or published elsewhere.

If authors choose to submit their manuscript elsewhere before a final decision has been made on its suitability for publication in MEJ, they should first withdraw it from the journal.

MEJ welcomes manuscript submissions from authors based anywhere in the world.

Submission of a manuscript to the journal implies that all authors: have understood our ITA, have approved it, warrant it is factual, have agreed to its submission, and have the right to publish it.

Originality

Submission to the journal implies that the manuscript is original work. The journal may use iThenticate’s plagiarism software to screen manuscripts for unoriginal content. By submitting a manuscript to the journal, authors agree to this screening. Any manuscript with an unacceptable level of unoriginal material may be rejected or retracted at the Editors’ discretion.

Manuscripts submitted shall be the original work of the author and co-authors and should be unpublished and unsubmitted at the time of acceptance. However, if the copyright has been transferred to the JSME and the manuscript is presented at a meeting hosted or co-hosted by the JSME without prior reviews, the manuscript may be submitted as an original paper with new knowledge added to the content.

Submission to the journal implies that all authors have seen and approved the author list, which the Editorial Office checks for each multi-author submission. Changes to the author list after the manuscript is received are not allowed for any reason.

To qualify for authorship, authors must make a substantial contribution to the research conception and planning, data acquisition, analysis, and/or interpretation.

Image integrity

Authors may digitally manipulate or process images, but only if the adjustments are kept to a minimum, are applied to the entire image, meet community standards, and are clearly described in the manuscript. All images in a manuscript must accurately reflect the original data on which they are based. Authors must not move, remove, add or enhance individual parts of an image. The editors reserve the right to request original, unprocessed images from the authors. Failure to provide requested images may result in a manuscript being rejected or retracted.

Reproducing copyrighted material

If a manuscript includes material that is not under the authors’ own copyright, the authors must obtain permission from the copyright holder(s) to reproduce it.

If a manuscript includes previously published material, the authors must obtain permission from the copyright owners and the publisher of the original work to reproduce it. The authors must cite the original work in their manuscript.

Copies of all reproduction permissions must be included with the manuscript when it is first submitted.

Animal/human experimentation

Authors of manuscripts describing experiments involving humans or materials derived from humans must demonstrate that the work was carried out in accordance with the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki, its revisions, and any guidelines approved by the authors’ institutions. Where relevant, the authors must include a statement in their manuscript that describes the procedures for obtaining informed consent from participants regarding participation in the research and publication of the research.

Authors of manuscripts describing experiments involving animals or materials derived from animals must demonstrate that the work was carried out in accordance with the guidelines approved by the authors’ institution(s) ethics body.

Military technology and applications

MEJ will not consider for publication any manuscripts directly related to military technologies, such as weaponry, and the Editors make case-by-case judgments on this matter. However, the Editorial Committee may seek and take counsel from the JSME Executive Board, if there is not consensus about particular cases.

Author competing interests and conflicts of interest

In the interests of transparency, the journal requires all authors to declare upon submission any competing or conflicts of interest in relation to their submitted manuscript. A conflict of interest exists when there are actual, perceived or potential circumstances that could influence an author’s ability to conduct or report research impartially. Potential conflicts include (but are not limited to) competing commercial or financial interests, commercial affiliations, consulting roles, or ownership of stock or equity.

Authors should list all funding sources for their work in the Acknowledgements section of their manuscript.

Confidentiality

The journal maintains the confidentiality of all unpublished manuscripts. By submitting their manuscript to the journal, the authors warrant that they will keep all correspondence about their manuscript (from the Editorial Office, editors and reviewers) strictly confidential.

Self-archiving (Green Open Access) policy

Self-archiving, also known as Green Open Access, enables authors to deposit a copy of their manuscript(not the published paper) in an online repository. MEJ encourages authors of original research manuscripts to upload their article to an institutional or public repository immediately after publication in the journal.

Long-term digital archiving

J-STAGE preserves its full digital library, including MEJ, with Portico in a dark archive (see https://www.portico.org/publishers/jstage/ ). In the event that the material becomes unavailable at J-STAGE, it will be released and made available by Portico.

Editorial and peer review process

The journal uses single-blind peer review. When a manuscript is submitted to the journal, it is assigned to the Editor-in-Chief, who performs initial screening. Manuscripts that do not fit the journal’s scope or are not deemed suitable for publication are rejected without review. The Editor-in-Chief allocates each of the remaining manuscripts to an Associate Editor, who handles peer review. The Associate Editor selects two or three appropriate reviewers to provide their assessment of the manuscript. Reviewers are selected based on their expertise, reputation and previous experience as peer reviewers.

Once the reviewers’ reports have been received, the Associate Editor determines whether the manuscript requires revision. Authors who are asked to revise their manuscript must do so within two weeks or the period specified by the Associate Editor, otherwise the journal may take it as understood that the authors have no intention to resubmit. The Associate Editor may send revised manuscripts to peer reviewers for their feedback or may use his or her own judgement to assess how closely the authors have followed the comments on the original manuscript. The Associate Editor then makes a final decision on the manuscript’s suitability for publication in the journal.

Reviewer selection, timing and suggestions

Reviewers are selected without regard to geography and need not belong to the journal’s Editorial Committee. Reviewers are selected based on their expertise in the field, reputation, recommendation by others, and/or previous experience as peer reviewers for the journal.

Reviewers are invited within 2 weeks of an article being assigned Associate Editor. Reviewers are asked to submit their first review within 3 weeks of accepting the invitation to review. Reviewers who anticipate any delays should inform the Editorial Office as soon as possible.

When submitting a manuscript to the journal, authors may suggest reviewers that they would like included in or excluded from the peer review process. The Editor may consider these suggestions but is under no obligation to follow them. The selection, invitation and assignment of peer reviewers is at the Associate Editor’s sole discretion.

Reviewer reports

It is the journal’s policy to transmit reviewers’ comments to the authors in their original form. However, the journal reserves the right to edit reviewers’ comments, without consulting the reviewers, if they contain offensive language, confidential information or recommendations for publication.

Acceptance criteria

If a manuscript satisfies the journal’s requirements and represents a significant contribution to the published literature, the Editor may recommend acceptance for publication in the journal.

Associate editors and reviewers assess manuscripts based on following criteria:

Is the manuscript within the journal’s scope?
Does the manuscript present new findings that are significant to mechanical engineering? Are the methods of analysis used in the manuscript sufficiently new? Do the conclusions provide insights into new concepts or areas that have a potential to open up new fields in mechanical engineering? Or, does the manuscript contain sufficiently important technological or industrial results?
Is the manuscript clearly and logically written in good scientific English? Is the manuscript organized properly?
Are the mathematical, numerical, and/or experimental analyses accurate and reliable? Are they supported by the underlying data and interpretations?
Are the references to the literature pertinent and adequate?
Does the abstract indicate the subject, objectives, methods, and equipment, together with results and conclusions?
Are figures and tables presented with sufficiently informative captions?
Is the title informative, concise, and clear?
Does the content of the manuscript justify its length?

If a manuscript does not meet the journal’s requirements for acceptance or revision, the Associate Editor may recommend rejection.

Editorial independence

As the journal owner, the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (JSME) has granted the journal’s Editorial Board complete and sole responsibility for all editorial decisions. The JSME will not become involved in editorial decisions, except in cases of a fundamental breakdown of process.

Editorial decisions are based only on a manuscript’s scientific merit and are kept completely separate from the journal’s other interests. The authors’ ability to pay any publication charges has no bearing on whether a manuscript is accepted for publication in the journal.

Authors who believe that an editorial decision has been made in error may lodge an appeal with the Editorial Office. Appeals are only considered if the authors provide detailed evidence of a misunderstanding or mistake by a reviewer or editor. Appeals are considered carefully by Editorial Board. The guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) are followed where and when relevant.

Confidentiality in peer review

disclose a reviewer’s identity unless the reviewer makes a reasonable request for such disclosure
discuss the manuscript or its contents with anyone not directly involved with the manuscript or its peer review
use any data or information from the manuscript in their own work or publications
use information obtained from the peer review process to provide an advantage to themselves or anyone else, or to disadvantage any individual or organization

Conflicts of interest in peer review

A conflict of interest exists when there are actual, perceived or potential circumstances that could influence an editor’s ability to act impartially when assessing a manuscript. Such circumstances might include having a personal or professional relationship with an author, working on the same topic or in direct competition with an author, or having a financial stake in the work or its publication.

Members of the journal’s Editorial Board undertake to declare any conflicts of interest when handling manuscripts. An editor who declares a conflict of interest is unassigned from the manuscript in question and is replaced by a new editor.

Errata and retractions

The journal recognizes the importance of maintaining the integrity of published literature.

A published article that contains an error may be corrected through the publication of an Erratum. Errata describe errors that significantly affect the scientific integrity of a publication, the reputation of the authors, or the journal itself. Authors who wish to correct a published article should contact the Editorial Office with full details of the error(s) and their requested changes. In cases of typographical errors, the journal will publish errata immediately. Otherwise, the Editorial Board assesses the request and determines the necessity for an erratum.

A published article that contains invalid or unreliable results or conclusions, has been published elsewhere, or has infringed codes of conduct (covering research or publication ethics) may be retracted. Individuals who believe that a published article should be retracted are encouraged to contact the journal’s Editorial Office with full details of their concerns. The Editor-in-Chief will investigate further and Editorial Office contact the authors of the published article for their response. In cases where co-authors disagree over a retraction, the Editor-in-Chief may consult the Editorial Board or external peer reviewers for advice. If a Retraction is published, any dissenting authors will be noted in the text.

The decision to publish Errata or Retractions is made at the sole discretion of the Editor-in-Chief.

Editors as authors in the journal

Any member of the journal’s Editorial Board, including the Editor-in-Chief who is an author on a submitted manuscript is excluded from the peer review process. Within the journal’s online manuscript submission and tracking system, they will be able to see their manuscript as an author but not as an editor, thereby maintaining the confidentiality of peer review.

A manuscript authored by an editor of MEJ is subject to the same high standards of peer review and editorial decision making as any manuscript considered by the journal.

Responding to potential ethical breaches

The journal will respond to allegations of ethical breaches by following its own policies and, where possible, the guidelines of COPE .

Reviewer role and confidentiality

As part of their responsibilities, reviewers agree to maintain the confidentiality of unpublished manuscripts at all times. Reviewers are requested to review manuscripts impartially and to promptly inform the journal if circumstances mean a review cannot be completed within the specified time.

The review must be clear, objective and defendable, and guided by the journal’s stated acceptance criteria (see section relevant above). Reviewers are asked to strictly refrain from any subjective or personal judgements.

disclose their role in reviewing the manuscript
reveal their identity to any of the authors of the manuscript
discuss the manuscript or its contents with anyone not directly involved in the review process
involve anyone else in the review (for example, a post-doc or PhD student) without first requesting permission from the Editor

Reviewer Conflicts of interest

A conflict of interest exists when there are actual, perceived or potential circumstances that could influence a reviewer’s ability to assess a manuscript impartially. Such circumstances might include having a personal or professional relationship with an author, working on the same topic or in direct competition with an author, having a financial stake in the work or its publication, or having seen previous versions of the manuscript.

Editors try to avoid conflicts of interest when inviting reviewers, but it is not always possible to identify potential bias. Reviewers are asked to declare any conflicts of interest to the Editor and decline to review a manuscript if a conflict is apparent.

MEJ is fully Open Access and uses Creative Commons (CC) licenses, which allow users to use, reuse and build upon the material published in the journal without charge or the need to ask prior permission from the publisher or author. More details on the CC licenses are below.

Copyright and licensing

Authors are required to assign all copyrights in the work to the Society upon submission, as agreed with the authors via the Copyright Transfer Form. The Society publishes any accepted MEJ manuscripts under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) , which allows users to share unmodified articles, non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given. If a manuscript is rejected or withdrawn, copyrights revert to the authors.

Some funding bodies require articles funded by them to be published under a specific Creative Commons license. Before submitting your work to the journal, check with the relevant funding bodies to ensure that you comply with any mandates.

Article Processing Charges

There are many costs associated with publishing scholarly journals, such as those of managing peer review, copy editing, typesetting and online hosting. To cover these costs in the absence of journal subscriptions, authors (or their representatives) are asked to pay article processing charges (APCs). There is no submission fee.

The journal charges an APC as per the table below. Authors of accepted manuscripts will be invoiced for the APC on publication date of their manuscript. The charges are based on authors using the templates supplied by JSME, are in Japanese Yen, and exclusive of any relevant consumption taxes (10% tax to who reside in Japan) or bank charges (¥2,000 those based outside Japan).

Number of published pages	When the first author is a member	When the first author is not a member
1-12 pages	¥50,000 per paper	¥80,000 per paper
≥13 pages	¥10,000 per additional page	¥16,000 per additional page

The fee is calculated based on the JSME membership of first author at his/her first submission to the journal.

Members of the Heat Transfer Society of Japan are eligible for the APC member rate.

Authors not resident in Japan are also eligible to become JSME members; please join at the JSME member registration page .

If this fee is not paid within one year after the invoice is issued, additional postings from the representative author shall not be considered until payment is complete. If payment is not received after two years from the date of invoice, measures will be taken to retract the paper.

All manuscripts must be submitted via the journal’s online submission system, Editorial Manager: https://www.editorialmanager.com/journal-jsme/default.aspx . Hard copies via mail cannot be considered. The original or revised manuscript text may be uploaded as a PDF or Microsoft Word file, but a Word file is required for the final manuscript text. Figures may be submitted separately in several other formats.

If you encounter any problems with online submission, please contact the Editorial Office per the details in the Contact section below. Please use the assigned manuscript number in any communications.

The journal uses templates (see links to these below) to assist authors and the journal with the submission, peer review and production processes. Details are also provided below on the preparation of manuscripts.

MS Word template: English-Template.docx ( Sample )
LaTeX template: english-template.zip
Special Issue template (Word): English-Template-specialissue.docx
Selected Paper template: English-Template(Selected).docx ( Sample )

English standards

Manuscripts should be written in clear, grammatically correct English. Authors whose native language is not English are strongly encouraged to have their manuscript checked by a native English speaker or by an editing service prior to submission. If a manuscript is not clear due to poor English, it may be rejected without undergoing peer review.

The recommended structure of a manuscript is as follows: Title page, Abstract, Introduction (purpose of the research, significance of the research supported by a literature survey, outline of contents, and so on), Nomenclature (symbols and subscripts, and so on), main body of the text (theoretical analysis, method and results of experiment, interpretation of results and discussion, and so on), Conclusion (conclusions obtained through the research), Acknowledgments, Appendices, References.

Alternative manuscript structures may be used demonstrably a more suitable and effective style for the contents of the manuscript.

The first page of each manuscript should contain: Title, Authors’ full names, Affiliations, Abstract, Keywords, and Running Title.

The title should describe the content of the article briefly but clearly and is important for search purposes by third-party services. A subtitle may be used as needed, but do not use the same main title with numbered minor titles, even for a series of papers by the same authors. Do not use abbreviations in the title, except those used generally in related fields. Only the first word of title should be capitalized.

The names of authors should be placed immediately below the title. The given names and family names should be spelled out with each character of the family name capitalized. In the address provide the prefecture, ward, city and postal code. Include the country name at the end of the address, and provide the e-mail address of the contact person. All authors’ addresses should be listed except when multiple authors have the same address. Only supply the email address of the corresponding author.

By example: Hiroshi NAKAJIMA and Aika FUJIMOTO Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shinjuku University, KDX Iidabashi Square, 2nd floor, 4-1 Shin-ogawamachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0814 Japan E-mail: [email protected]

Robert SMITH Melbourne School of Engineering, Building 200, The University of Australia, Victoria, 3010, Australia E-mail: [email protected]

Five to ten keywords should be included below the abstract. The keywords should be chosen so that they would best describe the contents of the paper. They are also useful in the classification and search of papers. The use of hyphens, prepositions and articles should be avoided. Capitalize the first letter of each word.

Running Title

The running title should not exceed 50 characters, including spaces.

Abbreviations

Each abbreviation should be defined in parentheses together with its non-abbreviated term when it first appears in the text (except in the Title and Abstract).

SI or SI-derived units should be used. More information on SI units is available at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) website .

The main body of the text should be suitably divided into sections (and if necessarily subsections), each with a heading. Use a consistent schema throughout: e.g. 1.; 1.1; 1.1.1 etc.

Equations should follow the style and format as described in the journal template.

The Abstract should clearly state the contents of the manuscript so that readers can understand the contents of the paper without reading the full article. It must be 200-300 words.

Abstracts are important and should be sufficiently informative. At the beginning of the abstract, the subject of the paper should be stated clearly, together with its scope and objectives. Next, the methods, equipment, results and conclusions should be stated concisely and logically. Discussion of the results should appropriately emphasize their importance and a summary is not required. Figures, tables and references in the text should not be referenced. If the use of an equation is unavoidable, the full equation should be given rather than citing only the equation number. The Abstract should be written as only one paragraph.

Acknowledgments

This section should be brief. Authors should list all funding sources for their work in the Acknowledgements section.

The Harvard style is followed, such that citations in the text are indicated by author’s last name and year with the list of references arranged in alphabetic order: for example, (Ahrendt and Taplin, 1951) Ahrendt and Taplin (1951). For a reference with three or more authors, the citation in the text should be indicated by the first author's name followed by "et al." and the year: for example, (Takeuchi et al., 2006). Identify more than one reference from the same author(s) in the same year by the letters "a", "b", "c", placed after the year: for example, (Karin and Hanamura, 2010a, 2010b).

Citation of unpublished works (including papers not yet submitted or not yet published) should be avoided. The complete name of the journal referred to should be given. Cite the most recently published relevant references. If a reference is not written in English, authors are required to translate the title into English and indicate the original language as "(in Japanese),", see the relevant example below. In the References section, use the following examples as guides to the formatting conventions in the journal.

Ahrendt, W. R. and Taplin, J. F., Automatic Feedback Control (1951), p.12, McGraw-Hill.International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions, Digital libraries: Resources and project, IFLANET (online), available from http://www.ifla.org/II/htm, (accessed on 30 November, 1999).
Kameyama, H., Production method of thermal conductive catalyst, Japanese patent disclosure H00-100100 (1990).
Karin, P. and Hanamura, K., Microscopic visualization of PM trapping and regeneration in a diesel particulate catalyst-membrane filter (DPMF), Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Vol.41, No.1 (2010a), pp.103–108.
Karin, P. and Hanamura, K., Microscopic visualization of particulate matter trapping and oxidation behaviors in a diesel particulate catalyst-membrane filter, Transactions of Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Vol.41, No.4 (2010b), pp.853–858.
Keer, L. M., Lin, W. and Achenbach, J. D., Resonance effects for a crack near a free surface, Transactions of the ASME, Journal of Applied Mechanics, Vol.51, No.1 (1984), pp.65–70.
Nagashima, A., New year's greeting, Journal of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Vol.108, No.1034 (2005), pp.1–2 (in Japanese).
Tagawa, A. and Yamashita, T., Development of real time sensor for under sodium viewer, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering (ICONE-19) (2011), Paper No. ICONE19–43187.
Takeuchi, S., Yamazaki, T. and Kajishima, T., Study of solid-fluid interaction in body-fixed non-inertial frame of reference, Journal of Fluid Science and Technology, Vol.1, No.1 (2006), pp.1–11.
Takeuchi, Y., Ultraprecision micromilling technology, Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Series C, Vol.71, No.701 (2005), pp.1–4 (in Japanese).
The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers ed., JSME Data Handbook: Heat Transfer (1979), p.123, The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers (in Japanese).
Tsutahara, M. Tamura, A. and Kataoka, T., A study of SIS of surfactant by the finite difference lattice Boltzmann method, Proceedings of the 16th Computational Mechanics Conference (2003), pp.121–122 (in Japanese).
Watanabe, T., Sakai, Y., Nagata, K., Terashima, O., Ito, Y. and Hayase, T., DNS of turbulent Schmidt number and eddy diffusivity for reactive concentrations, Transactions of the JSME (in Japanese), Vol. 80, No. 809 (2014), DOI:10.1299/transjsme.2014fe0008.

Tables and figures

Figures, photographs and tables can be used to describe clearly and accurately the contents of the paper. In general, figures are useful for presenting general tendencies, and tables are suitable for presenting specific numeric values and data. The use of figures, tables and others should be limited to important and representative ones that make the authors' statement persuasive. As MEJ is an online-only journal, figures, photographs and tables can be presented in color.

Figures and tables should be presented with sufficiently informative captions. Every caption should be complete and intelligible by itself without references to the text.

Number tables consecutively using Arabic numerals (Table 1, Table 2, etc.). A title which is sufficiently informative should be given to each table. Only the first word of title should be capitalized. Explanatory material and footnotes should be typed below the title and should be designated with superscript letters, such as (a) or (b). Units of measurement should be included with numerical values at the top of columns. Avoid detailed explanations of the experimental conditions used to obtain the data shown in tables (which should be included in other sections as relevant). In order to see easily for every reader, please set font size larger than 9.5 point for tables and their caption.

Figures should be of high enough resolution for direct reproduction for printing. Note that ‘figures’ includes line drawings and photographs, as well as charts. Magnifications of photographs should be indicated in the legends and/or by scales included in the photographs. Illustrations must be self-explanatory and they should be numbered consecutively with Arabic numerals (i.e., Fig. 1, Fig. 2, etc.). Each figure should have a short sufficiently informative title. Figure legends should include sufficient experimental details to make the figures intelligible; however, duplicating the descriptions provided in other sections should be avoided.

Examples are provided within the template files.

The supplementary material must be submitted with the manuscript. It must be reviewed and accepted for publication. Through the review, the editorial board will judge the suitability of the submitted file for use as supplementary material.
The supplementary material should be provided as an mp4, eps, jpeg, csv, or xlsx file.
You can submit up to 50MB per file. You can also submit up to 100 files per paper.
Data should be submitted in PDF format using the provided template.

Manuscripts that are accepted for publication are copyedited and typeset by the journal’s production team before publication. The journal is published 6 times per year and continuously online as Advanced Online Publication. All communication regarding accepted manuscripts is with the corresponding author.

Page proofs are sent to the corresponding author, who should check and return them within 7 days. Only essential corrections to typesetting errors or omissions are accepted; excessive changes are not permitted at the proofing stage.

Tel: +81-3-4335-7612 E-mail: journal[at]jsme.or.jp *We prefer email inquiry to telephone.

Updated: 3rd July 2023

Current Publications

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research

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Artificial Intelligence
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The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

Category	Year	Quartile
Artificial Intelligence	2017	Q4
Artificial Intelligence	2018	Q4
Artificial Intelligence	2019	Q4
Artificial Intelligence	2020	Q4
Artificial Intelligence	2021	Q4
Artificial Intelligence	2022	Q4
Artificial Intelligence	2023	Q4
Control and Systems Engineering	2017	Q4
Control and Systems Engineering	2018	Q4
Control and Systems Engineering	2019	Q4
Control and Systems Engineering	2020	Q4
Control and Systems Engineering	2021	Q4
Control and Systems Engineering	2022	Q4
Control and Systems Engineering	2023	Q3
Mechanical Engineering	2017	Q4
Mechanical Engineering	2018	Q4
Mechanical Engineering	2019	Q3
Mechanical Engineering	2020	Q4
Mechanical Engineering	2021	Q3
Mechanical Engineering	2022	Q3
Mechanical Engineering	2023	Q3

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

Year	SJR
2017	0.118
2018	0.154
2019	0.184
2020	0.187
2021	0.246
2022	0.233
2023	0.263

Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.

Year	Documents
2016	62
2017	97
2018	110
2019	163
2020	243
2021	98
2022	125
2023	52

This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Cites per document	Year	Value
Cites / Doc. (4 years)	2016	0.000
Cites / Doc. (4 years)	2017	0.484
Cites / Doc. (4 years)	2018	0.472
Cites / Doc. (4 years)	2019	0.680
Cites / Doc. (4 years)	2020	0.806
Cites / Doc. (4 years)	2021	0.935
Cites / Doc. (4 years)	2022	1.059
Cites / Doc. (4 years)	2023	1.176
Cites / Doc. (3 years)	2016	0.000
Cites / Doc. (3 years)	2017	0.484
Cites / Doc. (3 years)	2018	0.472
Cites / Doc. (3 years)	2019	0.680
Cites / Doc. (3 years)	2020	0.835
Cites / Doc. (3 years)	2021	0.938
Cites / Doc. (3 years)	2022	1.048
Cites / Doc. (3 years)	2023	1.251
Cites / Doc. (2 years)	2016	0.000
Cites / Doc. (2 years)	2017	0.484
Cites / Doc. (2 years)	2018	0.472
Cites / Doc. (2 years)	2019	0.710
Cites / Doc. (2 years)	2020	0.839
Cites / Doc. (2 years)	2021	0.862
Cites / Doc. (2 years)	2022	1.100
Cites / Doc. (2 years)	2023	1.359

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.

Cites	Year	Value
Self Cites	2016	0
Self Cites	2017	1
Self Cites	2018	5
Self Cites	2019	13
Self Cites	2020	34
Self Cites	2021	49
Self Cites	2022	33
Self Cites	2023	17
Total Cites	2016	0
Total Cites	2017	30
Total Cites	2018	75
Total Cites	2019	183
Total Cites	2020	309
Total Cites	2021	484
Total Cites	2022	528
Total Cites	2023	583

Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.

Cites	Year	Value
External Cites per document	2016	0
External Cites per document	2017	0.468
External Cites per document	2018	0.440
External Cites per document	2019	0.632
External Cites per document	2020	0.743
External Cites per document	2021	0.843
External Cites per document	2022	0.982
External Cites per document	2023	1.215
Cites per document	2016	0.000
Cites per document	2017	0.484
Cites per document	2018	0.472
Cites per document	2019	0.680
Cites per document	2020	0.835
Cites per document	2021	0.938
Cites per document	2022	1.048
Cites per document	2023	1.251

International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.

Year	International Collaboration
2016	8.06
2017	9.28
2018	14.55
2019	9.82
2020	9.88
2021	16.33
2022	15.20
2023	7.69

Not every article in a journal is considered primary research and therefore "citable", this chart shows the ratio of a journal's articles including substantial research (research articles, conference papers and reviews) in three year windows vs. those documents other than research articles, reviews and conference papers.

Documents	Year	Value
Non-citable documents	2016	0
Non-citable documents	2017	0
Non-citable documents	2018	0
Non-citable documents	2019	0
Non-citable documents	2020	0
Non-citable documents	2021	0
Non-citable documents	2022	0
Non-citable documents	2023	0
Citable documents	2016	0
Citable documents	2017	62
Citable documents	2018	159
Citable documents	2019	269
Citable documents	2020	370
Citable documents	2021	516
Citable documents	2022	504
Citable documents	2023	466

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

Documents	Year	Value
Uncited documents	2016	0
Uncited documents	2017	40
Uncited documents	2018	115
Uncited documents	2019	175
Uncited documents	2020	209
Uncited documents	2021	275
Uncited documents	2022	244
Uncited documents	2023	218
Cited documents	2016	0
Cited documents	2017	22
Cited documents	2018	44
Cited documents	2019	94
Cited documents	2020	161
Cited documents	2021	241
Cited documents	2022	260
Cited documents	2023	248

Evolution of the percentage of female authors.

Year	Female Percent
2016	20.14
2017	23.28
2018	19.49
2019	20.35
2020	20.41
2021	19.68
2022	13.91
2023	14.47

Evolution of the number of documents cited by public policy documents according to Overton database.

Documents	Year	Value
Overton	2016	0
Overton	2017	0
Overton	2018	0
Overton	2019	0
Overton	2020	3
Overton	2021	0
Overton	2022	1
Overton	2023	0

Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.

Documents	Year	Value
SDG	2018	19
SDG	2019	43
SDG	2020	69
SDG	2021	19
SDG	2022	38
SDG	2023	16

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Aims and scope

Aims and Scope

Mechanical Technology and Engineering Insights (MTEI) is dedicated to the advancement and dissemination of scholarly research and practical insights in the field of mechanical technology and engineering. The journal aims to serve as a comprehensive platform for academic researchers, practicing engineers, industry professionals, and students to share their research findings, innovative technologies, and applied methodologies within the diverse spectrum of mechanical engineering. MTEI is committed to fostering a multidisciplinary approach, encouraging contributions that offer cross-sectoral perspectives, innovative solutions, and theoretical advancements.

Scope of the Journal

The scope of MTEI encompasses, but is not limited to, the following key areas:

Materials Science and Engineering: Innovations in materials processing, characterization, and application in mechanical engineering, including composites, polymers, metals, and ceramics.

Robotics and Automation: Advances in robotics, automation technologies, and their applications in manufacturing, healthcare, service industries, and beyond.

Manufacturing Processes: Cutting-edge research in manufacturing engineering, including additive manufacturing (3D printing), subtractive manufacturing (machining), and emerging manufacturing technologies.

Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics: Fundamental and applied research in thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, including innovative cooling technologies and fluid dynamics analysis.

Energy Systems: Development and optimization of renewable and non-renewable energy systems, energy efficiency, and sustainability in mechanical engineering practices.

Mechanical Design and Analysis: Studies on mechanical design methodologies, CAD/CAM, finite element analysis, and the design of mechanical systems and components.

Dynamics and Control Systems: Research on the dynamics, vibration, and control of mechanical systems, including control strategies for mechanical and electromechanical systems.

Sustainability in Engineering: Sustainable design, engineering practices, and development focused on reducing environmental impact, including lifecycle analysis and sustainable materials.

Advanced Propulsion Systems: Innovations in automotive, aerospace, and marine propulsion systems, including internal combustion engines, electric and hybrid systems, and alternative fuels.

Emerging Technologies: Exploration of emerging technologies in mechanical engineering and their potential impacts, including nanotechnology, bioengineering applications, and smart materials.

Aims of the Journal

MTEI aims to:

Foster Innovation: Encourage the submission of high-quality research papers that present new findings, methodologies, theories, and review articles that push the boundaries of current knowledge in mechanical technology and engineering.

Promote Interdisciplinary Research: Serve as a bridge between mechanical engineering and other scientific disciplines, recognizing the increasingly interdisciplinary nature of engineering challenges and solutions.

Facilitate Knowledge Exchange: Provide a forum for the dissemination of research advancements and technological innovations to a global audience, enhancing collaboration and knowledge sharing among researchers, practitioners, and industries.

Advance Practical Applications: Highlight the practical applications of research findings, aiming to bridge the gap between theory and practice in mechanical engineering and technology.

Support Emerging Researchers: Offer opportunities for emerging researchers and students to publish their work alongside established experts, fostering the next generation of mechanical engineers.

By adhering to these aims and covering the aforementioned scope, Mechanical Technology and Engineering Insights aspires to be at the forefront of advancing mechanical engineering research and practice, contributing to the development of innovative solutions for the challenges facing modern society and industry.

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ISSN: 2278-0149 (Online)

Short Title: Int. J. Mech. Eng. Robot. Res.

Frequency: Bimonthly

DOI: 10.18178/ijmerr
Managing Editor: Ms. Jennifer Zeng
Abstracting/Indexing: ESCI (Web of Science) , Scopus , CNKI , Google Scholar, Crossref, etc.
E-mail questions to IJMERR Editorial Office .
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Professor of School of Engineering, Design and Built Environment, Western Sydney University, Australia. His research interests cover Industry 4.0, Additive Manufacturing, Advanced Engineering Materials and Structures (Metals and Composites), Multi-scale Modelling of Materials and Structures, Metal Forming and Metal Surface Treatment.

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research E-mail: [email protected]

About IJMERR

Submit to IJMERR

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research . IJMERR is a scholarly peer-reviewed international scientific journal published bimonthly, focusing on theories, systems, methods, algorithms and applications in mechanical engineering and robotics. It provides a high profile, leading edge forum for academic researchers, industrial professionals, engineers, consultants, managers, educators and policy makers working in the field to contribute and disseminate innovative new work on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research. All papers will be blind reviewed and accepted papers will be published bimonthly, which is available only online ( open access ).

Latest Articles

01 data-driven reinforcement learning control for quadrotor systems, ngoc trung dang and phuong nam dao*, 02 development of an automatic measurement and classification system for a robotic arm using machine vision, ngoc vu ngo* and van cuong duong, 03 conceptual design of a trash collecting machine for highways in arequipa, peru, trunks giorgio vásquez llave*, luis angel luque huaman, boris percy ramos torres, josé canazas rodríguez, and yuri lester silva vidal, 04 aerodynamic investigation of shrouded rotors with dual exit channels, abdallah dayhoum*, alejandro ramirez-serrano, and robert martinuzzi, 05 flange leak investigation on kettle heat exchanger operating at low-temperature condition, andi d. prasetyo* and fauzan fitra, 06 parameter estimate pid controller for multi-position control of servo drive system with fuzzy self-tuning, pantawong visavapiwong*, sasithorn chookaew, and suppachai howimanporn, featured articles, 01 a new method to wring water-saturated fibrous materials, auezhan t. amanov, gayrat a. bahadirov, gerasim n. tsoy, and ayder m. nabiev, 02 fault classification and diagnosis of uav motor based on estimated nonlinear parameter of steady-state model, jun-yong lee, won-tak lee, sang-ho ko, and hwa-suk oh, 03 trajectory tracking control for differential-drive mobile robot by a variable parameter pid controller, nguyen hong thai, trinh thi khanh ly, hoang thien, and le quoc dzung, 04 omnidirectional mobile robot trajectory tracking control with diversity of inputs, thanh tung pham, minh thanh le, and chi-ngon nguyen, 05 combining grasping with adaptive path following and locomotion for modular snake robots, filippo sanfilippo, 06 autonomous maze solving robotics: algorithms and systems, shatha alamri, shuruq alshehri, wejdan alshehri, hadeel alamri, ahad alaklabi, and tareq alhmiedat, call for papers.

Topic: Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue Analysis
Topic: Recent Advances in Mobile Robotics Navigation

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What does a mechanical engineer do?

Would you make a good mechanical engineer? Take our career test and find your match with over 800 careers.

What is a Mechanical Engineer?

A mechanical engineer applies principles of physics, mathematics, and material science to design, analyze, and manufacture mechanical systems and devices. These engineers are involved in a wide range of industries, including automotive, aerospace, energy, manufacturing, and robotics. Their primary focus is on creating efficient and reliable machines, equipment, and systems that serve various purposes, from power generation to consumer products.

Mechanical engineers play an important role in the entire product development cycle, from concept design and prototyping to testing and production. They use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create detailed models, conduct simulations, and evaluate the performance and structural integrity of their designs. Additionally, they work in multidisciplinary teams to collaborate with professionals from other engineering disciplines to ensure seamless integration of mechanical components into larger systems.

What does a Mechanical Engineer do?

Mechanical engineers discussing a project.

Duties and Responsibilities Mechanical engineers are essential in advancing technology and innovation by constantly improving and optimizing mechanical systems to meet the needs of modern society. Here is a comprehensive list of their key responsibilities:

Designing Mechanical Systems: Mechanical engineers are responsible for creating and developing mechanical systems and products. This involves conceptualizing, modeling, and detailing designs for components or entire systems.
Analyzing and Testing Designs: Mechanical engineers perform analytical and computational assessments of designs to ensure they meet functional requirements, safety standards, and regulatory guidelines. They may also conduct physical testing and prototype development.
Project Management: Mechanical engineers often take on project management responsibilities, overseeing the entire product development lifecycle. This includes planning, scheduling, budgeting, and coordinating the efforts of a multidisciplinary team.
Materials Selection: Engineers choose appropriate materials for the construction of mechanical components, considering factors such as strength, durability, and cost. They also evaluate the environmental impact of material choices.
Thermal and Fluid Systems: In industries like HVAC, aerospace, and automotive, mechanical engineers design thermal and fluid systems. This involves optimizing heat transfer, fluid flow, and energy efficiency in systems like engines, cooling systems, and HVAC systems.
CAD Modeling and Drafting: Proficiency in computer-aided design (CAD) software is essential for mechanical engineers. They use these tools to create 3D models and detailed drawings of mechanical components and assemblies.
Manufacturing Support: Mechanical engineers work closely with manufacturing teams to ensure that designed products can be efficiently and cost-effectively produced. They may provide input on production processes, tooling, and quality control.
Quality Assurance and Control: Ensuring the quality of manufactured products is a key responsibility. Mechanical engineers develop and implement quality control procedures, conduct inspections, and address any issues related to product quality.
Research and Development: Mechanical engineers often engage in research and development activities to explore new technologies, materials, and methodologies. This can involve staying informed about industry trends and advancements.
Regulatory Compliance: Mechanical engineers must be aware of and adhere to relevant industry standards, codes, and regulations. They ensure that designs and products comply with safety and environmental requirements.
Collaboration and Communication: Effective communication is essential, as mechanical engineers collaborate with cross-functional teams, present design proposals, and provide updates on project progress. They may also communicate with clients, vendors, and regulatory authorities.
Lifecycle Maintenance and Upgrades: After a product is in service, mechanical engineers may be involved in maintenance and upgrades. They assess performance, identify areas for improvement, and implement modifications to enhance product functionality.

Types of Mechanical Engineers Mechanical engineering is a diverse field, and within it, there are various specialized areas or types of mechanical engineers. Some of the common types of mechanical engineers include:

Automotive Engineer : Focuses on designing, developing, and improving automotive systems and components. This includes engines, transmissions, chassis, and vehicle dynamics.
Aerospace Engineer : Works on the design, development, and testing of aircraft and spacecraft. Aerospace engineers are involved in propulsion systems, aerodynamics, materials, and structural design for aerospace applications.
Biomechanical Engineer: Applies mechanical engineering principles to biological systems, working on the design of medical devices, prosthetics, and orthopedic implants.
Control Engineer : Designs and implements control systems for mechanical systems, with applications in automation, robotics, and mechatronics.
Energy Systems Engineer: Works on the design and optimization of energy systems, including renewable energy technologies, power generation, and energy storage solutions.
Fluid Mechanics Engineer: Works on systems involving fluid dynamics, such as pumps, pipelines, and hydraulic systems, designing and analyzing fluid flow for various applications.
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) Engineer: Specializes in designing HVAC systems for buildings, aiming to create comfortable and energy-efficient indoor environments.
Manufacturing Engineer : Concentrates on optimizing manufacturing processes for efficient and cost-effective production. Tasks include process improvement, quality control, and production planning.
Materials Engineer: Focuses on the selection and development of materials for various applications, working on improving material performance, durability, and sustainability.
Mechanical Design Engineer: Focuses on designing mechanical components, systems, and products using CAD software to meet functional requirements and manufacturability.
Mechatronics Engineer : Works on the development of robotic systems, automated manufacturing processes, and smart devices that combine mechanical components and electronic control systems.
Nuclear Engineer : Focuses on the design and maintenance of nuclear systems, including nuclear power plants, working on reactor design, safety protocols, and radiation protection.
Packaging Engineer: Designs and optimizes packaging materials and containers to protect products during transportation, storage, and distribution.
Piping Engineer: Focuses on the design and layout of piping systems used in industrial plants, power plants, and other facilities, ensuring efficient and safe fluid transport.
Robotics Engineer : Specializes in the design, development, and maintenance of robotic systems. Robotics engineers may work on industrial robots, autonomous vehicles, and robotic prosthetics.
Structural Engineer : Concentrates on the design and analysis of structures to ensure they can withstand loads and environmental conditions. Structural engineers work on buildings, bridges, and infrastructure projects.
Thermal and Fluids Engineer: Specializes in studying heat transfer, thermodynamics, and fluid mechanics to design systems such as thermal power plants, heat exchangers, and fluid control systems.
Thermal Systems Engineer: Specializes in designing and analyzing thermal and energy systems, including HVAC systems, heat exchangers, and energy-efficient technologies.

Are you suited to be a mechanical engineer?

Mechanical engineers have distinct personalities . They tend to be investigative individuals, which means they’re intellectual, introspective, and inquisitive. They are curious, methodical, rational, analytical, and logical. Some of them are also realistic, meaning they’re independent, stable, persistent, genuine, practical, and thrifty.

Does this sound like you? Take our free career test to find out if mechanical engineer is one of your top career matches.

What is the workplace of a Mechanical Engineer like?

The workplace of a mechanical engineer can vary depending on the industry, company size, and specific job role. Mechanical engineers are employed across diverse sectors such as aerospace, automotive, energy, manufacturing, and consulting.

In many cases, mechanical engineers work in office settings, where they spend a significant portion of their time using computer-aided design (CAD) software, conducting simulations, and performing calculations. This environment is conducive to tasks such as designing mechanical components, analyzing systems, and collaborating with team members to develop innovative solutions. The office space often includes workstations equipped with computers, engineering software, and communication tools necessary for project coordination.

Beyond the office, mechanical engineers frequently engage in on-site work, particularly in industries like manufacturing, construction, and energy. On-site visits may involve overseeing the installation of mechanical systems, conducting inspections, and collaborating with technicians and other professionals. This hands-on aspect of the job allows mechanical engineers to ensure that their designs are implemented correctly and meet safety and quality standards.

Laboratories and testing facilities are integral parts of the workplace for mechanical engineers involved in research and development or quality control. Here, engineers can conduct experiments, perform materials testing, and validate the performance of prototypes. These environments are equipped with specialized equipment and instrumentation to measure various parameters, ensuring that mechanical systems meet design specifications.

For those employed in manufacturing, the workplace may extend to the shop floor or production facility. Mechanical engineers in this setting collaborate closely with production teams, addressing issues related to manufacturing processes, optimizing workflows, and troubleshooting any mechanical issues that arise during production. The shop floor may include machinery, assembly lines, and testing stations, where engineers can observe and refine manufacturing processes.

Project sites, particularly for large-scale construction or infrastructure projects, are another facet of the mechanical engineer's workplace. Engineers may be required to visit construction sites to oversee the implementation of mechanical systems, assess progress, and address any challenges that arise during the construction phase.

Frequently Asked Questions

Automotive engineer vs mechanical engineer.

Automotive engineering and mechanical engineering are closely related fields, sharing fundamental principles but with distinct focuses and applications. Here's a detailed comparison:

Automotive Engineer
Specialization: Automotive engineers specialize in the design, development, and improvement of vehicles, including cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other types of transportation.
System Integration: They focus on integrating various automotive systems such as engines, transmissions, suspension, braking, and electronics to create a functional and optimized vehicle.
Automotive Industry: Automotive engineers primarily work within the automotive industry, employed by car manufacturers, suppliers, or research and development organizations dedicated to advancing vehicle technologies.
Vehicle Design: Automotive engineers design and develop components and systems specific to vehicles, ensuring they meet safety standards, performance requirements, and environmental regulations.
Testing and Validation: They conduct extensive testing and validation processes to ensure the reliability, safety, and efficiency of automotive systems.
Automotive Systems: Automotive engineers have in-depth knowledge of automotive systems, powertrains, aerodynamics, vehicle dynamics, and vehicle safety.
Automotive Engineering Roles: Career paths for automotive engineers include roles such as vehicle design engineer, powertrain engineer, safety engineer, or vehicle dynamics engineer within the automotive industry.
Mechanical Engineer
Generalization: Mechanical engineers have a broad scope and can work across various industries, not limited to automotive. They apply principles of physics and mathematics to design, analyze, and manufacture mechanical systems and devices.
Diverse Applications: Mechanical engineering spans a wide range of applications, including energy systems, HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning), robotics, manufacturing, and more.
Versatility: Mechanical engineers can work in diverse industries such as aerospace, energy, consumer electronics, manufacturing, and materials, among others.
System Design: Mechanical engineers design, analyze, and optimize mechanical systems, including machines, tools, and devices. They may work on anything from consumer products to industrial machinery.
Materials and Manufacturing: Mechanical engineers often deal with material selection, manufacturing processes, and quality control.
Mechanical Systems: Mechanical engineers possess knowledge of mechanics, thermodynamics, materials science, and fluid dynamics, applicable to a wide range of mechanical systems.
Versatile Career Paths: Mechanical engineers have diverse career paths, ranging from roles in product design and development to manufacturing, project management, and research and development.

While there is some overlap in the foundational knowledge between automotive and mechanical engineers, the key difference lies in the specialization and application of that knowledge. Automotive engineers concentrate on vehicle-specific design and systems, whereas mechanical engineers have a broader scope, working on a variety of mechanical systems across different industries.

Engineering Specializations and Degrees

Aerospace Engineer
Agricultural Engineer
Architectural Engineer
Artificial Intelligence Engineer
Audio Engineer
Automation Engineer
Automotive Engineering Technician
Big Data Engineer
Biochemical Engineer
Biofuel Engineer
Biomedical Engineer
Broadcast Engineer
Chemical Engineer
Civil Engineer
Civil Engineering Technician
Cloud Engineer
Coastal Engineer
Computer Engineer
Computer Hardware Engineer
Computer Vision Engineer
Construction Engineer
Control Engineer
Data Engineer
Digital Remastering Engineer
Electrical Engineer
Electromechanical Engineer
Electronics Engineer
Environmental Engineer
Flight Engineer
Fuel Cell Engineer
Fuel Cell Technician
Game Audio Engineer
Geotechnical Engineer
Geothermal Engineer
Industrial Engineer
Industrial Engineering Technician
Laser Engineer
Live Sound Engineer
Locomotive Engineer
Machine Learning Engineer
Manufacturing Engineer
Marine Engineer
Mastering Engineer
Mechanical Engineering Technician
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Mining and Geological Engineer
Mixing Engineer
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Nanotechnology Engineer
Natural Language Processing Engineer
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Nuclear Engineer
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Optical Engineer
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Petroleum Engineer
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Plastics Engineer
Power Engineer
Product Safety Engineer
Pulp and Paper Engineer
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Mechanical Engineering
How Mechanical Engineers Lead Advances in Renewable Energy

April 25, 2021

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Mechanical engineer wearing jacket and work vest standing with arms folded in workshop

In 2018, for example, mechanical engineers looked at ways of improving the design of wind turbines, and mechanical engineering has led to similar improvements in solar and geothermal power, as well as every stage of renewable energy development.

Many of the key skills that mechanical engineers learn and develop in mechanical engineering graduate programs have a wide range of applications for renewable energy engineering. Knowledge of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics and heat transfer, for example, is essential for solving the wind power challenge outlined above, but the same expertise is also critical in designing hydropower infrastructure, optimizing cooling systems and developing new energy storage technology such as thermochemical batteries and solar fuel (pioneered at MSU) for long duration energy storage. Similarly, knowledge of mechanical and industrial systems as well as the materials that make up industrial equipment are essential proficiencies for a number of renewable energy engineering careers.

Renewable Energy Industry Overview

The renewable energy sector has benefitted from considerable growth — both from advances in technology that make it possible to harness new sources of energy and from global pressure to shift to clean energy. In the U.S. alone, renewable energy made up 17% of electrical power generation in 2017 , and when looking at the sector globally, 24% of electricity generation came from renewables in 2016. A few key factors have led to increased adoption:

Improvements in technology that make it more efficient to procure, store and distribute renewable energy, and less expensive to build renewable energy infrastructure
Ex: California passed a bill in 2018 mandating that utilities generate 50% of their electricity using clean energy by 2026 and 100% by 2045.
A growing number of studies have been published that support the economic benefits of renewable energy , which in turn help to support local, state and national policies that are friendly to renewable energy development.

In some areas, it has become more economically feasible to build renewable energy infrastructure rather than new gas or coal-power generation facilitates. For example, Tucson Electric Power and Colorado Springs Utilities formed plans to transition toward lower carbon alternatives to gas and coal. In Tucson Electric’s case, the company plans to source 70% of its energy from wind and solar by 2035 .

As the renewable energy market matures, this is likely to be a key area of opportunity for mechanical engineers, and it is already one with a notable skills gap. Wind energy, for example, is one of the biggest subsets of renewables in the United States; however, 66% of employers in this sector say they have had some or great difficulty finding qualified electrical or mechanical engineering talent.

Mechanical Engineers in Renewable Energy: Career Summary

	$97,016
	$106,612
	3-5 years

Note: Data presented includes all 2019 mechanical engineer job postings that mention one of the following: sustainable energy, clean energy, green energy or renewable energy. Source: Lightcast

Careers in Renewable Energy Engineering

Burning Glass data shows that roughly 4% of all U.S. job postings for mechanical engineers in 2019 specifically mentioned renewable energy, clean energy, sustainable energy or green energy. Local and state policies can have a dramatic impact on infrastructure development and the demand for renewable energy engineers.

The majority of states in the U.S. have adopted Renewable Portfolio Standards, which are specific plans for transitioning a percentage of total energy sold to renewable energy. However, the target percentages and dates vary widely by each state. For instance, Michigan has set a goal to source 25% of its energy from renewables by 2025 while Ohio’s target is 12.5% by 2026 . These policies also determine the scope and direction of energy development; some states have set goals specific to wind and solar energy, while others have established targets for renewable sources in general.

Demand for mechanical engineers with a focus in renewable energy was highest in California, according to Burning Glass. The overall trend for these careers has been positive with the number of job postings for these positions increasing 7.15% between 2018 and 2019, continuing an upward trend that started in 2011.

There are also a large variety of renewable energy engineering careers that mechanical engineers can pursue, even for roles that don’t mention mechanical engineering specifically. Depending on the role’s focus, for example, energy engineers may be responsible for evaluating mechanical systems and optimizing infrastructure for efficiency, determining a site’s feasibility for new energy infrastructure or modeling the impact of proposed changes to energy systems.

Essential Responsibilities: Mechanical Engineering in Renewable Energy

Like most modern areas of technology, the energy sector is a highly multidisciplinary field, with contributions from mechanical, electrical, chemical, systems and other types of engineers helping to drive advances in renewable energy infrastructure.

Mechanical engineers can work in every stage of renewable energy development and distribution. From developing methods that lower the cost of manufacturing silicon for solar panels to designing more optimal ways to construct wind farms, mechanical engineers are critical to lowering the cost of renewable energy infrastructure and making advancements in efficiency and power generation. While not a comprehensive list, some of the essential duties of mechanical engineers in renewable energy include:

Optimize existing renewable energy technology so that it becomes more cost efficient to develop related infrastructure.
Systems integration of different renewable energy technologies
Research different materials and study material interactions for use in renewable energy, potentially leading to the development of new systems, technologies and infrastructure for generating and distributing power.
Consult on renewable energy development projects to guide organizations regarding the best approach for reaching their sustainability goals, such as by identifying technology needs, costs and other aspects related to investing and building renewable energy infrastructure.
Lead teams of engineers and researchers to design and optimize renewable energy infrastructure and systems.
Educate business decision makers, policymakers and other non-technical stakeholders on the viability of different approaches to sourcing and distributing renewable energy.

In addition to their contributions in the development of infrastructure and day-to-day operations of renewable energy, mechanical engineers make numerous contributions to the sector through research and development, addressing problems like how to reliably store energy for long periods of time and how to improve the design of equipment ranging from cooling systems to wind turbines.

Mechanical Engineers Address the Problem of Renewable Energy Storage

Energy storage is one of the key areas that presents both challenges and opportunities for renewable energy engineering — although it is possible to store large amounts of energy, it is often cost-prohibitive to build the technology required to do so at scale.

Michigan State University engineers have made significant contributions to solving challenges in energy storage. As part of the Duration Addition of electricitY Storage (DAYS) program, MSU mechanical engineering professors James Klausner and Joerg Petrasch, in collaboration with ASU Chemical Engineer Christopher Muhich, were awarded a $2 million grant for an energy storage solution; their technology can draw power from many different types of sources (solar, wind, etc.) and use magnesium and manganese oxide to transform it into stored chemical energy for later use. Due to the low cost of materials used, the commercialization of this technology will lead to drastically lower cost renewable energy storage compared to current options, which face a number of limitations.

For example, one of the most common renewable energy storage methods in the United States is pumped-hydropower which accounted for 95% of utility-scale renewable energy storage in 2017. While this method has fairly low operational and maintenance costs, it requires a lot of upfront infrastructure development, and it is geographically limited to sites that have access to water. The energy sector has also looked into building large-scale battery facilities. However, most battery technology is better suited for short-term (four hours or less) energy storage, meaning that there is a greater risk of energy being lost.

MSU’s project for the DAYS initiative is designed to allow energy to be stored longer at a lower cost, addressing two of the biggest barriers to increased renewable energy adoption around the world. In developing markets, energy storage plays an even more important role in enabling the development of renewable energy because the energy distribution infrastructure is more limited . In the United States, energy storage is essential for handling energy demand during peak usage periods, as well as for responding to sudden and unexpected spikes in power usage.

As the renewable energy market continues a steady pace of growth , projects like these will no doubt have a profound impact on making new energy investments more feasible. It is a market defined by growth and change, but there is little doubt that mechanical engineers will continue to play an essential role in making the technology reliable, cost effective and efficient.

About Michigan State University’s Online Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering

The 100% online Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering from Michigan State University leverages extensive mechanical engineering research as well as a connection to industrial giants to help mechanical engineers position themselves for success—not only in the classroom, but in transforming the disciplines they work in.

The program offers engineers an opportunity to tailor their educations , with two in-demand tracks in thermal fluids science and in mechanics, dynamics and manufacturing. Online students also benefit from the full support of an R1 research institution and faculty advisement, ensuring their path of study will yield the highest benefit for their individual career goals.

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Mechanical Engineer

Mechanical engineers research, design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal sensors and devices, including tools, engines, and machines.

Mechanical engineers typically do the following:

Analyze problems to see how mechanical and thermal devices might help solve a particular problem
Design or redesign mechanical and thermal devices or subsystems, using analysis and computer-aided design
Investigate equipment failures or difficulties to diagnose faulty operation and to recommend remedies
Develop and test prototypes of devices they design
Analyze the test results and change the design or system as needed
Oversee the manufacturing process for the device

Mechanical engineering is one of the broadest engineering fields. Mechanical engineers design and oversee the manufacture of many products ranging from medical devices to new batteries.

Mechanical engineers design power-producing machines, such as electric generators, internal combustion engines, and steam and gas turbines, as well as power-using machines, such as refrigeration and air-conditioning systems.

Mechanical engineers design other machines inside buildings, such as elevators and escalators. They also design material-handling systems, such as conveyor systems and automated transfer stations.

Like other engineers, mechanical engineers use computers extensively. Mechanical engineers are routinely responsible for the integration of sensors, controllers, and machinery. Computer technology helps mechanical engineers create and analyze designs, run simulations and test how a machine is likely to work, interact with connected systems, and generate specifications for parts.

The following are examples of types of mechanical engineers:

Auto research engineers seek to improve the performance of cars. These engineers work to improve traditional features of cars such as suspension, and they also work on aerodynamics and new possible fuels.

Heating and cooling systems engineers work to create and maintain environmental systems wherever temperatures and humidity must be kept within certain limits. They develop such systems for airplanes, trains, cars, schools, and even computer rooms.

Robotic engineers plan, build, and maintain robots. These engineers plan how robots will use sensors for detecting things based on light or smell, and they design how these sensors will fit into the designs of the robots.

Mechanical engineers held about 284,900 jobs in 2021. The largest employers of mechanical engineers were as follows:

Architectural, engineering, and related services	21%
Machinery manufacturing	15
Transportation equipment manufacturing	10
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	7
Scientific research and development services	5

Mechanical engineers generally work in offices. They may occasionally visit worksites where a problem or piece of equipment needs their personal attention. In most settings, they work with other engineers, engineering technicians, and other professionals as part of a team.

Work Schedules

Most mechanical engineers work full time and some work more than 40 hours a week.

Mechanical engineers typically need a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering or mechanical engineering technology. Mechanical engineers who sell services publicly must be licensed in all states and the District of Columbia.

Mechanical engineers typically need a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or mechanical engineering technologies. Mechanical engineering programs usually include courses in mathematics and life and physical sciences, as well as engineering and design. Mechanical engineering technology programs focus less on theory and more on the practical application of engineering principles. They may emphasize internships and co-ops to prepare students for work in industry.

Some colleges and universities offer 5-year programs that allow students to obtain both a bachelor’s and a master’s degree. Some 5-year or even 6-year cooperative plans combine classroom study with practical work, enabling students to gain valuable experience and earn money to finance part of their education.

ABET accredits programs in engineering and engineering technology. Most employers prefer to hire students from an accredited program. A degree from an ABET-accredited program is usually necessary to become a licensed professional engineer.

Licenses, Certifications, and Registrations

Licensure is not required for entry-level positions as a mechanical engineer. A Professional Engineering (PE) license, which allows for higher levels of leadership and independence, can be acquired later in one’s career. Licensed engineers are called professional engineers (PEs). A PE can oversee the work of other engineers, sign off on projects, and provide services directly to the public. State licensure generally requires

A degree from an ABET-accredited engineering program
A passing score on the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam
Relevant work experience typically at least 4 years
A passing score on the Professional Engineering (PE) exam.

The initial FE exam can be taken after one earns a bachelor’s degree. Engineers who pass this exam are commonly called engineers in training (EITs) or engineer interns (EIs). After meeting work experience requirements, EITs and EIs can take the second exam, called the Principles and Practice of Engineering.

Several states require engineers to take continuing education to renew their licenses every year. Most states recognize licensure from other states, as long as the other state’s licensing requirements meet or exceed their own licensing requirements.

Several professional organizations offer a variety of certification programs for engineers to demonstrate competency in specific fields of mechanical engineering.

Advancement

A Ph.D. is essential for engineering faculty positions in higher education, as well as for some research and development programs. Mechanical engineers may earn graduate degrees in engineering or business administration to learn new technology, broaden their education, and enhance their project management skills. Mechanical engineers may become administrators or managers after gaining work experience.

Mechanical engineers typically have an interest in the Building , Thinking , and Organizing interest areas, according to the Holland Code framework. The Building interest area indicates a focus on working with tools and machines, and making or fixing practical things. The Thinking interest area indicates a focus on researching, investigating, and increasing the understanding of natural laws. The Organizing interest area indicates a focus on working with information and processes to keep things arranged in orderly systems.

If you are not sure whether you have a Building, Thinking, or Organizing interest which might fit with a career as a mechanical engineer, you can take a career test to measure your interests.

Mechanical engineers should also possess the following specific qualities:

Creativity. Mechanical engineers design and build complex pieces of equipment and machinery. A creative mind is essential for this kind of work.

Listening skills. Mechanical engineers often work on projects with other engineers and professionals, such as architects. They must listen to and analyze different approaches to the task at hand.

Math skills. Mechanical engineers use the principles of calculus, trigonometry, and other advanced topics in math for analysis, design, and troubleshooting in their work.

Mechanical skills. Mechanical skills allow engineers to apply basic engineering concepts and mechanical processes to the design of new devices.

Problem-solving skills. Mechanical engineers take scientific discoveries and seek to make them into products that would be useful to people, companies, and governments. Experience gained through laboratory courses at university or a cooperative education program in college helps mechanical engineers develop skills that are useful in solving real-world problems.

The median annual wage for mechanical engineers was $95,300 in May 2021. The median wage is the wage at which half the workers in an occupation earned more than that amount and half earned less. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $60,750, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $136,210.

In May 2021, the median annual wages for mechanical engineers in the top industries in which they worked were as follows:

Scientific research and development services	$102,050
Computer and electronic product manufacturing	99,640
Architectural, engineering, and related services	97,090
Transportation equipment manufacturing	97,000
Machinery manufacturing	79,770

Employment of mechanical engineers is projected to grow 2 percent from 2021 to 2031, slower than the average for all occupations.

Despite limited employment growth, about 17,900 openings for mechanical engineers are projected each year, on average, over the decade. Most of those openings are expected to result from the need to replace workers who transfer to different occupations or exit the labor force, such as to retire.

Mechanical engineers work in a range of industries and on many types of projects. As a result, employment growth for these workers varies by industry.

As manufacturing processes incorporate more complex automation machinery, mechanical engineers are expected to be needed to help plan for and design this equipment. However, employment declines in some industries may temper overall employment growth of mechanical engineers.

For more information about general engineering education and mechanical engineering career resources, visit

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

American Society for Engineering Education

Technology Student Association

For more information about accredited engineering programs, visit

For more information about licensure as a mechanical engineer, visit

National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying

National Society of Professional Engineers

For information about certification, visit

Where does this information come from?

The career information above is taken from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Outlook Handbook . This excellent resource for occupational data is published by the U.S. Department of Labor every two years. Truity periodically updates our site with information from the BLS database.

I would like to cite this page for a report. Who is the author?

There is no published author for this page. Please use citation guidelines for webpages without an author available.

I think I have found an error or inaccurate information on this page. Who should I contact?

This information is taken directly from the Occupational Outlook Handbook published by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Truity does not editorialize the information, including changing information that our readers believe is inaccurate, because we consider the BLS to be the authority on occupational information. However, if you would like to correct a typo or other technical error, you can reach us at [email protected] .

I am not sure if this career is right for me. How can I decide?

There are many excellent tools available that will allow you to measure your interests, profile your personality, and match these traits with appropriate careers. On this site, you can take the Career Personality Profiler assessment, the Holland Code assessment, or the Photo Career Quiz .

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Career in Mechanical Engineering – Scope, Courses

“What is a MACHINE?” When you read or hear this question, you immediately think of the iconic scene from the Hindi movie 3 Idiots. Rancho (Aamir Khan) answers in layman terms – “A machine is anything that reduces human effort”. Let’s extend this further to “What does a Mechanical Engineer do?”. Taking a cue from Rancho’s response, we can say that mechanical engineers design, develop, install, operate and maintain all kinds of machines.

Mechanical Engineering is one of the oldest and possibly the most diverse specializations. It provides a wide range of opportunities in different industries, various job roles and overall career options . This article will discuss the scope of mechanical engineering as a career option and the multiple courses available to students in India.

What Is The Scope Of Mechanical Engineering?

Smack in the middle of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, technology is advancing at an unprecedented rate. Automation has impacted most industries; hence, Mechanical Engineering has become one of the most favoured branches of engineering in recent times. Mechanical engineers in India are in high demand due to the rapid industrialisation of the nation. Job prospects for skilled mechanical engineers are limitless in India and abroad.

Students are actively recruited by private and public sectors in various industries. Gone are the days when Mechanical Engineers were restricted to manufacturing units. Now with additional qualifications, they can hold senior positions in managerial and administrative fields.

Some of the job roles available to mechanical engineers include but not limited to:

Project Manager
Senior Engineer
Service and Maintenance Engineer
Instructional Designer
Professors/Lecturers
Mining Engineer
Patent Attorney
Robotics Engineer
Biomedical Engineer

The scope of growth and career advancement of mechanical engineers in India and abroad are spectacular. Skilled mechanical engineers have many opportunities in aerospace, automobile, chemical manufacturing plants, oil exploration, railway coach factory, research, and development. Due to the massive influx of technology, a mechanical engineer’s expertise is required in robotics, biomedical, nanotechnology, AI, energy conservation, and more. This specialization promises exponential growth in the next few years. Hence, mechanical engineers will soon become one of the highest-paid career options.

How to Become A Mechanical Engineer?

A bachelor’s degree (B.Tech/B.E.) is essential to pursue a career in Mechanical Engineering.

Acquiring a postgraduate degree (M.E. or M.Tech.) is also recommended. Many Engineers also consider postgraduate studies in Management for career advancement and prepare themselves for higher-level managerial roles. This is the most conventional route; however, students have various options to study Mechanical Engineering.

Diploma after 10th 👉🏻 Minimum score of 55 percent in 10th grade 👉🏻 10th pass with ITI certificate 👉🏻 10th pass with Certificate in Motorcycle Services and Repair (CMSR) from Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU)
Postgraduate Course (M.E./M.Tech in Mechanical Engineering or Related Specialization – 2 Year Degree). 👉🏻 Graduates with a B.E./B.Tech/AMIE or equivalent degree with an aggregate score of 55 percent and above.
Doctoral Degree (Ph.D) 👉🏻 Mechanical Engineers pursue a doctoral program to explore their inclination towards research and education. 👉🏻 They are trained to utilise and advance their engineering skills and contribute to applied manufacturing and mechanical research projects. 👉🏻 A PhD program can range from 3 to 6 years. 👉🏻 Aspiring candidates must have scored at least 75 percent in B.E./B.Tech and/or 65 percent in M.E./M.Tech.

Most reputed engineering colleges will need students to qualify for different entrance examinations. These exams are held at national-level and state-level for admissions to bachelor’s and master’s programmes. Shortlisted candidates are also required to appear for a personal interview and counselling session. The admission decision is made based on the student’s performance in the entrance exam and following interactions.

Recommended Read: The Career Counselling Process

Is Mechanical Engineering the right choice for you?

One must keep in mind that being one of the most favored options, it doesn’t automatically guarantee success. After the degree, your interest and passion will drive your performance. Your soft skills must complement the hard skills that you will acquire in Mechanical Engineering.

While it is common to find a mechanical engineer, especially in India, it isn’t easy to find a skilled one. Another aspect that you must keep in mind before making your choice is the variety of specializations available to you at the postgraduate level.

With the plethora of options available, how do you figure out if Mechanical Engineering is the right choice for you?

Like many students considering Mechanical Engineering, you may also have some concerns about this specialization. It is a rigorous program, and students who take up Mechanical without much thought and proper planning end up feeling like their undergraduate years went in vain. Hence, we recommend that you research your options thoroughly before making your decision. You can consider taking internships, informational interviews with industry experts, and talking to alumni of the institute, which will also help. It is most important to analyze if this is the best-match career option for you. Remember, the goal is not to go after the best career. It is to pursue the career option that is best for you.

If you are still wondering whether Mechanical Engineering is the right choice for you or not, or need assistance in choosing the right program/college, take the Mindler Career Assessment and get expert advice from the country’s leading career coaches.

And, if you want to get an overview of Mechanical Engineering as a career, then you should try our ‘Virtual Internship Programs’ in Mechanical Engineering and get yourself upskilled and certified by Mindler.

To know more about career coaching programs, you can contact us .

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Mechanical Engineering Career: Skills, Eligibility, Options, Scope, Jobs, Challenges

Career 28 Dec 2022 2059 0

Mechanical Engineering:

Mechanical engineering is a field that involves the design, production, and operation of machinery. It is a broad field that encompasses a wide range of industries, including the automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing sectors.

Mechanical engineers use principles of physics and materials science to design, analyze, and manufacture mechanical systems. They may work on the development of new products, the improvement of existing products, or the maintenance and repair of equipment.

Some common areas of study within mechanical engineering include thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and solid mechanics. Mechanical engineers may also specialize in specific areas such as robotics, control systems, or biomechanics.

To become a mechanical engineer, a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or a related field is typically required. Many mechanical engineers also choose to become licensed professional engineers (PEs) by completing the necessary education and experience requirements and passing the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam.

Courses of Mechanical Enginering

A typical mechanical engineering program at the bachelor's level includes a combination of coursework in math, science, and engineering principles, as well as hands-on laboratory and design experiences.

Here are some examples of courses that may be included in a mechanical engineering program:

Calculus and differential equations: These courses provide a foundation in mathematical principles that are essential for analyzing and designing mechanical systems.
Physics: Courses in physics cover topics such as mechanics, thermodynamics, and electricity and magnetism, which are all important for understanding the behavior of mechanical systems.
Materials science: This course covers the properties and behavior of materials used in engineering applications, including metals, plastics, and composites.
Mechanics: Courses in mechanics cover topics such as statics (the study of forces and moments in stationary systems), dynamics (the study of motion and forces), and strength of materials (the study of the behavior of materials under load).
Manufacturing processes: These courses cover a range of methods used to produce mechanical components, including casting, forging, and machining.
Computer-aided design (CAD): These courses teach students how to use software to design and analyze mechanical systems.
Thermodynamics: This course covers the principles of heat and energy transfer, which are important for understanding the performance of engines and other thermal systems.
Fluid mechanics: This course covers the behavior of fluids in motion, including the principles of fluid statics and dynamics.
Controls and instrumentation: These courses cover the principles of control systems and the use of sensors and actuators to control mechanical systems.

In addition to these core courses, many mechanical engineering programs also include elective courses that allow students to specialize in a particular area of interest, such as robotics, renewable energy, or transportation systems.

Eligibility Required for Mechanical Engineering

To become a mechanical engineer, you typically need to earn a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or a related field. Some universities also offer 5-year combined bachelor's and master's degree programs in mechanical engineering.

In order to be eligible for a mechanical engineering program, you typically need to have a strong foundation in math and science. High school courses in algebra, geometry, trigonometry, calculus, physics, and chemistry are typically required for admission to a mechanical engineering program.

In addition to coursework, many universities also require applicants to submit standardized test scores, such as the SAT or ACT, as part of the admissions process. Some universities may also require letters of recommendation, a personal statement, or an interview as part of the application process.

Once you have completed a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering, you may choose to become a licensed professional engineer (PE) by completing the necessary education and experience requirements and passing the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE) exam. To be eligible to take the FE exam, you typically need to have completed a bachelor's degree in engineering or a related field, and to have completed a certain number of years of supervised work experience.

Skills Required for Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering requires a strong foundation in math and science, as well as a range of technical, analytical, and problem-solving skills. Some key skills that are important for mechanical engineers to possess include:

Math skills: Mechanical engineers use advanced math principles, such as calculus and differential equations, to analyze and design mechanical systems.
Science skills: A strong understanding of physics, materials science, and thermodynamics is essential for understanding the behavior of mechanical systems.
Computer skills: Mechanical engineers use computer-aided design (CAD) software to create and modify blueprints and 3D models of products and systems. They may also use other specialized software, such as simulation and analysis tools, to design and test systems.
Analytical skills: Mechanical engineers need to be able to analyze data and test results to identify problems and find solutions.
Problem-solving skills: Mechanical engineers often face complex design challenges and need to be able to think creatively to find solutions.
Communication skills: Mechanical engineers need to be able to clearly communicate technical information to a variety of audiences, including colleagues, managers, and clients.
Teamwork skills: Many engineering projects involve collaboration with other engineers and professionals from different fields. Mechanical engineers need to be able to work effectively as part of a team.
Leadership skills: Mechanical engineers may be responsible for supervising technicians or other team members, and may need to be able to effectively delegate tasks and manage projects.

In addition to the technical skills listed above, there are also several other skills that are important for mechanical engineers to possess in order to succeed in their careers. These include:

Attention to detail: Mechanical engineers need to be detail-oriented, as small mistakes in design or calculation can have significant consequences.
Time management skills: Mechanical engineers may work on multiple projects at once and need to be able to prioritize tasks and meet deadlines.
Creativity: Mechanical engineers need to be able to think creatively to solve complex design challenges and come up with innovative solutions.
Adaptability: The field of mechanical engineering is constantly evolving, and mechanical engineers need to be able to adapt to new technologies and techniques.
Interpersonal skills: Mechanical engineers may work closely with clients, colleagues, and other professionals from different fields, and need to be able to communicate effectively and build strong working relationships.
Critical thinking skills: Mechanical engineers need to be able to evaluate data, analyze problems, and think critically to make informed decisions.
Technical writing skills: Mechanical engineers may need to write technical reports or create documents that explain their designs or research findings to a variety of audiences.

By possessing these skills and attributes, mechanical engineers can excel in their careers and contribute to the development of new technologies and innovations in their field.

Mechanical Engineering Outlook:

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment of mechanical engineers is projected to grow 4% from 2020 to 2030, about as fast as the average for all occupations. The BLS notes that mechanical engineers will be needed to design and develop new technologies in areas such as renewable energy, robotics, and medical devices.

There may be a particularly strong demand for mechanical engineers in the manufacturing industry, as well as in the transportation equipment manufacturing and aerospace industries. In addition, the increasing use of automation and the need to improve the efficiency of existing products and processes will also create job opportunities for mechanical engineers.

Mechanical engineers typically work in offices, but they may also spend time in research and development laboratories, manufacturing plants, or construction sites. Some mechanical engineers may also travel for business or to visit job sites.

According to the BLS, the median annual wage for mechanical engineers was $87,040 in May 2020. The highest-paid mechanical engineers worked in the aerospace product and parts manufacturing industry, while the highest-paying states for mechanical engineers were California, Massachusetts, and Texas.

Mechanical Engineering Job Description (JD) [Task, Duties, Role, Responsibilities]

Mechanical engineers design, develop, build, and test mechanical and thermal devices, including tools, engines, and machines. Their job duties may include:

Analyzing customer needs and determining the necessary design specifications for a product or system.
Developing and testing prototypes of products or systems to ensure they meet design specifications and are functional, reliable, and safe.
Using computer-aided design (CAD) software to create and modify blueprints, schematics, and 3D models of products or systems.
Collaborating with other engineers, designers, and professionals in other fields to ensure the success of a project.
Conducting research and development activities to improve existing products or develop new technologies.
Conducting inspections of machinery and equipment to ensure they are in good working order and identifying areas for improvement.
Supervising technicians and other team members as needed.
Maintaining accurate and up-to-date records of design and test results.
Communicating technical information to a variety of audiences, including colleagues, managers, and clients.
Staying up to date with new technologies and developments in the field through continuing education and professional development.

Mechanical engineers typically work in office or laboratory settings, but they may also spend time on construction sites or in manufacturing plants. They may work on a wide range of projects, from small components to large systems, and may be responsible for multiple projects at once. They may also be involved in the sales, marketing, and customer support aspects of a project.

Career Opportunities of Mechanical Egineering:

Mechanical engineering is a broad field with a wide range of career opportunities. Some common job titles for mechanical engineers include:

Design engineer: Design engineers are responsible for creating and developing new products or systems, including the design of components and the development of prototypes.
Manufacturing Engineer: Manufacturing engineers work on the design and development of processes and systems that are used to produce products, including the selection and use of materials, tools, and equipment.
Quality Engineer: Quality engineers are responsible for ensuring that products meet certain standards of quality and performance. They may conduct tests, identify problems, and implement solutions to improve product quality.
Research and development engineer: Research and development (R&D) engineers conduct research to develop new technologies and improve existing products or systems. They may work on a wide range of projects, from small components to large systems.
Project engineer: Project engineers are responsible for managing engineering projects from start to finish, including coordinating the work of other engineers and technicians and ensuring that projects are completed on time and within budget.
Consultant: Consultants provide technical expertise to clients on a variety of engineering-related topics. They may work for consulting firms or as independent contractors.
Sales engineer: Sales engineers work with clients to understand their needs and provide technical solutions using the company's products or services. They may also be responsible for identifying new business opportunities and developing sales strategies.

In addition to these specific job titles, mechanical engineers may also work in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and energy. They may also work in government agencies, research institutions, or consulting firms.

Career Options of Mechanical Engineering:

There are many career options available to individuals with a degree in mechanical engineering. Here are 30 possible job titles for mechanical engineers:

Design Engineer
Manufacturing Engineer
Quality Engineer
Research and development engineer
Project engineer
Sales Engineer
Robotics engineer
Control systems engineer
Renewable energy engineer
Aerospace engineer
Automotive engineer
Energy engineer
HVAC Engineer
Biomedical engineer
Plastics engineer
Materials engineer
Machine design engineer
Mechatronics engineer
Structural engineer
Thermal engineer
Product design engineer
Tooling engineer
Marine engineer
Naval engineer
Packaging Engineer
Process Engineer
Aerospace propulsion engineer
Civil engineer
Industrial Engineer

Reasons to Choose Mechanical Engineering?

There are many reasons why someone might choose to pursue a career in mechanical engineering. Here are a few:

Opportunities for innovation: Mechanical engineers are involved in the design and development of a wide range of products and systems, from small components to large systems. This allows them to be creative and come up with innovative solutions to complex problems.
Diverse career options: Mechanical engineers can work in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and energy, which means there are many career options available.
Opportunities for advancement: With experience, mechanical engineers can take on leadership roles and manage teams or projects. They may also choose to further their education and pursue advanced degrees, which can open up additional career opportunities.
High demand for mechanical engineers: According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment of mechanical engineers is projected to grow 4% from 2020 to 2030, which is about as fast as the average for all occupations. This means there will be strong demand for qualified mechanical engineers in the job market.
Good pay: According to the BLS, the median annual wage for mechanical engineers was $87,040 in May 2020. Mechanical engineers in certain industries or locations may earn higher salaries.
Opportunity to make a difference: Mechanical engineers play a key role in the development of new technologies and innovations that can improve people's lives and make a positive impact on society.
Versatility: Mechanical engineers are trained in a wide range of skills and technologies, which means they can work on a variety of projects and adapt to new challenges.
Opportunity to work on real-world problems: Mechanical engineers have the opportunity to work on projects that have a tangible impact on the world around us, such as designing more efficient engines or developing new medical devices.
Wide range of work environments: Mechanical engineers may work in offices, laboratories, manufacturing plants, or construction sites, depending on the nature of their work. This can provide a lot of variety and keep things interesting.
A strong foundation for further study: A degree in mechanical engineering provides a strong foundation in math, science, and engineering principles, which can be useful for pursuing advanced degrees or other fields of study.

Ultimately, the decision to pursue a career in mechanical engineering should be based on your own interests, skills, and goals. If you enjoy problem-solving, working with your hands, and using technology to make a positive impact, mechanical engineering could be a good fit for you.

Future of Mechanical Engineering:

The field of mechanical engineering is constantly evolving, and there are many exciting developments on the horizon. Some of the trends and technologies that are likely to shape the future of mechanical engineering include:

Renewable energy: As concerns about climate change and the need to reduce reliance on fossil fuels continue to grow, there is increasing demand for mechanical engineers with expertise in renewable energy technologies, such as wind turbines, solar panels, and geothermal systems.
Robotics: The use of robotics is growing in a variety of industries, and mechanical engineers will be needed to design and develop new robotics systems and applications.
3D printing: 3 D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is a process of creating physical objects by building them layer by layer using a variety of materials. Mechanical engineers will be needed to design and develop new 3D printing technologies and applications.
Autonomous vehicles: The development of autonomous vehicles, such as self-driving cars and drones, is a rapidly growing field that will require the expertise of mechanical engineers to design and develop the necessary systems and technologies.
Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT refers to the interconnected network of devices that are connected to the internet and can communicate with each other. Mechanical engineers will be needed to design and develop new IoT technologies and applications.
Artificial intelligence (AI): AI is the development of computer systems that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as learning, decision-making, and problem-solving. Mechanical engineers will be needed to design and develop new AI systems and applications.

Overall, the future of mechanical engineering is likely to be shaped by a range of technological advancements that will create new challenges and opportunities for engineers to solve.

Alternatives of Mechanical Engineering:

There are many alternatives to a career in mechanical engineering for individuals who are interested in working in science, technology, engineering, or math (STEM) fields. Some possibilities include:

Aerospace engineering: Aerospace engineers design and develop aircraft, spacecraft, and missiles. They may also work on the design and development of propulsion systems, avionics, and other aerospace-related technologies.
Civil engineering: Civil engineers design and develop infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, buildings, and water and sewage systems. They may also work on environmental projects, such as flood control or water treatment systems.
Electrical engineering: Electrical engineers design and develop electrical systems, such as power grids, electrical motors, and electronic devices. They may also work on the development of new technologies, such as renewable energy systems or wireless communication systems.
Computer engineering: Computer engineers design and develop computer hardware and software systems. They may also work on the development of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence or cybersecurity systems.
Biomedical engineering: Biomedical engineers design and develop medical equipment and devices, such as prosthetics, pacemakers, and imaging systems. They may also work on the development of new technologies, such as nanomedicine or gene therapy.
Chemical engineering: Chemical engineers design and develop processes and equipment for the production of chemicals, fuels, and other materials. They may also work on the development of new technologies, such as renewable energy or nanotechnology.
Industrial engineering: Industrial engineers design and improve systems, processes, and equipment for manufacturing, production, and distribution. They may also work on the development of new technologies, such as automation or supply chain optimization.

These are just a few examples of the many alternatives to a career in mechanical engineering. Other possibilities include materials engineering, environmental engineering, and nuclear engineering, to name a few.

Government and Private Jobs after Mechanical Engineering:

Mechanical engineers can work in both government and private sector jobs. Some possible government jobs for mechanical engineers include:

Military: Mechanical engineers may work for the military to design and develop weapons systems, aircraft, ships, and other military equipment.
Federal agencies: Mechanical engineers may work for federal agencies, such as the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Energy (DOE), or the Department of Defense (DOD), to design and develop new technologies and systems.
State and local government: Mechanical engineers may work for state or local government agencies to design and develop infrastructure projects, such as roads, bridges, or water and sewage systems.

Some possible private-sector jobs for mechanical engineers include:

Manufacturing: Mechanical engineers may work for manufacturing companies to design and develop processes and systems for the production of goods.
Automotive: Mechanical engineers may work for automotive companies to design and develop vehicles and their components.
Aerospace: Mechanical engineers may work for aerospace companies to design and develop aircraft, spacecraft, and other aerospace-related technologies.
Energy: Mechanical engineers may work for energy companies to design and develop systems for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity or other forms of energy.
Consulting: Mechanical engineers may work for consulting firms to provide technical expertise to clients on a variety of engineering-related topics.
Research and development: Mechanical engineers may work for research and development (R&D) organizations to conduct research and develop new technologies and products.

These are just a few examples of the many government and private sector jobs that are available to mechanical engineers. Mechanical engineers may also work in other industries, such as healthcare, construction, or telecommunications.

Scope of Mechanical Engineering

Mechanical engineering is a broad field that encompasses a wide range of technologies and applications. Some of the areas in which mechanical engineers may work include:

Design and development: Mechanical engineers are involved in the design and development of a wide range of products and systems, including mechanical components, machines, and tools.
Manufacturing: Mechanical engineers may work on the design and development of processes and systems for the production of goods, including the selection and use of materials, tools, and equipment.
Energy: Mechanical engineers may work on the design and development of systems for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity or other forms of energy.
Transportation: Mechanical engineers may work on the design and development of vehicles and their components, including automobiles, airplanes, and spacecraft.
Medical devices: Mechanical engineers may work on the design and development of medical devices and equipment, such as prosthetics, pacemakers, and imaging systems.
Environmental systems: Mechanical engineers may work on the design and development of systems that help protect the environment, such as renewable energy systems or water treatment plants.
Industrial systems: Mechanical engineers may work on the design and development of industrial systems, such as manufacturing processes, transportation systems, or power plants.
Consumer products: Mechanical engineers may work on the design and development of consumer products, such as appliances, tools, or sporting goods.

Overall, the scope of mechanical engineering is very broad and includes a wide range of technologies and applications. Mechanical engineers may work in a variety of industries, from aerospace to healthcare, and may be involved in everything from the development of new products to the optimization of existing systems.

Challenges of Mechanical Enginering?

Mechanical engineering is a challenging field that involves the design, development, and operation of mechanical systems, including machines, tools, and equipment. Some common challenges that mechanical engineers may face include:

Staying up-to-date with new technologies and developments: The field of mechanical engineering is constantly evolving, with new technologies and techniques being developed all the time. Mechanical engineers must be able to keep up with these changes in order to stay competitive and effective in their work.
Working with a variety of materials and equipment: Mechanical engineers may be required to work with a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, composites, and other materials, as well as a variety of tools and equipment. They must be able to understand the properties and limitations of these materials and be able to select the appropriate materials and equipment for a given project.
Meeting tight deadlines and budgets: Mechanical engineering projects often have tight deadlines and budgets, and mechanical engineers must be able to work efficiently and effectively in order to meet these challenges. They must be able to prioritize tasks and manage their time effectively in order to stay on schedule.
Communication: Mechanical engineers may be required to work with non-technical stakeholders or team members, and they must be able to communicate technical concepts in a clear and understandable way. They may also need to work with team members from different disciplines, such as electrical or chemical engineering, and must be able to effectively collaborate and communicate with these team members.
Ethical and legal challenges: Mechanical engineers may face ethical and legal challenges related to issues such as safety, environmental impact, and intellectual property. They must be able to navigate these challenges and make ethical and legal decisions that are consistent with the values and standards of the profession.
Managing complex projects: Mechanical engineering projects can be complex and involve a wide range of tasks and responsibilities. Mechanical engineers must be able to coordinate the work of other engineers and technicians, as well as manage budgets and resources, in order to complete projects successfully.
Problem-solving: Mechanical engineering involves solving complex problems related to the design and operation of mechanical systems. Mechanical engineers must be able to identify problems, analyze data, and develop solutions that meet the needs of the project.
Working with a diverse team: Mechanical engineers may work with team members from a variety of backgrounds and disciplines, and they must be able to work effectively with individuals who have different expertise and perspectives. This can be a challenge, but it can also be a rewarding opportunity to learn from and collaborate with others.
Adapting to change: The field of mechanical engineering is constantly changing, and mechanical engineers must be able to adapt to new technologies, techniques, and regulations. They must be able to be flexible and open to new ideas in order to stay current and relevant in their work.
Maintaining professional development: In order to stay current and competitive in the field, mechanical engineers must be committed to ongoing professional development. This may involve taking courses or earning additional certifications, attending conferences or workshops, or staying up-to-date with industry trends and developments.

Basic Salary after Mechanical Engineering:

The salary of a mechanical engineer can vary depending on a number of factors, including location, industry, education, and experience. Here is a general overview of the salaries that mechanical engineers may earn in different countries:

USA: According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual wage for mechanical engineers in the US was $87,040 in May 2020. However, mechanical engineers in certain industries or locations may earn higher or lower salaries.
UK: According to data from the UK Office for National Statistics (ONS), the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in the UK was £35,080 (about $47,300) in 2020.
Japan: According to data from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in Japan was ¥5,480,000 (about $50,800) in 2020.
Australia: According to data from the Australian Government's Job Outlook website, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in Australia was AUD 73,000 (about $54,000) in 2020.
Europe: According to data from the European Union's statistics agency, Eurostat, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in the European Union was €50,000 (about $60,000) in 2020.
UAE: According to data from salary comparison website PayScale, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was AED 77,000 (about $21,000) in 2020.
Korea: According to data from the Korean government's statistics agency, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in South Korea was KRW 45,600,000 (about $40,000) in 2020.
India: According to data from salary comparison website PayScale, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in India was INR 7,00,000 (about $9,500) in 2020.
Singapore: According to data from salary comparison website PayScale, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in Singapore was SGD 60,000 (about $44,000) in 2020.
China: According to data from salary comparison website PayScale, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in China was CNY 160,000 (about $24,000) in 2020.
Germany: According to data from the German Federal Employment Agency, the median annual salary for mechanical engineers in Germany was €51,600 (about $62,000) in 2020.

Keep in mind that these are just rough estimates and actual salaries may vary depending on the specific job and location. Factors such as education,

FAQ of Mechanical Engineering

Here are some frequently asked questions about mechanical engineering:

1. What is mechanical engineering?

Mechanical engineering is a field of engineering that focuses on the design, development, and operation of mechanical systems, including machines, tools, and equipment. Mechanical engineers work on a wide range of projects, from small components to large systems, and may be involved in everything from the development of new products to the optimization of existing systems.

2. What do mechanical engineers do?

Mechanical engineers are involved in the design and development of a wide range of products and systems, including mechanical components, machines, and tools. They may work on the development of new technologies, the optimization of existing systems, or the design and development of manufacturing processes. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of products or systems to ensure they meet certain standards of quality and performance.

3. What skills are needed for mechanical engineering?

Mechanical engineers need a strong foundation in math and science, as well as excellent problem-solving and analytical skills. They should also be able to communicate effectively, both orally and in writing, and be able to work well in teams. Other important skills for mechanical engineers include the ability to use computer-aided design (CAD) software, the ability to work with hand tools and other equipment, and the ability to work with a variety of materials.

4. How do I become a mechanical engineer?

To become a mechanical engineer, you will typically need to earn a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or a related field. Many universities offer mechanical engineering programs, which typically include coursework in math, science, and engineering principles, as well as hands-on laboratory and design projects. Some mechanical engineers also choose to pursue advanced degrees, such as a master's or PhD, which can open up additional career opportunities.

5. What is the job outlook for mechanical engineers?

According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment of mechanical engineers is projected to grow 4% from 2020 to 2030, which is about as fast as the average for all occupations. This growth is driven by the increasing demand for new technologies and the need to improve existing products and systems. Mechanical engineers are in high demand in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and energy.

6. What is the salary for a mechanical engineer?

The salary of a mechanical engineer can vary depending on a number of factors, including location, industry, education, and experience. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median annual wage for mechanical engineers in the US was $87,040 in May 2020. However, mechanical engineers in certain industries or locations may earn higher or lower salaries.

7. What are some common career paths for mechanical engineers?

There are many career paths available to individuals with a degree in mechanical engineering. Some common career paths include design engineer, manufacturing engineer, quality engineer, research and development engineer, project engineer, consultant, and sales engineer. Mechanical engineers may also choose to specialize in a particular area, such as robotics, control systems, or renewable energy, and may work in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and energy.

8. What are some common industries for mechanical engineers?

Mechanical engineers can work in a variety of industries, including manufacturing, aerospace, automotive, and energy. They may also work in government agencies, research institutions, consulting firms, or other organizations.

9. What are some common job titles for mechanical engineers?

Some common job titles for mechanical engineers include design engineer, manufacturing engineer, quality engineer, research and development engineer, project engineer, consultant, and sales engineer. Other possible job titles for mechanical engineers include mechanical design engineer,

10. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a manufacturing company?

In a manufacturing company, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing processes and systems that are used to produce goods, including the selection and use of materials, tools, and equipment. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of products to ensure they meet certain standards of quality and performance.

11. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in an automotive company?

In an automotive company, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing vehicles and their components, such as engines, transmission systems, and suspension systems. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of vehicles to ensure they meet certain standards of performance and safety.

12. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in an aerospace company?

In an aerospace company, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing aircraft, spacecraft, and other aerospace-related technologies. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of these technologies to ensure they meet certain standards of performance and safety.

13. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a renewable energy company?

In a renewable energy company, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing systems for the generation, transmission, and distribution of renewable energy, such as wind turbines, solar panels, or geothermal systems. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of these systems to ensure they meet certain standards of performance and efficiency.

14. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a consulting firm?

In a consulting firm, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for providing technical expertise to clients on a variety of engineering-related topics. They may work on projects such as designing and developing new products or systems, optimizing existing systems, or conducting research and development.

15. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a research and development (R&D) organization?

In a research and development (R&D) organization, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for conducting research to develop new technologies and improve existing products or systems. They may work on a wide range of projects, from small components to large systems, and may be involved in everything from the development of prototypes to the testing and analysis of products or systems.

16. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a government agency?

In a government agency, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing new technologies and systems, or improving existing systems. They may work on projects related to transportation, energy, infrastructure, or other areas. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of products or systems to ensure they meet certain standards of quality and performance.

17. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a research institution?

In a research institution, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for conducting research to develop new technologies and improve existing products or systems. They may work on a wide range of projects, from small components to large systems, and may be involved in everything from the development of prototypes to the testing and analysis of products or systems.

18. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a construction company?

In a construction company, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing mechanical systems for buildings, such as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems, plumbing systems, or elevators. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of these systems to ensure they meet certain standards of performance and safety.

19. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a healthcare company?

In a healthcare company, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing medical devices and equipment, such as prosthetics, pacemakers, or imaging systems. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of these products to ensure they meet certain standards of quality and performance.

20. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a telecommunications company?

In a telecommunications company, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing mechanical systems that are used in telecommunications equipment, such as antennas, satellite dishes, or switches. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of these systems to ensure they meet certain standards of performance and reliability.

21. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a consumer products company?

In a consumer products company, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing consumer products, such as appliances, tools, or sporting goods. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of these products to ensure they meet certain standards of quality and performance.

22. What is the role of a mechanical engineer in a military organization?

In a military organization, a mechanical engineer may be responsible for designing and developing weapons systems, aircraft, ships, and other military equipment. They may also be involved in the testing and analysis of these products to ensure they meet certain standards of performance and reliability.

23. Can mechanical engineers work in IT?

Yes, mechanical engineers may work in the IT industry, particularly if they have experience with programming or computer-aided design (CAD) software. For example, a mechanical engineer may work on the design and development of software tools or systems for analyzing or optimizing mechanical systems.

24. Can mechanical engineers work in finance?

Yes, mechanical engineers may work in the finance industry, particularly if they have strong analytical and problem-solving skills. For example, a mechanical engineer may work as a financial analyst, using their technical expertise to analyze and interpret financial data and make recommendations to clients or management.

25. Can mechanical engineers work in marketing?

Yes, mechanical engineers may work in the marketing industry, particularly if they have strong communication skills and the ability to understand and explain technical concepts to a non-technical audience. For example, a mechanical engineer may work as a technical marketer, using their expertise to develop marketing materials or strategies for products or services that are targeted at engineers or other technical professionals.

26. Can mechanical engineers work in education?

Yes, mechanical engineers may work in education, either as professors or instructors at universities or other educational institutions, or as educators in other settings, such as K-12 schools or technical training programs. Mechanical engineers may also be involved in developing educational materials or curriculum related to engineering or other technical subjects.

27. Can mechanical engineers work in research?

Yes, mechanical engineers may work in research, either in academia or in industry. They may be involved in conducting research to develop new technologies or improve existing products or systems. They may also be involved in the design and development of prototypes or the testing and analysis of products or systems.

28. Can mechanical engineers work in consulting?

Yes, mechanical engineers may work in consulting, either for a consulting firm or as independent contractors. They may provide technical expertise to clients on a variety of engineering-related topics, such as the design and development of new products or systems, the optimization of existing systems, or the conduct of research and development.

29. Can mechanical engineers work remotely?

Yes, mechanical engineers may be able to work remotely, depending on the specific job and the employer's policies. For example, mechanical engineers may be able to work from home or from a remote location using a computer and other tools to communicate and collaborate with colleagues. However, some mechanical engineering jobs may require physical presence on site or in a laboratory, so it is important to check with the employer to understand the specific requirements of the job.

30. What are some challenges faced by mechanical engineers?

Mechanical engineers may face a number of challenges in their work, including the need to stay up-to-date with new technologies and developments in the field, the need to work with a variety of materials and equipment, and the need to meet tight deadlines and budgets. They may also face challenges related to communication, particularly if they are working with non-technical stakeholders or team members. Additionally, mechanical engineers may face ethical and legal challenges when it comes to issues such as safety and environmental impact.

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The structural, mechanical, and biological variation of silica bioglasses obtained by different sintering temperatures

Published: 30 August 2024

Cite this article

M. Sarmast Sh 1 ,
A. B. Dayang Radiah 1 , 2 ,
D. A. Hoey 3 , 4 , 5 ,
N. Abdullah 1 ,
H. S. Zainuddin 1 &
S. Kamarudin 1

The challenges of forming a crystalline phase within 45S5 Bioglass ® (45% SiO 2 -24.5% CaO-24.5% Na 2 O-6% P 2 O 5 mol%) and its subsequent influence on the bioactivity of the bioglass were studied in this research. Bioglasses were sintered at 1400, 750, and 550 °C, using both melting and sol-gel methods. The different responses of bioglasses to different sintering temperatures were revealed. Particularly, increased crystallinity was observed in sol-gel-derived bioglass sintered at 750 °C, indicating a denser and more ordered structure. This crystalline architecture facilitated enhanced bioactivity, as demonstrated by increased hydroxyapatite deposition when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF). Furthermore, superior mechanical properties and biocompatibility were achieved with this temperature regime, making it a prime candidate for bone regeneration applications. The bioglass sintered at 750 °C exhibited an accelerated degradation rate associated with its porosity, potentially contributing to faster material resorption in vivo. Its antibacterial efficacy against E. coli and S. aureus was also noted, and in vitro studies with MTT assay confirmed that the optimized sol-gel bioglass meets biocompatibility standards. These findings highlight the potential of fine-tuning the sintering temperature to modulate the crystallinity of bioglasses, thereby enhancing their application scope in bone tissue engineering.

Graphical Abstract

Bioglasses were sintered at three different temperatures: 550, 750, and 1400 °C.

The sol-gel-derived sintered at 750 °C exhibited increased crystallinity.

This increased crystallinity resulted in enhanced mechanical properties, biocompatibility, antibacterial efficacy, and accelerated degradation.

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Effect of addition of B 2 O 3 to the sol-gel synthesized 45S5 bioglass

Effects of biomimetic synthesis route and sintering temperature on physicochemical, microstructural, and mechanical properties of hydroxyapatite

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Acknowledgements

The work was funded by Universiti Putra Malaysia under Geran Putra Inisiatif Siswazah (9669500). All chemical analyses were conducted at the Material Characterization Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The sintering processes and microscopic analyses were performed at the Institute of Nanomaterial and Nanotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia. The biological analysis was conducted at the Cancer Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia.

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M Sarmast Sh: Writing – original draft, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. AB Dayang Radiah: Supervision of project, Writing – review & editing, Funding acquisition. D. A. Hoey: Writing – review & editing, Validation, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis. N Abdullah: Investigation and methodology H S Zainuddin: Investigation and Editing. S Kamarudin: Methodology and Validation.

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Sarmast Sh, M., Dayang Radiah, A.B., Hoey, D.A. et al. The structural, mechanical, and biological variation of silica bioglasses obtained by different sintering temperatures. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06480-z

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DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06480-z

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